Front Matter

Cambridge University Press 0521842344 - The Encyclopedia of Melbourne Edited by Andrew Brown-May and Shurlee Swain Frontmatter More information

the encyclopedia of MELBOURNE

Great cities deserve great encyclopedias. A city is known Andrew Brown-May is a Senior Lecturer in the Department by its past, its characteristic virtues and troubles, and its of History, University of Melbourne. He has written ways of life. ‘Marvellous Melbourne’ symbolises the achieve- extensively on the city of Melbourne and his books include ments of Australian urbanisation and suburbanisation. The Melbourne Street Life, Espresso! Melbourne Coffee Stories Encyclopedia of Melbourne reflects and encompasses the and (with Norman Day) Federation Square. city’s historical position as one of the world’s pre-eminent nineteenth-century metropolises, and as one of the twenty- Shurlee Swain is a Reader in History at Australian Catholic first century’s most liveable cities. Alphabetical entries range University and a Senior Research Fellow in the Department from short factual summaries about places, institutions and of History, University of Melbourne. She has published events, through to extended survey articles on key topics widely in historical, child welfare and women’s studies such as Architecture, Aboriginal Melbourne, Economy, journals and co-written a number of books, the most recent Foundation and Early History, Law and Order, Literature, of which are Equal Subjects, Unequal Rights and Con- Science, Sporting Culture, Suburbs and Suburbanisation, fronting Cruelty. Theatre and Transport. Although Australia has long ranked amongst the world’s most urbanised countries, no comparable reference work exists on any Australian metropolis.

MELBO

the encyclopedia of OURNE

edited by Andrew Brown-May & Shurlee Swain

associate editors Graeme Davison Tony Dingle David Dunstan John Lack Alan Mayne

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo

Cambridge University Press 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

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First published 2005 Reprinted 2005

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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

National Library of Australia Cataloguing in Publication data Brown-May, Andrew, 1963– . The encyclopedia of Melbourne. Bibliography. Includes index. ISBN 0 521 84234 4 ISBN-13 978-0-521-84234-1 hardback ISBN-10 0-521-84234-4 hardback 1. Melbourne (Vic.) – Encyclopedias. I. Brown-May, Andrew, 1963– . II. Swain, Shurlee. III. Title. 994.51003

ISBN-13 978-0-521-84234-1 hardback ISBN-10 0-521-84234-4 hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

CONTENTS

Illustrations vii Preface xiii Funding xv Acknowledgements xvi Conversions xvii Cross references xvii Place names xvii Contributors xviii

The Encyclopedia of Melbourne 1

Eating Melbourne Stephanie Alexander 50 The Lady Mayoress’ Jumble Sale Robyn Annear 98 A Christmas Story Tony Birch 147 Queen Victoria Carmel Bird 205 Summers in Melbourne Jennifer Byrne 255 John Cain 307 St Paul’s Cathedral Barry Dickins 363 Larino, Safe Haven George Dreyfus 409 The Six O’clock Swill Keith Dunstan 461 Childhood Memories Dame Phyllis Frost 533 Collins Street Kerry Greenwood 590 Running for the Tram Ivan Southall 651 A WASP’s-eye view of ‘The Hill’ Marjorie Tipping 710 The Treasure Arnold Zable 761 Barry Humphries 794

