Pennypack Creek Conservation Landscape
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CHAPTER 11 Pennypack Creek Conservation Landscape The Montgomery County portion of the Pennypack Creek Valley is the focus of this conservation landscape. Due to many years of work by the Pennypack Ecological Restoration Trust (PERT), most of the riparian corridor has been preserved providing important habitat for birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Several notable stands of old trees are also included in the landscape. Description Location The Pennypack Creek Conservation Landscape extends from Lorimer Park at the Philadelphia County line to the Norfolk and Southern railroad line that runs parallel to the Pennsylvania Turn- pike. Arms extend up several tributaries, and nodes occur where larger expanses of contiguous open land exist. The landscape contains 2,784 acres, including parts of Upper Moreland, Lower Moreland, and Abington Townships and the borough of Bryn Athyn (Figure 11.1). It is not con- tiguous with any of the other conservation landscapes described in this report. Hydrology The Pennypack Creek is a tributary of the Delaware River. The creek is tidal near its mouth, but the infl uence of the tide does not extend into Montgomery County. Montgomery County por- tions of the Pennypack are classifi ed as TSF MF (trout stocked fi shery, migratory fi shes). Like many suburban streams, the Pennypack has become increasingly subject to severe fl ood- ing as the result of stormwater runoff from impervious surfaces. In 2001, fl ooding in Upper Moreland Township caused 6 deaths and hundreds of thousands of dollars in property damage. Researchers at Temple University have recently re-mapped fl oodplain boundar- ies in the Pennypack Creek watershed in order to better assess fl ood danger. The new maps, which have been adopt- ed by the Federal Emergency Manage- ment Agency, increased the fl oodplain area by 24 percent over the former fl oodplain maps. The Bethayres Dam, formerly located just upstream from Rt. 63, was removed in December 2005. The Huntingdon Pike Dam, in Lorimer Park, is slated for Pennypack Creek removal in 2007. Three other dams of suffi cient height to impede fi sh passage remain downstream in the Philadelphia section of the Pennypack Creek. Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 179 Geology The headwaters of the Pennypack Creek are in the Stockton Formation sandstones and siltstones of the Triassic Newark Basin. South of the Pennsylvania Turnpike, the creek enters a band of older rocks including hornblende and granitic gneisses. After passing through a narrow lens of Conestoga limestone near the intersection of Routes 63 and 232, the creek cuts through a broad zone of Wissahickon schist before leaving the county near Rockledge Borough (Figure 11.2). Forest Cover – The landscape is 48.2 percent forested. Of the 1,342.7 acres of forest, 565 acres qualify as forest interior applying a 50 m buffer from the nearest edge (Figure 11.3). Critical Features The Pennypack Creek Conservation Landscape includes two high priority sites identifi ed in the 1995 Natural Areas Inventory: Frazier’s Bog and Bethayres Swamp. Other sites mentioned in the NAI report were Mason’s Mill Road Woods and Big Oak Woods in Lorimer Park. Frazier’s Bog, a coastal plain outlier described by noted botanist Witmer Stone and others, at one time supported at least 22 plant species classifi ed by the Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program; see discussion below. During surveys for this project a previously unknown population of log fern (G4, S1, proposed PA endangered) was discovered along the Pennypack Creek. In addition, the continuous riparian corridor along the Pennypack Creek provides important habitat for birds such as Belted King- fi sher, Warbling Vireo, and Louisiana Waterthrush. Past Uses As many as 28 mills once drew their power from the Pennypack Creek in Upper and Lower Moreland Townships alone. The mills served an agricultural community that persisted until the early to mid-1900s. Willow Grove was named for a large wetland dominated by willows; an early spa was estab- lished at nearby mineral springs. In 1896 Willow Grove Park, a large amusement park served by trolley lines, opened for business. It too, eventually yielded to changing life styles and the dominance of the automobile, and was replaced by a large shopping mall in1975. Preservation Status and Other Designations More than 1,000 acres of the Pennypack Creek Conservation Landscape has been protected. PERT which has been working to protect and restore lands along the Pennypack Creek since 1970, currently owns 653 acres and holds easements on 64 acres. Municipal parkland accounts for another 306 acres of protected land (Figure 11.4). Montgomery County has proposed converting the suspended Fox Chase-Newtown SEPTA R-8 line to a trail, which would connect the PERT trail system with Lorimer Park and the lower sec- tion of the Pennypack Creek in Philadelphia. 