TABLE OF CONTENTS

MAP AND COMPASS ...... 5

CLOTHING ...... 9

TENTS ...... 13

TEN ESSENTIALS ...... 21

SLEEPING BAGS ...... 29

BACKPACKS ...... 33

STOVES ...... 37

BOOTS ...... 43

FOOD PLANNING AND PREPARATION ...... 55

LOW IMPACT CAMPING ...... 63

SCOUT’S OWN ...... 71

PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER ...... 77

PHYSICAL CONDITIONING ...... 89

MOUNTAINEERING MEDICINE ...... 99

WILDERNESS SURVIVAL ...... 115

ADULT LEADERSHIP ...... 123

BEAR/MOUNTAIN LION MANAGEMENT ...... 131

PLACES TO GO ...... 135

GUIDE TO COUNCIL CAMPS, NATIONAL, STATE, AND COUNTY PARKS ...... 153

APPENDIX ...... 211

2

Orange County High Adventure Team

WHAT IS HIGH ADVENTURE?

High Adventure is many things to many people. To a Boy just joining Scouting, it is mostly a Mystery. To a Scout on his first Backpack, it is mostly Adventure. To a seasoned Scout on a Sierra Trek, it is mostly super fun. To an Explorer on a Class 5 Climb, it is mostly a Challenge.

The Orange County High Adventure Team tries to make certain that High Adventure happens in every Post and Troop in the Council, so that every Explorer and Scout can enjoy the Mystery, Adventure, Fun and Challenge that should be a major part of every Scouting experience.

HOW DOES THE TEAM MAKE HIGH ADVENTURE HAPPEN?

It administers the Awards Program. Almost every award related to Backpacking, Canoeing, Cycling, Conservation or Trail Building is made available by the High Adventure Team through the local Scout Office.

It conducts Backpack Awareness Training Courses designed specifically with Scouts in mind. Our goal is to make sure that Adult Leaders have the knowledge and ability to lead their units on a day, weekend, or long-term hike that is rewarding, meaningful, and safe.

It administers the Trail Boss Program. By teaching Adult Leaders the proper methods of building and maintaining trails, they are able in turn to lead their units in this program. This gives our youth a better understanding of our environment and creates a better relationship between Scouting and the Forest Service.

It acts as an interface between Scouting and the general public. We encourage Scouting units to respect nature and other campers when on any outing. Occasionally they forget or are misunderstood and we get a letter from someone. We also receive complimentary letters, either way, the unit is notified.

We're the Auto Club of the outdoors. Got a question about the Wilderness? Want to know where to go on that next outing? Want to know the condition of a particular trail? Give your District High Adventure Representative a call. Our Team Members, on a collective basis, have literally thousands of miles of hiking experience all over California. Someone will always be glad to help you.

SOUND INTERESTING? THERE'S A PLACE FOR YOU ON THE TEAM!

3 4

MAP AND COMPASS

5

BACK PACK AWARENESS COMPASS EXERCISES

COURSE: The purpose of these exercises is to familiarize OBJECTIVES: you with the use of a compass both in the field and in relation to a map.

PRELIMINARY (PRE-TREK) PREPARATION

Step 1: Draw True North/South lines across the map. (This has already been done for you).

Step 2: Determine the Magnetic Declination of the map.

Step 3: Adjust the compass for Magnetic Declination by using the adjustment screw or tape provided above.

USE OF COMPASS IN THE FIELD

Proceed outside to location 1. 2. or 3 as indicated at the top of this sheet.

Step 1: Know the rule for use of the compass in the field. ARROW TO ARROW

Step 2: Holding the compass. a. hold the compass flat and level b. hold the compass perpendicular to the body c. hold the compass with the sight line in the , direction you are looking.

Step 3: Determine the direction (bearing) to a landmark. a. Face Flag 1. b. Hold the compass properly. c. Tum the dial until the reference arrow is under the compass arrow (ARROW TO ARROW). d. Read the bearing at sight reference line of the compass. The bearing is

Step 4: Determine the direction of the flag 2 in the field. The bearing is

Step 5: Walk out to the flag.

Step 6: Locating a given bearing. a. Turn the compass dial until the desired bearing is at the sight reference line of t~ compass. b. Hold the compass correctly. c. While holding the compass still. turn your whole body around until the compass arrow is over the reference arrow (ARROW TO ARROW) d. Look out into the distance along the compass sight line and find a landmark.

What is the landmark? ______

Step 5: Reinforcement. a. Repeat the above procedure this time using a bearing of b. Walk along this bearing until reaching your campground (it should look familiar when you get to it).

6 USE OF COMPASS WITH A MAP

Step 7: Determine a heading (bearing) on the map. a. Memorize the rules for use of the compass on a map: 1. LINE TO LINE 2. NORTH TO NORTH 3. THE COMPASS POINTS THE WAY

b. On the map locate CARBON CREEK as it flows from Point A to Point B. c. Place the edge of your compass along the creek line with the compass sight line pointing towards Point B (THE COMPASS POINTS THE WAY) d. While holding the map and compass still, turn the compass dial until the lines on the dial base are parallel to the NORTH/SOUTH REFERENCE LINES drawn on the map. North on the compass should point towards the top (NORTH) of the map (LINE TO LINE & NORTH TO NORTH). e. Now read the bearing at the sight reference line on the compass. It reads approximately ______DEGREES

7 8

CLOTHING

9 CLOTHING - a layering system

Layering is comprised of combining insulating garments to create an effective and efficient cold and/or wet weather system. The purpose of layering is to keep the activist warm and dry in cool or cold weather. Why is dry important? Because when the body is wet it is cooled, and in cold weather a quickly cooling body equals hypothermia, frostbite, or death. An effective and efficient system allows the user to take pieces off when temperatures rise and put layers on when temperatures drop. This sounds simple but there are many different types of layering pieces and sometimes their usefulness in some situations is not always clear! In order to maximize the effectiveness of this system a better understanding of the 3 components is necessary:

1. Base Layer or Wicking Layer 2. Mid Layer or Insulating Layer 3. Outer Layer or Protecting Layer

1. The Wicking Layer - Wicking is the garments ability to pull moisture away from the body to the outside of the garment where is evaporates quickly. This leaves the skin warm and dry. In cold weather, it is extremely important that moisture be pulled from the body even when you feel HOT! Once you stop exerting energy, the moisture remaining on the skin causes the body to cool extremely fast, and causes the person to chill, maybe even becoming hypothermic. Types of base layers include: Capilene, Polypropelene, Thennax, Thinsulate, and Silk. Silk is the lightest while the others come in a range of weights, providing more warmth as they are wicking. All of these are excellent wickers and provide some insulation even when wet. Cotton (the waffle-style thermal and any T-shirt) should never be used as a layering piece. Cotton absorbs moisture, will never wick and possesses no thermal value when wet. It increases the risk of hypothermia by allowing heat to continually escape from the body!! Once cotton becomes saturated it stays wet for long periods and the wearer expends precious body heat trying to warm this cold, clammy layer covering the skin. Essentially, wet cotton robs body heat in situations where the main objective is to retain body heat.

NEVER USE ANY FORM OF COTTON AS A BASE LA YER, even in hiking boots.

2. The Insulating Layer - There are many types of insulating fabrics: wool, fleece, pile, down, and acrylic. All of these materials are excellent insulators because they retain body warmth efficiently. Fleece and pile have recently become very popular because they are lighter and dry 3 to 4 times faster than wool. Fleece can come in many styles and weights. As a guideline, the density is commonly referred to 100, (the lightest) 200 (mid) and 300 (warmest) weight. Pile is a heavy weight fleece used in very frigid conditions.

Down is a wonderful lightweight, compressible, efficient and effective insulator. Unfortunately, down will lose most of its thermal value when it is saturated. Therefore, a down jacket will prove ineffective without a waterproof shell over it.

3. The Protecting Layer - This is an important layer because it provides protection from the elements. It needs to be both wind and waterproof. When purchasing this layer, leave room to accommodate the changing thickness of the mid layer.

The distinction between waterproof and water resistant is an important one. Waterproof means that no water can penetrate the jacket or pants, even through the seams. Water resistant means that it can repel water for a limited time and will eventually get saturated. This can be very confusing when purchasing your outer layer because some manufacturers will produce water resistant garments from water proof fabric because they do not tape or seal the seams but they don't make this clear and some sales people don't either.

10 Shells are made in several different ways. Nylon is the most often used material. However, without treatment it is not waterproof. There are four basic ways to treat nylon: Polyurethane coating, Vinyl coating, microporous coating, and lamination to waterproof/breathables. Vinyl and polyurethane coated jackets and pants are good for the budget-conscious user but because they have no breath ability they trap moisture in so you feel like a walking sauna. Both microporous coated nylons and laminated fabrics are waterproof/breathables, varying in price and durability. Microporous coatings have pores small enough to allow water vapor to escape, but water molecules cannot enter. Laminates are woven in t1tis same manner, are proven to last longer than coatings, and are the most comfortable shell to date, but the price also represents this difference.

Jacket construction is also very important. Look for double flaps over the zippers, sealed with snaps or velcro. There should also be velcro and/or snaps at neck and wrist closures. Some jackets will offer a draw cord at the waist, bottom, and hood to ensure a conforming fit and to keep the elements out. A hood is an important part of the jacket. It should cover the head completely and cinch tightly around the face for extreme conditions. Be sure to take the time to fool around with all the gadgets on the jacket so you know how they work, if they are worth the extra weight, and if they are really necessary for your needs.

REMEMBER - consider your needs when planning your outing. You don't need high tech equipment for an overnighter one or two miles from the car. But don't go out on a several day adventure, miles from nowhere without the proper equipment for the circumstances. The most important thing is that you and the boys you take out are protected.

Information for this document was taken in part from Alabama Outdoors web site http://www.aloutdoors.com/layer.html

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TENTS

13 Types of Tents

Backpacking tents fall into two general categories: three-season (general backpacking) and four season (winter/mountaineering) models. Here's a look at how tents differ:

Lightweight three-season tents are intended for spring, summer and fall usage in temperate climates. They perform well in wind and rain, though their designs are not suited to handle significant snow loads. A three-season model won't collapse if two inches of snow fall on it, but 20 inches could be a problem. This tent is ideal for scout troops operating in Southern California.

Super-sturdy four-season tents usually integrate one or two additional poles into their designs to fortify walls and help them stand firm against severe wind or heavy snow loads. Winter tents feature some type of rounded dome design, thus eliminating flat spaces on a tent's rainfly where snow can accumulate. Of course, these winter/mountaineering tents work just fine during mild conditions. Their extra poles and sturdier fabric will make them a touch heavier than their three season cousins. They are also much more expensive.

Convertible tents are four-season models that can be converted into three-season tents. This usually involves shedding one or two poles from the tent's four-season design. Models may also offer zippered panels that can be opened during milder conditions or feature a detachable vestibule.

Warm-weather tents are lightweight shelters, usually designed for one or two people, and feature large mesh walls for superb ventilation. They can be used in three-season settings, but their special appeal is their usefulness in warmer, humid climates and their extremely light weight.

Single-wall tents are designed with the minimalist in mind. Essentially, they are rainflies equipped with a few vents you can zip open during warmer conditions.

Bivy sacks are minimalist solo shelters that offer little space for anything but you and your sleeping bag.(lf you're a climber and plan to spend nights on steep rock faces where tents would be impractical, a bivy is definitely the way to go.) If saving weight is your chief priority, a bivy is worth considering. If you like room to move inside your shelter, look elsewhere. Is a bivy right for you? We offer a separate clinic on bivy shelters for your consideration.

Sleep screens and tarp tents are ultralight shelter options. Sleep screens, including screen houses, are useful in warm conditions and offer mesh coverings, some fully enclosed, some not, to keep occupants shielded from bugs, but not rain. Tarp tents offer minimalist shelter, at a minimal weight, for three-season usage.

Family (or base camping) tents and shelters can accommodate large groups (between four and six usually, sometimes more). Dome-style models can be transported into the backcountry, as long as group members are willing to carry a share of the load; house-like models are intended for campgrounds and base camps.

14 A Few Terms Explained

 Dome Tents: Most four-season tents involve some form of rounded, geodesic-dome design. Domes avoid flat spots and shed snow more easily. They stand strong in the wind and provide generous interior headroom.  Tunnel Tents: Many three-season models use this narrow, linear design, typically involving a rectangular floor plan. Also called hoop tents, these models use fewer poles, less fabric and often have wedge-like shapes. Their rainflies, which lie flatter, can collect snow. A heavy snow load could flatten them.  Freestanding Tents: Domes are freestanding, meaning they do not require stakes in order to stand up. You can pick up a freestanding tent (it's like a huge beach ball) and move it to a different location. You can also easily shake it out before you disassemble and pack it.

Which type is right for you?

Q: What times of year will you use your tent?

 Winter campers need a four-season tent, period. If you have an Arctic expedition in mind, consult with people who have already made such trips and get their advice.  If you're a three-season hiker who heads out in March or tries to squeeze in late trips in October and November, you might give yourself an extra buffer of security by getting a four-season tent or at least a convertible. This is not recommended for most scout units because of cost and extra weight.  If you're a recreational traveler and do the bulk of your camping between May and September, choose a three-season model.

Q: How many people usually travel with you?

 Most two person tents are ideal for scouts unless you have some very tall boys in the troop.  Does your group size vary? You'll probably need more than one tent to fulfill your needs. If your budget is tight, buy the size that fits most of your trips; when your group size changes, rent a tent. Often you can get discounts when purchasing multiple tents for a scout troop.  Buy the same tent for every patrol. That way you can interchange parts as they wear out or get broken or lost.  If you're sharing a tent at the end of the day, share the load as you hike. Someone can carry the poles, another person the rainfly, and so on.  Do you travel solo? Many of the adults prefer to sleep alone or snore to the point of distraction. If you demand lots of space, look for a compact two-person model. If you count every ounce, select either a bivy or a very light one-person tent.

Q: Won't a cheap tent from a discount store work just as well as a brand-name model?

 Department-store tents are typically mass-produced items that supply less attention to  Details. Example: Examine the stitches of a quality tent. You'll find a greater number of stitches per inch in that tent than you'll find in the discount tent, and you'll often find seam sealing. This means a stronger tent is at work for you when the weather turns nasty. Quality tents use high- grade aluminum poles. Bargain tents often rely on fiberglass poles, which are less shatter- resistant. Top-brand tents often give you more ventilation options as well.  Inexpensive tents use large panels of coated nylon on their canopy (side walls). That material is not breathable, so if it's a balmy night, you might swelter inside.

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Key Differences between Cheap Tents and Good Tents

16

Tent Capacity

Manufacturers classify their tents according to sleeping capacity: solo tents, two-person tents, three- person tents and so on. You'll also find references to items such as 1-to-2-person tents or a 2-to-3- person model.

Getting a Good Fit

How do you know if a tent is a good fit-physically-for you?

Here's one technique-not perfect, but certainly useful-to help you envision how you might fit into a tent: Measure your backcountry sleeping pad and use its dimensions as a general guide when you consider a tent's measurements.

Example: The popular Therm-a-Rest standard model from Cascade Designs is 72" long and 20" wide. Width is the crucial measurement. To fit two people inside a tent, you will thus need at least 40 inches of width to feel even marginally comfortable-if you don't mind sleeping close. If you need a few inches of separation, then add a couple of inches to your measurement. If you thrash around a lot at night, you might need to add several inches.

Compare your numbers with the floor dimensions provided with each tent. That gives you some idea of how snug, or spacious, a tent might feel. Floor dimensions, of course, indicate only the maximum width a tent offers, typically the spot where your shoulders lie. Tents often taper in the foot sections, and walls angle in toward the ceiling. All of this impacts the amount of space found inside a tent's walls. Roomy tents are nice, but tend to weigh more.

Tip: Looking at two-person tents? Consider one that could adapt well to some of your other travel plans. Maybe you're anticipating future solo hikes, or a long-distance bike trip. If so, a 1-to2-person model might be a good choice. If you're a couple and you sometimes invite along a friend or relative, consider a 2-to-3-person, or even a three-person model. You'll like the flexibility, plus the extra bit of space, these models give you.

Additional Considerations

Do you camp often in rainy climates? Take a look at roomier tents, and consider adding a gear loft. That's basically a piece of interior netting that stretches out, hammock-like, near the ceiling of your tent. Overnight you can dangle damp items from a loft and hasten their drying process.

A tarp, ground cloth or footprint can help protect the floor of a tent and extend its life. Plus, it gives you a clean place to fold your tent in the morning.

For some thoughts on ventilation and a list of other helpful tips and reminders, click here.

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Does Everybody Need a Tent?

Some hardy souls will argue that a tent is a burdensome luxury. Ultralight advocates point out that a tarp, a little cord and some ingenuity are all people need to create sufficient shelter in the wilderness.

In many situations, that's a valid point. But then an unexpected overnight weather front blows through, or skeeters arrive by the thousands, or you're not really sure if a nearby ant hill is inactive after all. A night or two like this is usually all it takes to convince most recreational hikers that the full enclosure a backpacking tent provides is worth a little extra bulk and weight in their packs.

Chosen wisely, a tent will add only a modest amount of weight to your load. In return, it will give you the confidence to know you are equipped to take shelter from just about any rude surprise nature may dish out during your trip.

Quick Review

 Tents serve both a physical and psychological function; they protect you from the elements and surround you with a sense of security.  Anticipate what awaits you in the backcountry-the weather, number of people in your party-and seek out a tent equipped to accommodate your most demanding ambitions.  General backpacking (three-season) tents are excellent, lightweight performers and ideal for Scout Troops operating in Southern California. Generally a three season backpack tent of two should weigh 8 pounds or less.  Winter/mountaineering (four-season) tents are good for heavy duty year-round camping but are heavier, more expensive and overkill for most scout units.

18 Taking Care of Your Tent

1. Always use a footprint or ground cloth under your tent. 2. Always stake out the tent or be prepared to watch it flyaway. 3. Never store a tent wet. Dry it out completely before storing. 4. You may wash the tent with a warm soapy cloth. Never dry clean or wash a tent. 5. Never wear shoes or boots in a tent 6. Do not cook or burn anything in a tent. 7. Never eat or store food in a tent.

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20

TEN ESSENTIALS

21 10 ESSENTIALS

The 10 essential list is composed of items that an individual would find useful and helpful and would make him comfortable and safe when faced with any uncertainty a wilderness traveler may encounter. This is a list that should be evaluated and adjusted to meet the needs of each wilderness experience.

TO FIND YOUR WAY l. MAP (keep in a sealable plastic bag with a pencil) 2. COMPASS 3. FLASHLIGHT (extra bulb & batteries)

FOR EMERGENCIES 4. FIRST AID KIT 5. FIRE STARTER a. IGNITER (waterproof matches, flint and steel, etc.) b. FIRE STARTER (material that will sustain a flame such as a candle, fuel tablets, mixture of wax & sawdust, etc.) 6. POCKET KNIFE (knife with tools or a multi-tool)

FOR YOUR PROTECTION 7. EXTRA CLOTHING (rain gear, knit cap, gloves, etc.) 8. EXTRA FOOD (for emergencies, durable & concentrated) 9. WATER (adequate water, water filter, purification tablets) 10. SUN PROTECTION (wide brim hat, sunglasses, sunscreen)

OTHER ESSENTIALS 11. WHISTLE and/or SIGNAL MIRRIOR 12. TOILET PAPER & SMALL TROWEL 13. INSECT REPELLENT 14.50 FEET OF 1/8" (3 MIL.) ROPE 15. DUCT TAPE 16. LARGE TRASH BAGS 17. TRAIL MARKING TAPE

SCOUT MOTTO: BE PREPARED

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BASIC PERSONAL FIRST AID KIT

WILDERNESS FIRST AID MANUAL PENCIL & PAPER $.35 CHANGE FOR EMERGENCY CALL BAND-AIDS, GAUZE PADS, 4"x4" & 3"x3" ADHESIVE TAPE, wide roll, waterproof BLISTER PROTECTION, Moleskin, Nuskin, etc. GAUZE BANDAGE, 2" wide roll BUTTERFLY BANDAGE, suture tape TRIANGULAR BANDAGE ELASTIC BANDAGE, 3" wide WOUND CLEANSOR, hydrogen peroxide, antiseptic swabs ANTISEPTIC CREAM ANTI -ITCH CREAM LATEX GLOVES SCISSORS TWEEZERS NEEDLE

MEDICATIONS

INSECT BITE RELIVER PAIN RELIEVER TOOTH ACHE MEDICATION COUGH DROPS NASAL DECONGESTANTS ANTI-DIARRHETIC LAXATIVES

PERSONAL MEDICATIONS

NOTE: keep expiration dates with medications and replace regularly.

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WATER CONTAMINATES

GIARDIA: BACTERIA:

8-12 microns (flexible t05 microns) Generally infection comes form poor hygiene SOURCE: muskrats and beaver but can be and dirty dishes. carried by all animals TYPES: E. Coli 1-10 "cysts can make you sick, 5-7 days Shigella 0.4 microns 1-3 week recovery Campylobacter 0.2 microns Prescription medication available for cure in 1-3 Vibro Cholerae 0.05 days Salmonella 0.6 microns SYMPTOMS: Diarrhea for one week+ these sizes are scientific guesses. Sizes not abdominal cramps actually known. bloating GENERALLY: gas sick within 2-7 days fatigue sick form 3-30 days . weight loss most have medication WATER TREATMENT absolute filtration WATER TREATMENT absolute filtration required: 4 microns boiling or iodine treatment required: 2 microns boiling or iodine treatment will work will work.

CRYPTOSPORIDIUM: VIRUSES:

4-6 microns(flexible to 3 microns) More common out of the country SOURCE: deer elk, cattle 1-10 organisms, sick in 2-4 days TYPES: Hepatits A & B 7 -10 days for recovery Norwalk virus no medication available Rotavirus SYMPTOMS: Diarrhea for one week+ Echovirus abdominal cramps Poliovirus bloating all approximately 0.02 microns symptoms: gas headache, fever, intestinal discomfort, vomiting, fatigue diarrhea weight loss WATER TREATMENT Most filters will not low grade fever remove, boiling or iodine treatment will work WATER TREATMENT absolute filtration required: 1-2 microns boiling (iodine & chlorine won't work) BOTTOM LINE: Filter all drinking water, Wash hands after going to bathroom, clean dishes thoroughly

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How to Choose the Right Water Filter or Purifier

Overview: The Basics of Water Contamination

Lightweight, compact water filters and purifiers have become extremely popular in recent years. These devices are convenient, easy-to-use and best of all, they're quick. But how do you choose the right one?

Step #1: Consider How Much Protection You Want

It's impossible to know for sure if a given water supply is free of contamination. But bacterial and protozoan contamination has been estimated to be present in 90% of the United States' surface water. And water-borne viruses may be found anywhere where humans have come into contact with the water supply.

Filters - All of the water filters that REI carries provide reliable protection against bacteria and protozoa (one new model also provides reliable protection against viruses!). Filters are the easiest, most economical method of making water safe to drink in situations where viral protection is not needed.

A Note on Pore Size The size of the holes, or "pores", in a filter determine which microorganisms get caught and which sneak through. Most filters have a small range of hole sizes. Absolute pore size refers to the size of the largest (least effective) holes. This measurement tells you which critters will be caught and which won't.

Unfortunately, some manufacturers advertise nominal (average) pore sizes instead of absolute sizes, which can make the whole pore size issue very complex. When comparing the effectiveness of different filters, concentrate instead on which water-borne nasties the unit claims to eliminate and which it doesn't.

Every water filter (and purifier) that REI sells has packaging that describes which microorganisms it can protect you from. Be sure to read this information carefully before choosing a specific model.

Purifiers - Water purifiers offer the very best protection available from contaminated water in the backcountry. All of the purifiers that REI sells provide reliable protection against bacteria. protozoa and viruses. But is this extra protection worth the extra cost? It depends on your plans.

You are at risk for viral infection any time humans have come into contact with your water supply (NOTE: viruses can be spread by everything from urinating to brushing your teeth to spitting in a stream).

This means situations like:

 Crowded recreation areas where sanitation systems may become overloaded from time to time.  Areas where infants may be in the water.  Backcountry sites where backcountry visitors may not have disposed of their waste properly.  Developing countries with basic sanitation systems.  Areas that are susceptible to natural disasters like floods and earthquakes (which could overwhelm sanitation systems).

Quite simply, purifiers are the best choice for any backcountry traveler who doesn't want to take any chances with their water supplies. Remember -- you never know for sure what's been going on upstream!

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Step #2: Consider How Much Water You'll Need

If you only backpack a few times a year, focus your attention on smaller, less expensive filters/purifiers designed to handle a limited amount of water. You may need to replace the filter elements in these models from time to time, but you'll still come out ahead in the long run. If you plan on using your filter/purifier more often (10-20 times a year), it may be more cost effective for you to choose a more expensive unit that's designed to last longer between filter replacements.

Also keep in mind as you compare filter/purifier models that different designs work at different speeds. If your trip plans involve difficult terrain, dry conditions and/or large groups of people, look for a model that can process a lot of water quickly. If you're planning shorter trips and/or smaller groups, you maybe happier with a lighter, smaller, less expensive model.

Step #3: Consider Size and Weight

Keep in mind that you'll be carrying your filter/purifier everywhere you go. Balance your desire for high water output and ease of use with your desire to keep your backpack light.

Step #4: Consider Ease of Operation

Water filters/purifiers come in a variety of styles. When performance levels are similar, the decision between them is often a matter of personal taste. To decide between models, consider how easy each one is to use.

Ask yourself questions like:

 How easy is the filter/purifier to set up and operate? If it's a pump design, how easy is it to pump?  Can it be operated easily by a single person? (try it out for yourself and see!) . .  Is it possible to connect a water container directly to the unit? If not, how easy is it to get the treated water into your water jug?  Can the filter unit be cleaned to extend its usable life? How easy is it to do?  What about basic maintenance procedures? Can common problems be fixed in the field?

NOTE: If you plan on setting up camp and staying put for a while, you may want to consider a large- volume, gravity-driven system instead of one that you have to pump. Gravity-driven systems tend to be bulkier and slower than hand-held units. But they can process a large volume of water while you're out exploring, and you don't have to lift a finger!

Step #5: Consider Cost

The most expensive water filters/purifiers are often the most cost-efficient when you consider their performance and longevity. If you plan on backpacking for a number of years, consider paying a little more up front so you can save money further down the trail.

When comparing costs, look at:

 The overall price of the unit.  The amount of water that it can treat before the filter must be replaced.  The cost of replacement filter/chemical elements.

Also keep in mind that some filter/purifier elements can be "scrubbed" from time to time to clean out pores and extend their useful life. Others cannot.

26  Pre-filter - Usually located at the end of the intake hose or just before the main filter. Pre-filters strain out the largest particles and cut down on wear and tear to your main filter element. Most pre-filters can be rinsed from time to time to remove caught particles.  Depth Filter - These are blocks of filtering material, honeycombed with small passages. Water flows through the passages and microorganisms are caught inside. Some depth filters can be cleaned to improve longevity, others cannot.  Surface/Membrane Filter - Membrane filters are perforated surfaces that strain out particles as the water passes through. Surface/membrane filters cannot be scrubbed clean.

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SLEEPING BAGS

29 SLEEPING BAGS

How to Choose the Right Sleeping Bag

Sleeping bags keep you warm by trapping and holding a layer of "dead" (non-circulating) air next to your body. This air, which is warmed by your body heat, forms a barrier between you and colder air and/or surfaces.

Step #1: Consider the Kinds of Trips You Have Planned

Your sleeping bag will take up more room in your backpack than any other item. So choose the lightest and most compact bag you can that will keep you comfortable. Just how much bag will you need out in the wilderness? Consider:

 The kinds of wilderness areas you want to explore.  The times of year that you will be taking trips  The kinds of weather and temperatures you are likely to encounter

Step #2: Choose the Right Warmth

The warmth or "comfort" rating of a sleeping bag tells you what temperatures the bag is designed to keep you comfortable in. When deciding on the right comfort rating, follow these basic steps:

 Estimate the range of nighttime tempeeratures that you are likely to encounter. Most fair- weather campers sleep in temperatures between 20 and 45 degrees Fahrenheit. This will vary, however, depending upon climate, time of year and elevation.  Adjust your estimated range up or down slightly to account for personal factors like a tendency to "sleep hot" or "sleep cold" or a preference for pajamas.  Match your adjusted temperature range to manufacturers' suggested comfort ratings. Remember - these ratings are general guidelines only. But they will help you narrow down your choices.

Tip: Look for a bag built for temperatures at the low end of your estimated range. Why? Because it's easier to unzip your sleeping bag to cool down a little than it is to get up in the middle of the night and put on an extra layer of clothing when you're already freezing!

Step #3: Think about Insulation

The insulation inside a sleeping bag determines (to a large degree) how heavy the bag is and how much room it takes up in your pack. It can also affect how long your bag lasts. There are many different insulations (or "fills") available today.

Your Options

Natural insulation (Goose Down)

 Positives - The lightest, most efficient, most compressible and longest lasting insulation available!  Negatives - An inefficient insulator when wet, and it takes a long time to dry. Not the best choice for backpacking in wet climates or during wet times of the year. Down is also more expensive than synthetic fills.

Synthetic insulation

30

 Positives - Insulate more effectively than down when wet (they still provide only marginal performance, but it's better than nothing). Dry more quickly than down and cost less.  Negatives - Synthetic insulation can't match the overall performance of down in cold, dry conditions (though some of them come close). Tend to be less durable.

The world of synthetic insulations REI carries a wide variety of synthetic insulations. To compare them, you must consider their loft (the amount of dead air that they can trap), their weight and their compressibility (how tightly it can be packed down for storage). Durability (how long an insulation can maintain its loft before it begins to break down and trap less dead air) is also important. The world of synthetic insulations is always changing, as manufacturers create lighter, loftier and more durable insulations. This means the bags you have to choose from are better than ever. But it also means that comparing specific insulations against one another can be challenging. To learn more about the synthetic fill options that REI offers and how they measure up against one another, speak to an REI salesperson or call REI Mail Order toll-free at 1-800-426-4840.

Step #4: Think About Shape

The shape of a sleeping bag affects how comfortable it is to sleep in, how warm it is and how much room it takes up when packed.

Mummies These are narrow, close-fitting bags designed to save weight and maximize heat retention. They start narrow at the feet, get slowly wider toward the shoulder, then taper to an insulated, fitted hood.

 Positives - The slim cut increases efficiency and saves space and weight. Hoods retain a lot of warmth.  Negatives - The narrow shape can be restrictive, uncomfortable to sleep in for some people.

Semi-rectangular These bags offer more sleeping room than mummies, but they are slightly heavier and bulkier as a result. Most have hoods and a relatively tapered shape to conserve warmth.

 Positives - Good heat retention and a little more room to maneuver.  Negatives - They are less efficient (more space to keep warm) than mummy bags and they can still feel restrictive to some people.

Rectangular These are warm-weather sleeping bags. They're built to be roomy, and as a result, they let a lot of body heat escape. Many rectangular bags can be unzipped and used as comforters. Most do not have hoods.

 Positives - They're versatile; squared off shape allows for lots of room to move around.  Negatives - They are inefficient insulators, too heavy/bulky for most weight/space-conscious backpackers.

Step #6: Consider the Extras

Most of the "extra" features available in modern sleeping bags help you hold in more of your hard- earned body heat. These features allow you to carry lighter, less bulky bags, yet still stay warm when the temperature drops.

 Hood - You can lose up to 50% of your body heat through your head. A hood traps this warmth and holds it in -- it should be considered essential on all cold-weather bags (+35 degrees or lower). Make sure the hood you choose is comfortable, snug and easy to adjust. 31  Collar - This is a big neck gasket (located at shoulder level inside the sleeping bag) that helps hold heat inside the bag. They are usually found in cold-weather sleeping bags.  Draft Tubes - This is an insulation-filled tube that runs alongside the main sleeping bag zipper to keep warmth from escaping. They are most commonly found on moderate- to cold-weather bags.

Step #7: Take a Test Drive!

To find out if a sleeping bag is the right size for you, hop in and try it out. It should be roomy enough to be comfortable, yet snug enough that you don't have lots of extra space to warm up. Check the length as well. Most sleeping bags are available in 2 standard lengths: "regular", which fits adults up to about 6'0" and "long", which fits adults up to about 6'6". However, some bags are available in extra-long cuts, while others are built specifically for women, short adults and even children.