Index 796

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figures John Mather’s ceiling decoration at Mandeville Hall, Toorak 96 ICI Building, September 1958 99 An Aboriginal cricket match at the Melbourne The Burke and Wills Monument in its original Cricket Ground 5 location 101 Removing the wounded after the railway accident Bushrangers on St Kilda road 104 at Prahran 7 The first tram, Moonee Ponds, 1906 106 Skipping girl vinegar sign 9 Ned Kelly on the scaffold 110 A market gardener cultivating his broad beans crop 12 Satirical frescoes for the new Houses of Parliament 114 The Alfred Graving Dock, Point Gellibrand 15 Archbishop Daniel Mannix 117 St John Ambulance Association horse-drawn cart 18 Conway grave at the Brighton Cemetery 119 Dr Jim Cairns addressing a Hiroshima Day rally 23 Centenary commemorative stamp 121 Stanley Arms Hotel archaeological site 28 Myer, Chadstone shopping centre 124 One of Melbourne’s oldest surviving workers’ Henry Glover’s 1857 lithograph 11 o’clock 129 cottages 29 Members of Melbourne’s Chinese community Hand-hewn bluestone building, William Street 30 study a poster in Little Bourke Street 132 Christopher Cowper’s designs for the Grace Park Chloe 133 estate, Hawthorn, 1884 31 Wirth’s Park, St Kilda Road 136 Federation Square, Australia Day 2003 34 The suburban frontier passes through Ringwood The Ian Potter Museum of Art 37 in 1968 138 Astronomers at the Melbourne Observatory Save Our Suburbs continues the long tradition of observing the Transit of Venus, December 1874 41 resident action in relation to planning issues 141 First TAA 727 Jet, 1965 52 Hector Crawford conducts a Music for People Backyard wading pool 53 concert 145 Commemorative medal thought to have been Average daily maximum and minimum sold to people who viewed the public ascent of temperature during each month 148 George Coppin’s balloon 55 Average monthly rainfall 148 The banking chamber of the National Bank, Trend in maximum temperature 149 279 Collins Street 60 A storm passes over the city 151 Copy of John Batman’s 1835 ‘agreement’ with the Federal Coffee Palace 158 Kulin 64 The Olderfleet Building in Collins Street’s The Harris family and friends in front of the baths financial precinct 161 on St Kilda Beach 66 John Brack captures the alienation of city office Dismantled bells lying on the old site of St James’ workers 162 Cathedral, William Street 68 Italian mothers and sisters watch a soccer match at The totalisator at the Sportsman’s Club, Bourke Bulleen’s Veneto Club 166 Street 72 Opponents of conscription march through The Australian 4000 m cycling pursuit team at Melbourne 169 the 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games 72 Coop’s shot tower before the construction of One of the novelty displays that amused customers Melbourne Central 173 in Cole’s Book Arcade 80 The Melbourne Magistrates’ Court building 178 Tom Roberts captures the bustle of Bourke Street 83 Richmond’s Cremorne Gardens 180 Carlton & United’s Empire Pale Ale label 87 Supporters at the Boxing Day Test, Australia Old Princes Bridge and St Paul’s by moonlight 89 versus India, December 2003 182 Watercolour capturing Brunswick Street before its Press coverage of the robbery of the National commercial development 94 Bank in Simpson’s Road, Richmond 184

