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ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 16, 2020 PRESENT STATUS OF FISH DIVERSITY AND THEIR CONSERVATIONAL MEASURES FOR SUSTAINABLE FISH PRODUCTION IN THE VAISHAV STREAM OF KASHMIR HIMALAYA,

Gowhar Rashid1, Rahul Singh2

1Assistant Professor, Government Degree College Kulgam 2 School of Bioengineering and Bioscienc, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara Punjab E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Received: May 2020 Revised and Accepted: July 2020

ABSTRACT Vaishav stream, originating from the high altitude lentic ecosystem - Kounsarnag Lake, caters the demand of portable water for lakhs of inhabitants. Being an important freshwater ecosystem it harbours rich flora and fauna. Although few studies on the vaishav stream have been under taken to explore and enlist freshwater fish composition harbor of this important tributary of river Jhelum. The present study was undertaken for a period of six months from November 2019 to April 2020 in order to obtain an update regarding the diversity of fish species in the stream. The three different sites were selected for sampling viz Site-I upper stream (Watoo Aharbal), Site-II midstream (Kulgam) and downstream Site-III (Arwani Bijbehara) of varied topography and physical characteristics. During the present study eight species of fishes were reported belonging to two orders cypriniformes and siluriforms and three families includes Cyprinidae,Nemachelidae and were recorded like Schizothorax plagiostomus, Schizothorax labiatus,Schizothorax esocinus, Schizothorax curvifrons, Triplophysa kashmirensis, Triplophysa marmorata, Glyptosternon reticulatum and Cyprinus carpio communis from the said stream. The percentage contribution trend of fish catch are shown as Schizothorax plagiostomus (29.35%) was found to be the most dominant followed by Triplophysa marmorata (18.77%) Schizothrax esocinus (13.31%), schizothorax labiatus (11.60%), Schizothorax curvifrons (10.92%), Triplophysa kashmirensis (6.48%) and Cyprinus carpio communis (5.11%) and Glyptosternon reticulatum (4.43%) at three different sites, Schizothorax curviforns was recorded as the dominant fish at site I, and S.plagiostomus was recorded as most dominant fish at site II and III. And S.plagiostomus was found overall most dominant fish throughout the study period, in the stream. Since the Vaishav stream receives nutrients from allochthonous sources like sewage, dumping of garbage, mining and agricultural activities, these external influences are responsible for changing the health and trophic status of the lotic system which subsequently affects the diversity of indwelling biota. In order to conserve the fish diversity in the vishav stream it is imperative that monitoring should be carried out on regular basis and immediate steps should be undertaken to conservation ecology.

KEYWORDS: Fish fauna, Schizothorax, Anthropogenic activities, conservational measures, Vishaw Stream, Kashmir.

I. INTRODUCTION Fishes diversity are extremely precise for their aquatic survival and comprise almost half the number vertebrate species in existence today. Fishes form an essential constituent of an aquatic ecosystem. Any drastic change that occurs in the medium, in which they exist, can influence the diversity, productivity, ecology and distribution of fish species. Fishes being a good source of income play an vital role in the development of the nation. India is a rich country that produces fishes through aquaculture. Fisheries in India are the main resource of economic activities, flourishing sector and having enormous potential to boost the economy. Globally India is considered the home of more than 10% of fish diversity and having second rank in the world in fish production and produces 9,06 million metric tons yearly (FAO,2005). Besides fisheries also form a important constituent of the economy of Jammu and Kashmir, which includes agricultural and contributes a significant 23% to its Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) (https:// knskashmir.com, Dec 2016). In addition to this, fisheries are totally linked with agricultural activities and contribute the economy of the state and generate self-employment. Fish and fishery products provide major portion of diet to the world population. Fishes make an essential contribution for existence and health of a major part of the world population (Minar et al., 2012). In most developing countries fish is considered as one of the major source of protein for over a billion people. In developing countries almost 60% of people depends on fishery and around 30% of animal protein supplies from fisheries sector, (Delgado et al., 2003). Since fish, is an inexpensive source of most beneficial proteins, is also a cheap source of vital nutrients like unsaturated fatty acid, Ω3 fatty acid, vitamins such as D and B2 (riboflavin), calcium and phosphorus and minerals such as iron, zinc, iodine, magnesium, and potassium etc essential for the growth and development of human body (Sikoki and Otobotekere, 1999; Khan and Ali, 2013). Fishes are rich in high quality vitamins, purely digestible proteins, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (Ravichandran et al., 2011).