32

BACKPACKS

33 BACKPACKS

I. HOW TO CHOOSE

A. What are you going to do with this pack? 1. Day Hikes 2. Overnight/Several days out on the trail 3. Hiking on maintained trails 4. Bushwhacking, cross country skiing

INTERNAL EXTERNAL Cross country Established trails Lower center of gravity Off back ventilation Higher center of gravity Close to back Multiple compartment Difficult access Lots of access Good plane travel Poor plane travel Load compression Easy to hang on extras No pack protection Frame protects pack

II. HOW TO BUY A PACK

A. Rent it First!!

B. Where to buy 1. Go where they know what they are talking about 2. Fit pack with weight

C. What to look for the kids 1. Telescopic frames - grows with kids

III. WHAT TO LOOK FOR IN A BACKPACK

A. Comfort: If it fits - strongly consider that one!!!

B. Sizing & Fit 1. Torso lengths recommended are approx. 2. How to measure torso

C. Difference in men & women 1. Men: Longer torso/shorter legs 2. Women: shorter torso/Longer legs

D. Rule of thumb for size: 1-3 nights out 1. External: 3000-3500 cu in 2. Internal: No less than 4000 cu in 3. Bigger pack, more weight

E. Price 1. $$ - Quality of materials used and attention the mfg paid to details. Also special conveniences the pack offers. 2. Don’t over spend - only buy what you need.

F. Check all seams, zippers, and sturdiness of materials used. Don’t be afraid to pull & tug

34 G. Front-loading packs. 1. Generally have compression straps to take the strain off the zippers when loaded.

H. Top-loading packs 1. Think about where you are going. You don’t have to lay it down to get into it.

V. HOW TO PACK YOUR PACK

A. Internal Frames: Pack heavier items central to the pack and near to your back. Packing items in stuff sacks makes it easier to access and find gear. Internal frames are designed to lower center of gravity so heavier weight is positioned lower than in external frame packs.

B. External Frames: Pack lighter items toward the bottom of the pack and heavier items at the top. The natural hiking position is slightly bent forward. Heavier items high will put the weight directly over the hips and off the shoulders.

VII. WATERPROOFING & GENERAL CARE

A. Most packs are made of a coated nylon or cordura fabric but they are not waterproof. You can buy rain covers for most packs but a large trash bag works great.

B. Park hard - sharp edge items so they don’t poke you in the back or run holes in packed gear.

C. Remove all food from your pack when you get to camp. Squirrels & mice leave small holes. Bears leave much bigger ones.

D. After every trip clean out your pack - use a vacuum to clean our dirt and food.

E. Use mild soap and water to clean inside and outside of pack.

F. Check all seams and zippers

G. Store your pack in a cool airy place so it won’t grow mold. Mold will destroy any waterproofing of the material. Also store out of the sun. The UV will rot the material of your pack.

35 Remember

A pack enables you to travel self-contained into the backcountry for a few hours or a few weeks. How much pack you need depends on your type of hiking. Select a pack that suits what you do most of the time. REI offers you a wide selection from which to choose. The charts below and on the reverse side list basic specifications for the packs we sell.

Fit-The Most Important Feature If your pack is not comfortable, you won't like hiking with it. Make sure that the suspension adjusts to fit your torso length and waist/hip size, especially if you're much smaller or larger than average. To determine your torso length, measure from your shoulder (where it meets your neck) to the top of your hip bone.

External or Internal?

External-frame packs are still the best choice for comfortably carrying loads over good trails on easy to moderate terrain. They provide good ventilation due to the air space between your back and the frame. However, they are not designed for mountaineering, skiing, snowshoeing or rugged cross-country travel. The rigid frame makes' you top-heavy and unbalanced, and is more likely to snare you in thickets. A plus for the, pocketbook-an external-frame pack will cost less than a comparable internal- frame pack.

Internal-frame packs are ideal for mountaineering, skiing, scrambling and hiking on rough terrain. Their low center of gravity and body-hugging design offer good balance and stability while allowing freedom of movement. Internal-frame packs can be used for on-trail travel, too, although they offer less ventilation and a somewhat higher price than external-frame packs.

How to Fit Your New Pack

 Loosen all straps.  Load it with a moderate amount of gear (20 to 30 Ibs.), uniformly distributed. ' · Put the pack on; buckle and tighten the hip belt snugly. The hip belt should ride on your hip bones.  Next, tighten the shoulder straps snugly, then ease off.  For most models with adjustable suspension: Shoulder straps should attach to the pack about 3-4 inches lower than the top of your shoulders. (Note: Shoulder straps on external-frame packs without load-lift straps should attach to the pack at a point just about level with the top of your shoulders.) The padded portion of the straps should wrap over your shoulders for several inches.  If necessary, adjust the shoulder harness to fit. If the pack has them, tighten the load-lift straps to about a 45-degree angle. These straps help remove weight from your shoulders, move the load in over your hips and improve your balance. If the pack has one, buckle and adjust the sternum strap so that it is about 2 inches below your collarbone and allows you to breathe comfortably.  Re-adjust the hip belt, shoulder straps, and load-lift straps any time you add or remove clothing layers.

How to Load Your Pack On-trail hiking: Pack heavy items higher and closer to your back, lighter items lower and farther from your back; sleeping bag at bottom.

Off-trail hiking: Pack lighter items higher and farther from your back, heavier items lower and closer to your back, sleeping bag at bottom.

36

STOVES

37 Stoves

FIRE WHEN READY CHOOSING A BACKPACK STOVE FOR SCOUTING UNITS Dennis Crockett

"When I was a scout"..."Oh man, here we go again", most of the scouts mutter when they hear me say this). But really, when I was a scout in good '01 Troop 2, Downey, California in the 60's (yes, I am a child of the 60's so bear with me), we would take off on these 60 mile marathon week-long treks in the Eastern Sierra and spend the entire week cooking with blackened pots and roasting chunks of Golden trout over open fires, even at treeline. Why, for puddings and other cold stuff requiring water to mix up, we just scooped pristine agua right out of the lake (Giardia? What's that?). I still remember the time Mr. Bill Best (my beloved scoutmaster, and intrepid leader of these killer treks), stood for 30 minutes watching the Vampire Bat patrol (yes, the blood-sucking, flying mammal was quite popular back then) struggle to start a fire after a rain soaked day high up on the windswept 10,000 foot ridge that separates Cecile and Minaret Lakes below the Minaret Pinnacles. Just as the first soul warming flames sprung to life, Mr. Best nodded his approval, turned around, then tripped and fell backwards, his derriere landing square on the fire snuffing it out for all eternity. We scouts laughed so hard we became delirious and ate our freeze-dried stroganoff right out of the bag. Ahhhh. . . the stuff memories are made of

Unfortunately (or fortunately, depending on your perspective), the days of open fire meal preparation in the backcountry are pretty much gone. Fires are prohibited in most national forest wilderness areas, national parks and deserts, as well as above 10,000 feet, and sending a patrol of young scouts out to scour the slopes for firewood is considered a no-no. These days there are just too many of us out there, and it is imperative that scouting units follow the Outdoor Code "to the max" and set a good example for the watchful public eye.

So. . .how does one go about choosing a backcountry stove? At last count, there were approximately 40 stoves on the market suitable for backpacking and mountaineering, offered by no less than ten manufacturers. The first major feature that categorizes backpacking stoves is the type of fuel utilized. And as far as backcountry scouting in the United States is concerned, we're talking about two major categories: butane/propane and white gas stoves. Unless you're traveling to a foreign country, forget about alcohol, kerosene, unleaded auto gasoline (oxygenated gas won't work in any stove), aviation fuel and wood burning stoves: use of these fuels makes most stoves too difficult, too time consuming and finicky for young scout skulls filled with mush.

Butane/propane stoves. These stoves utilize relatively lightweight canisters filled with pressurized, liquefied gas. These days, most manufacturers provide a mixture of butane and propane, which burns better at or below freezing than straight butane. Advantages of these stoves include the following: (1) relative ease of operation - one needs simply to pop on the canister (removable without fuel loss), open the valve, and light the burner (I find that most recently graduated Webelos can master this stove fairly quickly - always with adult supervision, of course); (2) because the fuel can't spill, no priming is required and maximum heat output is obtained immediately; (3) excellent flame control so that simmering is possible, as well as gourmet backcountry cookery with the "BakePacker" and Traveling Light's Outback Oven (if you like to fritter away several hours making brownies while everyone else is out peak bagging, then this is the stove for you); (4) the stove has fewer working parts, so that breakdown is less frequent and maintenance requirements are less.

Disadvantages of butane/propane stoves include the following: (1) they are relatively less efficient (in terms of heat output and boiling times) at colder ambient temperatures, especially at or near freezing (temperature is more important than altitude below 15,000 feet above 15,000 feet, butane/propane stoves perform well, since the lower atmospheric pressure allows for better fuel vaporization, even well below freezing); 38 (2) higher fuel cost when compared to white gas; (3) the expended fuel cartridges must be carried out. In summary, butane/propane stoves are best for short-term treks (3 days or less) in relatively warmer temperatures and lower altitudes - say like the San Gabriel's, San Bernardino's and California's deserts.

My favorites (and the one's I find scouts like also) include the Pocket Rocket by MSR (Mountain Safety Research, Inc.), the Giga Power by Snow Peak, and the Coleman Exponent XTreme.

White Gas Stoves. These stoves utilize liquid white gas (probably known better by the brand names Coleman Fuel or Camplite). Advantages of white gas stoves include the following: (1) top-notch efficiency in terms of heat output and boiling times in cold temperatures and high altitude - these stoves bum at "Chemobyl" (if you're a "boiled noodles and hot chocolate for dinner – I’Il have a pizza when I get off this dang mountain" type of dude or dudette, this is the stove for you); (2) more "bang for the buck" in terms of fuel weight and cost, when compared to butane/propane - this becomes important on long-term treks (6 or more days); and (3) white gas is stored in a variety of sizes of lightweight refillable bottles.

Disadvantages of white gas stoves include the following: (1) priming is required and they can be a bit exasperating to get started at times (I find that most Tenderfoot Scouts, unless they are future Cal Tech engineering students, are simply unable to operate a white gas stove most 13 year old First Class scouts have no trouble); (2) there are more working parts, so that breakdown is more frequent (they can clog frequently) and maintenance requirements are more; (3) lousy flame control- although some say they can, I just cannot get these stoves to simmer; and (4) spilled fuel can be quite flammable. In summary, white gas stoves are best for long-term treks (6 days or more) in colder temperatures (especially snow trekking) and higher altitudes - say like the Sierras.

My favorite white gas stoves are the WhisperLite Shaker which has a weighted cleaning tip that drops through the jet when turned upside down, thus cleaning the stove, and the WhisperLite Internationale 600, which has a larger fuel tube to reduce clogging, both by MSR. A notable exception to disadvantage (3) above for white gas stoves is the MSR DragonFly. This unique white gas stove features the first ever variable flame adjuster that allows any adjustment from slow simmer to rapid boil. Having just completed a nine day Sierra trek using this stove, I can state unequivocally that this baby is our troop's new favorite (pancakes, hash browns and Golden trout cook real good on this stove). A new stove is the Snow Peak Giga Power WG Stove, a white gas stove that does not require priming (however, at $150 a unit it's a bit pricey).

Regardless of which stove you choose, take to heart the following: (1) know your stove practice taking it apart and putting it back together, and test fire it before you take off into the woods; (2) each unit should pack at least one cleaning/maintenance kit for each type of stove carried; (3) keep the stove clean and maintained when not in use; (4) to improve efficiency and conserve fuel, always use a windscreen (comes with most stoves) and on long-term treks use MSR's heat exchanger which is constructed of corrugated aluminum and stainless steel, and fits around most 1.5 to 2 liter pans (I find fuel consumption to be at least 1/4 less and possibly one-third).

Last but not least: safety. Contrary to popular belief by some, scouts are allowed to operate white gas stoves. However, remember that all stoves, no matter what type and where, are operated by scouts only under direct adult supervision. If you are not familiar with "Safe Guide to Scouting" as an adult leader, "for shame, for shame, for shame" as Gomer Pyle used to say. Get it and read it: Chapter VII, Fuels and Fire Prevention, pages 20-21.

39 D.S.A. TROOP 636 WHITE GAS FUEL CONSUMPTION DURING LONG-TERM SIERRA TREKS

An important question for each long-term Sierra backpack Scout patrol is how much white gas to carry. Obviously, a given patrol needs to carry enough fuel, but not end up with a great deal more than required.

During our treks of 1998, 1999 and 2000, we kept a record of our white gas fuel usage. We discovered the following: over a trek of? to 9 days, a Scout patrol of about six Scouts, using either a single MSR Whisperlite or MSR Dragonfly stove (with a MSR heat exchanger on the pot), cooking two "hot" meals per day, with 50% of the food grocery bought and the other 50% freeze-dried (grocery bought food requires more fuel for preparation; freeze-dried food means boiling water only), frying trout two or three times during the trek, heating some water for dishwashing at every "hot" meal, and perhaps one time during the trek heating water for clothes washing, averages fuel usage in the range of9 to 12 ounces per day (or…4.5 to 6 ounces of white gas per "hot" meal).*

Keep in mind that this range is average white gas usage per day for the entire trek. For example, cooking a layover day breakfast of pancakes and hash browns uses much more fuel than the early start 10-mile day of oatmeal and hot chocolate.

*The primary reason for the range of fuel usage is the varying cooking skills and efficiency among patrols. The least efficient patrol uses 6 ounces of fuel per cooked meal So…if you're new at this, start the trek with about 6 ounces of white gas times the number of "hot" meals.

40

HOW TO LIGHT YOUR LIQUID FUEL BACKPACKING STOVE

Lighting a canister backpacking stove i s simple. You turn on the knob, apply a flame from a match or lighter and you're on. But lighting a liquid gas stove is trickier, and many new backpackers get intimidated, perhaps from having seen a stove flare up and light up the night sky. Here is a step-by-step description how these stoves are lit.

First, a little background on how these stoves work. All backpacking stoves have two main parts, a fuel container and a burner unit. The two are combined or connected by a short fuel line. To bum efficiently, fuel must be in its gaseous state. In a canister stove, the fuel is already pressurized in its fuel container. When you open the valve, the vaporized fuel comes through the fuel line and out through a small nozzle, or "jet" and you ignite it. It fires up with blue flame because the fuel is vaporized when it hits the air. So, how do you turn liquid gas into vapor? You should know that from your high school chemistry class. You heat it. Liquid gas stoves are designed to vaporize the fuel just prior to ignition by passing the fuel close to the hot burner unit before it reaches the jet. Heat from the burner (combined with pressure in the fuel container) turns the liquid fuel into a gas as it flows through the fuel line. The process of preparing the stove to do this is called priming. Priming is the process of lighting a small amount of stove fuel at the base of the burner unit to warm up the fuel's path before the stove is lit. It is designed to be done in the following manner:

1. Remove the fuel bottle top and insert the pump apparatus. 2. Connect the fuel line from the stove to the pump assembly. 3. Now pressurize the bottle by pumping the pump plunger. Read your stove's manufacturer's directions for the correct number 0 f pumps. Most stoves need about 1015 strokes, some stoves need more. 4. Next, open the fuel control valve and release a small amount of fuel into the priming cup. Then close the valve. By small, think of a puddle about the size of a coin. 5. Light the priming fuel. 6. When the fuel is a bout to bum out, which is after about one minute, open the fuel control valve again. 7. If the stove does not light on its own, use a lighter or match to light the stove. 8. The flame should be blue. If it is yellow, turn down the gas and let it warm up a little more. The stove works best when wide open. You may need to give a few pumps every once in a while

Here's how to troubleshoot the most common problems.

 Sputtering flame: Probably the result of too much pumping, therefore too much air in the mixture. Cool stove and start again.

 Eyebrow singing flare-ups: Probably the result of over priming, i.e., too much gas in the priming cup. Turn the stove off and let it cool, then start again.

 Weak or non-existent flame: Usually this is due to a clogged jet.

 Poke carbon residue out of the jet with a pin. Usually, some kind of tool with a pin is provided in the stove's maintenance kit.

41 42

BOOTS

43 SELECTING FOOT WEAR

TYPES OF BOOTS

 Lightweight boots are for wilderness strolls where you won't be carrying a heavy pack. Although they resemble sneakers, lightweight boots have stiffer and more durable uppers and soles to provide added support on the trail. Generally highly breathable, lightweight boots usually have uppers made of a combination of leather and fabric.  Mid-weight boots are recommended for rugged terrain where you'll be carrying a 20- to 40- pound pack. The uppers are usually leather or a combination of leather and fabric that's designed to provide added support and abrasion resistance. Soles are thicker and heavier for added protection.  Heavyweight boots are for long hiking trips in which you'll be carrying a heavy pack over rough terrain. These boots are usually made of heavy leather for a high degree of durability, and thick, heavy rubber soles for maximum protection. A boot that can withstand excessive use during extreme conditions (carrying allot of weight, in wet conditions, in cold conditions, and rough terrain over long periods of time and miles of trail). Because of their stiffness one must allow for plenty of break-in time before the first excursion. If these boots have not been broken in before the first trip, many blisters can form, making the trip not as fun as anticipated. Most of these boots can harness crampons, which are important when crossing packed snow, ice, and/or glaciers. If you, the hiker, plan to do long sections or through hike the Appalachian Trail or Continental Divide Trail these boots would be a necessity.

44 UPPERS

It is designed to protect your toes, top of the foot and heel from unseen objects and rocks found on the trail. The upper can be synthetic or leather and surrounds the foot securely with padding by being laced up. The upper is the portion of the boot that provides the support for your ankles while negotiating tough terrain.

 Full-grain leather is considered the highest grade for boot making. Drawn from the exterior of the cowhide, full-grain leather is considered the strongest, and most water-resistant.  Nubuck leather is full-grain leather that has been brushed to give it a napped look.  Rough-out leather is full-grain leather that has been turned inside out. This textured look more easily hides cuts and abrasions.  Split-grain Leather is any layer that is not from the outside layer of the hide is considered to be a split-grain. Split-grain layers are softer, breathe better, and stretch easily. Because it is supple, split-grain does not offer the same support as that of full-grain and is more difficult to waterproof.  Synthetic and Synthetic leather combinations tend to be softer, less support better breathability, difficult to waterproof. These boots are only considered waterproof if they have internal waterproof membranes,  One-piece uppers, made from a single piece of leather, are considered to be superior for keeping out water. In addition, with only one seam to attach to the boot, they tend to be more durable. Two- and Three-piece uppers are generally less expensive than one-piece upper construction, but do not offer as much protection and durability,  The more seams a boot or shoe has, the higher the risk for leaks and/or blowouts. Leaking occurs when water seeps through the needle-holes or spaces between the boot panels. Blowouts occur when general wear, repeated flexing or a snag causes a stitch to break and 2 panels to separate. In general, the less seams an upper has, the more water-resistant and more durable it will be.  Waterproof barriers - Lightweight, waterproof barriers (like Gore-Tex@) are built into many hiking boots to enhance their water resistance. These barriers are available in a variety of boot styles, from lightweight hikers to extended hiking/backpacking models. Waterproof performance depends upon the type of barrier used, the materials protecting it and how well the boots/shoes are taken care of  High top boots that extend way above the ankle, tend to put unnecessary stress on the  Achilles tendon and should be avoided.

SOLES

INSOLE: The insole comes in direct contact with the foot and can be inserted or taken out of the boot. Usually the insole acts as a cushion for the foot and can sometimes offer some arch support.

MIDSOLE (shank): The midsole gives the boot stability. The duty of the midsole is to give your foot arch support, prevents being bruised by rocks and assists in absorbing the shock of each step. This also gives the boot its torsional rigidity. In other words, makes the boot stiff or flimsy. The midsole is found between the insole and outsole of the boot cemented to the shank. . In addition to support, it also ensures that the sole bends at the ball of the feet

OUTS OLE LUGS: The outsole comes in direct contact with the ground. Usually made of robber, it is identified by the tread, which offers varying degrees of traction. There are also important factors in attaching these soles to the uppers.

WELT: Welt describes the way that the sole is attached to the upper. A Norwegian welt is considered to be the best attachment method for stiffness and durability. This is the recommended method for heavyweight boots. A Goodyear welt makes for a more flexible sole and is recommended by many manufacturers for a mid-weight boot. A Littleway or McCay welt is an attachment method that relies on one to three layers of stitching of the interior of the boot. This is considered a highly durable process 45 because the seams are not exposed to the elements,

CEMENTED: This method of boot construction is the lightweight alternative to Norwegian Welt. The sole is simply glued to the upper vs. the stitched method of Norwegian Welt

RAND: The rubber rand is much like a rubber band. It is the band on the outside of the boot that runs between the upper and the sole to protect the seam from H2O.

HEEL COUNTER: This cups your heel to help avoid the dreaded twisted ankle, and keeps your heel from slipping up and down

HEEL (SKREE) COLLAR: The heel collar is designed to absorb pressure placed on the Achilles tendon and ankle. This is accomplished by placing extra padded material above the heel counter. Sometimes this material may also be called the scree collar because it provides protection from unwanted debris that tries to find its way into your boots.

FULLY GUSSETED TONGUE: A gusseted or bellows tongue is a leather piece attached to both sides of the upper and placed under the laces. It's designed to keep out water and dirt, while providing comfort for the foot when the laces are tightened.

IMPORTANT BOOT FEATURES:

 Good boots are "solid" on the bottom. You shouldn't be able to feel rocks or stones through the soles. If you can press in the bottom of the sole with your thumb, the soles are probably too soft to give your foot proper protection. If you can "twist" the soles of the boot, it's also probably too soft.  Good boots provide good protection on the sides. They are heavy because they either have extra padding to protect your foot from stones, rocks, and branches you may step on which could gouge into the side of the boot. Some fabric boots have protective "welts" 1/2-inch or more up from the soles to give added protection.  Good boots provide good ankle support. Grab the top of the boot and try to bend it over side- ways. Ifit bends easily, it's probably not going to provide the level of protection needed on the trail. The top of the boot should be stiff to hold the ankle in place and provide it with good support.

46 THE FOOT

The average foot elongates more than 1-1/2 sizes. Foot volume is also assessed by looking at the foot as a three-dimensional object. This is important in the fit process because different boot manufacturers produce footwear with varying volumes. Knowing your volume can help a fitter suggest a boot.

When your feet aren't correctly supported they tend to over-pronate and flatten out, with each step leading to a host of problems, including aching feet and knees, bunions, shin splints, heel spurs and so on, moving up to the back and neck. A foot bed that fits correctly can make a world of difference.

General feet Considerations:

Most people’s feet elongate 1.5 times. 80% of the people over pronate. Proper foot measurement that looks at foot length, heel to toe, heel to ball, and width both sitting and standing Consider volume in boot selection Feet tend to over-pronate and flatten out with age and unsupported use. The average inactive male person foot gives off 1/4 cup of perspiration in a 12-hour period. Black toenail results from running our toes into the ends or tops (commonly called the upper) of our shoes. Certain foot structures such as the rigid high arch, and the over pronating foot, are more likely to develop a stress fracture. Most men are longer Heel to ball versus heel to toe. Most women are longer heel to toe versus heel to ball.

A more detailed description of foot problems related to symptoms can be found on the internet at: http://www.footandanklecntr.com/prob_pain_specific.php#ankle

47 BOOT FITTING

1. Have your feet measured with a Brannock Device. The foot must be measured while sitting and standing to determine elongation.

2. The finger test: With the boot fully unlaced, move your foot as far forward in the boot as possible. If the boot is the proper size for your feet, you should be able to slip your index finger down inside the boot at the back of the ankle.

3. Sensory test: take off your socks and slip your bare foot into the boot. Using all your sensory powers, try to determine if any part of the boot feels tight. This is especially important in the area where the small toes are located. The bare foot test will bring all this to light. Does the boot feel too narrow on the sides in the area just behind your toes (the "ball" of the foot)? Is it too tight in the middle part of your foot on either side of the arch? If so, look for another boot. The "bare foot" test will quickly eliminate any boots that are clearly not designed for your foot. Repeat with socks. If any part of your foot feels "jammed", try a lighter, medium-weight sock on the outside.

4. Lace up the boots: Lace boots snugly not too tight. Walk around in the boots. The boot should not "break" (or crease) across the top of the toes as you stride forward. He toes should not feel jammed in the boot. Generally your heel should not slide in the heel area but rigid boots will often cause your heel to slide a little (and I emphasizes a little) when they're news due to the newness and stiffness of the sole.

5. Walk on the slant board: Walk down the incline. If your foot jams into the front of the boot and your toes feels pinched look for another pair. Walk up the incline board and stand facing uphill on the slope. This is the time to check for any protrusions that may have on the heels for example a burses or a bone spurs and heel is snug at the top of the heel counter. Next apply the "BIG HAND" to the top of the instep down towards the base of the heel to check for any loose fabric or leather, any extra fabric or leather around the ankle it will allow the person to slip forward in the boot. Use white electrical tape on the side of the boot, approximately 3 inches in length, centering the tape on the ball of the foot. Next use a ballpoint pen to mark the widest apex of the boot, and then mark the location of the center of the customer's ball of the foot. Have the customer face downhill. Push on the apex of the heel counter to see if the foot moved forward. If the heel is very soft and spongy have the person jump up and down softly; if firm at the heel you can have the person jump very aggressively. Then move around in front of the customer and relocate and mark how much the customer moved. 6. Possible causes for forward movement in a boot:  Boots too big  Too much volume  Elongation problem  Heavy pack  Improper Lacing

48 ORTHOTICS AND BOOT TUNING

1. A Foot bed that offers the proper shape and support will help to reduce this Elongation factor in the Pronated feet and reduce excessive motion going on between the foot and shoe.

2. Supinated feet benefit from added comfort.

3. Here are 10 benefits derived from a supportive foot bed. a. Improved comfort b. Increased foot stability c. Improved foot circulation d. Less muscle stress and fatigue e. Better boot fit f. Extended outer sole wear g. Reduction of black toenails and blistering h. Better balance and confidence i. A longer walking strides with less steps to go the distance

4. Used to reduce excessive motion going on between the foot and shoe.

5. Vary the thickness of socks to fine tune the fit

6. A 5/6 iron neoprene slip sole material under the orthotic to decrease the volume.

7. A tongue depressor (a soft piece of foam or similar material cut in such a fashion to fit between the tongue and laces). Because this increases the volume of your foot in the boot.

8. Modify the footwear for any protrusions

Participate in a boot fitting clinic by Phil Orens http://www.fitsystembyphiloren.com

BREAKING IN BOOTS

With the evolution of fabric Gore-Tex boots, this is not as great a factor as it used to be, but should still be performed. All-leather boots will definitely require some break-in time prior to backpacking. Wear your boots on progressively longer hikes until you're certain you can do some comfortable distance with the added weight of a backpack.

Change your socks regularly during the day as they absorb perspiration. Wear a thin liner sock under your padded hiking sock.

Cover hot spots with Mole skin or other covering.

49 SOCKS

1. The sock serves several critical an important functions; a. It should reduce friction between the foot and the boot. Prevents blisters and hot spots b. Provides additional cushioning layer. c. Protects the boots form damaging oils and skin cells. d. Maintains thermal equilibrium by insulating from heat loss, vents excess heat, and extracts moisture away from skin surface.

2. Sock fit; it should be snug but not overly tight.

3. Sock materials a. Wool  Is hydrophilic and absorbs the moisture from your feet. And passes it to the outside.  Wool can come in course, medium, fine or superfine grades. Merino wool or lamb’s wool (first shearing),  Typically wool is used in a blend with synthetic materials b. Silk  Wicks moisture and provides a soft feel, not durable.

c. Synthetic materials  POLYESTER: has moisture wicking and quick drying properties  ACRYLIC: soft feel, insulates and wick moisture well.  NYLON: provides elasticity and strength.  SPANDEX; elastic material in cuff  Cool Max: special polyester material with excellent wicking properties.  Gore-Tex: breathable membrane

4. Selecting a sock a. Select a sock with fine fibers for softness and abrasion resistance. b. High stitch density with more fibers per square inch, in a sock creates a more comfortable environment. c. Should have ample cushioning when used with heavy hiking boots. d. Look for seams that are flat or non-protrusive. e. A heel pocket allows for a better fit, and higher quality socks have a y-heel gore heel that is more anatomically correct and creates a pocket for your heel to fit in. f. Sock size is very important. If your foot is thin and narrow, you may go down one size g. Sock thickness, thinner or heavier, can be used to adjust for a better fit in footwear. h. If your feet are always cold, wool is the fiber to use. i. Hot and sweaty feet need a synthetic moisture control sock. Moisture control socks need heat from the foot to create the pressure to move the moisture away via a capillary action. Synthetic fibers on the bottom or next to the skin that repels water (hydrophobic) and fibers (hydrophilic) on the top or outside with the purpose to create a push-pull concept. j. A diabetic person's foot needs a sock that is dense, low friction factor, smooth toe seam, y-heel gore, and a sock that fits perfect. The top of the sock should not restrict the leg for proper circulation k. Liner sock; often a thin wicking sock, polyester, polypropylene, or silk is worn under the main sock to further reduce friction. It must be very smooth, soft and thin and fit snuggly.

50 ADDITIONAL BOOT FITTING TECHNIQUES

Tender area on top of your foot: You can reduce the local pressure if you bypass the lace rings that would guide the laces over that tender spot.

Tight over the toes: Remove the laces from the bottom rings.

Tighter fit over the forefoot and looser fit over the ankles (or vice-versa): Good boots will usually have locking hooks at the bend of the ankle to grip the laces and allow you to have different tensions above and below the hooks. If locking hooks are absent or don't lock, or are positioned in the wrong place for you, take an extra turn of the laces around the hooks or through the rings. Perhaps tie a half-knot as well before you continue lacing to the top.

Stop Tongue Drift: Boot tongues can develop a habit of drifting off to one side as you walk, which can be uncomfortable. Train the tongue to lie correctly; right from the very first time you put the boots on. Do this by taking special care to make the first folds in the tongue gussets in the correct position. If the tongue still proves to be a wanderer, stitch on a button in the center of the tongue to block it's wandering. A button shaped like a "mushroom" and has a "stalk" works best. Position the button carefully so that it will not be under a lace and be pushed down into the tongue and your leg. Stitch only through the outer leather of the tongue.

51

BOOT CARE

Fabric boots:

 Waterproof membranes can be vulnerable to abrasion from within if regular care is not taken to remove grit or twig particles which build up inside, especially under the insole.  Fabric shells should be waterproofed A good waterproofing treatment will keep your hiking boots from absorbing too much water  Clean regularly with fresh water and swill out debris from inside the boot. Most fabric boots can be washed on the outside with non-detergent soap and water to remove built-up dirt. Treat with the appropriate surface treatment products, following the manufacturers care instructions, to keep the boots clean and water repellent  Boots with internal membranes cannot be re-proofed once the membrane has degraded, other than with surface repellency treatments.

Leather boots:

 Dirt can dry and weaken leather; remove laces and foot beds-brush off excess dirt, rinse boots with water, or wipe clean with wet cloth or sponge. For hard-to-remove grime use a leather cleaner (saddle soap) or non-detergent soap, but repeated washing and drying can dry out the leather over time and make it brittle. Don't use petroleum based cleaners on leather hiking boots; they may remove necessary oils and tannins the leather needs to remain supple. Be sure to rinse the soap off thoroughly.  Dry boots naturally do not use direct heat to speed the drying process. An absorbent material such as newspaper stuffed inside the boot can be used to hasten drying if necessary. Before drying wet hiking boots, remove the laces and open the boots as much as possible. Stuff loosely packed toilet paper or socks inside the boots to absorb internal moisture and wick it away  When dry apply only the recommended treatment to keep the leather supple and water repellent. Apply multiple thin coats with 24 hours between first and second coats. Repeat the waterproofing process after each trip. Waterproofing and  Conditioning agents will affect the color or appearance of your boots.  SEAMSEAL areas that are suspect to leaking or to repair damage from abrasion.  Waterproofing your hiking boots does more than help them keep your feet dry. A  Good waterproofing treatment will keep your hiking boots from absorbing too much water and adding more weight to your feet. That excess water will also weaken the leather.  Petroleum-based and animal-based (mink oil) products can over-soften leather and that leads to shorter boot life and negatively affect the support of hiking boots. Use wax or silicone-based treatments only.  After you waterproof them, you'll want to condition leather hiking boots to keep them supple and ready for your next adventure. A good conditioner keeps your boots from drying out and helps maintain the tanning agents that keep leather from getting stiff  Sprinkle baking soda inside of your boots to absorb moisture and odors

52 CARE ON THE TRAIL

Dirt will shorten the life of your boots by working its way into their seams and the leather's pores. It will wear away like sandpaper at stitching and fabrics; form tiny colonies of mold and bacteria in leathers and fabrics; and generally erode, decay and destroy.

When you're on the trail, brush away dirt and sand from your hiking boots at the end of each day. Wash away mud and other soap with water, then uses a soft nylon brush to clean out seams. If you've been traipsing through a bog, it's especially important to remove peat from your hiking boots as soon as possible. Peat has a high acid content and will eat into almost anything.

Once you've pulled your hiking boots off for the day, remove the insoles and allow them to air outside your boots overnight. Each morning before you put them back in, dust the insoles and the inside of the uppers with anti-fungal powder to help keep them fresh

Don't walk around with them unlaced. This is a sure temptation when you reach your campsite, especially if you have been hiking for a long distance and you didn't bring camp shoes. Walking around with your boots unlaced causes unnecessary wear on the inner linings and will shred your laces. Invest in a pair of sandals, camp booties, or throw a lightweight pair of old tennis shoes in your pack for letting your feet relax.