vii

Race between rival cruisers 187 A group of Chinese heading through Flemington Cyclorama of early Melbourne 190 on their way to the goldfields 308 Dancing the jitterbug in the streets to celebrate State Parliament Building showing preparation for the peace 194 opening ceremony 311 Coastal defences at Fort Franklin, Portsea 199 Carlton Football Club’s Alex Jesaulenko takes a Foy & Gibson’s Melbourne store 204 spectacular mark in the 1970 Grand Final 316 The mill at Dights Falls 208 Melbourne’s Greek community gathered at a Children from the diphtheria ward 212 fundraising ball during World War II 319 The Block Tart postcard parodies ‘Doing the Map showing the site of Melbourne, surveyed Block’ 215 and drawn by Robert Russell, 1837 322 View of East Melbourne 221 A scene from Melbourne’s ladies’ gymnasium 323 The Eastern Market 222 Governor Hotham Hotel, Hawthorn 328 Engraving of the Centennial Exhibition 226 Mothers and children at a smallpox vaccination Ringwood State School pupils assembled for their session 331 class photo 228 Celebratory arch on Princes Bridge 334 Eight Hours’ Day march 233 Crowds rally at Rippon Lea, Elsternwick, 1963 335 The Mayor plants the first elm tree in Collins Winning horse, Rain Lover, held by his strapper Street 233 with the 1969 Melbourne Cup. 339 Wright & Edwards engineering works, Little Bourke Street on the morning of the horse sales 341 Bourke Street west 237 Melbourne Hospital buildings on the Lonsdale Geological quarter map showing part of the Street site 345 Parish of Doutta Galla 242 Hotels, like the Royal Mail, occupied Sri Lankan festival, 2004 246 many corner sites 347 Vinh Thai grocery store, Victoria Street, Richmond 247 Workers’ housing: a single-storey terrace in viii Great Hall of the Exhibition Building during the Brunswick 350 Centennial International Exhibition 251 Middle-class suburban housing, Chaucer Crescent, Ola Cohn at work on her Fairies’ Tree 254 Canterbury 350 1940s French fashion on display at Georges The Master of the Hounds, 1895 353 department store 255 Melbourne from the south side of the Yarra River 356 Children’s group as part of Melbourne’s Real estate agents create an imagined suburbia in Federation celebrations 258 advertising the Tower Hill estate, Ashburton 360 Hien van Ho and Tuan van Nguyen at the Men picking oakum in the night shelter at the Vietnamese Tet Festival 262 Immigrants Home, 1873 361 Fred Astaire, Gregory Peck and Ava Gardner 264 Mrs Adriana Zevenbergen celebrated as Australia’s Aftermath of the fire at the Bijou Theatre 265 100 000th Dutch migrant 362 Fish Market Buildings 267 St Patrick’s Day parade 370 Melbourne from Flagstaff Hill 270 Bissetto tailors, typical of many Italian family Factories and workrooms in Flinders Lane 273 businesses 374 Flinders Street Station 273 Brothers Graham Bell (piano) and Roger Bell Elizabeth Street in flood 274 (trumpet), 1948 377 Acacia latrobei (synonym of Gold-dust Wattle, The boat wharf, looking towards Jolimont from Acacia acinacea) 275 Princes Bridge 380 Nicky Winmar of St Kilda Football Club lifts his Opening of the first High Court sitting in jumper in response to a racial slur 280 Melbourne in 1903 383 Illustrations W.F.E. Liardet’s 1875 watercolour of co-founder The massive red brick wall of the Kinnears John Pascoe Fawkner’s first Melbourne house 284 Rope Works 390 W.F.E. Liardet’s 1875 watercolour of co-founder Wurundjeri elder’s drawing of his people 394 John Batman’s house 285 Melbourne wharf labourers in procession outside Contrast of the progress of the settlement with the Parliament House before World War I 396 marginalisation of the Aboriginal people 285 Extravagant advertisements lured speculators to Anti-freeway protesters on the site of the F19 292 purchase land on the suburban frontier 399 Edna Walling garden design 297 Cricket in a right-of-way 400 Immigrants cluster around the old GPO after the C.J. Dennis’ larrikins, the Sentimental Bloke and arrival of the English mail 301 Ginger Mick, depicted in an early Australian Basaltic columns, Merri Creek 303 film 404 A fashionable crowd clusters outside Georges 304 Ratepayers concerned about law and order

The Encyclopedia of Melbourne: Gog and Magog in Royal Arcade 308 petition the mayor for protection, 1854 405

Intercolonial lawn bowls contest 410 Edinburgh Gardens, Fitzroy 529 Service marking the opening of the legal year 411 Plan of Government House and Domain Gardens 530 Interior view of the Prahran Municipal Library 417 Parliament House 532 Writer Jessie Couvreur (‘Tasma’) 422 The forbidding bluestone entrance to Pentridge Frank Hardy with his controversial Melbourne Prison, Coburg 539 novel, Power without glory 424 Phar Lap racing 540 Entrance to Luna Park 428 Pioneer photographer Antoine Fauchery’s Dr H.S. Lynn, English-born magician 432 self-portrait 543 Manchester Unity Building 436 Angling, always a popular activity from Women workers, C.J. Wilson clothing factory, Melbourne’s piers 545 Collingwood 440 Motorcycle policemen outside Russell Street police Map of the settled districts around Melbourne, 1853 442 headquarters 548 Early morning shoppers at the South Melbourne Collins Street businesses boarded up and guarded market 445 during the police strike 550 A young Sir Gus Nossal and a colleague at work Fragments of pork barrel lids salvaged from the at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, William Salthouse 551 1967 452 Aerial view of the Port of Melbourne 556 Camp for sustenance workers involved in MMBW Post office at South Melbourne 560 projects during the 1930s depression 454 Opening of the single-span Princes Bridge 568 Staff of the Melbourne City Council 458 The Canadian Water Chute at Princes Court 569 American evangelist Billy Graham drew 130 000, The Victorian Contingent procession at the the largest crowd ever, to the MCG 462 intersection of Flinders and Swanston Streets 571 Governor Hotham’s was one of the few marked Protesters campaign against plans to close the graves in the cemetery in 1858 465 Port Melbourne train line 578 Melbourne Punch was a colonial imitation of the Trevarrow ‘the child ravisher’ facing his first ix London prototype 468 flogging 580 Melbourne Town Hall organ 469 The Rosny, one of the ferries that travelled between An early view of Merri Creek 474 Port Melbourne and Williamstown 581 A family moving into their Nissen hut at the An immigrant woman shopping in the Queen Brooklyn migrant hostel 478 Victoria Market’s dairy produce hall 583 National Model and Training School 481 Spencer Street railway yards 589 Clowns Zig and Zag, Moomba 484 Archbishop Joseph Booth leads Anglicans parading Melbourne, 1862. Looking North from Princes through the city 595 Bridge 487 Parer’s Crystal Café 600 Holdens at the end of the assembly line, Fishermans The annual Boxing Day sales draw large crowds to Bend 490 David Jones’ Bourke Street store 604 The seat of municipal government in Richmond 494 The South Eastern (Monash) freeway established a Harold Freedman at work on his ‘One Hundred pattern of building roadways along rivers and Years of Transport 1835–1935’ mural 496 creeks 608 Research scientist Dr Janette Norman at work A rising volume of traffic was taking its toll on