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ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 16, 2020 Fishes also contain an important nutritional component, which contributes as a source of energy in human beings. Besides that fish acts as an important food stuff in majority of the societies (Ojewala, Annaha, 2006; Sutharshiny & Sivashanthini, 2011). Kashmir valley located in the North Western Himalayas is famous for being an abode of diverse network of lentic and lotic ecosystems with diverse fish fauna. Vaishav stream, originating from the high altitude lentic ecosystem – Kounsarnag Lake, caters to the demands of portable water of lakhs of inhabitants. Being an important freshwater ecosystem it harbors rich flora and fauna. Although few studies on the vaishav stream have been under taken to explore and enlist freshwater fish composition inhabiting in this important tributary of river Jhelum. The demotechnic growth, urbanization of rural centers and deforestation have resulted in the deterioration of fresh water ecosystem in Kashmir, at an alarming level. Consequently the aquatic ecosystems are being variably reduced to the sinks of wastes emanating from human settlements, agricultural fields, orchards, surface run off etc. Needless to mention such aggressive anthropogenic interferences have adversely affected the indwelling biota in general and fish in particular. Hence assessment and exploration of fish has always been a cynosure of the ichthyologists. In Kashmir, fish is being cherished as an important part of food especially for those who dwelling close to the lakes and houseboats (Lawrence, 1895; Khan and Ali, 2013). The Kashmir valley is well-known all over the world for its fresh water reservoirs ranging from high altitude to low lying aquatic ecosystems which has an incredible potential for the growth and expansion of fisheries particularly in the cold waters (Khan and Ali, 2013). Ample literature has emanated on the ichthyofauna of the Kashmir valley (Heckel, 1844; Day, 1878; Hora, 1936; Mukerji, 1936; Silas, 1960; Das and Subla, 1963, 1964, 1969; Tilak, 1987, Raina &Naraian, 1992; Yousuf, 1996, and Kullander et al, 1999. All these freshwater aquatic bodies are serving as a valuable habitat for a number of native fishes like Schizothorax spp., Glyptothorax spp., Triplophysa spp., Barbus spp., Labeo barbus spp., Corbitis spp., Silurus spp., Crossocehilus spp., Nemacheilus spp. Etc as well as the exotic trout viz., Oncorhynchus mykiss and Salmo trutta fario. The streams have unique fish fauna at different regions from source to mouth due to distinguished characters, topography, zonation and morphology. Fish diversity can flourish and typically depends on the geographical location, diverse aquatic ecological conditions, awareness amongst the inhabitants about the importance of fish diversity, health of aquatic bodies, optimum exploitation of the commercial fish species, enforcement of legal laws and the implementation of fish habitat restoration programmes in case of ecologically degraded fish habitats (Joshi, 2005; Badoni, 2018). Documentation of fish diversity is vital for conservation (Brraich and Malik, 2016). In this backdrop, the present study on fishes has been carried out with the aim to obtain the current data on such a group of which plays an important role with the aquatic food chain and very sensitive bio-indicators to screen the tropic status of the aquatic ecosystem.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study area Vaishav stream is one of the important left bank perennial tributaries of the river Jhelum originating from Kounsarnag Lake (1.37 km2 area) in the south eastern corner of Kashmir at an altitude of 4267meters to 4726 meters above mean sea level. It receives most of the northern countenance of the Pir Panjal and has a catchment area of 1,230 km2 from Sundertop to Budilpir ( Nikhoo et al; 2015,Hamid et al; 2013). During its passage through the Pir Panjal it traverses about 72 Kms from head to mouth and extends between the geographical co- ordinates of 33o30ʹ 12.30ʹʹ N latitude and 74o49ʹ 59.30ʹʹ E in Pir Panjal range. Moreover, a good number of small rivulets and minor streams amalgamate with the main stream which increases the volume and speed of water (Nikhoo et al; 2015). The stream bed in upper areas contains large boulders and rocks. The velocity of water is very high as it runs through torrential gorges, which provide congenial atmosphere for the hill stream fishes. On its course downwards the stream becomes wider and water flow gradually slows down whereby small stones, boulders, gravels and sand start depositing on the stream bed which provides a viable niche for other fish species. But during its entire course from its source at Kounsarnag Lake to its mouth at Sangam, it receives a lot of sewage, municipal wastes and agricultural runoff which consistently deteriorates its water quality and subsequently influences its indwelling biota. Anthropogenic disturbances like agricultural activities, use of fertilizers, pesticides and disposal of household sewage is ultimately contaminating the stream. Furthermore, excavation of sand, pebbles, boulders and channelization from the stream has severely disturbed the natural habitats of fishes. This has in turn destroyed the breeding sites of fishes in the stream.