53 54

FOOD PLANNING

AND PREPARATION

55 MOUNTAIN MAMA’S PALATABLE BACKPACK CUISINE Jan Greenberg

Menu Planning & Preparation

PRELIMINARY HOMEWORK

Choose trek that suits your ability Call rangers for route, water, weather & animal activity Try to avoid hiking past 4:00 PM Take tested, reliable equipment & meals (stoves & purifiers) Thorough organization at home = successful trail experience

FOOD TYPES AND SOURCES

Packaged dehydrated backpack meals Off the shelf/prepared in bag Quantity limitations Cost/Convenience Sources: REI Adventure 16 Sport Chalet Sporting goods store Mail order from Backpacker Magazine

Freeze dried & dehydrated instant foods sources Supermarkets & FEDCO (inexpensive) COSTS/SAM’S Club (quantity) Trader Joe’s Market (quality/selection) Mother’s Market (quality/selection) Whole Foods Market (bulk grains, nuts, spices, etc.)

Personally prepared dehydrated meals (dehydrator or oven) Cost effective but labor intensive Recognizably tasty meals Quality food without preservatives Allows for creativity & innovation (leftovers)

MENU PLANNING

Use menu grid to layout trek by day/miles & elevation gain/loss Meals should correspond to hike: Trail breakfasts Layover meals Carbo loading Continuous snacking Emergency meals (weather/illness) Consider elevation/temperature’s affect on cooking time Pay attention to nutritional needs & calories burned (consult reference books) Electrolyte replacement drinks (Gatoraide, Cytomax, ERG) Treats (no melt candies) Celebrate occasions (birthdays, holiday, wilderness) 56

METHOD OF FOOD & MEAL PREPARATION

Experiment & sample meals at home Remove all foods from packaging Pre-measure at home Use Glad food storage bags/Ziplocs Label contents & directions if needed Sort by meal (B-L-D) package all contents together labeling day/date Sort & portion out loose items (trail mix, nuts, snacks) Pre cook at home – rehydrate on trail Learn to use Bakepacker – practice at home Pack out all food waste & trash (includes T.P.) Learn how to protect your food & the bears (bag or canister)

SUGGESTED MENU CHOICES

BREAKFASTS

Protein/Carbo Fruits Drinks

Oatmeal Strawberries Cocoa Dry cereal Apple chips Hot jello Jiffy muffins Pineapple Milkman Aunt Jemmima coffee cake Apricots Tang Eggs Mandarin oranges Decaf coffee Bacon Prunes Decaf tea Pancakes Raisins Powdered nectars Hash browns Bananas Apple cider Granola Puree fruit leathers Rice (cinnamon-sugar) Applesauce roll Couscous Melons Pastina

LUNCHES & SNACKS

Protein/Carbo Snacks Drinks

Pilot bread Nuts Lemonade Logan bread (recipe book) Trail mix Iced tea Popcorn cakes Power bar Crystal Lite punches Swedish crackers Cliff bar/pemmican Kool Aid Rye Crisp Jerky Cytomax/ERG Tabouli Fried Ramen/nuts Gatoraide Humus/pita bread Granola bars Fruit punch Instant cup meals (chili, rice) String cheese Hot dogs/smokie links Honey sticks Salami Cheese/pnut butter crackers Pnut butter/jelly in plastic tubes Bagels

57

DINNER

Protein Carbohydrates Vegetables

Tuna Mashed potatoes/gravy Spinach Beef Cappellini (spaghetti) Broccoli Chicken Boil in bag rice Carrots Turkey Somen (Japanese noodles) Greenbeans Refried beans Ramen Peas Taco mix Tortillas Tomatoes Cheeses Sourdough bread Egg plant Corn bread Onions Shitake mushrooms

DESSERTS

Frybread Gingerbread/powdered sugar drizzle Muffin mixes Banana nut bread Jello cheesecakes Tiny pie crusts Puddings Jello Hard cookies (Froggers) Brownies Cake (icing in plastic tube)

58 JOE FROGGER COOKIES (Great Tasting Hard Ginger Snap that Travels Well)

1-1/2 cups sifted flour (white or wheat) 1-1/2 tsp powdered ginger 1 tsp baking soda 1 tsp salt ½ tsp ground cloves ½ tsp nutmeg ½ cup shortening 1 cup sugar (brown or white) ½ cup light molasses ½ cup dark molasses

Sift dry ingredients together, cream shortening and sugars, beat in molasses. Add dry ingredients and mix well. Chill for 3-6 hours. Form small balls with spoon onto floured cookie sheet. Bake at 350 degrees for 8-10 minutes. Dust with powdered sugar (optional) and cool on wire rack. Makes approximately 5 dozen …. Before snitching. Freeze & store for future backpacks.

INDIAN FRY BREAD

6 cups flour 1 tsp salt 2 tsp baking powder ½ cup powdered nonfat (or regular) milk

Mix above ingredients and store in Ziploc bag. Portion out small amounts as needed for backpack trips in sandwich Ziplocs. When preparing, gradually add tiny amount of water to dough mix in Ziploc bag, until it reaches the consistency of biscuit dough. With clean hands, take small ball and pat like tortilla till flat (may have to add some dry mix to hands to keep from sticking) or pull ball till relatively flat and lay in pan in thin layer of hot oil. Fry till light on brown on both sides. Remove & add cheese or powdered sugar to top while still hot. A bit messy to prepare but tastes great on the trail ….clean hands or not!!

Step by Step Meal Prep

1. Carefully check menu for condiments & spices needed for each meal 2. Assemble all meal ingredients and condiments, including pre-measured drink mixes 3. Remove food from box, package or plastic wrap 4. Pre-measure quantity needed/person/food group 5. If food is to be rehydrated, place measured amount in Glad food storage bag (GFSB). Fold over & place in small Ziploc and label 6. If food is to be cooked in pot, place measured amount into small Ziploc bag and label 7. Place all contents of meal in large Ziploc. Identify meal (B, L or D) number or label with day/date 8. Bag snacks separately for each individual …. Granola, trail mix, candy, emergency meal, Cytomax or Gatoraide, etc. 9. Pack extra Glad food storage bags (GFSB) & twist ties for cooking/baking 10. Don’t forget: utensils, pots, Bakepacker, stove fuel, water purifier, bucket, bear bag & rope 11. For large group identify who is carrying what 12. Zerox menu for use on trail

59

MENU SAMPLE

Day Breakfast Lunch Dinner Saturday Arrive Trailhead – After Bagel Sandwich Burrito 3/30 6 Mi> Restaurant Breakfast Turkey Refried Beans Cream Cheese Flour Tortillas Fresh Apple Block Cheese Taco Mix Salsa Brownies Sunday Oatmeal Salami Ramen 3/31 5 ½ Mi + 1500 Raisins/Nuts String Cheese Chicken Cocoa Swedish Crackers Spinach Granola Gingerbread Powdered Sugar Monday Coffee Cake Pilot Bread Meatloaf 4/1 6 Mi + 2000 Apricots Pnut Butter/Jelly Mashed Potatoes Sunflower Seeds Sesame Snack Gravy Gatoraide Fruit Roll Green Beans Froggers Tuesday Eggs Chili Spaghetti 4/2 Layover Bacon Yellow Cheese Tomato Sauce Hash Browns Onion Sourdough Cocoa Crackers Spiced Tomatoes Parmesan Wednesday Cold Cereal/Milk Trail Mix Sesame Beef 4/2 8 Mi> Strawberries Apple Chips Somen Noodles Cliff Bar Smokie Links Shitake Mushrooms Lemonade Fig Newtons Soy Sauce Strawberry Cheesecake Thursday Pastina Beef Jerky Celebration Lunch at El 4/4 3 Mi + 500 Pineapple Logan Bread Torito!! Fruit Nectar Mandarin Oranges Gatoraide Starbursts

60

Day Breakfast Lunch Dinner

61 62

LOW IMPACT

CAMPING

63 MINIMUM IMPACT BACKPACKING Dennis Crockett

This land is your land, this land is my land, From California to the New York island, From the redwood Forest to the Gulf Stream waters, This land was made for you and me.- Woody Guthrie

Yes. . .it truly is "our land", and to keep it that way, scouters need to set the example and practice minimum impact backpacking. And remember, what you do is what the boys do. Exactly what is minimum impact backpacking? Well, it's kind of a way of life in the backcountry. It's constantly asking yourself "is what I’m doing now affecting the environment in a negative manner"? Scouts and scouters should learn to "travel light and tread softly; take only pictures, leave only footprints". As Woodsy Owl says, "pack it in, pack it out". The following is a summary of some of the things scouting units can do to help insure that the wilderness will still be there for future generations.

Adequate preparation. This one's a no-brainer: if you know the limitations of your unit, know your planned route (and possible alternates), know the terrain and weather variations, bring proper clothing and equipment, have adequate food, and have a basic knowledge of the fauna/flora, you'll impact the environment less.

Rules, regulations and wilderness permit requirements. These differ depending on whether you're in a national Forest or wilderness area (United States Forest Service), national park or monument (National Park Service), California State Park, or Bureau of Land Management Forest or desert: know them and abide by them.

Trekking. Always try to move quietly in the wilderness, observe trail courtesy, and respect the solitude of others. Select hiking footwear that is appropriate for the terrain. If possible, wear soft-soled shoes around camp. Follow established trails when possible, and avoid cutting switchbacks. Cross-country trekkers should (I) keep the group size small; (2) walk on durable ground, and skirt sensitive meadows and sub-alpine tundra; and (3) spread out and hike in non single-file small groups if fragile ground cannot be avoided.

Camping. Always try to select a "hard" campsite with adequate water runoff: avoid putting a tent down in fragile meadows and sub-alpine tundra. If available, use established sites. Camp away from the trail (100 ft.) in an area that is screened by terrain/vegetation. Always camp at least 100 ft. from lakeshores and stream banks. Building camp "improvements" such as rock/log walls, trenches and pine bough beds are a thing of the past.

Personal hygiene. Always wash yourself at least 100 ft. from any water source...try using hot, soapless water. If you must use soap, try a biodegradable brand and always pour into highly absorbent ground. Urinating and pooping should be done at least 200 ft. from any water source. Poop as the family cat would poop: clear away duff…dig a cathole 4-6 in. deep…poop...bury and camouflage. Toilet paper disposal is a bit controversial these days: more and more rangers are asking backpackers to either burn it if fires are allowed, or pack it out. If you don't know what a "poop tube" is, you'll probably find out in the not-too-distant future (pretty soon we'll all be carrying a length of P.V.C. pipe strapped to our packs).

Garbage. Non-organic burnable garbage may be burned if fires are allowed. Always pack out non- burnable garbage (this includes plastic/foil containers and citrus/banana peels, items that young scouts can't seem to keep out of the fire). Organic garbage should probably be carried out, although some uneaten food may be scattered in dry out-of-the-way places such as a talus slope. These days, burying garbage in the backcountry is a slovenly habit.

64 Fires and cooking. If fires are allowed (and there's nothing like a campfire to sit and tell stories by), keep it small, use an existing fire pit if available, and burn only down wood. As far as cooking is concerned, use a stove ... it's easier, cleaner and more efficient

Minimum-Impact Mountaineering Definition

A philosophy of sorts  in travel as in life, often “less is more”  develop a “land ethic”  travel light and tread softly  The “Mountaineering Golden Rule”

Adequate Preparation

Strive to be an expert “woodsperson”  learn to “go light”  proper clothing and equipment  adequate food  know how to navigate  basic mountaineering medicine Know where you are going  the route  alternate routes  the terrain  fauna/flora  be “weather wise” Know your limitations as well as those of the group

Land Management Guidelines

United States Forest Service (U.S.F.S.)  national forest  wilderness National Park Service (N.P.S.)  national parks  national monuments Bureau of Land Management (B.L.M.)

Trekking Softly

Stay on trails where they exist Don’t cut switchbacks… it causes erosion Stay on trails where they exist Don’t cut switchbacks… it causes erosion Tread lightly in trailless areas, looking for routes on durable surfaces that minimize damage to vegetation Spread the hiking party out if the route must go through a vegetated area with no trail, rather than walking single file Observe trail courtesy Respect the solitude of others

65 The Campsite – Best (10) to Worst (1)

Established, fully impacted campsite (10)  can’t hurt it any further Snow (10)  the snow melts and shows no sign of tenancy Rock slab (10)  solid rock resists most damaging effects of a campsite Sandy, dirt or gravelly flat (9)  most signs of human presence can be swept away Duff in deep forest (7)  duff and decaying matter are lightly impacted Grass covered meadow (3)  meadows are fragile ecosystems Plant covered meadow above timberline (2)  alpine plants grow very slowly, and could take decades to recover from the damage of a brief encampment Waterfront (1)  streamsides and lakeshores are extremely delicate  camp at least 100 ft. (B.S.A. 200 ft.) from water Avoid “improvements”  digging trenches, building rock walls, cutting pine bow beds, etc. are a thing of the past

The Trail

Suppress the desire to build ducks/cairnes Don’t cut blazes in trees

Garbage

Woodsy Owl says: “Pack it in, pack it out” Never bury Pack out litter left by others To minimize trash:  repackage grocery food  use freeze-dried foods  plan food servings appropriately

Anglers

Clean fish away from the water Entrails may be burned if fires allowed In sub-alpine zone, scatter entrails on talus slope Never bury

66 Personal Wilderness Hygiene

Wash yourself at least 100 feet from any water source Use biodegradable soap sparingly, if at all Use a water bag/bladder to reduce the frequency of trips to stream/lake and the accompanying erosion and impact How about swimming in high mountain lakes and streams? It’s OK if you:  enter/exit at a rocky shore  walk/swim over rocky bottom  keep horseplay to a moderate level  do it in a relatively low-impact area Urinate on bare ground or rocks, not on vegetation If confined to the tent, use a pee bottle To poop, observe the family cat  pick a spot 200 feet from water  clear away duff  dig a “cat hole” 4-6 inches deep  poop  bury and camouflage What to do with toilet paper?  use un-dyed and unscented brand  Ideally, should be carried out  In forested areas with organic soil, bury with poop  burn it? Packing out poop  the “blue bag” system  the “poop tube”

Fires and Cooking

Use a camp stove instead of a fire; firewood gatherers trample the terrain, create unwanted trails, and rob the area of biological material If an established fire pit is available, use it If a fire must be built  keep it small  use only downwood  three grapefruit size rocks in a triangle  when done, remove all trace of fire

Flora and Fauna

Respect Kingdom Plantae Respect Kingdom Animalia  do not feed wildlife, either deliberately or by leaving unprotected food

67 CALIFORNIA WILDERNESS AREAS ORANGE COUNTY COUNCIL HIGH ADVENTURE TEAM

(7) Desolation (Westt Side Entry) (I)Agua Tibia ∆ (East Side Entry) Sequoia National Forest (19) Machesna Mtn. ∆ Cleveland National Forest Lake Tahoe Tule Ranger District Los Padres National Forest. 1634 Black Canyon Road Basin Mgt. Unit 32588 Highway 190 Santa Lucia Ranger District (619) 788-0250 870 Emerald Bay Rd Springville, CA 93265 1616 N. Carlotti South Lake Tahoe, CA 96150 (209) 539-2607 Santa Maria, CA 9344 (2) Ansel Adams (916) 573-2600 (805) 925-9538 (South Side Entry) (13) Granite Chief Sierra National Forest (West. Side Entry) Tahoe National Forest. (20) Mokelumne Pineridge Ranger District Eldorado National Forest. P.O. Box 6003 (North Side Entry) P.O. Box 559 3070 Camino Heights Dr. 631 Coyote Street Eldorado National Forest Pratcher, CA 93651 Camino, CA 95709 Nevada City, CA 95959 Amador Ranger District (209) 855-5360 (916) 644-6048 (916) 265-4531 26820 Silver Dr. Pioneer, CA 95666 (East Side Entry) (8) Dick Smith ∆ (14) Hauser ∆ (209) 295-4251 Inyo National Forest. Los Padres National Forest Cleveland National Forest. P.O. Box 148 Santa Barbara Ranger District Descanso Ranger District (South Side Entry) Mammoth Lakes, CA 93546 3348 Alpine Blvd Stanislaus National Forest. (760) 934-2505 HC58 Paradise Road Alpine, CA 91901 P.O. Box 500 Santa Barbara, CA 93105 (619) 445-6235 Hathaway Pines, CA 95233 (West Side Entry) (209) 795-1381 Sierra National Forest. (9) Dinkey Lakes Minarets Ranger District (North Side Entry) (15) Hoover (East Side Entry) 57003 Rd 225 Sierra National Forest Wilderness Reservations Toiyabe National Forest P.O. Box 10 Pineridge Ranger District 1-888-374-3737 Carson Ranger District North Fork, CA 93643 P.O. Box 559 (East Side Entry) 1536 S. Carson (209) 877-2218 Pratcher, CA 93651 Toiyabe National Forest Carson City, NV 89701 (209) 855-5360 P.O. Box 595 (702) 882-2766 Inyo National Forest Bridgeport, CA 93517 Mono Lake Ranger District (South Side Entry) (760) 932-7070 (21) Monarch P.O. Box 429 Sierra National Forest. Sequoia National Forest. Lee Vining, CA 9341 Kings River Ranger District (16) Jennie Lakes Hume Lake Ranger District (760) 647-3000 34849 Maxon Road Sequoia National Forest. 35860 E. Kings Canyon Rd. Trimmer Route Sanger, CA 35860 E. Kings Canyon Rd. Thmlap, CA 93621 '-" (3) Boundary Peak 93657 Dunlap, CA93621 (209) 338-2251 Inyo National Forest. (209) 841-3404 (Summer) (209) 338-2251 White M01mtain Ranger (209) 855-8321 (Winter) (22) Mount Rose District (17) John Muir (East-West. Entry) 798 N. Main (10) Dome Land Wilderness Reservations Toiyabe National Forest. Bishop, CA 93514 Sequoia National Forest 1-888-374-3737 Carson Ranger District (760) 873-2500 P.O. Box 6 (East Side Entry north of 1536 S. Carson St. Kernville, CA 93238 McGee Creek to Mammoth) Carson City, NV 89701 (4) Bucks Lake (760) 376-3781 Inyo National Forest. (702) 882-2766 Plumas National Forest P.O. Box 148 39696 Highway 70 (11) Emigrant Mammoth Lakes, CA 93546 (South Entry) Quincy, CA 95971 Stanislaus National Forest. (760) 934-2505 Lake Tahoe Basin (916) 283-0555 19777 Green1eyRoad 870 Emerald Bay Road Sonora, CA 95370 S. Lake Tahoe, CA 96150 (5) Carson Iceberg (209) 532-3671 (East Side entry south of Big Pine) (916) 573-2600 Stanislaus National Forest. Mount Whitney Summit Ranger District Stanislaus National Forest. Inyo National Forest. atPineaest Summit Ranger District P.O. Box 8 (23) Pine Creek ∆ # 1 Pinea'e& Lake Rd # 1 PineaeS. Lake Road Lme Pine, CA 93545 Cleveland National Forest PineaeS., CA 95364 PineaeS., CA 95364 (760) 876-6200 Descanso Ranger District (209) 965-3434 (209) 965-34334 3348 Alpine Blvd (West. Side Entry) Alpine, CA 91901 (East Side Entry) (12) Golden Trout Sierra National Forest (619) 445-6235 Toiyabe National Forest Wilderness Reservations P.O. Box 559 Carson Ranger District 1-888-347-3773 Prather, CA 93651 1536 S. Carson (North and East Side Entries) (209) 855-5360 Carson City, NV 89701 Inyo National Forest. (702) 882-2766 P.O. Box 8 Lone Pine, CA 93545 (760) 876-6200

68 (6) Cucamonga ∆ San Bernardino National Forest (South Side Entry) Inyo National Forest 1209 Lytle Creek Rd Sequoia National Forest. White Mountain Ranger District Lytle Creek, CA 92358 P.O. Box 6798 Main Stred (909) 887-2576 Kernville, CA 93238 Bishop, CA 93514 (760) 376-3781 (760) 873-4207 (18) Kaiser Sierra National Forest (25) San Gorgonio ∆ (25) San Gabriel ∆ P.O. Box 559 San Bernardino National Forest. Angeles National Forest Prather, CA 93651 34701 Mill Creek Rd. Arroyo Seco Ranger District (209) 855-5360 Mentone, CA 92359 4600 Oak Grove Drive (909) 794-1123 91011 (818) 790-1151 La Canada-Flintridge, CA (26) San Jacinto ∆ (33) Ventana ∆ (National Forest Area) Los Padres National Forest (43) Yosemite San Bernardino National Forest 406 S. Mildred Ave. Backcountry Office P.O. Box 518 King City, CA 93930 Yosemite National Park Idyllwild, CA 92549 (408) 385-5434 P.O. Box 577 (909) 659-2117 Yosemite NatL Park, CA NATIONAL PARKS 95389 (Tramway Information) AND OTHER (209) 372-0200 Palm Springs Aerial Tramway BACKPACKING AREAS Backcolllltry Permit Info # 1 Tramway Rd. (209) 372-0310 Palm Springs, CA 92262 (34) Anza-Borrego & (760) 325-1440 Santa Rosa Mountains (32) South Sierra Canyon Anza-Borrego Desert State Park (South Side Entry) 200 Palm Canyw Dr. Sequoia National Forest (27) San Mateo Canyon. ∆ Borrego Springs, CA 92004 P.O. Box 6 Cleveland National Forest (760)767-5311 stores. Kernville, CA 93238 Trabuco Ranger District (760) 37-3781 1147 E. Sixth St. Corona, CA 91719 (35) Channel Islands (North and East Side Entry) (909) 736-1811 Channel Islands National Park Inyo National Forest 1901 Spinnaker Drive Whitney Ranger District Ventura, CA 93001 P.O. Box 8 (28) San Rafael ∆ (805) 658-5730 Lone Pine, CA 93545 Los Padres National Forest (36) Death Valley (760) 876-6200 1616 N. Carlotti Dr. (760) 938-1136 Santa Maria, CA 93454 Death Valley National Pad< (805) 925-9538 Highway 190 at Furnace Creek (42) Sheep Mountain ∆ P.O. Box 579 110N. Wabash Ave. Death Valley, CA 92328 Glendora, CA 91741 (29) Santa Lucia ∆ (760) 786-2331 (818) 335-1251 Los Padres National Forest 1616 N. Carlotti Dr. (37) Grand Canyon Santa Maria, CA 93454 Backcountry Reservations (805) 925-9538 Grand Canyon National Park P.O. Box 129 (30) Santa Rosa ∆ Grand Canyon, AZ 86023 San Bernardino National Forest (520) 638-7888 1824 S. Commerce Ctr. Circle San Bernardino, CA 92408 (38) Joshua Tree (909) 383-5588 Joshua Tree National Park (760) 367-7511 74485 National Parks Dr. Twentynine Palms, CA 92277 (31) Snow Mountain (West Side Entry) (39) Pinnacles Mendocino National Forest Pinnacles National Monument Upper Lake Ranger District 5000 Hwy. 146 10025 List Courtesy of Elk Mtn. Road Paicines, CA 95043 ADVENTURE 16, INC. Upper Lake, CA 95485 (408) 389-4485 (707) 275-2361 RESTRICTIONS APPLY ∆ -Areas that require a National Forest Adventure (East Side Entry) (40) Point Reyes Pass for non-campground Stonyford Ranger District Point Reyes National Seashore parking. These passes are P.O. Box 160 Point Reyes, CA 94956 available at Forest Service Stonyford, CA 95979 (415) 663-1092 Offices and Adventure 16 (916) 963-3128 (41) Sequoia & Kings TOPO MAPS Sequoia National Park Allied Services Backcountry Office 966 North Main St. Three Rivers, CA 93271 Orange, CA 92667 (209) 565-3341

69 70

SCOUT’S OWN

71 Scout’s Own

What is a Scout's own?  Scouts Own is a time for a Scout to reflect, meditate, Sing a song and give thanks to their god.  Scouts Own is a time to be reverent.

When do we do it?  It could be on a Sunday morning or Saturday evening, Monday afternoon or anytime the opportunity is their.

Who holds the Scout own?  It should be in line with the Scout leadership of the Troop. That is the senior patrol leader, assistant senior Patrol leader and chaplains aid.  For the first timers, or Weblos Scouting, adult Leadership would probably be required.

What do you do?  Be creative  Prayer, Hymn, reflective reading, meditation, prayer, Hymn or Prayer, bible scripture, hymn, silent reflection.  Ask each participate to share the best Experience they have had on the particular trip.

 At home or at meeting make a program like the one below.  Assign people to each section using this section as a resource. (note the resource list in the back).  Then do your Duty to God.

Description Scout

Opening Prayer ______

Hymn ______

Scripture Reading ______

Meditation ______

Sharing ______

72 A MAP FOR LIFE

Hiking in the wilderness requires the use of a map, if you want the best experience on your journey. Admittedly, the map is only colored paper, but there are two things to remember about it. In the first place, it is based on what many people who have come before you have to be true the wilderness. And in the second place, it is absolutely necessary if you want to get anywhere.

The *______is like is like a map, in the sense It is what millions of people, who have come before us, Have fond to be true about God. Without it God becomes a vague force in Nature. With it we realize that He is an infinite, personal, loving God and just loving God. The Bible then, is God's map for the journey of life.

From Trail Meditation Philmont Scout Ranch

*Whatever your book of religion is.

Sermons we see

I'd rather see a sermon than hear one-any day. I'd rather one should walk with me, than merely show me the way. The eyes are a better pupil and more willing than the ear; Fine counsel is confusing, but example is always clear. The best of all preachers are the men who live their creeds, For to see the good in action is what everybody needs. I can say I'll learn how to do if you let me see it done; I can watch your hand in action though your tongue too fast may run, Although the lectures you deliver may be very wise and true, I’d rather learn my lesson by observing what you do; For I may misunderstand you and the fine advice you give, But it's not misunderstanding how you act and how you live. Edgar Guest

Aaronic Blessing

The Lord bless you, and keep you: The Lord make His face shine upon you: and be gracious to you; The Lord lift up His countenance upon you, and give peace.

73 INSPIRATIONAL READINGS & PRAYERS

Together with the sea, air, sunlight, and other life forms, we take part in a planet-sized living system. Elizabeth Roberts

As we grow in our awareness of our place in the complex Web of life, we learn to give back more than what you take. We start to think as ourselves as connected to all living things. We begin to feel our way to a balanced, harmonious life. We are part of a beautiful living system, but we must use our human capabilities to their fullest. Taking care of the earth for ourselves and future generations is life-affirming and self-affirming. it is us. The earth is not just our home, it's us.

O great spirit, this is my prayer! Grant that fear may never enter into my heart to be the guide of my feet.

The Four Wind Blessing

O Great Spirit, Bless us from the north wind the cool winds that calm are passions. Bless us from the east With the winds that bring and renew life. Bless us from the east with the winds that bring and renew life.

Bless us from the west with the winds that lead us through this life to the next. Fill the sky so we may sense your presence. And bless us from mother earth from which we came and to whom we shall return.

May the trail rise up to meet you. May the wind always be at your back. May the sunshine be warm upon your face: And until we meet again. May God hold you in his Palm of his hand.

74 AMAZING GRACE

Amazing grace, how sweet the sound that saved a wretch like me. I once was lost but now I'm found, was blind but now I see.

(Chorus) When we've been there ten thousand years, bright shinning as the sun. We've no less days to sing God's praise than when the sun.

'Twas grace that taught my heart to fear, and grace my fears relieved. How precious did that grace appear the hour I first believed.

(Chorus)

Through many dangers, toils and snares, I have already come. 'Tis grace has brought me safe thus far and grace will lead me home.

(Chorus)

The Lord has promised good to me, His word my hope secures. He will my shield and portion be, as long as life endures.

(Chorus)

75 RESOURCES

Eagles Soar High: Philmont Scout Ranch Green Spirituality: Veronica Ray '92 Boy Scout Song book With Jesus on the Scout Trail: Walter Dudley Cavert Pathways to Worship: Council store A Scout is Reverent: Council store Gospel of the Red Man: Ernest & Julia Thompson Seton Baptized into the Wilderness: Richard Cartwright Austin The Tao of Pooh: Ben Hoff Earth Prayers: Elizabeth Roberts & Elias Amidon Thoughts for Sharing: Scouts Canada Baden Powell Out Look: Scouts Canada

- Be creative there is a lot of material out their-

76

PUTTING IT ALL

TOGETHER

77 PUTTING IT All TOGETHER

I. LOCAL TOUR PERMITS - BSA (less than 500 miles one way) A. Must apply In advance of trip - available at Council Service Center(s). 1. Number of participants. 2. Destination and dates. 3. Insurance data (for drivers).

B. Provides needed information about the group. 1. Emergency record. 2. Insurance record. 3. Record of unit activity.

C. No permit ~ no record of destination in case of emergency or overdue.

D. No permit - No Awards.

E. See Pledge of Performance on back of tour permit.

II. NATIONAL TOUR PERMITS - BSA (more than 500 miles one way) A. Apply 30 days in advance - available at Council Service Center(s). 1. Number of participants. 2. Camping arrangements. 3. Transportation. Finance plan. Insurance. 4. Itinerary (daily, including overnight camps).

B. Provides needed information about the group. 1. Emergency record. 2. Insurance record. 3. Assurance of adequate planning. 4. Record of activity.

II. FIRE PERMITS - Governmental agency (county, state, federal) A. Can usually be obtained at nearest station on day of entry. 1. Number of participants. 2. Overnight campsite(s). 3. Types of fuel allowed (wood, charcoal, gas, etc.).

B. Provides governmental agency with information on numbers, location and names should an emergency arise.

III. WILDERNESS PERMITS - Governmental agency (usually federal) A. Get at Ranger Stations and field offices NEAR YOUR POINT OF ENTRY. 1. Some require "In person" only, others take requests by mail or phone. 2. See Wilderness Digest for Information on EACH SPECIFIC area.

B. Apply early - numbers per day apply in many areas.

78

SCHEDULING YOUR TIME

Annual Planning Meeting Decide where and when you want to go on outings.

6 Weeks Ahead Apply for National Tour Permit If distance to Trailhead is more than 500 miles. Prepare a trip profile and Itinerary.

5 to 6 Weeks Ahead Determine how many think they may want to go and send for the Wilderness and Fire Permits.

4 Weeks Ahead Get a final count on how many are going and get them to commit.

3 Weeks Ahead Apply for a local Tour Permit If the distance to the Trailhead is less than 500 miles. Plan a menu, make a duty roster and equipment checklist and arrange for transportation.

1 to 2 Weeks Ahead Purchase food and collect money and equipment.

3 to 4 Days Ahead Distribute equipment and re-package food and Inspect backpacks.

Outing Have a safe and enjoyable trip.

1 to 4 Weeks Afterward Update Troop records and apply for High Adventure awards.

79

SHARED EQUIPMENT

3 ea. Wooden Spoons 1 ea. Spatula 1 ea. Wire Whip 2 ea. Pot Scrubbers (wooden handled) 2 ea. Cook Sets 4 ea. Backpack Stoves 4-5 qt. Stove Fuel 2 ea. Dippers for boiling water 1 ea. 2 gal. Water Buffalo 1-2 ea. Skillets If needed 1 ea. Repair Kit (Troop) 1 ea. First Aid Kit (Troop) 1 ea. Wrist Watch with Alarm

CONDIMENTS

Salt Pepper Cinnamon Margarine Garlic Powder Instant Coffee Tea Jelly Sugar Peanut Butter Soy Sauce Butter Flavored Crisco

REPACKING SUPPLIES

Zip-Loc Bags (1 qt. and gal. size) Colored Kitchen Trash Bags Squeeze Tubes 1-2 Measuring Cups Scale

80

MT WHITNEY MENU

DAY BREAKFAST DINNER SUN Hot Chocolate Granola Bars Pudding Chili Mac with Beef

MON Dried Apples Hot Cider Hot Chocolate Cup 0 Soup Hot Cakes with Syrup Beef Fried Rice Peas

TUE Hot Jello Hot Chocolate Oatmeal with Raisins Cup 0 Soup Granola Bars Chili with Beans

WED Hot Chocolate Hot Cider (layover) Hotcakes Fish with Peas Dried Fruit Mashed Potatoes with Cheese Butterscotch Pudding

THU Hot Jello Hot Chocolate Dried Apples Cup 0 Soup Oatmeal Beef Fried Rice Granola Bars Green Beans

FRI Hot Chocolate Cup 0 Soup Fish and Chips Hot Cider Dried Fruit Spaghetti with Meat Sauce Chocolate Pudding

SAT Hot Jello Hot Cider Oatmeal with Raisins Cup 0 Soup Granola Bars Beef Fried Rice Green Beans

SUN Hot Jello Dried Apples Oatmeal Granola Bars

81

Tuna Casserole

4pkg Ramen noodles (no seasoning) 3 can Tuna (6 oz size) 8 oz Velvetta Cheese (1 box) 3 pkt Mushroom Cup-O-Soup 8 tsp. Coffee mate (or equivalent) 1 pkg Freeze Dried Veggies (2 serving size) 1 Oven Cooking bag

Break up noodles and put into oven cooking bag with soup, cubed Velvetta, Coffeemate, and veggies. Add 9 cups of boiling water, stir thoroughly, and let stand for 10 minutes in large cook kit pan. Add tuna, stir thoroughly, and serve.