in the new Melbourne Museum 497 Melbourne roads by the 1930s 612 The Encyclopedia of Melbourne: Myer Christmas windows 499 Road resurfacing in Melbourne’s inner suburbs 613 St Kilda Road frontage of the National Gallery 503 Rock band Skyhooks 615 Cattle penned at the Newmarket saleyards 506 Crowds gather for a moonlight concert in the Newsboy on part of the Block in Collins Street 507 Royal Botanic Gardens 618 Dress worn by Mrs Matilda Butters at the Mayor’s The Royal Exhibition Building during the Fancy Dress Ball 508 Centennial International Exhibition 620 One of an increasing number of noxious trades The chairlift at the Royal Melbourne Show 622 congregating along the Saltwater (Maribyrnong) Crowds throng around Queen Elizabeth II during River at Footscray 512 her first Melbourne visit 625 Meals on Wheels: one of a range of services to assist St Kilda Junction 632 older people to remain in their own homes 516 St Patrick’s Cathedral and the Cardinal Knox Ticket to the wrestling, Melbourne Olympic Centre, East Melbourne 634 Illustrations Games 519 St Paul’s Cathedral before the completion of its spires 635 Bantamweight wrestling in the Royal Exhibition A conversazione at the Royal Society 641 Building during the Olympic Games 519 A young Macfarlane Burnet at work in his The Sun reports Squizzy Taylor’s surrender 523 laboratory 643

Raymond Ewers’ sculpture in the Domain Gardens ‘Under the Clocks’ 738 controversially placed Sir Thomas Blamey in an The Royal Melbourne Regiment parading at army jeep 648 Victoria Barracks 744 An 1850 poster celebrates the separation of the Deaf and Dumb Institution, St Kilda Road 747 Port Phillip District from New South Wales 652 Melbourne artists, Phyl Waterhouse, Alannah Tunnelling workers involved in the construction Coleman and Charles Bush, at work 752 of Melbourne’s underground sewerage system 655 Pupils at Essendon State School helping the war Wheat being loaded at Sandridge Pier for shipment effort by growing vegetables 758 to England 657 On the homefront women were recruited to work Phil Evans outside his Brunswick delicatessen 659 on Melbourne trams 759 Victory celebrations at the Shrine of Remembrance 662 The open aqueduct at Yan Yean 763 Bar at Young & Jackson Hotel 664 Patrick McCaughey, director of the National Gallery Children featured prominently in photographs used of Victoria, with Picasso’s Weeping Woman 766 in slum-reclamation campaigns 666 West Gate Bridge 768 The Rev. Dr Charles Strong, a central figure in Queen’s Wharf 770 social reform networks 670 Members of the longstanding pacifist organisation, Barrel reclaimed from the site of the Sorrento the Women’s International League for Peace and settlement 673 Freedom, prepare for a Nuclear-free Pacific The Beatles in the basement of the Southern Cross demonstration 779 Hotel 675 Jack Blake, secretary of the Victorian branch of the Supporters in the outer at a Melbourne–South Communist Party, addressing the crowds on the Melbourne football match at the Melbourne Yarra Bank 785 Cricket Ground 678 During Moomba, the Yarra provides the site for The finish of the University Boat Race on the Yarra 679 spectacular waterskiing 788 x Billiards champion Mr Roberts draws crowds to Flinders Street and wharves under water, from the Melbourne’s Athenaeum Hall 679 top of the Customs House 790 The Spotswood Pumping Station now sits in the shadow of the West Gate Bridge 682 Maps State Library reading room 685 Crowds flock to the stalls erected in city streets on Button Day 688 Indigenous population 3 Emmanuel Spiteri was one of many owner-builders Religious adherence: Anglican 20 in Melbourne’s postwar suburbs 695 Location of boarding and lodging houses, 1890 77 A Housing Commission estate in Frankston Religious adherence: Catholic 116 provided homes for newly arrived British Melbourne’s Central Business District, 1890 122 migrants 696 Thefts from the person, 1880 183 Crowds watching Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs Melbourne and suburban areas, 1850s 309 perform at the Sunbury Pop Festival 699 Greek-born population 319 The opening of municipal baths offered swimming Religious adherence: Islam 372 opportunities for Collingwood youth 704 Italian-born population 373 A land auction at Taylors Lakes 708 Aboriginal language areas in Melbourne and vicinity 393 Female students at the telegraphy school conducted Contour map, Central Melbourne, 1880s 399 by the Technological Museum 711 City of Melbourne municipal boundaries, 2005 457 Neale Fraser plays in front of a crowd at Melbourne local government areas, 2005 493