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Figure 1: Map showing location of selected study sites and course of Vishaw stream.

DESCRIPTION OF SELECTED STUDY SITES: Study Sites

For the present study three different sites were selected for the collection of samples namely Watoo (upper), Kulgam (middle) and Arwani (down). All the three sites were being located along the course of the Vaishav stream

Site- 1: Watoo

This site is positioned about 3.5 km below Aharbal waterfall at the latitude of 330 39’ 19,”longitude 740 47’ 08” and altitude 2266 meters above sea level. In this area the Vaishav stream is extremely torrential in nature and bottom includes the sand, gravel and stones. The water depth of this site ranges from 1-4 m. This site is covered by mountains with coniferous trees.

Site-2: Kulgam

This site is positioned about 25 km below Aharbal at the latitude of 33037’26’’longitude: 74055’25’’and altitude 1882 meters above sea level. The Vishav stream is less torrential in nature, as compared to site I. In this area the stream bed is made of sand, gravel and stones. The water depth of this site ranges from 1-3 m. This site is covered by rural settlements and paddy fields. At this site a large number of agricultural effluents get merge with the water stream. Site-3: Arwani, Bijbehara

This site is located near the bridge and about 22 km’s below the site–II at the latitude of 33045’24”, longitude 75002’24”and altitude: 1534 meters above sea level. The speed of water is slower as compared to the other sites with sandy bottom. This site receives the whole run off and effluents from of Arwani and its adjacent villages.

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ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 16, 2020 III. METHODS

The fish sampling was done on monthly basis from November 2019 to April 2020 with the help of a local fisherman and cast net and drag net were used for fishing. The collected fish samples were photographed and then preserved in 10% of formalin for further studies. Identification of the collected fish species were done with the assistance of standard taxonomic works by (Kullender et al., 1999; Rahman, 2005; Mukerji, 1936; Misra, 1949; Talwar and Jhingran,1991).

IV. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS The current study divulges that eight types of fish species were found from the Vishaw stream at three different sites (Table 1 & Fig. 7-14). At Site-I (Watoo Aharbal), Schizothrax curviforns was recorded as the most dominant fish than other fish species like Triplophysa marmorata Schizothorax plagiostomus and Glyptosternon reticulatum (Table 2). At site-II (Kulgam), Schizothorax plagiostomus is most abundent fish followed by Triplophysa marmorata Triplophysa kashmirensis, Schizothrax esocinus and Schizothrax labiatus (Table 2). At site-III (Aharbal Bijbehara), Schizothorax plagiostomus is found to be the most presiding fish followed by Schizothrax esocinus, Schizothrax labiatus and Cyprinus carpio communis (Table 2). The dominance and the distributional pattern of fish species in the Vishaw stream varies from site to site and it follows the trend as Schizothrax plagiostomus >Triplophysa marmorata> Schizothrax esocinus>Schizothraxlabiatus > Schizothrax curviforns > Triplophysakashmirensis > Cyprinus carpio communis> Glyptosternon reticulatum (Table 2 & Fig. 6). Naikoo et al., (2015) did similar work on the same stream and reported 07 species of fish viz., Schizothorax plagiostomus (Heckel, 1883), Schizothorax labiatus (McClelland, 1842), Schizothorax esocinus (Heckel, 1883), Triplophysa marmorata (Heckel, 1922), Triplophysa kashmirensis (Hora,1922), Salmo trutta fario (Linnaeus, 1758) and Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792). Similarly Hamid and Singh (2019) recorded only six species from lower areas of Vishav Stream. Vaishav stream, an important left bank tributary of the Jhelum - The Main River and life line of Kashmir, is catering to the demands of water for domestic and irrigation purposes. (Kullander et al., 1999) revealed in his research that, there are fourteen native and four exotic fish species present in river Jhelum, among which four are particularly in lotic form and moreover, out of these fishes S. niger is mostly found in lentic water bodies. Similarly, (Yousuf et al., 2006) reported in his studies that eleven species of fishes were found in the river Jhelum. Khan and Ali (2013) also reported six species of fishes from the same river viz., Schizothorax esocinues, schizothrox palgiostoms,cyprinous carpio communius, Schizothrox labitus, Schizothrox niger & Scahizothrox curviforns. Sultan and Kant,( 2016 ) made a survey on river jhelum from Dec.2014 to Dec. 2015 and reported nine fish species from four different sites, viz.,schizothrox palgiostoms, Schizothorax esocinues, Schizothrox labitus, Schizothrox curviforns. Schizothrox niger, cyprinous carpio communius, cyprinous carpio specularis. Crosscheilus diplochilus, and Triplophysa marmorata. Among these nine species schizothrox palgiostoms was found to be the most abundant. Similarly Imtiaz et al (2015) reported fourteen fish species from Dal Lake and river Jhelum. In Kashmir valley cold water Schizothoracine are the main group of fishes and it has been seen that few of the schizothorax species have disappeared from the current scenario (Rumysa et al., 2016). Bhat et al. (2013) collected seven species of fishes from Lidder stream, an important right bank tributary of river Jhelum viz, Schizothorax plagiostomus, S.labiatus, S.esocines, Salmo trutta fario, Crosscheilus diplochilus, Glyptostern reticulatuma Triplophysa kashmirensis. From the last few years fishery resource of the River Jhelum has turned down which indicates some stress and external pressure which are changing the health of important ecological and economical lotic aquatic body (Khan and Ali, 2013). Similarly (Acharjee and Barat, 2010) states that, fishing endeavor is a sign of fish formation in a water body, it emerges that the fish population in the stream has somewhat reduced with the passage of time, due to various threats like overexploitation, habitual devastation, interruption of breeding grounds, growing level of pollution, etc and indiscriminate and hysterical fishing, anthropogenic pressure in the hilly stream has recorded a rapid decline of fish diversity. The fish diversity provides a base line data for management and conservation of fish species and also facilitates in formulate the new fisheries policy. The main threats of the fish diversity are agricultural, and industrial wastages, various hindrance of water flow, excess use of river water, siltation and over fishing (Flowra et al., 2013). (Atkore et al., 2011) mentioned in his work that creating awareness, regulate illegal fishing, creating awareness and conserving the breeding grounds of fishes are few of the events to counter these threats.