Beef Stroganoff

4 pkg Ramen noodles (no seasoning) 2 pkg Stroganoff Seasonong 8 tsp Coffee mate (or equivalent) 2 can Roast Beef (10 oz size) 2 pkg Freeze Dried Veggie (2 serving size) 1 Oven Cooking bag

Break up noodles and put into oven cooking bag with Stroganoff seasoning, Coffee mate, and veggles. Add 9 cups of boiling water, stir thoroughly, and let stand for 10 minutes in large cook kit-pan. Break up meat and add to mixture, stir thoroughly, and serve.

Taco Chicken

4 pkg Ramen noodles (1 or 2 seasoning packets) 2 pkg Taco Seasonong 3 can Chicken (6-oz size) 8 oz Velvetta Cheese (1 box) 1 pkg Freeze Dried Com (2 serving size) 2 pkg Freeze Dried Refried Beans (2 serving size) 2 Oven Cooking bags .

Break up noodles and put into oven cooking bag with Taco seasoning, cubed Velvetta, and veggies. Add 9 cups of boiling water, stir thoroughly, and let stand for 10 minutes in large cook kit pan. Add chicken. Stir thoroughly and serve. In second oven cooking bag put in refried beans and add 4 cups of boiling water and let stand 10 to 15 minutes stirring occasionally until reconstituted then serve.

82

MT WHITNEY DUTY ROSTER

DAY BREAKFAST DINNER BEAR BAG SAT Mike Verity Rocky Simmons Bob Verity Mike Barnum

SUN Rocky Simmons Bob Tripp Stan Johnson Mike Barnum Tom Hamlin Edmund Johnson

MON Stan Johnson Barney Ruble Bob Verity Edmund Johnson David Ruble Mike Verity

TUE Bob Verity Rocky Simmons Bob Tripp Mike Verity Mike Barnum Tom Hamlin

WED Bob Tripp Stan Johnson Barney Ruble Tom Hamlin Edmund Johnson David Ruble

THU Barney Ruble Bob Verity Rocky Simmons David Ruble Mike Verity Mike Barnum

FRI Rocky Simmons Bob Tripp Stan Johnson Mike Barnum Tom Hamlin Edmund Johnson

SAT Stan Johnson Edmund Johnson

83 MT WHITNEY TREK ITINERARY

MAP POINT ELEV HRS MILES CUM ELEV MILES GAIN

Mineral King 7830 DAY 1 Timber Gap 9400 4.9 8.5 8.5 1650 Cliff Creek 8240

Cliff Creek 8240 DAY 2 Black Rock Pass 11600 6.1 7.0 15.5 3820 Little 5 Lakes 10800

Little 5 Lakes 10800 DAY 3 Big Arroyo Junction 9600 6.6 11.5 27.0 2050 Sky Parlor Meadow 9200

Sky Parlor Meadow 9200 DAY 4 Kern Hot Spring 6900 6.3 12.5 39.5 1700 Kern River 7500

Kern River 7500 DAY 5 Junction Meadow 8000 7.5 10.5 50.0 2800 Sandy Meadow 10300

Sandy Meadow 10300 DAY 6 Crabtree Ranger Sta 10900 5.5 3.5 53.5 1300 Guitar Lake 11600

Guitar Lake 11600 DAY 7 Mt. Whitney 14495 6.0 5.0, 58.5 2700 Trail Camp 12000

Trail, Camp 12000 DAY 8 Whitney Portal 8200 3.5 6.5 65.0 -3800

84 85 GETTING AWARDS

I. HIGH ADVENTURE AWARDS A. Each Council's High Adventure Team sets award requirements. B. Use the "High Adventure Awards for Scouts", available at Scout Shops or Service Centers, for a summary of requirements.

II. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS A. One adult on the hike should have completed a Youth Protection Training course. B. One adult on the hike should have completed a Backpack Awareness Course. C. At least one adult on the hike should have a current First Aid Card. D. Complete ALL requirements for the award as Indicated in the "High Adventure Awards for Scouts", available at Scout Shops or Service Centers. E. Fill out the application completely and turn It In to the Service Center WITHIN 30 days.

III. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS A. Requirements for an award are indicated in the "High Adventure Awards for Scouts", available at Scout Shops or Service Centers. C. For out-of-region awards, get address of sponsoring council.

IV. SUGGESTIONS A. Some adult (outings chairman?) should have knowledge of available awards and should pass this information on to the troop and let the boys decide what award they wish to earn. B. Don't wait until the day before your court of Honor to apply for your awards. C. If you have questions, problems, or need more Information about an award or where to go, contact your District High Adventure representative.

V. COMMON PROBLEMS A. Applying for wrong award. Avoid this by studying the award requirements. B. Requesting two awards for the same individuals for the same outing. This is a no-no with very few exceptions. C. Including non-registered Individual

86 NATIONAL FOREST ADVENTURE PASS. ANGELES, CLEVELAND, LOS PADRES, SAN BERIIARDINO NATIONAL FORESTS

Wherever you live in Southern California, you’re just a short drive away from a spectacular wilderness adventure - mountains higher than 10,000 feet, canyons, vast forest lands, lakes, waterfalls, rivers and streams, and a wealth of recreation activities from cycling to skiing - all waiting for you in your national forests. These precious lands are a unique resource, ours to enjoy and take care of so that they will always be there for us, for our children and for their children. That's the reason for the NATIONAL FOREST ADVENTURE PASS.

What is the NATIONAL FOREST ADVENTURE PASS?

It's a recreation pass for visitors using the Angeles, Cleveland, Los Padres and San Bernardino National Forests. The Pass will be displayed on visitors' vehicles arid will be available in two forms: a Daily Pass for $5.00 and an Annual Pass good for one year from the month of purchase for $30.00. .

Why is the Pass needed?

National Forest lands are special places, used and enjoyed by millions of people each year. And as our population grows, so does the demand for the Forests. However, at the same time that we have sharply increasing demand, we have drastically decreasing budgets - a 30% decrease since 1994. That means there are fewer dollars and fewer people to maintain facilities such as restrooms, picnic areas, and trails at even minimum standards. To address this need, Congress passed legislation in 1996 authorizing a recreation fee pilot program, allowing the National Forests to collect fees for recreation use, and reinvest them locally. Your money will be used here to improve and maintain the land we all care about. This legislation is a remarkable opportunity for you and the Forest Service to work together to improve the quality of the recreation experience and enhance the protection of the Forests we treasure. We are very excited about the NATIONAL FOREST ADVENTURE PASS because it represents a genuine opportunity for us to work in partnership with you to maintain and care for the Forests we all own and love today and into the future. How will the funds from the Pass be used?

Traditionally, fees collected are returned to the US Treasury. In this pilot program, at least 80% of the funds collected will be returned to the local Forest to be invested in maintaining and improving recreation sites and facilities, and in protecting the Forest resource and habitat. Most important, you will have a say in where the money goes.

Exactly what kinds of things will my money be used for?

Your money will go directly back to providing the things that you've said mean the most to you, such as more and cleaner restrooms, better trails, higher-quality natural environment and more frequent trash removal.

Don't my taxes already support the Forest Service? How is this different from another tax?

Yes, a portion of your tax dollars does go to support the National Forest System, and we are grateful for the contribution you're already making. But there isn't enough money from appropriated dollars to pay for much-need maintenance and repairs of .recreation facilities, or resource and habitat protection. This pilot program is not a tax, it's a test of a new way to generate additional dollars to be used right here to benefit our local forest recreation sites and habitat.

87

How will you know where I want the money used?

Your voice is important. We will be working with you and providing information to help you understand this Project and its benefits. On both the Daily and Annual Pass, there will be a way for 'you to tell us where you've visited. You may also be asked to respond surveys about this pilot project-how it's working, how your investment is being managed, and how we can work together to ensure the best possible experience for you - today and in the future.

How will I see what you're doing with the money?

Look for special signs identifying another NATIONAL FOREST ADVENTURE PASS Investment Project. Thanks for your support!

Who will need to purchase a Pass?

This is a Pass to use our local National Forests. All Forest visitors will be required to display the Pass in their vehicles when parked on the Forest for recreation purposes. You will not need a Pass when you are traveling through the Forest but not stopping, when you are parked at your residence or at an organization camp/resort, or in an area covered by a site specific use fee. A Pass is not required for people stopping for information at Ranger stations, visitor centers and other Forest Service offices, or for off-road vehicles with green sticker registration. Educational institutions, such as schools that bring children to the Forest for an outing, are also exempt.

What if I don't buy the Pass?

For the duration of this pilot, the Pass will be required of all visitors to the Forests (except as noted above). Failure to display a Pass may result in a fine of $100 in accordance with 36 CFR 261.15.

What about places like ski resorts and campgrounds, where I already pay?

You won't need a Pass at a site where a fee is already charged. If you're uncertain whether or not you need a Pass, please call your local Forest Service Office.

What about Golden Age, Golden Access, and Golden Eagle Passports?

Golden Age and Golden Access passports will be honored according to the terms on the back of the cards. They entitle you to 50% off the cost of any use fee. To obtain the discount, you'll need to purchase your NATIONAL FOREST ADVENTURE PASS at Forest Service Offices rather than one of the independent vendors. Since this is a recreation use fee, Golden Eagle Passports will not be honored as they are entrance passes. The NATIONAL FOREST ADVENTURE PASS is not an entrance pass.

When and where will the NATIONAL FOREST ADVENTURE PASS be available?

Sales of the NATIONAL FOREST ADVENTURE PASS begin in late spring. Passes will be available at Forest Service offices, by mail and a variety of local vendors. Just look for the signs, or call your nearest Forest Service office.

88 How do I get more information?

For more information about the NATIONAL FOREST ADVENTURE PASS, call your call local Forest Service office, or 909-620-6208.

Angeles National Forest - 818 574-5200 Cleveland National Forest – 619 673-6180 Los Padres National Forest - 805 683-6711 San Bernardino National Forest 909 383-5588

NATIONAL FOREST ADVENTURE PASS IS AVAILABLE AT BSA HEADQUARTERS 3590 HARBOR GATEWAY NORTH, COSTA MESA

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service is a diverse organization committed to equal opportunity in employment and program delivery. USDA prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political affiliation and familial status. Persons believing they have been discriminated against should contact the Secretary, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC 20250, or call 800- 245-6340 (voice), or 202-720-1127 (TDD).

89

PHYSICAL

CONDITIONING

90 Foot and Ankle Exercises

A. Neutral Foot Position- This is an important concept that will carry over into all of the other exercises. Depending on your foot type, this position will be a little different from one person to the next, but it gives us a good reference position from which to start from and in some cases can be a good goal for us to shoot for. For most people, a "neutral" foot position will be when the front part of our foot lies in a line that is perpendicular to another line that could be drawn directly behind our heels. Another way to define the neutral foot position is to consider it to be a position midway between full pronation and full supination. See B and C below.

B. Pronation - If you were to sit with your knees bent to about 90 degrees, you should be able to roll your lower leg in and out without letting your thigh move. If you watch the arch of your foot as you do this motion, you should see it collapse as you roll toward the inside of your feet and rise as you move toward the outside. The action of lowering and collapsing is what constitutes pronation and is a very important part of normal foot function. People with problems of overpronation will often have very flat feet with fallen arches.

C. Supination -This is sort of the opposite of pronation. If we sit in the same position, with our knees bent to 90 degrees, as we roll toward the outside of our feet, we should see the arch of our foot get higher. This position is called supination and helps to lock the foot as we are pushing off from one foot to the other. People who "oversupinate" tend to have very rigid feet, with very high arches that do not absorb shock very well.

91 I. Calf Stretching

Gastroc Calf Stretch

KEEP BACK LEG STRAIGHT and HEEL ON FLOOR, Place your FOOT IN NEUTRAL POSITION and lean into the wall until a stretch is felt in the calf.

Soleus Calf Stretch – Knee to Wall

Position toes near wall and lean forward KEEPING HEEL ON FLOOR and FOOT IN NEUTRAL POSITION, If your knee hits the wall before you feel B stretch, scoot your foot back

Remember that there are two separate muscles that comprise the muscle group that we collectively refer to as the "calf” (the gastroc and the soleus). To maintain proper flexibility in this area, both muscles should be stretched. It is also very important to stretch these muscles in a neutral foot position,

92 2. Stork Standing

Try to maintain your balance as you stand on one foot for at least thirty seconds to one minute. This should be done alternately with both feet as you may find it easier to do with one foot or the other. If this seems very easy, you can make it harder by closing your eyes. You can also use a ball or other object to play catch with a partner while trying to balance on one leg. (But don't close your eyes.)

3. Balance Walking

Pretend you have just been pulled over by a policeman who wants to know if you have been drinking. Find a straight line on the ground or just pretend that you are walking on a high wire. Walk heel to toe along the line. It's OK to look at your feet if you have to, but you should try to do this while keeping your head up. If you have a full length mirror, you can look at your reflection in the mirror to tell how well you are staying on the line.

** If it is easy for you to balance on one foot and to walk a straight line without looking at your toes, you probably don't need to do the rest of the foot exercises that follow. If balance is a problem you may need to do more specific strengthening exercises in addition to balance walking and stork standing.

93

Toe Curls Windshield Wipers

4. Toe Curls

The purpose of this exercise is to strengthen the foot intrinsic muscles, which are the tiny muscles that attach between the bones of the foot. This will help the foot function better in balance and stability.

5. Windshield Wipers

Sit on the edge of a chair with your knees bent to 90 degrees. Make two fists and place them between your knees to help keep your hip, knee and ankle in the same plane. Pretend that your feet are windshield wipers and rotate them on the floor as far as you can toward the inside, outside, and back again. Try and maintain contact with the entire sole of your foot on the floor. This can also be done with a towel under the feet to help decrease friction.

94 Leg Exercises

1. VMO Sets

The VMO is located on the front of your thigh, on the inside just above your kneecap. When you contract your quadricep, this muscle should sort of jump out. To do this exercise, tighten your quad while focusing on this part of the muscle. Hold the contraction for six seconds and then relax. Repeat contraction for a total often. This should be done in a seated position at various angles and also in standing.

VMO Sets Double Leg Squats

2. Thigh Squeezes

Sit with your knees bent and your feet on the floor. Place your a rolled towel between your knees and squeeze together for six seconds, then relax. As you contract, you should be also trying to contract the VMO.

3. Double Leg Squats

Stand with your feet about hip width apart and your feet pointed straight ahead. While contracting your VMO, slowly lower your body until you can no longer see your feet. Pause briefly in this position, then raise your body back to the starting position. Repeat this motion over again, trying to maintain a gentle contraction in the VMO as you move.

4. Single Leg Squats

Step forward with one leg, as if you are going to take a step. Using this as a starting position, slowly bend your forward leg until you can no longer see your toes. Repeat this motion over again. This exercise can be made more difficult by shifting progressively more of one's body weight onto the forward leg.

95 Step Up Step Down

5. Step Up

Stand behind, or below a step. Place one foot on the step. Leave the foot that is in contact with the step where it is and lift your body up on to the step. As soon as you have lifted yourself up, lower yourself back to the original position. Repeat this motion without moving the foot that is on the step. An appropriate height can be determined by the amount of effort needed to complete ten repeated repetitions. Most people will need a step that is between four and ten inches high.

6. Step Down

This is similar to the Step Up exercise, but is a little more difficult. Place both feet on the step. Step down and forward with one foot, leaving the other in contact with the step. As you are lowering yourself, this should be done in a slow and controlled manner. An ideal height for this exercise will probably be about two to four inches lower than the step that is used for the step up exercise.

** When performing these exercises, the primary goal is to improve endurance more than building absolute strength. A good goal would be to be able to do around 30 repetitions in a row with each one before progressing to the next, or before moving to a higher step.

96 Shoulder Exercises

1. Scapular Squeeze

Stand up straight and tall. Imagine that there is a pencil laying directly on the back of your spine between your shoulder blades. Pull your shoulder blades down and back as if you are going to grab the pencil with the inside of your shoulder blades. Hold for six seconds and then relax, letting your shoulders slide forward.

2. Lat Pull Downs

Raise your hands above your head until your shoulders and elbows are both bent to app.. 90 degrees. While continuing to hold your arms in this position, pull your shoulder blades down and back and try to grab that pencil.

3. Upper Trap Stretch

While sitting in a chair, grab the side of the chair with your right hand. Sit up straight, and slowly tilt your head to the left. You should feel a stretch in the trapezius muscle, which is located between your shoulder and your neck. You can also try turning your head toward the left or the right as you bend toward the opposite side. Repeat this stretch on the left.

4. Doorway Stretch

Straighten your arm and place your hand in a doorway. Use the doorway to secure your hand and let your body gradually move forward. You should feel a stretch in the front of your shoulder. Repeat for the other side. (This stretch can also be done by interlocking your fingers behind your back and lifting your arms.)

97 General Stretching Exercises

The following are some general stretching exercises. There is a lot of variability in terms of different experts' opinions about how often a person should stretch, and how long a muscle should be held in a stretched position. This probably should be done for at least six seconds and no longer than one minute. A given stretch may be a little uncomfortable, but should never be painful. If pain is experienced when attempting to perform a specific stretch, the position of the stretch may need to be modified, or an expert consulted to determine if an injury is present. Once again, if you have any questions, please feel free to call our center at any time and we will be happy to assist you in any way we can.

Quad/Hip Flexor Stretch

Place top of foot on table, SQUEEZE BUTTOCKS and TUCK PELVIS UNDER to feel stretch In front of thigh. Move away from the table as flexibility increases.

Seated Hamstring Stretch

Sit with involved leg and buttock on table and uninvolved leg off with foot on the floor. Bend Involved knee, MAINTAIN ARCH IN BACK, end slowly try to straighten knee. You will feel a stretch in the back of your thigh.

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Lie on your back and pull your left leg toward your chest. Keep the back or your bead on the mat if possible, but don't strain. If you can’t do it with your head down, don't worry. Keep the other leg as straight as possible, without straining. Do this to both sides. This will help to slowly loosen up the back muscles and hamstrings. Hold for 30 seconds.

Variation: Pull your knee across your body toward your opposite shoulder until an easy stretch is felt on the side of the hip. Hold for 30 seconds. Do both sides.

To stretch the side of your neck and top or shoulder, lean your head sideways toward your left shoulder as your left hand pulls your right arm down and across behind your back. Hold an easy stretch for 10 seconds. Do both sides. This stretch call be done sitting on the floor, in a chair or while standing.

Note: If you have had any recent physical problems or surgery, particularly of the joints and muscles, or if you have been inactive or sedentary for some time, please consult your physician before you start a stretching or exercise program.

99

MOUNTAINEERING

MEDICINE

100 MOUNTAINEERING SAFETY

As an alpinist who carries a long list of dead friends and partners, I approach the mountains differently than most. I go to them intending to survive, which I define as a success. A new route or the summit is a bonus. - Mark Twight, Extreme Alpinism (1999)

Mountaineering Accidents – Immediate Causes*

Fall or slip on rock Slip on snow or ice Falling rock, ice or object Climbing unroped Exceeding one’s abilities Having inadequate equipment/clothing Placing no/inadequate protection Weather

*Accidents in North American Mountaineering, AAC

Mountaineering Accidents – Contributing Causes*

Climbing unroped Exceeding one’s abilities Having inadequate equipment/clothing Placing no/inadequate protection Weather

*Accidents in North American Mountaineering, AAC

Mountaineering Accidents – Objective Hazards

Exposure High altitude Weather Dangerous landscape (unstable trail, rock or snow)

The “SPHERE OF ACCEPTABLE RISK”

The Poor Judgment Chain

One poor judgment increases the probability that another will follow Each error in judgment provides false information that can lead to additional errors As the poor judgment chain grows, the alternatives for a safe outcome decrease

The Poor Judgment Chain -- Clues

Failure to meet planned targets Preoccupation with one aspect of a trek Violating the sphere of acceptable risk Unresolved discrepancies Gut feeling that something is wrong

101 The Poor Judgment Chain – Breaking It

Recognize your own poor judgment Check for stress  low stress . . . complacency  moderate stress . . . good decisions  high stress . . . panic Be alert for groups of poor judgments Review an original poor judgment as soon as the poor judgment chain has been broken

Master Warning Panel

Gut Senses Brain

Planning and Preparation – Two Deep

Trek leader  responsible for party welfare  orchestrates the evacuation First-aid leader  assumes leadership of first-aid scenario in the field

The Seven Steps in Accident Response

Take charge of the situation Approach the patient safely Perform emergency rescue and urgent first aid Protect the patient Check for other injuries Make a plan Carry out the plan

Step 1: Take Charge of the Situation

Establish leadership roles Survey the accident scene Triage

Step 2: Approach the Patient Safely

Do not endanger uninjured party members Designate a lookout

102 Step 3: Perform Emergency Rescue and Urgent First Aid

The first-aid leader should move a patient only if one of two conditions exist:  the rescuer is in imminent danger  the patient is in danger of further harm Absent one of these two conditions, do not move the patient Note patient’s body position  neck injury  back injury Check level of consciousness Check ABCD indicators  Airway  Breathing  Circulation  Deadly bleeding

Step 4: Protect the Patient

Counter the environment (heat, cold, rain, etc.) Maintain adequate breathing and circulation Limit shock Provide psychological support Symptoms of Shock  nausea  thirst  weakness  fear/restlessness  sweating  shortness of breath Signs of Shock  pulse rapid but weak  breathing rapid and shallow  skin cool and clammy  lips and nail beds blue  restlessness  face pale  eyes dull  pupils dilated  unresponsiveness (a late sign)

Step 5: Check for Other Injuries

Deformity compared with another body part Discoloration or bruising Bleeding or loss of other fluids Swelling Pain or tenderness Limited range of motion Guarding of a particular body part

103 Step 6: Make a Plan

The first-aid leader makes a plan for further first aid for the patient The trek leader makes a plan for the evacuation of the patient The trek leader makes a plan for the rest of the party

Step 7: Carry Out the Plan

Bivouac the party First aid to the patient Two of the party’s strongest and most competent go for help

Mountain Maladies

High altitude conditions Cold-related conditions Heat-related conditions UV radiation related conditions Lightning-caused injuries Backcountry wounds Gastrointestinal disorders Blisters Injuries (head, neck, back, extremities)

Adaptation to Altitude: Early Changes

Increased respiratory rate Increased heart rate Fluid shifts

Adaptation to Altitude: Delayed Changes

Increased red blood cell production Increased 2,3-diphosphoglycerate production Increased number of capillaries

Altitude Illness: Definition of Terms

“AMS” -- Acute Mountain Sickness “HAPE” -- High-altitude Pulmonary Edema “HACE” -- High-altitude Cerebral Edema

Five Factors that Affect the Incidence and Severity of Altitude Illness

Rate of ascent - the faster you climb, the greater your risk. Altitude attained (especially sleeping altitude) - the higher you sleep, the greater the risk. Level of exertion - hard exertion, without rest or hydration, increases the risk. Hydration and diet - high fat, high protein diets and dehydration increase the risk. Inherent physiological susceptibility - some people are more likely to become ill and we don’t know why.

104 Signs and Symptoms

Headache Malaise Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting Peripheral edema Disturbed sleep Cyanosis Ataxia

Treatment

Hydrate Rest (light exercise okay) Use pain medication for headache Avoid sedatives Descend if symptoms worsen or signs of HAPE or HACE develop

High Altitude Pulmonary Edema –Signs and Symptoms

Hydrate Rest (light exercise okay) Use pain medication for headache Avoid sedatives Descend if symptoms worsen or signs of HAPE or HACE develop

Treatment

Descend at least 2,000-3,000 feet until symptoms abate

High Altitude Cerebral Edema –Signs and Symptoms

Signs of acute mountain sickness Changes in level of consciousness Ataxia Severe lassitude Headache Nausea and vomiting Vision disturbances Paralysis Seizures Hallucinations Cyanosis

Treatment

DESCEND, DESCEND, DESCEND!!!!

105 Acclimatization

Ascend slowly Climb high, sleep low High-carbohydrate diet Hydrate

Mechanisms of Heat Generation

Resting Metabolism Exercise Shivering

Mechanisms of Heat Loss

Conduction Convection Radiation Evaporation

Signs and Symptoms of Hypothermia

Mental deterioration in decision-making ability Slow and improper response to cold Apathy, lethargy Increased complaints, decreased group cooperation Slurred speech, disorientation progressing to incoherence and irrationality and possible unconsciousness Shivering Loss of fine motor ability progressing to stumbling, clumsiness, and falling Muscle stiffness and inability to move (in severe cases)

Assessment of Hypothermia

Conscious Shivering Able to walk Alert (altered mental status possible) Altered mental status No shivering Unable to walk

Backcountry Warming Techniques

Remove the patient from the cold environment Dry the patient and dress him or her in dry clothing Insulate the head and neck Feed and hydrate the patient Place patient in sleeping bag Place insulated hot water bottles on the torso, hands, and feet Use fires as heat sources Feed, hydrate, and rotate the warmers Be persistent; warming takes time

106 Treatment of Hypothermia – Mild to Moderate Above 90°F (32°C)

Prevent further heat loss Remove from cold Dry Insulate Actively warm Sleeping bag Heat sources Hydrate, hot drinks Food for fuel; feed the shivering

Treatment of Hypothermia – Severe Below 90°F (32°C)

Evacuate to hospital for warming Dry, insulate Prevent further heat loss (apply heat) ABC’s Handle gently

Frostbite – First Degree or Superficial

AKA “frostnip” Initially, skin turns red Over several days, the dead skin peels Injury is similar to that of sunburn

Frostbite – Second Degree or Partial-Thickness

Externally, appears as a white, mottled or gray area Feels hard on the surface, soft and resilient below Blisters appear within 24 hours after warming

Frostbite – Third Degree or Deep

Full thickness involving underlying soft tissues and muscle Entire frozen area feels hard External appearance similar to partial thickness frostbite Blood-filled blisters or no blisters at all

Causes of Frostbite

Low temperatures Wind chill Moisture Poor insulation Contact with supercooled metal or gasoline Interference with circulation of blood Cramped position Tight clothing (gaiters, wristwatches, etc.) Local pressure Tight fitting or laced boots Dehydration

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Treatment of Frostbite

Delay warming until it can be done once and done well Rapidly warm in warm water Water should be between 100° and 108°F (38° and 42°C) Completely immerse the frozen tissue Use a large basin Thaw completely Ibuprofen is helpful for pain

Treatment of Frostbite – Post Thaw

Protect the thawed tissue from trauma Elevate to reduce swelling Place pads between toes and fingers Avoid constricting the extremity Prevent a second freezing

Immersion Foot – Signs and Symptoms

Cold, mottled extremity Foot feels wooden, numb; pins and needles When warmed, foot becomes red, dry, and painful with bounding pulses

Immersion Foot – Prevention

Rotate socks as needed to keep feet dry Check feet daily Sleep with feet warm and dry

Immersion Foot – Treatment

Remove feet from the cold, wet environment Air dry Avoid constricting the extremity Protect feet from trauma Elevate feet to reduce the swelling

Heat Related Conditions – Dehydration

Water loss occurs through sweating, respiration, urination and defecation Variables are body conditioning and the environment Drink 1 to 1½ cups of fluids q 20-30 minutes while underway

Heat Related Conditions – Heat Cramps

Avoid dehydration and electrolyte imbalance Rest Massage and slow-stretch the affected muscles

108 Heat Related Conditions – Heat Exhaustion (the milder one)

Faintness Cool and clammy skin Weakness Nausea Rapid pulse Treatment as per shock

Heat Related Conditions – Heat Exhaustion (the milder one)

Core temperature 105˚F or higher Altered mental state Rapid, full pulse Headache Weakness Flushed, hot and dry skin

Heat Stroke – Treatment

Rapid cooling of head and body. . . shade, splash water, pack in snow Stop rapid cooling at 102˚F Treat for shock

Sunburn

Proper clothing Hat Sunglasses Sunscreen . . . appropriate SPF rating

Snowblindness

“Sunburn of the cornea” Signs and symptoms set in 6 to 12 hours following radiation exposure Caused by radiation reflected off snow or Sierra granite

Snowblindness – Signs and Symptoms

Dry, sandy-feeling eyes Foreign body sensation Light-sensitivity Red, teary and painful eyes later

Snowblindness -- Treatment

Remove contact lenses Cover eyes with sterile dressings and padding. . .eye shield Spontaneous recovery in 1 to 2 days

109 Snowblindness -- Prevention

Sunglasses with proper lenses Side shields Emergency goggles can be fashioned out of duct tape by cutting narrow, horizontal slits for each eye

Lightning-Caused Injuries – Lightning Strikes

Direct strike Splash strike Contact injury Step voltage Blunt trauma St. Elmo’s Fire

Lightning-Caused Injuries – Spectrum

Cardiac arrest Burns  superficial  internal Internal injuries

Lightning-Caused Injuries – Treatment

Access ABC Treat for shock Transport to hospital ASAP

Backcountry Wound Care -- Abrasions

Syringe irrigation with diluted Povidone-Iodine Dry surrounding skin with gauge Antiobiotic ointment Gauze/Tegaderm dressing. . .use Benzoin

Backcountry Wound Car – Non-Gusher Lacerations

Syringe irrigation with diluted Povidone-Iodine Dry with gauze Steri-Strip. . .use Benzoin Gauze/Tegaderm dressing. . .use Benzoin

Backcountry Wound Care -- Gusher Lacerations

Hold absorbent gauze over the cut and elevate above the heart. . .20 minutes Wrap with elastic bandage. . .a few hours Remove dressing and clean surrounding skin with Povidone-Iodine Dry with gauze Steri-Strip. . .use Benzoin Gauze/Tegaderm dressing. . .use Benzoin

110 Gastrointestinal Disorders – Nausea and Vomiting Etiology

Acute Mountain Sickness High Altitude Cerebral Edema Head injury Metabolic disorders (Diabetes) Infection Ulcers/appendicitis

Gastrointestinal Disorders -- Nausea and Vomiting Treatment

Usually self-limited in minor disorders Treat the suspected underlying cause Airway protection for suspected brain injury

Gastrointestinal Disorders – Non-Invasive - AKA

 “traveler’s diarrhea”,  “turista”,  “Montezuma’s revenge”,  “Aztec two step”,  “Delhi belly”,  “green apple quick step”

Gastrointestinal Disorders -- Non-Invasive Diarrhea Etiology

Change in food, water or surroundings Fecal-oral contamination Animal waste

Gastrointestinal Disorders -- Non-Invasive Diarrhea Treatment

Usually self-limited Fluid and electrolyte replacement Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol®) Loperamide (Immodium®)

Gastrointestinal Disorders – Giardiasis – Giardia lamblia

Etiology…fecal contamination of water Symptoms…abdominal distention/diarrhea Prevention…water purification Treatment…metronidazole (Flagyl®)

Blisters – Skin Structure

Epidermis Basement Membrane Zone (BMZ) Dermis

111 Blisters – Etiology

Heat Cold Moisture Friction Infection

Blisters – Prevention

Toughen up the skin Smooth areas of roughened skin Apply tape, Moleskin, Molefoam, etc. to problem areas Pick socks that fit Buy the right footwear Break in your footwear Keep your feet dry Wear Teva’s in camp

Blisters – with Moleskin, Molefoam and Tape

Start with clean skin Apply Tincture of Benzoin Apply Moleskin or Molefoam Cover with hospital-grade or duct tape

Blisters – Treatment

Leave the blister closed if:  0.5 cm or less diameter  in a warm, moist area (between the toes)  it is blood-filled Open the blister if:  over 0.5 cm in diameter  in an area likely to increase in size (ball of foot or heel)  infected

Blisters – Treatment for Closed Blister

Clean and dry blister Cut Moleskin or Second Skin donut Position donut around blister Cover with tape

Blisters – Treatment for Blisters to be Drained

Puncture blister Remove the fluid Apply Tincture of Benzoin to edges Apply bandage

112 Head, Neck, Back and Extremity Injuries – Head Injury Indicators

For all head injuries, you must assume that there is a cervical spine injury until proven otherwise, and vice versa Disorientation, confusion or unconciousness Blood or clear fluid drainage from nose or ear Unequal pupil size Slow or fluctuating pulse Fluctuations in respiratory rate

Mountaineering First Aid Kit – General Considerations

Group size Trek duration Potential hazards of the route Distance/time to professional medical assistance

Mountaineering First Aid Kit – Basics

Manual Basic bandages/tape Basic blister materials Basic drugs/lotions/topical antimicrobials Basic tools Miscellaneous items

Mountaineering First Aid Kit – Extras

Bulky bandages/gauze/Ace® bandage Sam splint Wound irrigation system Dental kit Additional drugs/lotions/topical antimicrobials