Illustrations Kooyong, 1959 715 Location of brothels, 1880s 575 The interior of the Princess Theatre 717 Construction of the railway system 588 Crowds leaving Her Majesty’s Theatre, 1969 719 Rivers, creeks and parks in the Melbourne region, A postcard rendering of Williamstown’s time ball 2005 607 tower 722 Melbourne road network, 2005 610 The eight-hours’ symbol is central to the United Construction of the tramway system 728 Operative Masons’ banner 726 The tram as a meeting point for Melbourne’s Tables diverse population 729 A Cobb & Co. coach leaving Bourke Street 730 The appearance of Henry Berry & Co.’s delivery Newspaper circulation 35 truck is indicative of the move to motorised Climate statistics 152–3 road transport 731 Comparison of Melbourne’s climate with suburban

The Encyclopedia of Melbourne: The Green Mill dance hall 736 locations 154

Comparison of Melbourne’s climate with other Ian Potter Museum of Art, University of Melbourne: locations 154 pp. 37, 104 Estimates of the population of Melbourne 201 Immigration Museum: p. 246 Depopulation of inner Melbourne, 1891–1991 201 Museum Victoria: pp. 12, 55, 370, 497, 622, 708 Population of metropolitan area of Melbourne, National Archives of Australia: pp. 30, 121, 145, 254, 1921–2001 202 273 (bottom), 362, 478, 496, 503, 506, 516, 548, 625, Enrolment at Victorian schools 229 643, 696, 729, 766 Governors of Victoria 314 National Gallery of Victoria: pp. 162, 334, 394 Family type by select statistical divisions 349 National Library of Australia: pp. 83, 169, 212, 258, 262, Mayors of Melbourne 458–60 361, 380, 383, 440, 454, 490, 494, 550, 583, 634, 699, Chief Commissioners 460 719, 738, 768, 785 Town Clerks 460 Public Record Office Victoria, Australia. © State of Melbourne Cup winners 463 Victoria. Reproduced with the permission of the Myer Christmas windows 499–500 Keeper of Public Records: pp. 72 (right) (VPRS Melbourne’s ageing population, 1854–2001 517 10742/P1, unit 15, B1962), 519 (left, right) (VPRS Chief Commissioners of the Victoria Police Force 549 10742/P1, unit 16, C2100). Religion 598 Royal Historical Society of Victoria: pp. 68, 274 Percentage of metropolitan retail sales 603 Sara Maroske: p. 571 Port of Melbourne: trends in shipping and trade, ScreenSound Australia: p. 404 1860–1970 658 Shurlee Swain: p. 228 Street names 690 State Library of New South Wales, Bicentennial Copying Project: p. 66 State Library of Victoria: Australian Manuscripts Sources Collection: p. 64 State Library of Victoria, La Trobe Picture Collection: xi The editors thank the following individuals and pp. 5, 7, 15, 18, 41, 60, 72 (left), 80, 87, 89, 93, 96, institutions for permission to use illustrative material 101, 106, 110, 119, 124, 129, 136, 151, 158, 161, 166, in the Encyclopedia. Every reasonable attempt has been 178, 180, 184, 187, 190, 199, 204, 208, 215, 221, 222, made to secure authority from copyri