CONSERVATIONAL NEEDS Freshwater biodiversity is under persistent threat by various types of anthropogenic activities like illegal fishing, sewage from catchment area, damping site of garbage, excavation of sand, pebbles, boulders and channelization. This is surely an effect of growing human populations and economic development (Wu et al., 1999). Various human activities such as uncontrolled use of fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides, insecticides etc in the stream result in the deteriorating the water quality which subsequently affects the fish fauna. Moreover, human beings alone can transform the stream characteristics and ecology (Hynes, 1960). In order to conserve the fish diversity in the vishav stream it is imperative that monitoring needs

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ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 16, 2020 to be carried out on regular basis and immediate steps should be undertaken. Fishing in the stream should be regulated to evade over exploitation of this important resource viz illegal fishing should be banned in the stream. Excavation of sand, pebbles, boulders and channelization during pre-spawning or breeding seasons should be controlled. The entry of sewage, agricultural and solid wastes into the stream needs to be controlled and properly managed. Master plan should be framed for the treatment of all point source pollution entering into the Vaishav stream especially for sewage released from the residential areas. Besides that Stream banks should not be used as garbage dumping sites and for defecation. Construction and human settlement along the banks of the stream should be prohibited and mesh dimension standards should be followed by the fisherman as envisaged in the rules. Separate authority should be constituted to monitor the ecological aspects of the stream. Environmental impact assessment should be taken periodically to ensure stream conservation and sustainable utilize of stream resources. Since the stream is owned by different government departments such as forestry, engineering, geology mining and fisheries if any project is executed by the concerned departments, they should have common consensus and synergy, so that ecology of the stream should not be disturbed. All the stakeholders must devise a policy for conservation of fish biodiversity in this vital ecosystem. Table I: The fish species presently encountered from the Vishaw stream, Kashmir.