Mountaineering First Aid Kit – Dr. Crockett

DR. CROCKETT”S EXPEDITION FIRST AID KIT FOR LONG-TERM BOY SCOUT SIERRA TREKS DR. CROCKETT’S BLISTER KIT WWW.CHINOOKMED.COM

113 DR. CROCKETT’S EXPEDITION FIRST AID KIT FOR LONG-TERM BOY SCOUT SIERRA TREKS *

INFORMATION FINGERTIP BANDAGE (4) KNUCKLE BANDAGE (4) BACKCOUNTRY FIRST AID AND EXTENDED STERILE TELFA™ PAD (6) CARE, THIRD EDITION, BUCK TILTON, M.D. HOSPITAL GRADE ADHESIVE TAPE, 2 IN. (1) (1) HOSPITAL GRADE ADHESIVE TAPE, 1 IN. (1) ACCIDENT REPORT FORM (2) DUCT TAPE ROLL, KIT-SIZE (1) PENCIL (1) STERI-STRIPS, ½ IN. (4) LABELS (10) EYE PAD (2)

INSTRUMENTS AND HARDWARE SPLINTING

NITRILE EXAMINATION GLOVES (6) SAM SPLINT (1) BANDAGE SCISSORS (1) SAM FINGER SPLINT (2) UNCLE BILL’S TWEEZERS® (1) TRIANGULAR BANDAGE, 40 IN. (1) FORCEPS, STAINLESS STEEL (1) HEMOSTAT, STAINLESS STEEL (1) WOUND CARE, CLEANSERS AND PRO TICK REMEDY® TICK LIFTER, (1) TOPICAL ANTIMICROBIAL NEEDLE (2) RAZOR BLADE (2) MEDICATIONS WOUND IRRIGATION SYRINGE (1) ORAL THERMOMETER (1) ALCOHOL PREP PAD (10) HYPOTHERMIA THERMOMETER (1) POVIDONE-IODINE U.S.P. PREP PAD (10) SAFETY PIN (8) POVIDONE-IODINE SOLUTION U.S.P., COTTON SWAB (12) 1 OZ. PLASTIC BOTTLE (1) ZIP-TOP PLASTIC BAG (4) TRIPLE ANTIBIOTIC OINTMENT, 1 OZ. TUBE ™ KWIK-KOLD INSTANT ICE-PACK (1) KIT-SIZE (1) TINCTURE OF BENZOIN, CPR MICROSHIELD (1) 1 OZ. PLASTIC BOTTLE (1) MAGNIFYING LOUPE (1) WATERJEL® BURN JEL PACKET, ½ OZ. (2) CORTAID® HYDROCORTISONE CREAM, 1%, BANDAGING 2 OZ. TUBE (1)

GAUZE PAD, 4X4 IN. (12) MEDICATIONS GAUZE PAD, 2X2 IN. (12) STERILE KLING™ FLUFF SPONGES (4) ASPIRIN KLING™ CONFORMING BANDAGE, 4 IN. (4) ACETAMINOPHEN (TYLENOL®) KLING™ CONFORMING BANDAGE, 2 IN. (4) IBUPROFEN (MOTRIN®) ACE™ ELASTIC BANDAGE, 4 IN. (1) DIPHENHYDRAMINE (BENEDRYL®) TEGADERM™ 10X12 CM (4) † VICKS DAYQUIL® LIQUI CAPS TEGADERM™ 6X7 CM (12) † VICKS NYQUIL® LIQUI CAPS COVERLET™ ADHESIVE BANDAGE, SUCRETS® THROAT LOZENGES 2X4 ½ IN. (4) † LOPERAMIDE (IMMODIUM®) COVERLET™ ADHESIVE BANDAGE, PEPTO-BISMOL® 1X3 IN. (12) † ALKA-SELTZER® BAND-AID (20) ELECTROLYTE REPLACEMENT PACKET (2) BUTTERFLY BANDAGE (4) 114 DR. CROCKETT’S BLISTER KIT COTTON SWAB (10) FOR LONG-TERM BOY SCOUT NEEDLE (2) SIERRA TREKS * PORON DONUTS (4)

* THESE KITS ARE DESIGNED FOR A GROUP OF MOLESKIN™ 3X4 IN. (3) 15 SCOUTS AND LEADERS, AND ARE MOLEFOAM™ 3X4 IN. (2) ND INTENDED AS A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SPENCO® 2 SKIN DRESSING KIT (1) SMALLER FIRST-AID KITS CARRIED BY HOSPITAL GRADE CLOTH TAPE, 2 IN. (1) INDIVIDUALS. TINCTURE OF BENZOIN 1 OZ. TUBE (1) ALCOHOL PREP PAD (10) † TEGADERM™ AND COVERLET™ ARE POVIDONE-IODINE U.S.P. PREP PAD (10) INTERCHANGEABLE, USE ONE OR THE OTHER. TRIPLE ANTIBIOTIC OINTMENT, 1 OZ. (10)

115

WILDERNESS

SURVIVAL

116

The absolute most important rule in the outdoors:

DON'T DO ANYTHING DUMB!

117

Survival Considerations

Location:

Weather - What is the potential for worse conditions? Remember, that in the wild areas temperatures can vary 50 degrees from day to night.

Terrain - Distances in the wild are normally further than they look. Stamina is severely reduced in heat and at altitude. Rocks, cliffs, and shale.

Animals - What can you expect to encounter. What is the appropriate action to take when you see one, surprise one, or are chased by one?

Other persons in your area - Not friendly? Armed? Fugitives? Drugs?

Other hazards and precautions - Drinking water and ground water. Toxic plants. Disease sources, ticks, fleas. dust/droppings.

Physical:

Age - Differences in age and maturity require special handling.

Condition – Fatigue, weight, injury.

Medical History - Illness, medication, allergy~ hyperactivity.

Emotional Conditioning:

Internal - Fear, embarrassment, insecurity, phobias.

External- Machismo, ego, show-off, noted for accepting a dare.

Preparation:

Equipment - Proper selection, Excess/appropriateness, (fireworks, games, etc).

Training - Pre-event skills training, Pre-event shakedown, hazard information briefing, contingency plan implementation training.

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Footprint Records Scent Articles How to assist searchers

Things you can do to assist searchers in finding a lost person:

1. Maintain a record file in camp for each person (adults included) with the following contents:

a. A portrait photo. b. A description of gender, age. Height, weight, hair color, eye color, nickname, ethnic origin. c. A medical consent form (for youths) and statement of any disab1l1ties or required medications. d. A foil footprint record.

Create a foil footprint record for each person by laying a square of heavy-duty foil on a towel placed on firm ground and having each person make an impression of each foot on the foil by stepping down firmly on the foil - (wearing the shoes they will be wearing on the outing of course). The sheet is marked with the name of the person, the date, and is placed in a protective folder to preserve the impression. These impressions are of great valuable to searchers.

2. Create a scent article for use by dogs. If they become necessary. Do this first thing when notified of a missing companion. Don't wait until you find out if dogs will be called in; be ready..

a. Isolate an item of clothing worn recently by the victim; preferably something previously in intimate contact with the skin, such as pajamas, an undershirt, a hat, or a pillowcase. DO NOT TOUCH THE ITEM WITH YOUR BARE HAND!

b. Pick it up by turning a clean plastic or paper bag inside out, and grasp the object as the bag is turned right side out over It. Tie the bag closed, and do not open it again. Keep it in a cool place, if possible.

3. Avoid walking over the victim's tracks. During a search for the lost person try to avoid following the exact areas stepped on by the victim. Searchers need every clue possible, and the more the area is disturbed, the harder it is to track the victim.

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4. As a preventative measure it is possible to create a scent article for future use by searchers. In cases where there is a possibility of a future need for a search dog, such as Alzheimer's patients, severely handicapped individuals, habitual runaways, or even for a parent displaying concern for a child going on a trip to a new area, or with a new group of friends, the following method is a good preventative measure for enhancing search dog capabilities.

a. Take a new sterile gauze pad (4"x4") and open up without touching the pad with your hand. Use a newly washed cloth or paper towel to hold the pad so your scent does not come in contact with the pad; or have the person do it themselves.

b. Wipe the pad on the upper chest and neck of the person who is the potential victim the dogs would be looking for. This adheres the personal scent characteristics of the individual.

c. Still without touching the pad, place it into a sandwich sized zip-lock plastic baggy, and seal it (without touching any part of the inside of the baggy).

d. Label the baggy with a felt pen, write the person's name, and the date the scent article was taken. Store the scent article in your freezer, in a --- place it will not be disturbed (such as on a door shelf).

A properly taken and uncontaminated scent article kept frozen in this manner will be effective for up to two years. This is a very effective and inexpensive insurance policy that will greatly enhance the chances of a successful search, when a search dog is employed.

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Foil Footprint Record

 Place a towel on a firm surface and cover with a square of heavy-duty aluminum foil.

 Have each person put on their hiking shoes (boots) and make a foil print of both soles.

 Print their name and the date on their foil print. Store in a folder. in a place where it won't get crushed.

 Make a new print every time a person changes shoes. Discard the foil prints at the end of the trip, and make new ones next time you have an outing.

 These print records preserve a precise record of the print, including each cut, dent and peculiar wear pattern typical only to that individual. These are of excellent assistance to man tracking searchers who are looking for a missing person in a rural setting.

121

By using the illustrated method, it is possible to prepare a good scent article that can remain viable for up to two years; (if kept in a freezer). The gauze pad must not be touched by anyone except the person whose scent is to be searched for. Rub the pad over the upper chest area at the base of their neck. Be sure to seal the bag well, and label with the scented person's name and the date the sample was taken.

122 123

ADULT LEADERSHIP

124 BSA – Orange County Backpack Awareness

Introduction

What will we accomplish?  Briefly discuss the BSA leadership concepts as applied to outdoor adventures

Topics for Discussion

I Youth Protection & Adult Leadership II Aquatic Safety III Camping  Wilderness Camping  Trail Safety  Trek Safety  Beware of Lightening  Pure Drinking Water  BSA Property Smart  Hantavirus  Rabies Prevention  IV The Risk Zone  Summary

Leadership

Leadership:  The office or position of a leader  The act or an instance of leading Leader:  One who is in charge or in command  One who leads or guides Lead  To show the way by going in advance  To guide or direct in a course

Youth Protection and Adult Leadership

BSA has a number of policies aimed at eliminating opportunities for abuse in scouting

Leadership in BSA is a privilege, not a right Quality of the program & safety of the youth call for high quality adult leaders Recruit the best possible Check the BSA application background information:  What is their experience  Why are they volunteering  What are their discipline techniques with youth Barriers to Abuse in Scouting  Two-deep leadership  Two registered adults, or one registered and one parent, one > 21  No one-on-one contact  One-on-one between adult & youth is prohibited 125 Respect of privacy  Respect the privacy of both adults and youth in situations such as changing clothes and taking showers at camps Separate accommodations  No youth is permitted to sleep in the tent of an adult  Separate shower and latrine facilities for female use Proper preparation for high-adventure activities  Risky activities should never be undertaken without proper preparation, equipment, clothing, supervision, & safety measures Additional Barriers to Abuse in Scouting  No secret organizations  All aspects of scouting programs are open to observation by parents and leaders  Appropriate attire  Proper clothing for activities is required  Constructive discipline  Discipline should be constructive and reflect Scouting values  Corporal punishment is NEVER permitted  Hazing is prohibited  Junior Leader training & supervision  Adult leaders monitor and guide the leadership techniques used by junior leaders to ensure that BSA policies are followed What do I do?  You are not required to know for “certain”  You are required to have “reasonable” suspicion  You are required to report in “good faith”

Leadership Requirements for Trips and Outings

1. TWO-DEEP LEADERSHIP  Two registered adults or  One registered adult & a parent of a participating Scout, one of whom is at least 21  Coed overnight activities REQUIRE male & female adult leaders, both of whom must be 21 or over and one must be registered

2. SINGLE-ROOM OR DORMITORY ACCOMMODATIONS  Single gender adults and youth provided a minimum of two adults and four youth  At least one adult must be Youth Protection Trained  Separate barriers or privacy zones (blanket or sheet)

3. TRANSPORTATION TO & FROM OUTINGS  Meet for departure at a designated area  Prearrange a schedule for periodic check point stops as a group  Plan a daily destination point

4. SAFETY RULE OF FOUR  No fewer than four individuals (minimum of two adults) go on any back country expedition or campout

5. MALE & FEMALE LEADERS REQUIRE SEPARATE SLEEPING FACILITIES  Married couples may share the same quarters IF appropriate facilities are available (use good judgment)

6. MALE & FEMALE YOUTH PARTICIPANTS WILL NOT SHARE THE SAME SLEEPING FACILITY

126 7. WHEN STAYING IN TENTS, NO YOUTH WILL STAY IN THE TENT OF AN ADULT OTHER THAN HIS OR HER PARENT OR GUARDIAN

8. IF SEPARATE SHOWER & LATRINE FACILITIES ARE NOT AVAILABLE  Separate times for male & female use should be posted  The buddy system should be employed having one person wait outside the door while in use  Employ “occupied” / “Unoccupied” signs  Use inside door latches Note:  Adult leaders must respect the privacy of youth members in situations where the youth are changing clothes or taking showers  Adults also need to protect their own privacy in similar situations

9. TWO-DEEP ADULT LEADERSHIP IS REQUIRED FOR FLYING ACTIVITIES  Two-deep leadership can be maintained on the ground

Aquatic Safety

1. Qualified Supervision  Mature & conscientious adult > 21  Safety afloat trained  Compliance w/ BSA 8 points of Safe Swim Defense 2. Physical Fitness  Evidence of fitness for swimming activity & health form 3. Safe Area  Mark of areas for three groups 4. Lifeguard on duty  Public lifeguard or designate two capable swimmers 5. Lookout  Station where they can see & hear everything 6. Ability Groups  Non-swimmers  Beginners  Swimmers 7. Buddy System  Pair every youth with another in the same ability group 8. Discipline  Be sure everyone understands & agrees that swimming is allowed ONLY with proper supervision and use of the complete Safe Swim Defense

Camping -- Wilderness Camping

Anything can happen in the wild outdoors, and you should take measures designed to prevent accidents and injuries from occurring Ask the question: “What would happen if ______occurred”  Identify possible problems  Devise a plan to minimize the risks and to manage a crisis if one occurs  Involve the entire crew in this process  Stress potential dangers and “BE PREPARED” The best way to stay safe is to not get into trouble in the first place  Planning  Leadership  Good Judgment (Stop and think BEFORE you do something. If in doubt, don’t.)

127 Camping – Trail Safety

Alertness and care in all that is done on the trail and performing within the group’s known capabilities are among the best preventive measures  Stay together on well-established trails  Avoid loose rocks  Avoid dangerous ledges or cliffs  Don’t kick or roll boulders of cliffs or down hills  At least one leader must have current First Aid & CPR training (Red Cross or equivalent agency)  USE COMMON SENSE

Camping – Trek Safety

1. Qualified Supervision  Supervised by mature, conscientious adult >21 years of age  Understands the risks associated with a trek  Accepts the responsibility for the wellbeing and safety of the group  Trained in and committed to compliance with the seven points of BSA’s Trek Safety Procedure  One additional adult ( two is better) who is at least 18 years old 2. Keep Fit  Require evidence of fitness with a current BSA Personal Health & Medical Record-Class III Form, no. 34412A  Maintain a regular fitness regiment  Adjust supervision, protection, and planning to anticipated potential risks associated with individual health conditions  Neither youth nor adult should participate in a trek for which they are not physically prepared 3. Plan Ahead  File Local & National (>500mi) Tour Permits as required  Match trek to maturity, skill level and fitness of members  Secure land-use permits for public and private lands  Learn about any requirements or recommendations from local land management  Find out about:  Terrain & elevation ranges  Trails & campsites  Wildlife  Typical & Unusual weather conditions  Environmental issues in the area  Train in “Leave No Trace” principles and Use Them 4. Gear Up  Procure TOPO & trail maps and study them BEFORE your trek  Take appropriate equipment for unit skill level (know it’s use)  Take appropriate clothing (watch for weather changes)  Conduct a “shake down” outing before undertaking a major trek  Review & replenish / repair crew and personal equipment on a regular basis 5. Communicate Clearly & Completely - #1  Complete a trip plan and share the details  Time of departure  Overnight stops  The trailhead and parking  The itinerary and alternate itinerary  Have a contact person at home base  Develop a plan for communication with each parent before the trek 128  Communicate any changes in itinerary to home base contact who relays to parents  An electronic means of communication may be helpful in an emergency (may not work in the back country)  Make sure everyone knows:  What is expected and what to expect  Who is in charge and who takes over if that person is eliminated  Communicate regularly with other leaders and the entire crew to avoid unpleasant surprises 6. Monitor Conditions - #1  The leader is responsible for making good decisions during the trek  Conservatively estimate the capabilities & stamina of the crew  If adverse conditions develop, prepare to stop or turn back (180* patch)  Monitor weather conditions before you start the trek, and during the trek (rangers, people on the trail, cloud formations, etc.)  Watch cloud formations for afternoon thunder storms & lightning 7. Monitor Conditions - #2  The leader is responsible for making good decisions during the trek  Determine the difference between What is difficult, and what IS DANGEROUS  AVOID THE DANGEROUS CONDITIONS 8. Discipline  Make sure each participant knows, understands, and respects the rules and procedures for safe trekking and has been oriented in Trek Safety  Applicable rules should be presented and learned prior to the outing  Review them before the trek begins  When participants know the reasons for rules, they are more likely to follow them  Adult and youth leaders must be strict and fair, showing no favoritism 9. Beware of Lightening  Stay off or out of  Mountain summits, Crests of ridges, Slopes above timberline, Large meadows  If caught in such an exposed place, quickly descend to a lower elevation, away from the direction of the approaching storm, and squat down keeping your head low  A dense forest located in a depression provides the best protection  If the threat is great  Spread out at least 15 feet apart  Take off your packs and put them on the ground away from you  Squat with feet close together (minimal ground contact) 10. Pure Drinking Water  Treat all questionable drinking water - filter, boil, chlorine bleach, iodine, halazone 11. BSA Property Smart  Use of land is a privilege with responsibilities regarding care, courtesy, and cleanliness 12. Hantavirus (1993)  Airborne virus  Dies when exposed to sunlight (ultraviolet) 13. Rabies Prevention  Stay clear of wild & domestic animals you don’t know

129 BSA Drivers – Don’t Enter the Risk Zone

To recognize when you’re in the “RISK ZONE” and help you steer clear of it, safety experts offer the following tips:  Make sure you get plenty of sleep the night before the trip  Take breaks every 75 – 100 miles, especially in the afternoon  Whenever possible, travel with two adults in each vehicle. If this can’t be done, assign an older scout to b your “co-pilot” and make sure he stays awake  Always stop when you detect even one of the following critical warning signs The critical warning signs:  Continual yawning  Difficulty focusing or keeping your eyes open  Trouble keeping your head up  Wandering or disconnected thoughts  Drifting between lanes or on the shoulder  Repeated jerking the steering wheel to stay on course  Missing traffic signals and warning signs

Sweet 16 of BSA Safety

 Qualified Supervision  Physical Fitness  Buddy System  Safe Area or Course  Equipment Selection & Maintenance  Personal Safety Equipment  Safety Procedures & Policies  Skill Level Limits  Weather Check  Planning  Communications  Permits & Notices  First-Aid Resources  Applicable Laws  CPR Resource  Discipline

The Sandwich Principle

 A FOUNDATION SLICE OF BREAD (DISCIPLINE) TO SUPPORT THE CONDIMENTS AND INGREDIENTS (PRECAUTION AND PROCEDURES)

 A COVERING SLICE OF BREAD (QUALIFIED SUPERVISION) TO HOLD THE INGREDIENCE AND CONDIMENTS (PRECAUTION AND PROCEEDURES) IN PLACE

 REMEMBER: WITHOUT THIS FOUNDATION AND COVER THE RESULT WOULD BE A MESS REGARDLESS OF THE QUALITY OF THE INGREDIENCE OR SAFETY ELEMENTS

130 131

BEAR/MOUNTAIN

LION MANAGEMENT

132

"SMELLABLES"

ALL FOOD TOILETRIES MONEY BUG SPRAY DEODORANT CANDLES SUNTAN LOTION AFTERSHAVE FILM BAND AIDS SOAP TOILET PAPER ANTTISEPTIC KLEENEX CLOTHING W /FOOD SPILLS PILLS FIRST AID KIT

TIPS TO AVOID BEARS:

 Hang all "Smellables" properly. (Use a separate bag not your sleeping bag stuff sack)  Do not camp in the "Bearmuda Triangle".  Cook in one area only.  Use a "Sump” to dispose of dishwater.  Do not wear clothes with food stains to bed.  Do not use deodorant.  Do not wash your body with soap after 2:00 PM.  Do not use suntan lotion or bug spray after 2:00 PM.  Store all smellables and food in zip lock baggies.  Never allow open food containers in your pack.  Never take food or eat food in your tent.  Store your pack away from the tent. Leave zippers open at night.  Never make noises like a Snickers Bar in your tent.

133 WHEN A BEAR COMES IN YOUR CAMP:

 Never come between a bear and it's Cub!  Make loud noises (but do not startle the bear).  Bang on pots and pans.  Blow Whistles.  Get together and try to appear as large as possible.  Approach bears cautiously. DO NOT EVER CHASE A BEAR.  Throw rocks near the bear. Do not hit him, he just might get angry!  Make sounds like a Forest Ranger.  If attacked, don’t run. Do not tight back. Roll into a bail and play dead.

Mammoth Lakes Area Inyo National Forest

Backpacking in the lnyo National Forest can be an experience that you will never forget. It can be especially memorable if you get the chance to view one of the last large land mammals in California, a black bear. Always keep in mind that black bears, and all animals in the wild, are just that, WILD.

The Bear Facts Like people, black bears are intelligent, unpredictable, and can inflict great harm. It is important that you are aware of the power of these animals. It is also good to know a little about their behaviors before you enter their home.

Here are a few facts that can help you to become more bear aware: Only black bears are found in California.  Black bears can be brown, blonde, cinnamon, or black in color.  Bears are wild and unpredictable, but do not normally attack or threaten people unless provoked.  Bears are dangerous when surprised, hungry, feeding, injured, or with cubs.  Bears are omnivores (they eat everything), but their diet is 80 to 90 percent vegetation.  Bears consider odorous products to be food.  Bears recognize food and food containers by sight and smell.  Black bears can climb trees easily.  BECOME BEAR AWARE AND SHOW THAT YOU CARE!

Hiking Smarts Make noise when hiking, Many people take bear bells into the back country, others shout "Hey bear!" periodically, while others keep a constant conversation going. Any "human" type noise will alert bears to your presence and reduce the chances of an unwanted encounter. Be aware of your surroundings. There are several telltale signs that a bear has been in the area.

You may notice:  Claw marks or fur on a tree. This is a bear’s way of marking its territory or scratching it’s back.  Mounds of excavated earth. This is probably a bear looking for ground squirrels or roots or some other food source.  Bear scat along the trail. Trails are used by humans as well as animals.  Do not be afraid if you see any of these signs, just be aware.

134 Save Your Food And The Bears! Proper storage of your food and other odorous products is a must. Always keep these items properly stored at all times. Keeping food from bears is for your safety and the bears’ well being. A bear that becomes habituated to people food can be dangerous to hikers. Eventually, if the bear becomes a "problem bear", it might have to be relocated or destroyed. Bear resistannt canisters have been used successfully in Yosemite, Denali, and Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Parks. As bears have less success obtaining food from visitors, they will revert to more natural behaviors. Bear-resistant canisters should be used in "problem bear" areas or places where trees are not available to hang you: food. Be aware of any areas where the use of bear-resistant canisters is recommended. The local Ranger Station will be glad to help you out.

Counterbalance Method Of Food Storage

Mountain Lion  AKA -- Cougar, Puma, or Panther  Approximately 4 to 6 thousand in California  Range – 100 square miles  Habitat – Desert to Mountains up to 10,000 feet  Carnivore – Hunts alone usually at night. Ambushes prey from behind

Mountain Lion Attacks  5 deaths in California since 1890  Only three deaths in California since 1994 Compare to:  800 pedestrian traffic deaths per year  300 killed by domestic dogs since 1979  50 deaths from bee stings per year

Mountain Lion – Avoiding  Do not hike alone  Do not approach  Do not run away  Get BIG, do not crouch or bend down, spread arma, coat, be large!  Gather the group together  Make eye contact, act confident  Fight back if attacked

135

PLACES TO GO

136

Symbol Legend

C Campground

T Trail Camp

Open fires permitted

NO open fires permitted

W Water available

W NO water available

Toilets available

Tables available 137

Chilao Flats N Visitor Center

ANGELES CREST HWY

210 FWY

Chilao Flats 605 FWY Directions: Take the 5 Fwy North to the 605 FWY North to the 210 FWY West and exit at Angeles Crest HWY (HWY 2). Take Angeles Crest HWY North to the Chilao Flats Visitor Center (approx. 26 miles from the freeway). Use the Chilao Flats topo for this area. 5 FWY

This is an excellent area for Tailgate Camping and Day Hiking. The Visitor Center has an excellent museum on the local area complete with a history of the Indians who used to live there. A first choice for Cub units.

This hike meets the requirements for the following High Adventure Awards:

Cub Day Hiker Webelos Hiker Cub Ranger Webelos Under the Stars

C T

W

138 N Cloudburst Summit Buckhorn Chilao Flats Campground Visitor Center

ANGELES CREST HWY

210 FWY

Cooper Canyon 605 FWY Directions: Take the 5 Fwy North to the 605 FWY North to the 210 FWY West and exit at Angeles Crest HWY (HWY 2). Take Angeles Crest HWY North to the Cloudburst Summit (approx. 32 miles from the freeway). Use the Waterman Mountain Topo for this hike.

5 FWY

From Cloudburst Summit this hike follows a fire road all the way to Cooper Canyon Camp approximately 1.7 miles from the Summit. From there the trail continues to Buckhorn Campground another approximately 3.2 miles. This is the easy hike with a 600 foot elevation loss. For a moderate hike start at Buckhorn Campground and end at Cloudburst Summit.

Point to point the distance is about 5 miles and the trail is heavily forested with a stream and waterfall in Buckhorn Campground. Check with the Forest Service on availability of water in late summer. Water should be purified. This area requires Wilderness and Fire Permits from the Forest Service.

This hike meets the requirements for the following High Adventure Awards:

Training Hike Hardback Award San Gabriel Trails w/Buckhorn Segment Hike in a National Forest

EASY or MODERATE

T

W

139 N Clear Creek Station

Red Box Station Trailhead

ANGELES CREST

210 FWY

Devore Directions: 605 FWY Take the 5 Fwy North to the 605 FWY North to the 210 FWY West and exit at Angeles Crest HWY (HWY 2). Take Angeles Crest HWY North. At the junction with Angeles Forest Hwy is the Clear Creek Information 57 Center with the latest trail information. Continue on Angeles Crest and about 14 miles to the Red Box Station where you turn right onto the signed road to Mt. Wilson and almost immediately bear left onto the dirt West Fork Road. Proceed carefully down this another 6 miles to West Fork Campground. Follow the signs to the Gabrielino Trail. About 5 FWY 1 mile and 200 feet elevation gain brings you to Devore Trail Camp.

The trail follows the West fork of the San Gabriel River which can be quite a raging river following a severe storm. The pleasant saunter along this trail leads you to Devore Trail Camp, an old fisherman’s camp. About halfway down the trail you may come across a waterfall cascading over the rocks. As in all wilderness areas, water must be purified.

This hike meets the requirements for the following High Adventure Awards:

Cub Day Hiker Webelos Hiker Cub Ranger Webelos Under the Stars

EASY

C T

W

140 Chantry Flats Trailhead Ranger Station N

SANTA ANITA AVE.

210 FWY

605 FWY Hoegees Directions: Take the 5 Fwy or the 91 Fwy west to the 605 Fwy. Go North on the 605 Fwy to the 210 Fwy. Go West on the 5 FWY 210 Fwy and take the Santa Anita Ave. exit North to the Chantry Flats Ranger Station. Use the Mt. Wilson Topo for this hike. 91 FWY

The trailhead for the Upper Winter Creek Trail to Hoegees starts from the upper parking lot of the Chantry Flats Ranger Station. It’s approximately 3 miles to camp. The trail ascends 100 ft from the parking lot up a paved fire road, then follows the contour of the canyon wall to Hoegees. There is a junction in the trail at the bottom of a 200 ft descent where you go to the right to Hoegees or stay on the trail to ascend Mt. Wilson. Nearly all of the 3 miles of trail is practically flat and mostly in the shade.

This camp is a wilderness camp even though it has picnic tables and outhouses. Water should be purified and you should sign in at the Ranger Station before going in. There are also private cabins below the camp built back in the days of the California Conservation Corps.

This hike meets the requirements for the following High Adventure Awards:

Training Hike San Gabriel Trails w/ Santa Anita Canyon Seg Hardback Award Hike in a National Forest

EASY

T

W

141 N Clear Creek Station

Red Box Station Trailhead

ANGELES CREST

210 FWY

Inspiration Point 605 FWY Directions: Take the 5 Fwy North to the 605 FWY North to the 210 FWY West and exit at Angeles Crest HWY (HWY 2). Take Angeles Crest HWY 57 North. At the junction with Angeles Forest Hwy is the Clear Creek Information Center with the latest trail information. Continue on Angeles Crest and about 14 miles to the Red Box Station where you turn right onto the signed road to Mt. Wilson and go about 2.5 miles to Eaton Saddle. Use the Mt. Wilson topo for this hike. 5 FWY

This hike meets the requirements for the following High Adventure Awards:

Cub Day Hiker Webelos Hiker Cub Ranger

EASY

142

N

Angeles Oaks Jenks Lake Rd Trailhead HWY HWY

Mill Creek Ranger 10 FWY Station Orange St 57 FWY

215 John’s Meadow Directions: Take the 10 Fwy West or the 215 FWY North to Redlands and take the HWY 38 exit to Angeles Oaks. Follow HWY 38 to Jenks Lake Road (approx. 23 miles from the 91 FWY freeway). Follow the road for about a third of a mile and turn right for another half mile to the Forsee Creek trailhead. Use the Big Bear Lake topo for this area.

The trail leads uphill through the forest for a quarter mile to the trail junction. Go right, West, as the trail follows the San Gorgonio Wilderness boundary to the Stetson Creek crossing. Note that once you leave the junction the trail to John’s Meadow is not shown on the topo as of the ’94 revision. John’s Meadow is shown on the topo and the trail reaches it where Forsee Creek is joined by a smaller tributary. The elevation gain is only about 300 feet with a distance of 2.7 miles one way. Forsee Creek is a reliable source of water when many of the other creeks in the area have dried up.

This hike meets the requirements for the following High Adventure Awards:

Training Hike Hardback Award

EASY

T

W

143 Trailhead N Crystal Lake Ranger Station

AZUSA

210 FWY

605 FWY Little Jimmy Directions: Take the 5 Fwy North to the 605 FWY North to the 210 FWY East or the 57 FWY North to the 210 FWY West and 57 FWY exit at Azusa. Take Azusa North (HWY 39) to the exit for the Crystal Lake Campground (approx. 25 miles from the freeway). Use the Crystal Lake Topo for this hike.

5 FWY

This hike starts in the parking lot and crosses the fire road twice with trail markers at each crossing. The hike is through Oak trees and climbs steadily up the South face of Mt. Islip to Windy Gap. This is a 1600 foot elevation gain. From the gap the trail proceeds around the North side of the mountain to Little Jimmy Campground. The hike is a two and a half mile moderately strenuous hike for younger boys. Water is available year round from a spring North of Windy Gap about a half mile before the campground. Water should still be purified. No Wilderness Permit is required, but you do need to check in with the Ranger. NO open fires are permitted.

This hike meets the requirements for the following High Adventure Awards:

Training Hike Hardback Award San Gabriel Trails w/Little Jimmy Segment Hike in a National Forest

MODERATE

T

W

144 N Trailhead Chilao Flats Visitor Center

ANGELES CREST HWY

210 FWY

Mt. Hillyer 605 FWY Directions: Take the 5 Fwy North to the 605 FWY North to the 210 FWY West and exit at Angeles Crest HWY (HWY 2). 57 FWY Take Angeles Crest HWY North to the Chilao Flats Visitor Center exit (approx. 26 miles from the freeway). The trailhead is approx. a mile beyond the Center. Use the Chilao Flats Topo for this hike. 5 FWY

This is an excellent area for Tailgate Camping and Day Hiking. The Visitor Center has an excellent museum on the local area complete with a history of the Indians who used to live there. A first choice for Cub Units. The trail indicated is part of the Silver Moccasin Trail and proceeds North from the trailhead up the mountain to Horse Flats Campground. From Horse Flats there is a marked trail continuing on to the top of Mt. Hillyer. From the trailhead to the peak is approximately two and a half miles.

