BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE

Hall, J.P.; Climo, M.D. 2015. Geothermal Direct Use in : Industrial Heat Park Opportunities, GNS Science Report 2014/17. 36 p.

J.P. Hall c/o GNS Science, Wairakei Research Centre, Private Bag 2000, Taupo 3352, New Zealand M.D. Climo GNS Science, Wairakei Research Centre, Private Bag 2000, Taupo 3352, New Zealand

© Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited, 2015 www.gns.cri.nz

ISSN 1177-2425 (Print) ISSN 2350-3424 (Online) ISBN 978-1-927278-40-6 (Print) ISBN 978-0-478-19926-0 (Online)

CONTENTS ABSTRACT ...... III KEYWORDS ...... III 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 2.0 GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES IN NEW ZEALAND ...... 2 3.0 POTENTIAL INDUSTRIAL USES FOR GEOTHERMAL HEAT ...... 5 3.1 Forestry ...... 5 3.1.1 Heat Treatment – Timber Drying ...... 6 3.1.2 Engineered Wood Products ...... 6 3.2 Biofuels ...... 7 3.3 Agriculture ...... 7 3.3.1 Production ...... 8 3.3.1.1 Greenhouses...... 8 3.3.1.2 Aquaculture ...... 8 3.3.2 Processing ...... 9 3.3.2.1 Dairy Products ...... 9 3.3.2.2 Horticulture Crops ...... 10 3.3.2.3 Honey and Bee Products ...... 12 3.3.2.4 Meat, Leather and Wool Processing ...... 13 3.3.2.5 Fish Drying ...... 13 3.3.2.6 Fishmeal and Fish Oil Processing ...... 14 3.4 Other Processes ...... 14 3.4.1 Manufacturing ...... 14 3.4.2 Chilling and Refrigeration ...... 15 3.4.3 Wastewater Treatment ...... 15 3.5 Minerals and Mining ...... 16 3.5.1 Mineral Extraction from Geothermal Brines ...... 16 3.5.2 Heap Leaching ...... 16 4.0 INDUSTRIAL HEAT PARKS ...... 17 4.1 Existing Geothermal Energy Infrastructures ...... 17 4.1.1 Klamath Falls, USA ...... 17 4.1.2 Elko, USA ...... 19 4.1.3 Reykjavik, Iceland ...... 19 4.1.4 , New Zealand ...... 19 4.1.5 Mokai, New Zealand ...... 20 4.1.6 , New Zealand ...... 20 4.2 New Zealand Heat Park Examples (non-geothermal) ...... 21 4.2.1 Energy Centre ...... 21 4.2.2 Washdyke Energy Cluster ...... 21 4.3 Heat Park Planning...... 21 4.3.1 Climate Influence ...... 21 4.3.2 Economics ...... 23 4.3.3 Project Goals ...... 24

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5.0 CONCLUSIONS ...... 25 6.0 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... 25 7.0 REFERENCES ...... 26

FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Known geothermal fields, classification and TVZ boundary within the central volcanic region (CVR) of New Zealand’s ...... 3 Figure 2.2 Geothermal direct use in New Zealand (2012) by category, presented by (A) relative number of installed operations; (B) by relative energy use...... 4 Figure 2.3 Screenshot (from http://data.gns.cri.nz/geothermal/wms.html) of the Geothermal Use Database map of New Zealand (left) and an image of applications in parts of the Waikato and regions (right)...... 4 Figure 3.2 Softening/melting points of various polymers (Wolcott and Englund, 1999)) ...... 6 Figure 3.3 Possible thermally enhanced heap leaching system (Trexler et al., 1991)...... 16 Figure 4.1 Klamath Falls DHS location map, 2005 (Brown, 2007) ...... 18 Figure 4.2 NTGA distribution network (NTGA, 2012)...... 20 Figure 4.3 Average annual maximum temperatures (World Weather Online, 2014)...... 22 Figure 4.4 Average annual minimum temperatures (World Weather Online, 2014)...... 22 Figure 4.5 Load factor vs. cost of energy (Rafferty, 2003)...... 23

TABLES

Table 3.1 New Zealand’s top exported agricultural products by quantity (tonnes), for both processed and unprocessed (Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), 2011)...... 7 Table 3.2 Growing temperatures for typical greenhouse crops (Lund et al., 1998) ...... 8 Table 3.3 Dairy cattle statistics (, 2012a)...... 9 Table 3.4 Harvested hectares of fruits and vegetables in North Island regions (modified fr