S.NO Fish species Local Name 1. Schizothrax plagiostomus Khront 2. Schizothrax esocinus Churru 3. Schizothrax labiatus Chush 4. Schizothrax curviforns Satter 5. Triplophysa kashmirensis Yool 6. Triplophysa marmorata Aru gurn 7. Glyptosteron reticulatum Anood 8. Cyprinus carpio communis Punjab Gad

Table 2: Contribution of fish by number and percentage at three different selected study sites from

November 2019 - April 2020 S.No Fish Species Site-I Site-II Site-III Total Percentage 1. Schizothrax plagiostomus 23 29 34 86 29.35% 2. Schizothrax esocinus 00 18 21 39 13.31% 3. Schizothrax labiatus 00 16 18 34 11.60% 4. Schizothrax curviforns 32 00 00 32 10.92% 5. Triplophysa kashmirensis 00 19 00 19 6.48% 6. Triplophysa marmorata 28 27 00 55 18.77% 7. Glyptosteron reticulatum 13 00 00 13 4.43% 8. Cyprinuscarpio communis 00 00 15 15 5.11% Total 96 109 88 293

Table 3: Monthly fish catch from Vaishav stream November 2019 – April 2020 at Site-I

Site-I Fishes Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr Schizothrax plagiostomus 05 04 03 03 05 03 Schizothrax esocinus 00 00 00 00 00 00 Schizothrax labiatus 00 00 00 00 00 00 Schizothrax curviforns 07 06 04 04 07 04 Triplophysa kashmirensis 00 00 00 00 00 00

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ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 16, 2020 Triplophysa marmorata 05 04 03 04 07 05 Glyptosteron reticulatum 02 02 02 02 03 02 Cyprinus carpiocommunis 00 00 00 00 00 00

Table 4: Monthly fish catch from Vaishav stream November 2019 – April 2020 at Site-II

Site-II Fishes Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr Schizothrax plagiostomus 07 05 03 04 06 04 Schizothrax esocinus 04 03 02 02 05 02 Schizothrax labiatus 03 02 02 03 04 02 Schizothrax curviforns 00 00 00 00 00 00 Triplophysa kashmirensis 04 03 02 03 04 03 Triplophysa marmorata 06 04 03 04 06 04 Glyptosteron reticulatum 00 00 00 00 00 00 CyprinuscarpioCommuns 00 00 00 00 00 00

Table 5: Monthly fish catch from Vaishav stream, November 2019 – April 2020 at Site-III

Site-III Fishes Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr Schizothrax plagiostomus 10 07 03 04 06 04 Schizothrax esocinus 05 03 02 03 05 03 Schizothrax labiatus 04 03 02 03 04 02 Schizothrax curviforns 00 00 00 00 00 00 Triplophysa kashmirensis 00 00 00 00 00 00 Triplophysa marmorata 00 00 00 00 00 00 Glyptosteron reticulatum 00 00 00 00 00 00 Cyprinuscarpiocommunis 03 02 02 03 03 02

Figure 2: Showing the percentage contribution of fish catch from the Vishaw stream.

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Figure 3:Showing the number and distrubation pattern of fish species at three different slected sites of Vishaw stream

Fig.4:Schizothorax plagiostomus (Heckel, 1883) (collected from site 2)

Fig.5: Schizothorax labiatus (McClelland,1842) (collected from site 3)

Fig.6: Schizothorax esocinus (Heckel, 1883) (Collected from site 3)

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Fig.7: Schizothrax curviforns (Heckel, 1838) (Collected from Site 1)

Fig.8: Triplophysa kashmirensis (Hora, 1922) (Collected from site 2)

Fig.9: Triplophysa marmorata (Heckel, 1922) (Collected from site 1)

Fig.10: Glyptosternon reticulatum (McClelland, 1842) (Collected from site 1)

Fig.11: Cyprinus carpiocommuni (Linnaeus,1758) (Collected from site 1) Figure.7-14: Photographs of fishes collected from Vishaw stream at three different sites.

V. CONCLUSION Biodiversity and conservation are considered as one of the major issues for sustainable use of natural resources. The fish fauna of Kashmir valley is different from the rest of the world due to distinct topography and have a tremendous potential to flourish the cold water fisheries. From the present study, eight types of fish species have been reported from the Veshow Stream. But it is evident that fish catch and diversity has clearly got reduced in this cold water snow fed Vaishav stream because the stream ecosystem is not receiving the sufficient time to recuperate its natural population composition. Efforts

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ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 16, 2020 should be undertaken to conserve this essential lotic fish environment, which has immense ecological and economic significance. Thus it is necessary to protect these fish species and instant steps should be taken to improve their number. Because it is an important fishery resource of area but due to anthropogenic pressure such as illegal mining, construction of bridges, entry of sewage, and disturbance in the catchment area, deforestation and over-fishing are the reasons for diminution of fish fauna in the stream. In order to conserve the fish diversity in the vishav stream, monitoring should be carried out on regular basis and immediate steps should be undertaken to regulate the entry of domestic sewage, agricultural effluents into the said stream.

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