This hike meets the requirements for the following High Adventure Awards:

Cub Day Hiker Webelos Hiker Cub Ranger Webelos Under the Stars

EASY

C

W

145

Mt. San Antonio Directions: MANKER FLATS Take the 57 Fwy or the 605 Fwy north to the 10 Fwy or CAMPGROUND the 210 Fwy. Go East from the 605 Fwy or West from MT BALDY the 57 Fwy. From the 10 Fwy take the Mountain Ave. VILLAGE N exit in Claremont and go North. From the 210 Fwy take the Azusa exit which puts you on Mountain Ave. Take Mountain Ave. to Mt. Baldy Rd. and follow it for about MT. BALDY RD. 11 miles to Manker Flats Campground. Use the Mt. Baldy Topo for this hike.

210 FWY

MOUNTAIN AVE.

10 FWY

605 FWY 57 FWY

The trailhead is an unmarked fire road about .3 miles beyond the campground entrance and on the left. Once you have found the fire road you will come to San Antonio Falls .5 miles up the road. The road is paved up to the falls and then becomes a dirt road up to the ski lodge. Another 10 minutes of hiking at a moderate pace should bring you to trailhead on the left. If you find yourself hiking with a nice view of the ski lift you have missed the trail. Once you have found it the trail proceeds steeply along the canyon wall for about 1.75 miles where you will find a Sierra Club ski hut. Beyond the ski hut the trail climbs very steeply through a series of switchbacks to the peak. Round trip distance for this route is 8.5 miles with a 3800 foot elevation gain.

For those who want a little longer hike with a scenic view of the valley and the desert beyond you can proceed on up the fire road to the ski lodge and pick up the ridge trail along Devil’s Backbone to the peak. This trail is 14 miles round trip with a 3800 foot elevation gain. There are water faucets at the ski lodge and the lodge is open for part of the day, but the trail is dry otherwise.

This hike meets the requirements for the following High Adventure Awards:

Mt. San Antonio

STRENUOUS

C

W

146

10 FWY

N

HWY 243

Trailhead Dark Canyon

Mt. San Jacinto Allandale Forest Directions: Service Station From the 10 Fwy in Banning exit on Highway 243 and go 20 miles southeast to the Allandale Forest Service Station. Just past the Service Station take the Forest Road 4S02 turnoff toward Dark Canyon Campground. Go left at the junction about a mile in and go through IDYLLWI the camp and bear left at Azalea Trail Junction to the trailhead. Use the San Jacinto Topo for this hike.

This area offers a variety of hiking and camping opportunities. From the Dark Canyon trailhead you follow the Seven Pines Trail 3.25 miles to the former Deer Springs Camp which makes a nice lunch stop. From there proceed on to a junction where you bear right to follow the Deer Springs Trail for another 2 miles to the Little Round Valley Trail Camp. From the Little Round Valley it is an easy day hike to climb Mt. San Jacinto. Round trip mileage for this hike is 10.5 miles with a 3600 foot elevation gain.

Water is available, but must be purified. Fire permits are required for open fires and a Wilderness Permit is necessary.

This hike meets the requirements for the following High Adventure Awards:

Training Hike Hardback Award Hike in State/County Park Mt. San Jacinto

MODERATE

T

W

147 Buckhorn N Campground Mt Waterman Trailhead Chilao Flats ski lift Visitor Center F.S. Road

ANGELES CREST

210 FWY

Mt Waterman 605 FWY Directions: Take the 5 Fwy North to the 605 FWY North, or the 57 Fwy North, to the 210 FWY West and exit at Angeles Crest HWY (HWY 2). Take Angeles Crest HWY North to the Mt Waterman ski lift (approx. 33 miles from the freeway). Use the Waterman Mountain Topo for this hike. 5 FWY

The trailhead sign (not visible from the road) indicates Mt Waterman Loop. It leads to the left from the fire road, paralleling the highway a short distance then ascending the forested slope. After climbing through forest for 1.25 miles the trail reaches a saddle on Waterman’s East ridge. Here you look down into the wild upper reaches of Bear Canyon and on to Twin Peaks. The trail continues West about a half mile to a junction with the Twin Peaks Trail. Go right and continue up the summit plateau to a new little side trail to the left that goes all the way to the summit a few hundred yards to the SW.

Total round trip distance is about 6.5 miles with a 1200 foot elevation gain. This area requires the Forest Service Adventure Pass be displayed.

This hike meets the requirements for the following High Adventure Awards:

Cub Day Hiker Webelos Hiker Cub Ranger Webelos Under the Stars

EASY or MODERATE

T

W

148 N

Nature Center Trailhead PLACERITA CANYON RD

HWY 14

Placerita Canyon Directions: Take the 5 Fwy North to the HWY 14 North to Newhall. Exit on Placerita Canyon Road and turn right and go East 2 miles to Placerita Canyon County Park. Use the Newhall Topo for this hike. 5 FWY

This area offers more than one option for the hiker. An easy hike of 4 miles round trip and 300 foot elevation gain will bring you to the Walker Ranch Picnic Area. Walker ranch was the location for many of the early Western movies in the 1950’s.

A second option is to follow the trail on from the Picnic Area up the South slope of the ridge where it climbs for about 2 miles to Pinetos Spring. From the ridge above the spring you can look down on the San Fernando Valley. Returning by the same route gives you an 8 mile round trip with an elevation gain of 1600 feet.

This hike meets the requirements for the following High Adventure Awards:

Cub Day Hiker Webelos Hiker Cub Ranger Webelos Under the Stars

EASY/MODERATE

W

149 N Heart Bar Trailhead Barton Flats Campground Angeles Oaks South Fork Campground HWY HWY

Mill Creek Ranger 10 FWY Station Orange St 57 FWY

215 Santa Ana River Directions: Take the 10 Fwy West or the 215 FWY North to Redlands and take the HWY 38 exit to Mentone. Follow HWY 38 to the South Fork Campground (approx. 32 miles from the 91 FWY freeway). Almost opposite the South Fork entrance, on the North Side of the highway, is the Santa Ana River Trail parking lot. Use the Moonridge Topo for this hike.

The trail follows the meanderings of the headwaters of the Santa Ana River near Mt. San Gorgonio and Sugarloaf Mountain.. The trail offers a 9 mile round trip with an 800 foot elevation gain along the Santa Ana River with opportunities to see the wildlife and plants natural to this area. About the midpoint you pass the Heart Bar Station of the Forest Service. The trail is well marked and passes near the Heart Bar Campground near the end of the hike.

This hike meets the requirements for the following High Adventure Awards:

Cub Day Hiker Webelos Hiker Cub Ranger Webelos Under the Stars

MODERATE

C

W

150

Sitton Peak Directions: Go South on the 5 Fwy to the Ortega Highway (Hwy N 74) exit in San Juan Capistrano. Go East from San Juan Capistrano. Use the San Jacinto Topo for this hike.

5 FWY

Candy Store

This area offers a variety of hiking and camping opportunities. From the Dark Canyon trailhead you follow the Seven Pines Trail 3.25 miles to the former Deer Springs Camp which makes a nice lunch stop. From there proceed on to a junction where you bear right to follow the Deer Springs Trail for another 2 miles to the Little Round Valley Trail Camp. From the Little Round Valley it is an easy day hike to climb Mt. San Jacinto. Round trip mileage for this hike is 10.5 miles with a 3600 foot elevation gain.

Water is available, but must be purified. Fire permits are required for open fires and a Wilderness Permit is necessary.

This hike meets the requirements for the following High Adventure Awards:

Training Hike Hardback Award Hike in State/County Park Mt. San Jacinto

MODERATE

T

W

151 CHANTRY FLATS RANGER STATION Trailhead N

SANTA ANITA AVE.

210 FWY

605 FWY Spruce Grove Directions: 57 FWY Take the 5 Fwy or the 91 Fwy West to the 605 Fwy. Go North on the 605 Fwy to the 210 Fwy. Go West on the 210 Fwy and take the Santa Anita Ave. exit North to the Chantry Flats Ranger Station. Use the Mt. Wilson Topo for this hike. 5 FWY

The trailhead for the Lower Winter Creek Trail to Spruce Grove Trail Camp starts from the lower parking lot of the Chantry Flats Ranger Station. It’s approximately 4 miles to camp. The trail descends 400 ft from the parking lot down a paved fire road, then follows the creek up the canyon to Spruce Grove. Approximately 1.5 miles along is the junction to Sturtevant Falls, a nice side trip along the way. The junction is marked by a cement marker on the left side of the trail. The junction splits into two trails to Spruce Grove. The left trail is the trail used by the mule trains and follows the top of the ridge to camp. This is an easier trail, but less scenic and a lot warmer. The right trail passes above Sturtevant Falls and follows the stream to Spruce Grove. This trail is more scenic and a lot shadier.

This camp is a wilderness camp even though it has picnic tables and outhouses. Water should be purified and you should sign in at the Ranger Station before going in. There are also private cabins along the trail built back in the days of the California Conservation Corps.

This hike meets the requirements for the following High Adventure Awards:

Training Hike San Gabriel Trails w/ Santa Anita Canyon Seg Hardback Award Hike in a National Forest

MODERATE

T

W

152

153

GUIDE TO

COUNCIL CAMPS NATIONAL PARKS CALIFORNIA PARKS ORANGE COUNTY PARKS SAN BERNARDINO

PARKS

154 A Few Basics. . .

As all American, I will do my best to . . . Be clean in my outdoor manners, Be careful with fire, Be considerate ill the outdoors, and Be conservation minded. -The Outdoor Code, The Boy Scout Handbook, 1993 Edition, Page 55

The Outdoor Code is perhaps the most well-known and shortest statement of BSA outdoor policy. It can be expanded into six points that cover how your unit can have a 'low-impact' on your weekend car camping and backpacking outings:

Pretrip Plans  Wear Scout uniforms or other clothes that will blend into the surroundings. When picking camping equipment, such as tents, try to abide by the same rule.  Pack food in containers that you'll carry home at the end of a trip.  Take along (and use) trash bags.  Plan to have 12 or fewer people staying in an individual campsite.  Pick areas that are suited to the type of activity that you are planning.

Using Trails  Stay on the trail.  Don't cut across switchbacks.

Campsites  Choose sites free of fragile plants.  Camp out of sight of trails, streams, and lakes.  Don't dig trenches around your tents or make any other unneeded holes.

Fires  Build fires only where appropriate and allowed.  Try to get by with just propane stoves.  Use existing fire rings instead of making new ones.  Bring your own wood supply with you whenever possible.  Open gathering may be prohibited.  If you gather firewood, make sure you only burn small wood gathered from the ground.  Make sure your fire is cold out, enough so that you can stick your hand in and sift the ashes.

Sanitation  Use rest rooms, sinks, and wastewater drains whenever available, instead of digging your own.  Use all soap and detergent at least 75 steps away from all sources of open water.  Pour waste water into a sump hole or sink drain.  Dig latrines at least 75 steps away from all sources of open water.  Bury all sump holes when you are through with them.  Take all garbage you have not burned or disposed of in trash receptacles home with you.

Courtesy  Step off trails to let others pass.  Do not pick wildflowers or trap wild animals - leave them where they are to be seen by others.  Keep noise down to a minimum when around others.

155 Key to Listings - How to Use This Guide

The campground listings in this booklet are simple and are intended to be easy to read. Here's a sample listing to serve as a key:

(1) Pinecone National Forest (2) (2) 3333 Rim Drive, Pinecone CA 99999 (444) 444-4444 http://www.camping.com/ (3) The Pinecone National Forest is the nation's smallest, measuring only twenty acres. It offers hiking, swimming, fishing, and winter recreation. (4) Conifer Ranger District (555) 555-5555 (5) Deciduous Valley (6) A large lake near the camp provides a spot for swimming and fishing. (7) Fee: $4 Elevation: 5500' availability: year round Sites: 54 Reservations: PARK-NET

Key:

(1) Name of Park (2) Address of Park, phone number, and website (3) Short description of park's high points (4) Name and contact point for any sub-district within the park (5) Campground name (6) Special notes, comments, or attractions of a campground (7) Background information on the campground

156

Boy Scouts of America Camps - So. Calif.

Many of the camps maintained by the Boy Scouts of America are open to normal weekend camping for just a few dollars per person. By arranging in advance, you can often use many of the activities available during summer camp. It's essential to make reservations and learn more about the camp you intend to go to by calling the appropriate Council Office.

Orange County Council 3590 Harbor Gateway North; Costa Mesa, CA 92626-1442 (714) 546-4990 http://www.ocbsa.org

Lost Valley Scout Reservation 31422 Chihuahua Valley Road; Warner Springs, CA 92086 (909) 767-1183 http://www.ocbsa.org/ocbsaloutdoor-programs/camping/lostvalley/main.htm

Our Council's main camp, Lost Valley offers 1,400 acres of wilderness to Scouts. Many of the activities available during the summer can be specially scheduled for a weekend through the Volunteer Services Department. Activities include Archery, Rifle, Shotgun, BB's, Service Projects, Observatory, Mountain Bikes, Boating, Project COPE, Rock Climbing, and Horses. Take Highway 79 south into San Diego County. Turn left on Chihuahua Valley Road, and follow it for about seven miles. When the road veers to the right, go straight onto the dirt road for 10.5 miles.

Fee: $5.00/person/weekend Summer Camp: est. $205.00 per Scout, dates June 27-August 14, 1999

Rancho Las Flores P.O. Box 477 Oceanside, CA 92054 (760) 430-7050 http://www.ocbsa.org/ocbsaloutdoor-programs/camping/RLF/rancho_las_flores.htm

Easily within reach, Rancho Las Flores is a closer alternative for your troop. It also offers many activities for your troop, and by special arrangement, they will also supply tents, cook stoves, and a sample schedule for the weekend. Specialties: Archery and BB Shooting Eleven miles south of San Clemente, off Interstate 5, and the Las Pulgas offramp. Camp entrance information is at the Marine Guard Station.

Fee: $5.00/person/weekend

157 Sea Base** 1931 West Pacific Coast Highway, Newport Beach, CA 92663 (949) 642-5031 http://www.ocbsa.org/ocbsa/outdooryrograms/SeaBase/sea_base.htm

Located directly on the edge of Newport Harbor's clear Pacific waters, the Sea Base offers year-round merit badge programs, training opportunities, and offers a special 68 foot tall ship "Argus". Two miles south of Newport Blvd. on Pacific Coast Highway.

Fee: Argus ship, $315/week, $100/week Webelos aquatics camp. Availability: Year round, summer camp on the Argus, Year round programs Call Sea Base for info.

California Inland Empire Council 1230 Indiana Court; Redlands, CA 92374 (909) 293-2463 or (909) 825-8844; Fax: (909)793-0306

Emerson P.O. Box 639; 53155 Idyllbrook Rd.; Idyllwild, CA 92549

Camp Emerson is the oldest Scout camp in the western United States! Emerson offers a full range of facilities year round. Via Riverside/Hemet Highway 74 to Mountain Center to Highway 243 to Toll Gate Rd., turn right, one mile, turn right at Camp Emerson Road sign.

Fee: $8.00/weekend Availability: year round Facilities: extra charge Summer Camp $165/person, if paid by May 14, $150

Helendade P.O. Box 177 2001 Wilderness Rd. Running Springs, CA 92382

In the village of Running Springs. Take Highway 30 east then Highway 330 to Running Springs, then one mile west on Highway 18 to Wilderness Rd., turn right, 1/2 mile to camp.

Fee: $8.00/person/night Summer Camp: Cubs & Webelos $84/four days; $155/week

Desert Pacific Council P.O. Box 33366, 1207 Upas Street; San Diego, CA 92103 (619) 298-6121 Fax: (619) 298-5036 http://www.desertpacific.org

158 Camp Balboa P.O. Box 33366, 1207 Upas Street; San Diego, CA 92103 (619) 298-6121

What makes this site unique is that it is located alongside the Council's headquarters in downtown San Diego, giving your Troop an inexpensive place to stay and the chance to tour San Diego.

Fees for Desert Pacific Council Units and Groups: $4.00/registered Youth and Adults/Mid Week/night $8.00/registered Youth - Weekend $5.00/registered Adult Leaders - Weekend $10.00/non-registered Youth or Adult - Weekend

Fees for Non-Council Units and Groups: $5.00/person/Mid-Week/night $10.00/person - Weekend Day Camps Additional fees for additional facilities other than campsites; e.g. pool Troop campsites: 9

Mataguay Scout Reservation 21955 Highway 79 Santa Ysabel, CA 92070 (619) 782-3616 http://www.desertpacific.org/Camps/camps.html

Mataguay offers several different locations for camping inside its property. Camping, hiking, archery, swimming at the pool, boating at the lake, .22, black powder (muzzle loading), shot gun, and BB gun shooting, COPE and Climbing/Rappelling for older Scouts. Seventy miles from San Diego, take 1-8 to Highway 67 to Romona, Highway 78 to Santa Ysabel, left on Highway 79 about 9.3 miles toward Warner Springs. Camp sign on right of road.

Fee: $8.00/Reg. Youth/weekend (In Council) $10.00/weekend (Out of Council) $4.00/Reg. Scout/Mid- Week/night (In Council) $5. 00/Mid-Week/night Plus Deposit for various Facilities Availability: year round Summer Camp: $155/person/troop $175/person/provisional

San Diego Youth Aquatic Center 1750 Fiesta Island Rd. San Diego, CA 92109 (619) 275-3384 http://popeyes.dyn.ml.org/SDYAC/sdyac.htm

Located just minutes from downtown on Mission Bay. It is the home of the Fiesta Island Scout Camp and Boat Camp.

Camping permit: (619) 221-8901 San Diego Park and Recreation, Coastal Division @$45.00 Summer Camp: yes Fees: Rental aquatic equipment vary Call council for information.

Long Beach Area Council 401 East 37th Street, P.O. Box 7338; Long Beach, CA 90807 (562) 427-0911 email: [email protected]

159 Sea Explorer Base 5875 Appian Way; Long Beach, CA 90803

Pacific Coast Highway and 2nd St. (under 2nd Street bridge) Fee: Call Council for fees Availability: Summer

Tahquitz P.O. Box 14; 41700 State Highway 38; Angelus Oaks, CA 92305

Located in the Barton Flats area of the San Bernardino Mountains. Offers a variety of programs year round such as; nature study, map and compass, water sports, field sports, and COPE. Six miles east of Angelus Oaks on Highway 38.

Fee: Campsites $2.00/person/day - Long Beach Scouts $3.00/person/day - Out of Council Scouts $5.00/person/day - Non-Scout Groups Call for facility fees: Cabins and Kiwanis Lodge Summer camp: Call Council Availability: year round

Will J. Reid Scout Camp 4747 Daisy Avenue Long Beach, CA 90805 (562) 422-2532

Will Reid is another freeway-close camp area that would provide a good experience for younger campers getting their feet wet. It is, however, very much like a city park. Long Beach Freeway south, west on Del Amo Blvd., south on Daisy Ave.

Fee: $1.00/person/day - Long Beach Council Scouts $2.50/person/day - Out of Council Scouts $3.00/person/day - Non-Scout Groups (tent camping) Call for facility fees: Kitchen, Scout Hall, Conference Hall, Class Room, & Pool

Los Angeles Area Council 2333 Scout Way Los Angeles, CA 90026 (213) 413-4400, ext. 254 Fax: (213) 483-6472 http://www.boyscoutsla.com/

Cabrillo Beach Youth Waterfront 3000 Shoshonean Road San Pedro, CA 90731 (562) 831-1984 http://www.boyscoutsla.com/Cabrillo.htm

Oceanfront close, Cabrillo Beach offers a variety of aquatic activities, such as canoes, sailboats, windsurfers, rowboats, ocean Kayaks, weight room, and 25 meter pool. Meals for the weekend are included in the $26 fee. Call council for directions.

Fee: $26/person/weekend Availability: spring-fall $5.00/person/day Summer Camp: Yes

160

Firestone Scout Reservation 19001 Tonner Canyon Rd. Brea, CA 92621 (714) 529-3022 http://www.boyscoutsla.com/Firestone.htm

North on the 57 get off on Tonner Canyon Rd. Turn left, got to gate on left call council for combination, 2 miles in. Have fun!

Fee: $2.00/person/night A vailability: year round, no facilities, no program. Work 6 or more service hours and group camps free.

Forest Lawn Scout Reservation 29458 Hook Creek Rd. Cedar Glen, CA 92321 http://www.boyscoutsla.com/ArrowSummer.htm

Located at Lake Arrowhead. They also have weekend camps in the winter. Fee: Summer camp $155 (may vary), Availability: summer only

Log Cabin Wilderness Camp Highway 120 Tioga Pass Road; Lee Vining, CA 93541 (619) 647-6439 http://www.boyscoutsla.com/LogCabin.htm

Have a High-Adventure program for 13 and older. Cope course, Trail guide, all crew equipment; 10 trips to choose from. Gateway to Yosemite National Park. Backpacking trips into Yosemite National Park, Hoover Wilderness, Inyo National Forest, and Mono Basin Scenic National Forest Area, and custom treks can be organized. This is the home of the "Quest Beyond the Eagle" program and the site of the High Country Gateway Program.

Fee: Summer camp $175/person availability: summer only

Los Padres Council 4000 Modoc Road Santa Barbara, CA 93110 (805) 967-0105

Rancho Alegre 2680 Highway 154 Santa Barbara, CA 93105

Located 20 miles northwest of Santa Barbara along Highway 154 within the Los Padres National Forest. A full-service Scout camp.

Fee: $5/personlnight Availability: year round Summer Camp: $165/person

161 French Lopez Lake

This is a good weekend camp for small groups. From Arroyo Grande, California drive 10 miles east on Lopez Lake, then follow signs to camp.

Fee: $5/night Availability: year round, short term

Old Baldy Council 1047 West Sixth Street Ontario, CA 91762 (909) 983-4534 fax: (909) 984-0064 http://www.cyberg8t.com/oldbaldy /

Holcomb Valley Scout Reservation P.O. Box 157; Fawnskin, CA 92333 (909) 866-9280 http://www.cyberg8t.com/oldbaldy/campact.html

Located in the San Bernardino Mountains near Big Bear Valley. At 7,000' it is one of the premiere Boy Scout Camps in the western United States.

Fee: $6.00/person/night (off season) Availability: year round Summer Camp: $190/person/week Webelo - $ 120/person/week

San Gabriel Valley Council 3450 E. Sierra Madre Blvd. Pasadena, CA 91107-1934 (626) 351-8815 ext. 237 Fax: (626) 351-5049 http://www.latimes.com/bsasgv/

Camp Cherry Valley Catalina Island P.O. Box 5067 Avalon, CA 90704 (310) 510-2895

Cherry Valley is located on Catalina Island on the leeward side. Offers world-class snorkeling, SCUBA diving, hiking, fishing, canoeing, rowing, sailing, and swimming. Transportation fees are also required.

Fee: $35.00/person/night A vailability: Year round Summer Camp: $255/person+transportation

Cumorah Crest Near Mt. Waterman ski area

Located at 6000' on the Angeles Crest Highway, just 30 miles from Pasadena. Swimming pool, baseball, tennis, basketball, and archery.

Fee: $11.00/day; $3.00/meal

162 Trask Scout Reservation P.O. Box 1264, Monrovia CA 61016 (818) 359-4949

Located in Monrovia Canyon, close to Pasadena, it is literally only minutes from millions of people, but when you are in camp, it seems like you are millions of miles away!

Fee: $2.50/reg. person/night $3.50/non. reg. person/night Availability: year round

Ventura County Council 509 East Daily Drive Camarillo, CA 93010 (805) 482-8938 Fax: (805) 484-9172 http://www.vccbsa.org/

Three Falls Frazier Park www.vccbsa.org/fff.htmi

Camp Three Falls is located in the Frazier Park recreation area in the Los Padres National Forest at the base of Mount Pinos in the northern portion of Ventura County. It has an authentic full-scale log fort, swimming pool, Lake Wood, shotgun, black powder, archery ranges, canoeing, climbing wall, etc. It is available for summer camping programs. Approximately 50 miles north of Castaic Junction (Magic Mountain).

Fee: $3.00/person/night Availability: year round Summer Camp: $175/week

Verdugo Hills Council 1325 Grandview Avenue Glendale, CA 91201 (818) 243-6282

Silver Fir 60688 Upperline Ln. Lakeshore, CA 93634

Base camp used by troops hiking the Western Sierras - Gateway to Silver Fir and Dinkey Lakes trails. Highway 99 to Fresno to Highway 168 to Huntington Lake. Two miles past Lakeside.Call council for information

Availability: Summer

Verdugo Oaks 38001 Golden State Highway Castaic, CA 91384 (805) 257-2265

An ideal weekend camp that can be used by individual units or large groups. Interstate 5 north ofCastaic. Templin Hwy off-ramp, left bottom of ramp to Old Hwy. Go 3 miles to ranger station, turn off left. Follow U.S. Forest Service signs three miles. Camp is behind Forest Service Station.

Fee: $3.00/person/day Availability: year round, except holidays

163

Western Los Angeles County Council 16525 Sherman Way, C-8 Van Nuys, CA 91406 (818) 785-8700, ext. 130 (reservations) fax: (818) 901-4888 http://www.bsa-Ia.comlindex.html

Emerald Bay P.O. Box 5066 Avalon, CA 90704-5066 http://www.bsa-Ia.comlcamping/emeraldbay .html

Emerald Bay is located on Catalina Island. Snorkel, canoe, row, sail, and hike.

Fee: Call Council for off season camping and summer camp fees. Availability: year round

Josepho 3000 Rustic Canyon Road Pacific Palisades, CA 90272 (310) 459-9093 http://www.bsa-Ia.com/camping/josepho.html

Located in Pacific Palisades. Frisbee golf, archery range and equipment, rifle and for rifles and BB guns and pool.

Fee: $3/person/night availability: year round

Jubilee P.O. Box 720231 Pinon Hills, CA 92372 (619) 868-3877

620 acre camp set on a plateau in the Pinon Hills below several popular ski resorts. High Desert camping with the possibility of snow for winter camping. There are archery and rifle ranges (qualified supervision is required). Pool available for use from June through September. Capacity of 500 people.

Fee: Call Council - $25.00 non-refundable deposit Elevation: 5100' A vailability: year round Sites: 10

Pardee Scout Sea Base 13640 Mindanao Way. Marina Del Rey, CA 90292 (310) 822-7090 http://www.bsa-Ia.com/camping/seabase.html

Located on the ocean in Marina Del Rey. Harbor tours, rental canoes, rowboats, paddle boats, sabots, and various sizes of sailboats (up to 30'). Day camp.

Call Council for information

164 Whitsett Route 1, Box 105 Kernville, CA 93238 http://www.bsa-Ia.com/camping/whitsett.html

Located in the High Sierra Kern River country. This camp offers a wide range of programs as well as facilities, including, a dining hall and cabins. They have a Sierra High Adventure Program available for the Sequoia National Forest. Call Council for directions to camp. 35 miles north of Lake Isabella.

Fee: $3.00/Scout Availability: year round Summer Camp: $195.00

Wolverton P.O. Box B, Sequoia National Park CA 93262 (209) 565-9989

Wolverton is located inside Sequoia National Park, near the Lodgepole campground It is a primitive camp in a beautiful red fir forest. Troops use the camp in a variety of ways. Most use it as a base camp prior to leaving on a long term hike, spending a night or two in camp. Other troops spend an entire week there.

Fee: Call Council - $25.00 non-refundable deposit Availability: Mid-June until Late-August Summer Camp: Yes Sites: 3 (total camp capacity of70 people) Reservations: 1-818-785-8700 ext. 130.

165 Other Scout Councils in California

Alameda Council 1714 Everett St. Alameda, CA 94501-0222 (510) 522-2772 Fax: (510) 522-1148 http://www.bsa-alameda.org/

Golden Empire Council 251 Commerce Circle Sacramento, CA 95815-4292 (916) 929-1417 or (800) 427-1417 Fax: (916) 929-4461 http://www.gec-bsa.org/

Glacial Trails Scout Ranch Lassen Pahatsi Pollock Winton

Greater Yosemite 3848 McHenry Avenue, Suite 130; Modesto, CA 95355 (209) 523-5694 or (209) 944-0049 Fax:(209) 523-2836 http://www.inreach.com/scouter/gyc/

John Mensinger; McConnell

Marin Council 225 W. End Ave. San Rafael, CA 94901-2645 (415) 454-1081 http://www.boyscouts-marin.org/

Marin-Sierra Tamarancho

Monterey Bay Area Council 55 E. San Joaquin St. Salinas, CA 93901-2903 (408) 422-5338 or (800) 422-5338 Fax: (408) 422-1816 http://www.inlex.dra.comlwwwrootlholder/mbaclmbac_welcome.shtml

Pico Blanco

Mount Diablo Silverado Council 800 Ellinwood Ln. Pleasant Hill, CA 94523-0204 (510) 674-6100 Fax: (510) 674-6190 http://www.emf.net/-troop24/council/mdsc.html 166

Berryessa Herms Lindblad Nejedly Silverado Wolfeboro

Pacific Skyline Council 1300 S. Amphlett Blvd. San Mateo, CA 94402-5005

1305 Middlefield Rd. Palo Alto, CA 94303 (650) 341-5633 (San Mateo) or (650) 327-5900 (Palo Alto) Fax: (650) 327-1905 http://www.pacificskylinecouncil.org/scouting/council/pacificSkyline.html

Boulder Creek Scout Reservation Cutter Scout Reservation Oljato

Redwood Empire Council 2240 Professional Dr. Santa Rosa, CA 95403-3005 (707) 546-8137 Fax: (707) 546-8163 http://www.signature.net/recbsal

Elk River Scout Camp Masonite Navarro Noyo

San Francisco Bay Area Council 8480 Enterprise Way Oakland, CA 94621-1393 (510) 638-3600 or (415) 543-8780 http://www.sfbac.org/

Rancho Los Mochos Royaneh Wente Scout Reservation

Santa Clara Council 970 W. Julian St., P.O. Box 28547 San Jose, CA 95159-8547 (408) 280-5088 http://www.sccc.scouting.org/

Chesebrough Hi-Sierra

167 Sequoia Council 4539 North Brawley, Suite 102 Fresno, CA 93722 (209) 275-0811

Chawanakee Mirimichi Wortman

Southern Sierra Council 2417 M St. Bakersfield, CA 93304 (805) 325-9036

Council Property Jewett Scout Reservation Kern/High Sierra Adventure Base**

Berryessa 7900 Knoxville Rd. Napa, CA 94558 http://ww.emf.netl-troop24/council/c-berryessa.html

Located in Napa County at Putah Creek inlet to Lake Berryessa. The major feature of the camp is its waterfront and aquatic activities.

Summer Camp: Yes Council: Mount Diablo Silverado

Boulder Creek Scout Reservation 14586 Bear Creek Rd. Boulder Creek, CA 95006 (408) 338-3636 Res. call: (650) 341-5633 http://www.pacificskylinecouncil.orglscoutinglcouncillbcsr.html

It is 300+ acres of redwoods, hiking, trails, meadows and stream. It is 1.1 miles from Highway 9.

Summer Camp: No Council: Pacific Skyline

Cedarbrook Long Barn, CA

Summer Camp: No Council: Alameda

168 Chawanakee

Highway 168 from Fresno to Dinkey Creek Rd. at Shaver, 1.8 miles east on Dinkey Creek Rd. to camp entrance. (Approx. 45 miles from Fresno)

Availability: summer Summer Camp: $175/person Council: Sequoia

Chesebrough 29211 Highway 108 Long Barn, CA 95335

Summer Camp: Yes Council: Santa Clara County

Council Property Piute Mountain

Summer Camp: No Council: Southern Sierra

Cutter Scout Reservation 2500 China Grade Rd. Boulder Creek, CA 95006 (408) 338-2990 or (650) 341-5633 http://www.pacificskylinecouncil.org/scouting/council/csr.html

Located in the Santa Cruz Mountains, San Mateo County. It is approximately 300+ acres in size with a lake, shooting, archery range, pool, COPE course, etc.

Summer Camp: Yes Council: Pacific Skyline

Elk River Scout Camp 1007 Wood St. Eureka, CA 95501 (707) 443-8345 Fax: (707) 443-9525 http://www.signature.netlrecbsalelk.htm

Summer Camp: No Council: Redwood Empire

169 Glacial Trails Scout Ranch P.O. Box 790 Soda Springs, CA 95728 http://207.159.57.10/gec-bsa.org/camps/GlacialTrails/main.html

Wilderness camp with aquatic activities on Lake Sterling, shooting, archery, and Mountain Man. Eight miles north of Cisco Grove, CA, off of 1-80

Summer Camp: Yes Council: Golden Empire

Herms 1290 Boy Scout Rd. EI Cerrito, CA 94530 http://www.emf.netl-troop24/councillc-herms.html

Summer Camp: No Council: Mount Diablo Silverado

Hi-Sierra 29211 Highway 108 Long Barn, CA 95335

Will be having an International Jamborette in July of2000, "High Sierra International Rendezvous 2000." email: [email protected]

Summer Camp: Yes Council: Santa Clara County Jewett Scout Reservation Greenhorn Mountain

Summer Camp: No Council : Southern Sierra

John Mensinger http://www.inreach.com/scouter/gyc/

Located in the Stanislaus National Forest. Offers one of the most creative camping programs. Summer Camp: Yes

Council: Greater Yosemite

170 Kern/High Sierra Adventure Base** P.O. Box 160 Lakeshore, CA 93634 http://frontpage.lightspeed.net/campkern/

Camp Mirimichi High-Adventure Base, Backpacking expeditions into Kaiser, John Muir, Dinkey Lakes, and Ansel Adams Wilderness areas; aquatics camp - Hobie Cat sailing, water-skiing, BSA Lifeguard program. Across from Huntington Lake, 50 miles east of Fresno of Highway 168.