180 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 181 182 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 183 184 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Core Areas Pennypack Ecological Restoration Trust (PERT) The Pennypack Ecological Restoration Trust manages 726 acres in the Pennypack corridor stretching from Rt. 63 almost to Davisville Road. The trust’s goals are to “protect, restore, and preserve the lands of the central Pennypack Creek valley.” PERT has established a trail along the west side of the Pennypack Creek from the parking area on Creek Road (off Terwood Road) to Davisville Road, a distance of about 3 miles. In addition a network of side trails traverses the area between Terwood and Byberry Roads. Plant Diversity – A recently discovered population of log fern is the only PNHP-listed species currently known from the lands of the Pennypack Ecological Restoration Trust. Plant Communities – In the northern third of the Trust’s property, forested slopes along the Pennypack Creek have been described as typical mixed oak forest. Dominant species include American beech and chestnut oak with lesser amounts of black oak, red oak, white oak, and tuliptree. The shrub layer consists of blueberry, maple-leaf viburnum, and southern arrow-wood. The southern two-thirds of the preserve has a more moist forest dominated by tuliptree and American beech. Associates include red oak, hickories, white ash, and European bird cherry. Flowering dogwood and blackgum are prominent in the understory and the shrub layer is dominated by spicebush, blackhaw, witch-hazel, downy arrowwood, southern arrowwood, and shadbush. The fl oodplain forest along the creek is characterized by sycamore, silver maple, box-elder, and green ash with black walnut, red maple, white ash, and southern catalpa also prominent. In the spring wild blue phlox and Jacob’s-ladder are abundant. Forested slope at the Pennypack Ecological Restoration Trust Paper Mill Road Woods, a stand of 120 foot-tall, 80-90 year old tuliptrees and scattered American beech is part of a 61-acre property that the Trust acquired in December 2006. A knoll at the northern end of the site contains a small grove of red, white, and black oaks that are estimated to be about 200 years old. A population of log fern (suggested PA endangered) is present in seeps on the lower slopes. While this site contains an impressive collection of big trees, there is no understory other than a shrub layer dominated by spicebush, a plant that deer do not prefer. Periwinkle, which has spread from the Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 185 adjacent cultivated landscape, covers the ground throughout except in the wettest areas at the base of the slope. All of the forest communities at PERT are threatened by over browsing by deer. Canopy tree regeneration, understory structure, and herbaceous species diversity have all been affected. Grasslands – Native warm season grasses have been established on 60 acres of former pasture on the Raytharn Farm property along Terwood Road. Eventually the trust plans to expand the grassland habitat to 160 acres. Species included in the planting are big bluestem, little bluestem, Indian-grass, switchgrass, and side- oats grama. The areas are mowed once in the early spring and woody invaders are spot-treated with herbicides to control Canada thistle and other invasive species. As of March 2007, with the excep- tion of Red-wing Blackbirds, no breeding populations of grassland bird species have been detected, although visitors during migra- Restored grasslands along Terwood Road at the Pennypack Ecological Restoration Trust tion have included Bobolinks and Eastern Meadowlarks according to David Robertson. This site may be too small and too isolated from other areas of similar habitat to support sustainable populations. See the introduction to this report for a more complete discussion of grassland birds and their habitat needs. Reptiles and Amphibians – A survey of reptiles and amphibians of PERT was carried out by PERT staff and Marlin Corn in 2005 and 2006. Five species of frogs and toads, fi ve turtles, three salaman- ders and 4 four species of snake were identifi ed (Table 11.1). Red- belly turtle is the only PNHP-listed species found. Northern brown snake found at the Pennypack Ecological Restoration Trust, photo by Marlin Corn 186 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Table 11.1 — Reptiles and Amphibians of the Pennypack Ecological Restoration Trust Salamanders Redback salamander Northern two-lined salamander Spotted salamander Frogs and Toads Green frog Bullfrog American toad Spring peeper Pickerel frog Turtles Eastern painted turtle Red-eared slider Eastern box turtle Redbelly turtle Snapping turtle Snakes Eastern garter snake Northern water snake Northern brown snake Northern ringneck snake Birds – Data on breeding birds for 2004-2008 were obtained from the Pennsylvania Breeding Bird Atlas for the block Hatboro 5 (82C35) centered on the lands of PERT. Seventy species were recorded as confi rmed or probable breeders (Table 11.2).