Summer Camp: Yes Council: Southern Sierra

Lassen P.O. Box 797 Chico, CA 95927 http://www.sonic.net/-chappell/lassen/lassen.html

Lassen High Adventure Backpacking Trek, plus COPE course, horseback riding, and mountain bikes. 45 min. east of Chico, offHwy. 32 near Butte Meadows

Summer Camp: Yes Council: Golden Empire

Lindblad 17660 Kings Creek Rd.; Boulder Creek, CA 95006 http://www.emf.net/-troop24/council/c- Iindblad.html

Wilderness camping on 400 acres in the beautiful Santa Cruz Mountains and redwoods. You can work on pioneering, nature, other outdoor badges, and biking. It can be used as the hub of excursions to local historical and recreational sites.

Summer Camp: Yes (Cub and Webelo) Council: Mount Diablo Silverado

Marin-Sierra P.O. Box 86 Emigrant Gap, CA 95715 http://www.boyscouts-marin.org/camps/marinsir.htm

Located in the Donner Summit area in the High Sierras. It is 320 acres. There is a lake with swimming and boating areas. Rock climbing and rappelling, sailing, water-skiing, motor boating, snorkeling, and board sailing, backpack trips, and COPE course.

Summer Camp: Yes Council: Marin

171 Masonite Navarro Navarro, CA http://www.signature.net/recbsalnavarro.htm

Eight miles from the Pacific Ocean in the Redwoods in Mendocino Cunty. Trails, rifle range, archery range and waterfront. Located on the beautiful Navarro River. 70 miles northwest of Santa Rosa.

Summer Camp: Yes Council: Redwood Empire

McConnell Near Livingston http://www.inreach.com/scouter/gyc/

Summer Camp: No Council: Greater Yosemite

Mirimichi Huntington Lake, CA

On Huntington Lake, 75 miles northeast of Fresno, CA.

Call council for information. Council: Sequoia

Nejedly http://www.emf.netl-troop24/councillc-nejedly.html

Its 80 acres include a lake well stocked with trough. Located on Hawlely Lake, it provides numerous water activities including fishing, rowing, canoeing, and windsurfing. Gold mining is available nearby, along with various hiking opportunities within the Sierra National Forest.

Summer camp: No Availability: July, August, and September, depends on weather. Council: Mount Diablo Silverado

Noyo http://www.signature.netlrecbsa/noyo.htm

Just outside of Fort Bragg by dirt road or Skunk Train

Summer camp: No Council: Redwood Empire

172 Oljato P.O. Box 217 Lakeshore CA 93634 http://www.pacificskylinecouncil.org/scouting/council/oljato.html

Located on Huntington Lake in Lakeshore, CA, Fresno County. Only accessible by pontoon boat. Full Scouting programs.

Summer Camp: Yes Council: Pacific Skyline

Pahatsi P.O. Box 759 Soda Springs, CA 95728 http://www.osb.net!gec-bsa.org./camps/pahatsi/

All full service camp including mountain biking to skeet shooting. OffI-80 at Soda Springs, near Donner Summit.

Summer Camp: Yes Council: Golden Empire

Pico Blanco Carmel, CA 93923 http://www.inlex.dra.comlwwwrootlholder/mbac/PicoBlancolPicoBlanco.html

They have canoes, rowboats, archery, rifle range, shooting, COPE course and are near the Little Sur River.

Summer Camp: Yes Council: Monterey Bay Area

Rancho Los Mochos P.O. Box 18450, Mines Rd. Livermore, CA 94550 http://www.sfbac.org/

Summer Camp: No Council: San Francisco Bay Area

173 Pollock 467 Del Paso Blvd. Sacramento, CA 95815 http://207.159.56.120/camps/pollock/index.htm

Urban setting, located in the heart of Sacramento along the American River. Rafting and canoeing on the American River, biking on the Jedediah Smith Memorial Bicycle Trail or city-hiking in California's historic State Capitol, 12 blocks away.

Summer Camp: No Council: Golden Empire

Royaneh P.O. Box 39 Cazadero, CA 95421 http://www.sfbac.org/camps/royaneh/royaneh.html

Located in a beautiful coastal redwood forest 97 miles north of San Francisco Bay, near the Russian River. COPE, Mountain Man, Outposts, and Horses.

Summer Camp: Yes Council: San Francisco Bay Area

Silverado Kit Carson, CA http://www.emf.net/-troop24/council/c-silverado.html

You can backpack, sail, fish, climb, rock climb, swim, boat, and canoe, rifle and shotgun.

Summer Camp: Yes Council: Mount Diablo Silverado

Tamarancho 1000 Iron Springs Rd. Fairfax, CA 94930 (415) 459-9530 http://www.boyscouts-marin.org/camps/tamranch.htm

Located in the heart of Marin County. Has over 760 acres of meadows, redwoods. Program areas include a rifle range, archery range, lake with swimming and boating area, game field, picnic area and bike trails.

Summer Camp: Yes - Cub Scouts; No - Boy Scouts Council: Marin

174 Wente Scout Reservation P.O. Box 453 Willits, CA 95490 http://www .sfbac.org/camps/wente/wente.html

You can backpack, sail, fish, climb a 40' pole, ride horses, go rock climbing, and musket, rifle, and shotgun firing.

Summer Camp: Yes Council: San Francisco Bay Area

Winton c/o Bear River Lake Resort Pioneer, CA 95666 http://www.gec-bsa.org/camps.htm#Winton

Bear River Reservoir, offHwy 88 above Jackson. Scouts hike in. Aquatic activities are a specialty, with water skiing, sailing, and motorboating, rock climbing, nature, and a COPE course.

Summer Camp: Yes Council: Golden Empire

Wolfeboro Sand Flat Calaveras County, CA http://www.emf.net/-troop24/council/c-wolfeboro.html

80 acre glacier sand flat, with tall lodgepole pines, towering talus slopes, high granite walls, founded in 1927. Full scouting program plus more. Located on the north fork of the Stanislaus River on Highway 4.

Summer Camp: Yes Council: Mount Diablo Silverado

Wortman Hartland, CA (209) 732-3424

Near Sequoia National Park, 45 miles northeast of Visalia on County Rd. J-21. Available for district/council activities and weekend unit/family camping

Fee: 4 hours of service for camping Elevation: 4000' Availability: year round Summer Camp: No

Council: Sequoia

175

Worth the trip

For those Scout Troops interested in out of the state camps here's a list of camps that will prove to be "Worth the Trip."

Tama Hills Tokyo, Japan

Council: Far East APO AP 96343 011-81-3117-63-7497 Fax: 011-81-3117-63-7478 or 011-81-7888-1-9568

Adirondack Scout Reservation Adventure Area** New York State P.O. Box 350 Dayton, N.J. 08810 (201) 821-6500 http://boyscouting.miningco.com/msub05.htm

Located in northern New York State in the Adirondack Mountains; 10,000-square-mile landmass includes 30,000 miles of brooks and streams, 1,500 miles or rivers for canoeing, 2,000 miles of foot trails, and three thousand lakes and pounds. Activities include: Canoeing, backpacking, orienteering, sailing, rappelling, whitewater rafting, fishing, snorkeling, boardsailing, and small-boat sailing.

Council: Hiawatha Council 113 Twin Oaks Dr. Syracuse, NY 13204 (315) 463-0201 http://www.dreamscape.com/hiawatha/asr/

or

Otetiana Council 474 East Avenue Rochester, NY 14607 (716) 244-4210

176

Buffalo Bill Wapiti, WY 82450

Near Yellowstone. 50 mile hikes, cave exploration, whitewater rafting, rock climbing, rappelling, wilderness survival, high adventure staff training program, and that's just the high adventure program! Located in the Shoshone National Forest on the North Fork of the Shoshone River.

Summer Camp: Yes Council: Central Wyoming 3939 Mountain Rd. P.O. Box 1506 Casper, WY 82602-1506 (307) 234-7329 Fax: (307) 237-5006 http://w3.trib.com/-dontlscouting/cwc.html

Curtis Cruise** San Juan Islands, W A

High-Adventure week long cruise on 80 foot 1930's Coast Guard chase boat through the San Juan Islands. Leaves Anacortes, Washington; special cruise opportunities available all year.

Council: Pacific Harbors 1722 South Union Ave. Tacoma, W A 98405 (253) 952-6282 or (253) 752-7731

Florida National High-Adventure Sea Base* P.O. Box 1906 Islamorada, FL 33036 (305) 664-4173 Fax: (305) 664-2039 http://www.bsaseabase.orgl

In the heart of the Florida Keys, on an island 75 miles south of Miami. Complete variety of water activities from SCUBA to sailing "Tall Ships". You can swim, snorkel, and fish among the most beautiful coral reefs in the northern hemisphere and North America's only living coral reef. Search for the wreckage of old ships. Explore the clear waters of the Florida Keys and Bahamas.

Gorsuch North of Anchorage, Alaska

Summer Camp: Yes Council: Western Alaska 3117 Patterson St. Anchorage, AK 99504-4041 (907) 337-9547 Fax: (907) 338-6273

177 Lost Lake 1400 Gillam Way; Fairbanks, AK 99701

450 acres situated between, the Tanana River and Lost Lake, 57 miles south of Fairbanks. Water- skiing, canoeing, sailing, fishing, etc.

Summer Camp: Yes Council: Midnight Sun 1400 Gilliam Way Fairbanks, AK 99701-6044 (907) 452-1976 Fax: (907) 452-1977 http://www2.polamet.com/-boyscout/index.html

Maine High Adventure Area BSA; HCR 74, Box 69; Whiting, ME 04691 (207) 259-4408 http://maineguide.com/sportsmen/mha/mhahome.html e-mail: [email protected]

More than 10,000 miles in the north Maine woods in Baxter State Park on Grand Lake Matagamon. Backpacking, canoeing, whitewater canoeing, samoa boating and fishing. Flexible Trek planning, with unique, custom designed treks.

Northern Tier National High-Adventure Program* P.O. Box 509 Ely, MN 55731 (218) 365-4811 http://boyscouting.miningco.com/msub05.htm

Wilderness canoeing expeditions, hiking, fishing and winter camping, OKPIK, in and around the beautiful lakes of northern Minnesota and Southern Canada. Headquartered in the beautiful Lake Superior-Quetico Provincial Park boundary waters of Minnesota and Ontario, and in northern Wisconsin.

Philmont Scout Ranch* Cimaron, NM 87714 (505) 376-2281 http://www.Towson.edul-romans/philmont/

With over 330 miles of challenging trails, Philmont offers 137,493 acres, more than any other scout camp of its kind. Philmont has high mountains which dominate rough terrain with an elevation ranging from 6500' to 12,441'. Reservations are normally made 1-2 years in advance. Philmont offers four programs or treks, some are very selective and require scouts to be 15 years old or older, but not yet 21. Offer program opportunities including rock climbing, blackpowder rifle shooting, horseback riding, archaeology, etc.

Reservations are normally made by phone. Call for information and to be put on the Philmont mailing list.

178 Pupukea Halweiwa, Hawaii http://www.hei.com/-kdoyle/acbsalcamppupukea.html

On Oahu's Northshore. Most visiting Troops visiting Hawaii stay here. They use the camp as a home base and spend the extra days at the beach and touring Oaju. The camp offers out-of-council troops the opportunity to participate in an expanded Boy Scout resident camp program featuring Hawaiiana, local island tours, traditional Boy Scout activities, extended length of stay, and flexible check-inlcheck- out schedule.

Summer camp: Yes Council: Aloha 42 Puiwa Rd. Honolulu, HI 96817 (808) 595-6366 www.hei.com/-kdoyle/acbsalalohacncl.html

Alan Faye Kauai, Hawaii (808) 823-8809 http://www.hei.com/-kdoy le/acbsalcampalanfaye.html

Located in the high mountains of Kokee State Park on Kauai, 13 miles from the town of Waimea. Primitive camping, provide own food, tents, and equipment.

Summer camp: Yes, limited Council: Aloha

Honokaia Hilo, Hawaii (808) 959-0079 http: www.hei.com/-kdoyle/acbsalcamphonokaia.html

Located on the Island of Hawaii between Honokoa and Waimea. Primitive camping, provide own food, tents, and equipment

Summer camp: Yes, limited Council: Aloha

Tahosa High Adventure Base** 173 County Rd. #96 Ward, CO 80481 http://www.dac.cnchost.com/TahosaPrograms.htm

High-Adventure winter camping includes; OKPIK training, winter skills, camping, skiing and snowshoeing. There is a challenge course for summer fun; Eagle Quest mounteering course for older scouts working toward the Eagle Rank. Tahosa Trek is a course which develops basic skills in backpacking and low-impact camping. Approximately 60 miles northwest of Denver.

Summer Camp: Yes Council: Denver Area

179 2901 West Nineteenth Ave. Denver, CO 90204 (303) 455-5522 Fax: (303) 455-4689 http://www.dac.cnchost.com

*National High-Adventure Bases **Council High-Adventure Programs

For more information on additional Council High-Adventure Programs get the Guidebook to Council Hi h-Adventure Pro rams publ ished by BSA No. 20-150. There are about 40 Council High-Adventure Bases in the United States that are listed in the pamphlet with descriptions and contact.

If you want more information on Southern California BSA Camps you can also check the Scouting Camp Guide for Southern California, produced by the Scout Camping Consortium, 1999 Revised Edition. It gives more details on each camp and their facilities.

180

Department of Agriculture-United States Forest Service

Pacific Southwest Region 630 Sansome Street San Francisco, CA 94111 (415) 705-2874 http://www.r5.pswfs.gov1

The four National Forests in Southern California cover more than three million acres; many campgrounds are free, all are available for a reasonable price. Before you go, however, write or call the National Forest you're interested in for more comprehensive information. Where noted, campgrounds can be reserved by calling 1-800-283-CAMP.

Need a National Forest Adventure Pass at Angeles, Cleveland, Los .Padres, and San Bernardino Forests: Daily - $5.00; Annual- $30.00. Some of the campgrounds don't need the Adventure Pass to park, i.e. Lake in the Big Pines Ranger District, call.

181 Angeles National Forest

701 North Santa Anita Avenue Arcadia, CA 91006 (626) 574-1613 http://r05s001.pswfs.gov/angelesl

The Angeles National Forest covers about one-quarter of Los Angeles County with its over 650,000 acres. Easily within reach of your troop, its campgrounds, wilderness areas, and hiking trails offer close-by wilderness recreation to Orange and Los Angeles counties.

182 Arroyo Seco Ranger District Tujunga Ranger District Hike in campgrounds (818) 899-1900 (818) 790-1151 Lightning Point Devore Fee: $40/nightlsite Fee: no charge Availability: May-November Elevation: 3000' Sites: 26; 6-40 people/site Availability: year round Reservations: required (call ranger district) Sites: 5 Big Pines Ranger District Hoegees (805) 944-2187 Fee: no charge Elevation: 2500' Blue Ridge Availability: year round Fee: no charge Sites: 15 Elevation: 8000' Availability: May-November Spruce Grove Sites: 8 Fee: no charge Elevation: 3100' Cabin Flat Availability: year round Fee: no charge Sites: 24 Elevation: 5300' Availability: May-November West Fork Sites: 12 Fee: no charge Elevation: 3100' Lake Availability: year round Fee: $10 Sites: 7 Elevation: 6100' Availability: May-November Saugus Ranger District Sites: 8 (805) 296-9710

Los Cantiles Group Camp Fee: $75 for 100 or less people$150 for 100 or more people Availability: year round Reservations: required (call ranger district)

183 Cleveland National Forest

10845 Rancho Bernardo Rd. Rancho Bernardo, CA 92127-2107 (619) 673-6180 http://www.r5.pswfs.gov/clevelandl

The three segments of the Cleveland National Forest reach from within 5 miles of the Mexican border to the Los Angeles basin. Its 367,000 acres give you a large choice of trails, envirorunents, and campsites to cover.

184 Descanso Ranger District (619) 445-6235 Observatory Fee: $12 Boulder Oaks Elevation: 4800' Fee: $10 Availability: call ahead, closed in the winter Elevation: 3500' Sites: 42 Availability: year round Sites: 30 Trabuco Ranger District (909) 736-1811 or (909) 678-4170 Burnt Rancheria Fee: $12 Blue Jay Elevation: 6000' Fee: $15 Availability: 5/10-10/l0 Elevation: 3300' Sites: 108 Availability: call ahead Sites: 51 Cibbets Flat Fee: $10 EI Cariso Elevation: 4000' Fee: $15 Availability: year round Availability: call ahead Sites: 23 Sites: 24

Laguna Tenaja Fee: $12 Fee: $15 Elevation: 500' Elevation: 2000' Availability: year round Availability: year round Sites: 75 Sites: 5

Palomar Ranger District Upper San Juan (760) 788-0250 Fee: $15 Elevation: 1800' Dripping Springs Availability: 5/21-1011 Fee: $12 Sites: 18 Elevation: 1600' Availability: 4/1 - 11/1 Sites: 34

Fry Creek Fee: $12 Elevation: 4900' Availability: June-November Sites: 20

Indian Flat Fee: $10 Elevation: 3600' Availability: year round Sites: 17

Oak Grove Fee: $15 Elevation: 2800' Availability: year round Sites: 93

185

Los Padres National Forest

6144 Calle Real Goleta, CA 93117 (805) 683-6711 http://www.r5.pswfs.gov/lospadres/

Almost two million acres, the two sections of the Los Padres National Forest take up a large amount of the area near the California central coast. Its large number of campsites, backcountry trails, and scenic attractions offer something for everyone. Most small campgrounds are free, while larger sites have a nightly fee. This is the third largest National Forest in California.

Total number of campgrounds: 80 Total number of individual sites: 1115 Highest elevation: 8400' Lowest elevation: 100' Number of reservable campgrounds: 5

Monterey Ranger District http://www.r5.pswfs.gov/lospadres/html/mrd.htm

This district has some of the most rugged and scenic country found in California.

Elevation: Sea level to 6000' 11 campgrounds 4 group campgrounds

Santa Lucia Ranger District http://www.r5.pswfs.gov/lospadres/html/slrd.htm

Santa Barbara Ranger District http://www.r5.pswfs.gov/lospadres/html/sbrd.htm

Qjai Ranger District http://www.r5.pswfs.gov/lospadres/html/ord.htm

Host to a diversity of wildlife species and excellent fishing.

Mt. Pinos Ranger District 34580 Lockwood Valley Rd. Frazier Park, CA 93225 (805) 245-3731 http://www.r5.pswfs.gov/lospadres/html/mprd.htm

Excellent descriptions of campgrounds and trails on the web site.

27 campgrounds 2 group campgrounds

186 San Bernardino National Forest

1824 S. Commercenter Circle San Bernardino, CA 94208-3430 (909) 383-5588 http://r05s00l.pswfs.gov/sanbernardino/

The San Bernardino National Forest is located in the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountain ranges, and includes Mt. San Gorgonio (which at 11,502 feet is the highest point in Southern California.) This forest offers activities year-round, ranging from hiking and fishing to downhill skiing.

187 Arrowhead Ranger District (714) 337-2444 Cajon Ranger District (909) 887-2576 Crab Flats Fee: $8 Applewhite Elevation: 6200' Fee: $10/vehicle; $15/2 vehicle Availability: seasonal Elevation: 3300' Sites: 29 Availability: year round Sites: 44 Dogwood Fee: $15 regular sites; $20 big sites San Gorgonio Ranger District Elevation: 5600' (909) 794-1123 Availability: seasonal Sites: 93 Barton Flats Reservations: 1-800-283-CAMP Fee: $15 Elevation: 6300' Green Valley Availability: seasonal Fee: $10 Sites: 47 Elevation: 7000' Reservations: 1-800-283-CAMP Availability: seasonal Sites: 36 Heart Bar Fee: $9 Fishing, swimming, and supplies are available at Elevation: 6900' nearby Green Valley Lake. Availability: seasonal Sites: 94 Hanna Flat Reservations: 1-800-283-CAMP Fee: $15 Elevation: 7000’ San Gorgonio Availability: seasonal Fee: $15 Sites: 88 Elevation: 6500' Availability: seasonal Holcomb Valley Sites: 60 Fee: $10 Reservations: 1-800-283-CAMP Elevation: 7400' Availability: year round South Fork Sites: 19 Fee: $9 Elevation: 6400' Horse Springs Availability: seasonal Fee: no charge Sites: 24 Elevation: 5800' Availability: year round San Jacinto Ranger District Sites: 17 (909) 659-2117

All campgrounds closed during winter, except Northshore Pinyon Flat. Fee: $12 Elevation: 5700' Black Mountain Availability: call ahead Fee: $60/night Sites: 27 Elevation: 6500' Availability: seasonal Pineknot Sites: 2 group Fee: $15 Elevation: 7000' Availability: year round Sites: 48

188 Boulder Basin Fee: $10 Elevation: 7300' Availability: seasonal Sites: 34

Dark Canyon Fee: $10 Elevation: 5800' Availability: seasonal Sites: 22

Fern Basin Fee: $10 Elevation: 6300' Availability: seasonal Sites: 22

Marion Mountain Fee: $9 Elevation: 6400' Availability: seasonal Sites: 24

Pinyon Flat Fee: $7 Elevation: 4000' Availability: year round Sites: 18

Thomas Mountain Fee: no charge Elevation: 6800' Availability: seasonal Sites: 6

Tool Box Springs Fee: no charge Elevation: 6500' Availability: seasonal Sites: 6

189

National Park Service

Fort Mason Building 201 San Francisco, CA 94123 (415) 556-0560 http://www.nps.gov/

The National Park System encompasses approximately 80.7 million acres.

Channel Islands National Park 1901 Spinnaker Dr. Ventura, CA 93001 (805) 658-5730 permits (805) 658-5711 http://www.nps.gov/chis/

Comprised of five of the eight islands in southern California's Channel Islands chain, Anacapa, San Miguel, Santa Barbara, Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa. 145 of 2000 terrestrial plants and animals are unique to the islands and found nowhere else in the world. You may enjoy a variety of recreational opportunities, such as SCUBA diving, snorkeling, swimming, bird watching, kayaking, whale watching, and sailing. On the islands, one may camp, hike, picnic, and explore tidepools, isolated beaches, and rugged canyons. Park naturalists conduct interpretive hikes on the islands throughout the year.

Island Packers is the park's concessionaire for boat travel departing from Ventura on Channel Islands Harbors to all of the islands. A variety of trips, from half-day to multiday, are offered. For prices, schedules, and reservations, call or write: (805) 642-1393; Island Packers, 1867 Spinnaker Drive; Ventura, CA 93001.

Truth Aquatics is the park's concessionaire for boat travel departing from Santa Barbara Harbor to all of the islands. A variety of trips, from one to multiple days, are offered. For prices, schedules, and reservations, call or write:

(805) 962-1127 Truth Aquatics 301 West Cabrillo Blvd. Santa Barbara, CA 93101-3886. www.truthaquatics.com/

Fee: Reservation fee of$2.50/campsite/night Reservations: 1-800-365-2267 (CAMP)

Death Valley National Park P.O. Box 579 Death Valley, CA 92328 (760) 786-2331 Voice Reservations: 1-800-365-2267 (CAMP) http://www.nps.gov/deva

Death Valley National Park has more than 3.3 million acres of spectacular desert scenery, interesting and rare desert wildlife, complex geology, undisturbed wilderness, and sites of historical and cultural interest. Badwater is the lowest point (-282 feet) in the western hemisphere. One of the few places in the world where one can look two vertical miles. Less than 100 miles away is Mt. Whitney.

190 Entrance Fee: $10.00/vehicle (valid for 7 days)

Furnace Creek Fee: $16 Availability: year round Sites: 136 Reservations: 1-800-365-2267

Mesquite Springs Fee: $10 Availability: year round Sites: 30

Stovepipe Wells Fee: $10 Availability: October through April Sites: 200

Texas Springs Fee: $10 Availability: October through April Sites: 92 + 2 group sites (res.)

Joshua Tree National Park 74485 National Monument Drive Twentynine Palms, CA 92277 (760) 367-5500 Fax: (760) 367-6392 Reservations: 1-800-365-2267 (CAMP) http://www.nps.gov/jotr/

Joshua Tree has a beautiful desert environment that offers Scouts a chance for desert hiking and clambering over the many local rocks (most likely a major attraction to the Scouts in your troop.) Most of the campsites are available free of charge, but almost all lack water, so plan ahead. Remember to stay clear of desert washes when camping overnight.

Entrance Fee: $10.00/vehicle (valid for 7 days)

191 Belle Ryan Fee: no charge Fee: no charge Elevation: 3800' Elevation: 4300' Availability: year round Availability: year round Sites: 18 Sites: 31

Black Rock Sheep Pass Group Camp Fee: $10 horse camp Fee: $35/sites 1 & 2; $20/sites 3-6 Elevation: 4000' Elevation: 4500' Availability: year round Availability: year round Reservations: 1-800-365-2267 Sites: 6

Cottonwood White Tank Fee: $8 Fee: no charge Elevation: 3000' Elevation: 3800' Availability: year round Availability: possible summer closure Sites: 62 Sites: 15

Cottonwood Group Camp Fee: $25 Elevation: 3000' Availability: year round Sites: 3 Reservations: 1-800-365-2267

Hidden Valley Fee: no charge Elevation: 4200' Availability: year round Sites: 39

Indian Cove Fee: $10 Elevation: 3200' Availability: year round Sites: 101

Indian Cove Group Camp Fee: $35/night/large sites (1&2); $20/night/regular sites (3-13) Elevation: 3200' Availability: year round Sites: 13 Reservations: 1-800-365-2267

Jumbo Rocks Fee: no charge Elevation: 4400' Availability: year round Sites: 125

192

Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Parks

Three Rivers, CA 93271-9700 (209) 565-3341 Reservations: 1-800-365-2267 (CAMP) http://www.nps.gov/seki/

Sequoia is the second-oldest national park in the United States. The world's largest living thing, the General Sherman Tree, is here. Sequoia also contains Mineral King Valley and Mt. Whitney, the highest mountain in the United States outside of Alaska. The South Fork of the Kings River runs through the canyon.

Entrance Fee: $10.00/vehicle (valid for 7 days)

193 Sequoia - Giant Forest/Lodgepole Area Kings Canyon - Grant Grove Area

Dorst Azalea Fee: $12 Fee: $14/$12 Elevation: 6500' Elevation: 6800' Availability: Availability: year round Sites: 218 (5 group sites - $38-$57/site) Sites: 144 Reservations: 1-800-365-2267 Crystal Springs Lodgepole Fee: $12 Fee: $14/$12 Elevation: 6500' Elevation: 6700' Availability: Mid-May to late September Availability: year round Sites: 66 Sites: 250 Reservations: 1-800-365-2267 Sunset Fee: $12 Sequoia - Foothills Area Elevation: 6500' Availability: Memorial Day to Mid-September Buckeye Flat Sites: 119 (2 groups sites - $27 /site) Fee: $12 Elevation: 2800' Kings Canyon - Cedar Grove Area Availability: Mid-April to Mid-September Sites: 28 Canyon View Group Camp Fee: $25/site + $l/person over 20 Potwisha Elevation: 4600' Fee: $12 Availability: May to October Elevation: 2100' Sites: 4 group Availability: year round Sites: 44 Moraine Fee: $12 South Fork Elevation: 4600' Fee: $6/no fee in winter Availability: May to October Elevation: 3600' Sites 120 Availability: year round Sites: 13 Sentinel Fee: $12 Seuoia - Mineral King Area Elevation: 4600' Availability: May to October Atwell Mill Sites: 83 Fee: $6/no fee October to Memorial Day Elevation: 6650' Sheep Creek Availability: Spring to Mid-November (weather Fee: $12 dependent) Elevation: 4600' Sites: 21 Availability: May to October Sites: 111 Cold Spring Fee: $6/no fee October to Memorial Day Elevation: 7500' Availability: spring to Mid-November (weather dependent) Sites: 40

194

Yosemite National Park P.O. Box 577; (209) 372-0200 Reservations: 1-800-436-7275 (PARK) http://www.nps.gov/yose/

Yosemite National Park embraces almost 1200 square miles of scenic wild lands. The park ranges from 2000' to more the 13,900' above sea level and has these major attractions; alpine wilderness, three groves of giant Sequoias and the glacially carved Yosemite Valley with impressive waterfalls, cliffs and unusual rock formations.

Entrance Fee: $20.00/vehicle Call about the campgrounds for availability and fees.

United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management 2135 Butano Dr. Sacramento, CA 95825 (916) 978-4400 http://www.ca.blm.gov/

California Desert District Office 6221 Box Springs Blvd. Riverside, CA 92507 (909) 697-5200 http://www.ca.blm.gov/desert/

Barstow Resource Area 2601 Barstow Rd. Barstow, CA 92311 (760) 252-6000 http://www.ca.blm.gov/barstow/

Afton Canyon Fee: $6 Elevation: 1400' Availability: year round Site: 22 Rainbow Basin/Owl Canyon Fee: $6 Elevation: 2600' Availability: year round Sites: 22

EI Centro Resource Area 1661 S. 4th St. EI Centro, CA 92243 (760) 337-4400 http://www.ca.blm.gov/elcentro/

Cottonwood Fee: $6 Elevation: 4000' Availability: year round Sites: 29 195

Lark Canyon Fee: $6 Elevation: 4000' Availability: year round Sites: 20

California Department of Parks and Recreation

P.O. Box 942896 Sacramento, CA 94296-0001 (916) 653-6995 http://cal-parks.ca.gov/

Reservations are available through the PARK-NET system by calling 1-800-444-7275 (However, beforehand you will need a reservation application, which carries all the information on how to reserve the site you want.) You will be charged an additional fee of$7.50 for reservations.

Anza-Borrego Desert State Park Colorado Desert District

200 Palm Canyon Dr. Borrego Springs, CA 92004 (760) 767-5311 http://cal-parks.ca.gov/DISTRICTS/colorado/abdsp622.htm

Anza-Borrego is the largest state park in the nation with over 600,000 acres. Home to the California Palm, the only palm native to the western U.S. And is one of the few California parks which permits open camping (the ability to camp wherever you want, within certain guidelines.) However, they also offer developed campgrounds and primitive sites without water. The park is located east of San Diego on Highway 79, five miles north ofI-8

Borrego Palm Canyon Fee: $15/peak season night; $16/Fri. & Sat. nights; $l0/offseason night Elevation: 775' Availability: year round Sites: 65 Reservations: PARK-NET

Borrego Palm Canyon Group Camp Fee: $36/night Elevation: 775' Availability: year round Sites: 5 Reservations: PARK-NET

Bow Willow (Primitive) Fee: $9/Fri., Sat. & peak season nights; $7/off season night Elevation: 950' Availability: year round Sites: 16

196 Mt. Palm Springs (Primitive - Backcountry Camping) Fee: $5/night Elevation: 760' Availability: year round Sites: 10

Tamarisk Grove Fee: $16/night Elevation: 1400' Availability: year round Sites: 27 Reservations: PARK-NET

Yaqui Well (Primitive - Backcountry Camping) Fee: $5/night Elevation: 1400' Availability: year round Sites: 10

Cuyamaca Rancho State Park 12551 Highway 79 Descanso CA 92016 (760) 765-0755 . http://cal-parks.ca.gov/DISTRlCTS/colorado/crsp618.htm

There are more than 100 miles of riding and hiking trails, including Cuyamoca Peak Trail which climbs to the 6512' summit with a view of the Pacific, Colorado Desert, Mexico, and the Salton Sea. Fishing is available at nearby Lake Cuyamaca. (This lake is not within the park; permits must be purchased in order to fish.) East of San Diego on Highway 79, five miles north ofI-8.

Paso Picacho Fee: $ 15/night; $ 16/Friday and/or Saturday nights Elevation: 4870' Availability: year round Sites: 85 Reservations: PARK-NET

Green Valley A creek that runs by the camp, with a large waterfall and several natural pools in warm weather. Fee: $15/night; $16/Friday and/or Saturday nights Elevation: 3940' Availability: year round Sites: 85 Reservations: PARK-NET

197 Doheny State Beach 25300 Harbor Drive Dana Point, CA 92629 (714) 496-6172 http://cal-parks.ca.gov/DISTR!CTS/orange/dsb610.htm

The beach is near Dana Point Harbor and is three miles from San Juan Capistrano Mission. Located on Del Obispo Street of Pacific Coast Highway at Dana Point.

Fee: $18; $22 for beachfront Elevation: sea level Availability: year round Sites: 122 Reservations: PARK-NET

Lake Perris State Recreation Area 17801 Lake Perris Drive Perris, CA 92370 (909) 940-5630 or 940-5608 http://cal-parks.ca.gov/DISTR!CTS/loslagos/lpsra.htm

Water recreation, hiking, biking, rock climbing. Located 11 miles south of Riverside via Highway 60 or 1-215.

Fee: $211night (electricity); $15/night (tent) Elevation: 1600' Availability: year round Sites: 431 Reservations: PARK-NET, or by calling the park directly

Leo Carrillo State Park (818) 880-0350 http://cal-parks.ca.gov/DISTRICTS/angeles/lcsb540.htm

The park has 1.5 miles of beach for swimming, surfing, windsurfing, surf fishing, and beachcombing. The beach also has tidepools, coastal caves and reefs for exploring. The park also features hiking upland. 28 miles northwest of Santa Monica on Highway 1 (Pacific Coast Highway).

Fee: $18/Friday and Saturday nights; $17/Sunday through Thursday Elevation: 0' Availability: year round Sites: 138; 1 group Reservations: PARK-NET

198 Malibu Creek State Park (818) 880-0350 or (818) 880-0367; group res. (800) 444-7275 http://cal-parks.ca.gov/DISTRI CTS/angeles/mcsp5 3 7.htm

Features hiking, fishing, bird watching. The park was the center of Chum ash Native American life for centuries and was once used to film numerous movies and TV shoes, - such as Planet of the Apes and M* A *S*H.

Fee: $16/Friday and Saturday nights; $15/Sunday through Thursday Elevation: 700' Availability: year round Sites: 60; 1 group Reservations: PARK-NET

Palomar Mountain State Park Palomar Mountain, CA 92060 (760) 742-3462 or (760) 765-0755 http://cal-parks.ca.gov/DISTRICTS/colorado/pmsp617.htm

This is one of the few southern California areas with a Sierra Nevada-like atmosphere. East of the park is the world-famous Palomar Observatory, tours through Cal Tech. Fishing is available in a pond near the end of the campground.

Doane Valley Fee: Call for fee Elevation: 4700' Availability: year round Sites: 21 Reservations: PARK-NET

Point Mugu State Park c/o Santa Monica Mountains District 2860A Camino Dos Rios Newbury Park, CA 91320 (818) 880-0350 or (805) 488-5223 http://cal-parks.ca.gov/DISTRICTS/angeles/pmsp573.htm Located in the Santa Monica Mountains, features five miles of ocean shoreline, with rocky bluffs, sandy beaches, sand dunes, rugged hills and uplands, two major river canyons and wide grassy valleys. There are more than 70 miles of hiking trails. The beach is 15 miles south of Oxnard on Highway 1.

Big Sycamore Canyon Fee: $18/Friday and Saturday nights; $17/Sunday through Thursday Elevation: 10' Availability: year round Sites: 88 Reservations: PARK-NET

La Jolla Located in the Santa Monica Mountains, features 5 miles of ocean shoreline and 2 major river canyons and grassy valleys. The beach is 15 miles south of Oxnard on Highway 1.

Fee: $75/night Elevation: 5' Availability: year round, Group site limited to 50 people Sites: 1 group Reservations: PARK-NET

199

Thornhill Broome Beach Fee: $10 Elevation: 5' Availability: year round Sites: 54 Reservations: PARK-NET

Providence Mountains State Recreation Area (760) 928-2586 or (805) 942-0660 http://cal-parks.ca.gov/DISTRICTS/angeles/pmsra538.htm

Broad alleys of cactus, creosote bush, sand dunes, cinder cones, and dramatic mountain ranges in the eastern Mojave Desert. Other features include Mitchell Caverns National Preserve, which has tours. EI Pakiva and Tecopa Caverns are filled with intricate limestone formations. 40 miles west of Needles offI- 40 on Essex Rd.

Fee: $12 Elevation: 4300' Availability: year round Sites: 6 Reservations: No

Red Rock Canyon State Park Box 26 Cantil, CA 93519 (805) 942-0662 http://cal-parks.ca.gov/DISTRICTS/angeles/rrcsp577.htm

Features scenic desert cliffs, buttes and spectacular rock formations. The park protects paleontology sites and the remains of 1890-era mining operations. 25 miles north of Mojave on Highway 14.

Fee: $10 Elevation: 2600' Availability: year round Sites: 50 Reservations: No

San Clemente State Beach 303 Avenida del Presidente San Clemente, CA 92672 (949) 492-3156 http://cal-parks.ca.gov/DISTRICTS/orange/scsb611.htm

The beach is located three miles south of San Clemente on Interstate 5. Hiking along the bluffs, body surfing, swimming, and skin diving.

Fee: $18/Friday and Saturday nights; $17/Sunday through Thursday Elevation: 100' Availability: year round Sites: 157 Reservations: PARK-NET

200 San Onofre State Beach 3030 A venida del Presidente San Clemente CA 92672 (949) 492-4872 or 492-3083 http://cal-parks.ca.gov/OISTRICTS/orange/sosb663.htm

The sites at the top of the bluffs are really too cramped for normal Troop camping. The Echo Arch group camp is almost right on the water and much more spacious, but all your gear has to be carried down (and back up.)

Bluffs Campground - 3 miles south of San Clemente on Interstate 5. Fee: $17/Sunday through Thursday nights; $18 Friday and S~turday nights + $6.00 additional vehicle Elevation: 100' Availability: year round Sites: 221 Reservations: PARK-NET

San Mateo Campground - 1 mile east oflnterstate 5 on Christiantos Rd.(1.5 mile bike trail to beach) Fee: $17/Sunday through Thursday nights; $18/Friday and Saturday nights + $6.00 additional vehicle Elevation: Availability: year round Sites: 150 Reservations: PARK-NET

Silverwood Lake State Recreation Area Star Route 7A Hesperia CA 92345 (760) 389-2281 http://cal-parks.ca.gov/OISTRICTS/loslagos/slsra.htm

The park features hiking trails, swimming beaches and designated areas for boating, water-skiing and fishing. Located via Hwy 138, 11 miles E ofl-5; or 20 min. north of San Bernardino via Hwys 18 and 138.

Fee: $17/Sunday through Thursday nights; $18/Friday and Saturday nights; + $6.00 additional vehicle Elevation: 3500' Availability: year round Sites: 136 Reservations: PARK-NET

Providence Mountains State Recreation Area (760) 928-2586 or (805) 942-0660 http://cal-parks.ca.gov/DISTRICTS/angeles/pmsra5 38.htm

Broad alleys of cactus, creosote bush, sand dunes, cinder cones, and dramatic mountain ranges in the eastern Mojave Desert. Other features include Mitchell Caverns National Preserve, which has tours. EI Pakiva and Tecopa Caverns are filled with intricate limestone formations. 40 miles west of Needles offI- 40 on Essex Rd.

Fee: $12 Elevation: 4300' Availability: year round Sites: 6 Reservations: No

201 Red Rock Canyon State Park Box 26; Cantil, CA 93519 (805) 942-0662 http://cal-parks.ca.gov/DISTRICTS/angeles/rrcsp577.htm

Features scenic desert cliffs, buttes and spectacular rock formations. The park protects significant paleontology sites and the remains of 1890-era mining operations. 25 miles north of Mojave on Hwy 14.

Fee: $10 Elevation: 2600' Availability: year round Sites: 50 Reservations: No

San Clemente State Beach 303 A venida del Presidente San Clemente, CA 92672 (949) 492-3156 http://cal-parks.ca.gov/DISTRICTS/orange/scsb611.htm

The beach is located three miles south of San Clemente on Interstate 5. Hiking along the bluffs, body surfing, swimming, and skin diving.

Fee: $18/Friday and Saturday nights; $17/Sunday through Thursday Elevation: 100' Availability: year round Sites: 157 Reservations: PARK-NET

San Onofre State Beach 3030 A venida del Presidente San Clemente CA 92672 (949) 492-4872 or 492-3083 http://cal-parks.ca.gov/DISTRICTS/orange/sosb663.htm

The sites at the top of the bluffs are really too cramped for normal Troop camping. The Echo Arch group camp is almost right on the water and much more spacious, but all your gear has to be carried down (and back up.)

Bluffs Campground - 3 miles south of San Clemente on Interstate 5. Fee: $17/Sunday through Thursday nights; $18 Friday and Saturday nights + $6.00 additional vehicle Elevation: 100' Availability: year round Sites: 221 Reservations: PARK-NET

San Mateo Campground - 1 mile east of Interstate 5 on Christiantos Rd. (1.5 mile bike trail to beach) Fee: $17/Sunday through Thursday nights; $18/Friday and Saturday nights + $6.00 additional vehicle Elevation: Availability: year round Sites: 150 Reservations: PARK-NET

202 Silverwood Lake State Recreation Area Star Route 7A Hesperia CA 92345 (760) 389-2281 http://cal-parks.ca.gov/DISTRI CTS/loslagos/slsra.htm

The park features hiking trails, swimming beaches and designated areas for boating, water-skiing and fishing. Located via Highway 138, 11 miles east ofI-5; or 20 minutes north of San Bernardino via Highways 18 and 138.

Fee: $ 17/Sunday through Thursday nights; $18/Friday and Saturday nights; + $6.00 additional vehicle Elevation: 3500' Availability: year round Sites: 136 Reservations: PARK-NET

South Carlsbad State Beach 2680 Carlsbad Blvd. Carlsbad CA 92008 (760) 438-3143 http://cal_parks.ca.gov/DISTRICTS/sandiego/scsb652.htm

Large bluff campground. Located three miles south of Carlsbad on Carlsbad Blvd. Fee: $17-$22/night Elevation: 50' Availability: year round Sites: 223 Reservations: PARK-NET

203 County of Orange Department of Harbors-Beaches-Parks

1 Irvine Park Rd. Orange, CA 92689 (714) 771-6731 ext. 21 http://www.oc.ca.gov/pfrd/hbp/

Orange County parks offer group campsites that cost less than using the conventional campsites; however, reservations are required and can be obtained by calling the park.

Featherly Regional Park 24001 Santa Ana Canyon Road Anaheim, CA 92806 (714) 637-0210 http://www.oc.ca.gov/pfrd/hbp/feather.htm

Featherly might be a little tame for older Scouts, but its proximity makes it a good destination for a younger scouts' campout or a troop bike hike. Off the 91 Freeway at Gypsum Canyon Rd. north to park entry.

Fee: $17.50/night/site/tents Elevation: 200' Availability: year round Group camping Sites: 21 (19 sites for Boy Scouts)! Reservations: call park

O'Neill Regional Park 30892 Trabuco Canyon Road Trabuco Canyon, CA 92678 (949) 858-9365 http://www.oc.ca.gov/pfrd/hbp/oneill.htm

While some of the areas of O'Neill are closed off and others require adult accompaniment due to the danger of mountain lion attack, most of O'Neill is still open and offering its hiking trails and scenery. The park's terrain varies from canyon bottom to hills reaching over 1400' high. Located 25 miles southwest of Santa Ana on County Highway 19 and 11 miles northwest of the San Diego Fwy via EI Toro and Live Oak Canyon Roads.

Fee: $ 12.00/night; Youth groups - $5/car (includes driver) + $2/additional person/night Elevation: 1000' Availability: year round Group camping Sites: 25 Reservations: call park - two weeks in advance

Ronald W. Caspers Wilderness Park 33401 Ortega Highway San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675 (949) 728-0235 http://www.oc.ca.gov/pfrd/hbp/caspers.htm

Orange County's largest park is a protected wilderness preserve nestled among river terraces and sandstone canyons of the western coastal Santa Ana Mountains. 7.5 miles east I5 on Highway 74.

Fee: $12/night Availability: year round Elevation: 7600' Reservations: call park 204 San Bernardino County Regional Parks Department

777 E. Rialto Ave. San Bernardino, CA 92415 (909) 38-PARKS or (909) 387-2594 http://www.co.san-bernardino.ca.us/parks/

All San Bernardino County parks listed here, except for Calico, feature a fishing lake which can be used for a fee. Some also include swimming pools and boat rentals. If your troop numbers 20 or more, ask about the established youth group discount when reserving sites.

Calico Ghost Town Regional Park P.O. Box 638 Yermo, CA 92398 1-800-TO CALICO or (619) 254-2122 http://www.co.san-bernardino.ca.us/parks/calico.htm

Calico is a true ghost town site, but most of the current town was built in the early 1960's, when it was bought by Walter Knott. Donated to San Bernardino County in 1966, Calico still carries the air of Knott's Berry Farm, with its shops and small-scale attractions. The surrounding desert carries signs of Calico's older, 1880-era mining heritage. Just northeast of Barstow, take the Ghost Town Rd. exit from Interstate 15.

Fee: $18/night Elevation: 2400' Availability: year round Sites: 261, 3 groups campgrounds Reservations: call park

Glen Helen Regional Park 2555 Glen Helen Parkway San Bernardino, CA 92407 (909) 880-2522 http://www.co.san-bernardino.ca.us/parks/glen.htm

From Memorial Day to Labor Day there is a swim lagoon, 350' double-flume waterslide and sandy beach (fee). There is also fishing and hiking. Nestled in Cajun Pass between the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains at the junction ofI-15 and 1-215.

Fee: $1 O/night + $3/person over 4 Availability: year round Sites: 50 + 2 group campgrounds Reservations: call park

Moabi Regional Park Park Moabi Road Needles, CA 92363 (760) 326-3831 http://www.co.san-bemardino.ca.us/parks/moabi.htm

Located on the Colorado river, Moabi offers swimming, fishing, and canoe rentals. 11 miles southeast of Needles on 1-40.

Fee: Special rates for Scouts, depends on numbers and activities Elevation: 410' 205 Availability: year round Sites: 25 group campgrounds Reservations: call park

Mojave Narrows Regional Park 18000 Yates Road P.O. Box 361 Victorville, CA 92392 (760) 245-2226 http://www.co.san-bernardino.ca.us/parks/mojave.htm

Virtual oasis in the Mojave Desert. Fish, boat and hike on 840 acres along the Mojave River. Take Bear Valley Rd. east offI-15, go north to Ridge Crest.

Fee: $10/night Elevation: 550' Availability: year round Sites: 85 + 14 group campgrounds Reservations: call park

Prado Regional Park 16700 S. Euclid Avenue; Chino, CA 91710 (909) 597-4260 http://www.co.san-bemardino.ca.us/parks/prado.htm

More than 2000 acres in the Chino Valley Basin. The Yorba-Slaughter Adobe is nearby. On Highway 83, south of Highway 60 and north of Highway 91 in Chino.

Fee: $10/night + $3/person over four Elevation: 550' Availability: year round Sites: 50 + 9 groups campgrounds Reservations: call park

Yucaipa Regional Park 33900 Oak Glen Road Yucaipa, CA 92399 (909) 790-3120 or 790-3127 http://www.co.san-bernardino.ca.us/parks/yucaipa.htm

885 acres in the foothills of the San Bernardino Mountains; right on the way to the apple country of Oak Glen. There is hiking, fishing, and from Memorial Day to Labor Day there is a swim lagoon, 350' double-flume waterslide and sandy beach (fee).

Fee: $17/night Elevation: 2600' Availability: year round Sites: 11 tent + 9 group campgrounds Reservations: call park

206

County of San Diego, Department of Parks and Recreation

5201 Ruffin Road Suite P San Diego CA 92123-1699 (619) 694-3049 http://www.co.san-diego.ca.us/cnty/cntydepts/landuse/parks

Reservations can be made by calling (619) 565-3600 between 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m., Monday through Friday; Thursday 8:00 a.m.-7:00 p.m. Be sure to call for reservations.

Anza-Borrego Desert http://www.co.san-diego.ca.us/cnty/cntydepts/landuse/parks/agua_caliente/agua_caliente.html

It is best known for its geothermally heated springs, soothing mineral waters. 95 miles from San Diego.

Fee: $10/night Elevation: 1320' Availability: Labor Day to Memorial Day Sites: 36

Dos Picos Regional Park Ramona http://www.co.san-diego.ca.us/cnty /cntydepts/landuse/parks/dosyicos/dosyicos.html

In the shelter of two prominent mountains nearby, the small valley contains a park filled with oak trees. It is surrounded by ranchland and steep rocky slopes. Hikers often visit nearby Mt. Woodson. The Wild Animal Park is 30 minutes away. It is located 46 miles northeast of San Diego.

Fee: $lO/night Elevation: 1400' Availability: year round Sites: 36

Guajome Regional Park Oceanside http://www.co.san-diego.ca.us/cnty/cntydepts/landuse/parks/guajo/guajo_map.html

At one end of the park stands and historic adobe ranch house built in the 1850s, tours. From there the park stretches two miles westward and encompasses some of the most diverse habitats to be found in any San Diego county park. It is one of the North County's best spots for watching birds. There is hiking and fishing and it is nearby Oceanside. It is 40 miles north of San Diego.

Fee: $14 Elevation: Availability: year round Sites: 35

207 Lake Jennings Regional Park Lakeside http://www.co.san-diego.ca.us/cnty/cntydepts/landuse/parks/lakejennings/lakejennings.html

The campsite is high on a ridge overlooking Lake Jennings. There are miles of trails across chaparral- covered hills. Fishing is a good reason to come. Located five miles east of EI Cajon.

Fee: $12/night Elevation: 850' Availability: year round Sites: 68

Lake Morena Regional Park Campo http://www.co.san-diego.ca.us/cnty/cntydepts/landuse/parks/lake_morena/lake_morena.html

The park shows characteristics of desert, coastal, and mountain habitats. Trout fishing is excellent in winter, and bass start biting in spring. Hikers can explore the Pacific Crest Trail, which passes through the park on its way to Canada. Campo and Hwy 94.

Fee: $ 12/night; Boat rentals are available year round. Elevation: 3150' Availability: year round Sites: 86 + Group Campground (call for fee)

Potrero Regional Park Potrero http://www.co.san-diego.ca.us/cnty /cntydepts/landuse/parks/potrero/potrero.html

Broad valley dotted by coastal live oaks. Because the mountainous habitat has suffered relatively little disturbance, wildlife abounds here. 45 miles east of San Diego near Campo and Tecate.

Fee: $10/night + Group Campground (call for fees) Elevation: 2300' Availability: year round Sites: 32

Vallecito Regional Park Anza-Borrego Desert http://www.co.san-diego.ca.us/cnty/cntydepts/landuse/parks/vallecito -park/vallecito_park.html

The park is built around a reconstruction of the historic Vallecito Stage Station. It is an oasis in the desert. It's off Highway 78 on S2.

Fee: $10/night + 2 Group Campgrounds (call for fees) Elevation: 1500' Availability: seasonal Sites: 43

208 William Heise County Park Julian http://www.co.san-diego.ca.us/cnty /cntydepts/landuse/parks/heise/heise.html

It is considered to be the most beautiful of the San Diego county parks. Forests of oak, pine, and cedar surround peaceful mountain meadows. It is near Cuyamaca Rancho State Park and Lake Cuyamaca. It is also near the town of Julian, historic mining district.

Fee: $12/night Elevation: 4200' Availability: year round Sites: 42

United States Navy

Point Mugu Naval Air Station Public Affairs Office Code 0050 Pacific Missile Test Center Point Mugu CA 93042 (805) 989-1436

Right on the Pacific Ocean, Point Mugu NAS allows Scout camping on their beach. The attraction to Scouts is the almost empty beach and the chance to eat at the naval mess facilities (home of the five cent soda.) All that is asked in return is that trash along the beach is picked up from one to two hours.

Fee: none Elevation: sea level Availability: seasonal Reservations: absolutely required; reservations are made by writing to base.

209 Additional Helpful and Interesting Websites

BSA Home Page http://www.bsascouting.org/

BSA Councils on the Web http://emf.netl-troop24/scouting/c-home.html

BSA Southern California http://scbsa.org/

California Travel & Tourism http://gocalif.ca.gov/

Camping on the Web http://emf.netl-troop24/scouting/camping.html

Focus on Boyscouting http://boyscouting.miningco.com!

Greater Outdoor Recreation Pages http://gorp.com

L.L. Bean's Home Page http://www.llbean.com

MacScouter - Scouting Resources Online http://www.macscouter.com!

Recreational Equipment Inc. Home Page (R.E.I.) http://www.rei.com

Scouter Home Page http://www.scouter.com/ http://compass.scouter.com/Default.asp

ScoutNet's Scouting Spider http://www.spider.scout.netl

Scouting Online http://www.scoutorama.com/

U.S. Scouting Service Project Home Page http://usscouts.org/

210 211

APPENDIX

212

COMPASS WORK AT JOSHUA TREE

The Joshua Tree group campsite has numerous rock outcroppings nearby and visible peaks for distant sighting for bearings that are on the Twentynine Palms topo. Cross country navigation is easier because the terrain is nearly flat and easy to hike over and many landmarks are close by.

From your morning efforts of "classroom" (campsite) map and compass reviews. Identify the knowledgeable ones from those that have little map and compass skill. Then--

a) Use knowledge of more skilled in group to help those with lesser skill. Assign specific actions to the more skilled such as one on one with the least skilled.

b) Ask specific individuals to take bearings to specific landmarks. Have several people take readings on each landmark. Ask group to remain silent until asked what they measured. Don't be too quick to confirm correct values.

c) Take your time. Don't let the skilled take over and lead everyone quickly around the course with everyone else tagging along. Keep the skilled busy with the less skilled.

d) Determine bearing to next landmark from map. Make everyone do it and request silence until all have determined a bearing. Show all how it is done. Demonstrate distant object method and dead reckoning method.

e) Determine distance to next landmark and estimate hiking time to next objective. (2 to 3 mph) Get everyone to do it. f) Designate one destination that requires more skill (Le. not a rock outcropping) after doing several with rock outcroppings.

g) Be sure to walk around each destination (rock outcropping) as necessary so all bearings can be taken.

h) When someone has a bad reading, show the group how it is done. Be sure the one with the bad reading now understands and can do it.

i) Before you leave camp, it is suggested that you get the group to locate the camp on the map. You should get the group to figure out how to do this. [Suggestion - lay bearing line to a landmark (A) on the map. You are somewhere on this line. Then walk directly toward landmark (A) until you can see another landmark (B). Plot your location from the intersection of the bearing to landmark (B) with the bearing line to landmark (A). Then estimate camp location by noting approximate distance from camp to where you are. Camp is on a reverse bearing from landmark (A).]

j.)Those that have a destination without a rock outcropping should not give away the location of this destination by being too precise about where it is until all have correctly located it. Let the student think and struggle a bit if necessary before helping him/her with the location of this destination without a rock outcropping.

k) You might also consider having the group determine several of the bearings 1mm the next destination to its visible landmarks before hiking to that destination as an aid in determining when they have arrived at this next destination.

213 NAVIGATION SUGGESTIONS

Have trail rules Exercise trail discipline Test yourself often Everyone knows their location at all times Learn and teach needed skills Don't leave navigation to others Develop your formula for travel time and distance

NAVIGATION MUSTS

Never leave camp without map and compass Never be dependent on sight to distant objects Write down bearings when you might need them Look back often- EVERYONE Confused? Stop-Orient map-observe surrondings- THINK!! Be prepared to meet the NAVIGATION CHALLENGES

NAVIGATION CHALLENGES

Trails not as shown on the map Trail not on the map No trail or trail disappears Unmarked trail junctions White outs (Fog-Snow-Rain) Snow covering trail

214 MAP AND COMPASS WORKSHEET

PROBLEM 1 To avoid an impassable area it is necessary to point C by way of point B. (start at A)

What are the true bearings from: A to B ______A to C ______B to C______B to A ______

What are the magnetic bearings from: A to B ______C to B ______B to C ______C to A ______

How far is it from: A to B miles ______A to C miles______B to C miles ______

PROBLEM 2 You can identify Peaks A and B on the map and they are visible to you. The magnetic bearing to 01 m peak A is 335 degrees. The magnetic bearing to peak B is 45 degrees. a. Where are you from peak A? ______miles N/S & ______miles E/W b. How far away is peak A ? ______miles c. How far away is peak B ? ______miles d. What is the true bearing to peak A ? ______e. What is the true bearing to peak B ? ______

PROBLEM 3 You are on a trail (somewhere between points A and B) which goes around a hill with a water tank on the top. You can see the tank. Your magnetic bearing to the tank is 210 degrees. a. Where are you on the trail? b. When you get to point B what will your magnetic bearing be to the water tank? ______degrees c. What is the true bearing from point B to the water tank? ______degrees.

PROBLEM 4 How do you get the true bearing when you have a magnetic bearing and the 01 magnetic declination is as shown? ______

PROBLEM 5 If you take a true bearing from the map. how do you get the magnetic bearing when the declination is as shown ? ______

215 MAP AND COMPASS WORKSHEET ANSWERS

PROBLEM 1 To avoid an impassable area it is necessary to point C by way of point B. (start at A)

What are the true bearings from: A to B ___105___ A to C ___165____ B to C___205____ B to A ___285____

What are the magnetic bearings from: A to B ___90_____ C to B ___15_____ B to C ___195____ C to A ___330____

How far is it from: A to B miles ___2_____ A to C miles __2.75___ B to C miles ___2.5___

PROBLEM 2 You can identify Peaks A and B on the map and they are visible to you. The magnetic bearing to 01 m peak A is 335 degrees. The magnetic bearing to peak B is 45 degrees.

a. Where are you from peak A? __2.75__miles S & ___0.5___ miles W b. How far away is peak A ? __2.8 ___ miles c. How far away is peak B ? __1.6___ miles d. What is the true bearing to peak A ? __350___ e. What is the true bearing to peak B ? __60____

PROBLEM 3 You are on a trail (somewhere between points A and B) which goes around a hill with a water tank on the top. You can see the tank. Your magnetic bearing to the tank is 210 degrees. a. Where are you on the trail? X marks the spot . b. When you get to point B what will your magnetic bearing be to the water tank? ___315____ degrees c. What is the true bearing from point B to the water tank? __330____ degrees.

PROBLEM 4 How do you get the true bearing when you have a magnetic bearing and the 01 magnetic declination is as shown? _Add 15 degrees

PROBLEM 5 If you take a true bearing from the map. how do you get the magnetic bearing when the declination is as shown ? Subtract 15 degrees

216

PLACES TO GET SUPPLIES

REI and Sports Chalet freeze dried main courses, specialty items, syrup crystals, Fuel, etc.

Smart & Final Cup 0 Soup, condiments-salt, pepper, seasonings, margarine, etc.

Price Club Instant Potatoes, Rice, Pudding, Granola Bars, Dried Fruit, etc. .

Grocery Stores Alternative source for things not found at places above.

For troop equipment Items watch for grocery store specials, check Price Club or use Sports Chalet and REI if necessary.

Figure granola bars, cup 0 soup and similar Items as two per person per meal.

Figure main courses as (2) one cup servings per person per meal. A #10 can contains approximately 9 one cup servings.

Jello is approximately (1) 60z. box per 6 people.

Instant pudding Is approximately (1) large box per 6 people.

Dried fruit Is approximately (2) 8 oz. packages per 15 people.

For things such as pancake mix, instant potatoes, check box directions for amounts.

Figure oven cooking bags as 2 per meal for main courses and 1 to 2 extra for additional dishes.

217

READING RESOURCES

BSA books: Fieldbook, Scout Handbook, Merit Badge Pamphlets, High Adventure Literature.

"Where to go Camping" published by your local Order of the Arrow

"Backpacking One Step at a lime", Manning, 1989

"Basic Mountaineering Training Course", Sierra Club, 1981

"Be Expert with Map and Compass", Bjorn Kjellstrom, Charles Scribners, 1976

"Camping and Woodcraft", Horace Kephart, Macmillan Co., 1927

"Complete Backpackers Provisioning Book", Nancy Jack, Contemporary Books, 1978

"Complete Walker", Colin Fletcher,Alfred Knopf, 1984

"John Muir Trail Country", Lew & Ginny Clark, Western Trails, 1977

"Joy of Backpacking", Dennis Look, Jalmar Press, -1976

"Maps & Compass, A Users Handbook", Percy Blandford, Tab Books, 1984

"Mountaineering Basics, Lynne Foster", Avant Books, 1983

"Mountaineering First Aid", The Mountaineers, 1985

"Mountaineering, The Freedom of the Hills", Peggy Ferber, The Mountaineers, 1974

"Pleasure Packing for the 80's", Robert Woods, Ten Speed Press, 1972

"Sierra North" & "Sierra South", Thomas Winnett, Wilderness Press, 1977

"Soft Paths", Hampton & Cole, NOLS, Stackpole Books, 1988

"Standard First Aid & Personal Safety", Various, American Red Cross, 1979

"Supermarket Backpacker", Harriett Barker, Contemporary Books, 1977

"Trails of the Angeles", John Robinson, Wilderness Press, 1979

"Walking Softly in the Wilderness", John Hart, Sierra Club, 1977

"Weathering the Wilderness", William Reifsnyder, Sierra Club, 1980

"Whole Hiker's Handbook", William Kemsley, Quill, 1979

218 ORANGE COUNTY COUNCIL BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA

CUB SCOUT HIGH ADVENTURE AWARD APPLICATION

3. ______DISTRICT______UNIT TYPE______UNIT NO.______4. ______DATE______TOUR PERMIT #______HAT CERT #______5. ______MAIL AWARDS TO: 6. ______NAME______7. ______ADDR______CITY, STATE ZIP______8. ______BASIC REQUIREMENTS (circle answer) 9. ______Y N 1. File Tour Permit with Council Service Center prior to event. 10. ______Y N 2. Secure Wilderness/Fire Permits from Forest/Park 11. ______Service ( if required). ___

Y N 3. Own and be familiar with the High Adventure 12. ______Awards for Cubs/Webelos. ___ 13. ______Y N 4. All perquisites for Award have been met. ___ 14. ______Y N 5. One award per person per application except for some special awards. ___ 15. ______Y N 6. Have at least one adult on the hike who has an ___ active First Aid card.

Y N 7. At least one adult on the hike who has completed INDICATE: (A) =ADULT the Backpack Awareness Training Course. (FA) = FIRST AIDER (BA) = BACKPACK AWARENESS Y N 8. Conducted a safe outing in keeping with the (YP) = YOUTH PROTECTION established regulations and guidelines of the Orange County Council. AWARD NAME QTY Y N 9. You must have one adult who has been Youth Protection trained for the hike.

LIST ALL PARTICIPANTS FOR THIS TRIP:

1. ______2. ______

Y N 10. At least 2 adults and a minimum of four persons went on the hike.

219

ORANGE COUNTY COUNCIL BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA

BOY SCOUT HIGH ADVENTURE AWARD APPLICATION

CAMPSITE WATER USE COND TRAIL DISTRICT______UNIT TYPE______UNIT NO.______DATE______TOUR PERMIT #______

MAIL AWARDS TO:

NAME______WATER 1. LAKE 2. STREAM 3. SPRING 4. OTHER ADDR______USAGE 1. CROWDED 2. OK 3. SLIGHT 4. UNUSED CITY, STATE ZIP______COND 1. GREAT 2. GOOD 3. FAIR 4. POOR TRAIL 1. GREAT 2. GOOD 3. FAIR 4. POOR

LIST ALL PARTICIPANTS FOR THIS TRIP:

16. ______17. ______BASIC REQUIREMENTS (circle answer) 18. ______19. ______Y N 1. File Tour Permit with Council Service Center prior to event. 20. ______21. ______Y N 2. Secure Wilderness/Fire Permits from Forest/Park 22. ______Service ( if required). 23. ______

Y N 3. Own and be familiar with the High Adventure 24. ______Awards for Scouts/Ventures. 25. ______26. ______Y N 4. Use USGS topographical maps to prepare hike 27. ______plans (if necessary). 28. ______

Y N 5. All perquisites for Award have been met. 29. ______30. ______Y N 6. One award per person per application except for 31. ______some special awards. 32. ______

Y N 7. Have at least one adult on the hike who has an 33. ______active First Aid card. 34. ______35. ______Y N 8. At least one adult on the hike who has completed 36. ______the Backpack Awareness Training Course. 37. ______

Y N 9. Conducted a safe outing in keeping with the 38. ______established regulations and guidelines of the 39. ______Orange County Council. 40. ______

Y N 10. You must have one adult who has been Youth Protection trained for the hike. INDICATE: (A) =ADULT (FA) = FIRST AIDER Y N 11. At least 2 adults and a minimum of four persons (BA) = BACKPACK AWARENESS went on the hike. (YP) = YOUTH PROTECTION

LIST ALL MAPS USED FOR THIS TRIP: AWARD EARNED QTY

1. ______2. ______

3. ______4. ______5. ______

220

CUM ELEV DAY MAP POINTS ELEV HOURS MILES MILES GAIN

FEET x 1000 15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 MILES 221