Article

Komunitas: International Journal of Ethnobotanical Knowledge Indonesian Society and Culture 12(2) (2020): 150-162 DOI:10.15294/komunitas.v12i2.25440 of Ingredients Among © 2020 Semarang State University, p-ISSN 2086 - 5465 | e-ISSN 2460-7320 Sellers of Jamu Ngadirgo http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/komunitas Semarang UNNES JOURNALS

Fadly Husain1, Dian Puspita Sary2, Fajar³, Rini Iswari4, Baiq Farhatul Wahidah5

1,2,3,4Department of Sociology and Antropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang 5Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo, Semarang

Received: February 25th 2019; Accepted: March 01st 2020; Published: September 30th 2020

Abstract is a medical resource that can be accessed easily by communities. Utilization of as herbal concoction such as jamu is one of the medical resource. There are some variations of plants species utilized in of jamu. Therefore, it is necessary to do a lot of studies on knowledge of jamu types and the variety of plants used in it. The research was conducted in Ngadirgo, Semarang City, where many residents work as jamu seller. By using qualitative research method and applying interview and observation technique, this research examines the ethnobotanical knowledge of jamu as herbal medicine and identifies various of plant species used in the concoction. The findings of this research show that the ethnobotanical knowledge of jamu sellers is generally obtained from older family. There are 17 types of jamu usually produced which can be distinguished as daily jamu and special jamu made by adjusting to customer order. In producing various types of jamu, the sellers use about 50 plants species as ingredients in jamu concoction. They obtain the plants by buying from the local market, and taking from their house yard or garden. This research can contribute in the conservation of community knowledge on herbal jamu and the plants used in it, as a unique identity of Javanese traditional medicine.

Keywords ethnobotany; jamu; ngadirgo; traditional medicine

INTRODUCTION external treatment. In the case of illnesses due to weather changes where people will Traditional medicine is one of the treat- get a lot of flu and cough, the treatment can ment resources that can easily be accessed be applied by consuming various medicinal by the community. In Indonesia, traditio- and of course with prayers from the nal medicine is very diverse following the healer. This grouping of treatment methods many variations of ethnic groups that live (especially in ) can be found in Geertz’s in it. Variations in traditional treatment writing in a classic book by Landi (1977). In methods can be grouped based on differen- addition, many researches on this theme ces in illness. For example, the problem of Corresponding author broken bones (fracture) will be cured using Jl. Raya Sekaran Gunungpati Semarang Email techniques, connecting bones, and [email protected] wound treatment using oil ingredients for 151 Fadly Husain et al, Ethnobotanical Knowledge of Plant Ingredients Among Sellers of Jamu Ngadirgo ... have been published either in the form of research of Husain et al. (2019) in Semarang books or articles in journals in the country City which found that adding a spicy taste and abroad. Atkinson’s (1987) research into and medicinal properties in herbal concoc- healing rituals in the Wana Community in tions can be done simply by adding Javanese Central Sulawesi, Jay’s (1989) in Dayak Nga- chili (Piper retrofractum). Generally, the- ju, Hunter’s (2002), Grace’s (1996), Hay’s re are several types of herbal drinks in Java (2001) and Husain’s and Wahidah’s (2018) which can be distinguished from the plants in Lombok and Sumbawa, as well as other used as the mixture. For example in the her- researchers, have conducted research in se- bal drink kunyit asem, as the name suggests, veral regions and ethnicities in Indonesia. the main plants in this drink are kunyit or One important theme in anthropo- (Curcuma domestica) and asem or logy, especially those that study traditional (Tamarindus indica). Meanwhile medicine, is the use of biological resources in the herbal drink beras kencur, the main as part of the treatment method. Indonesia ingredients are kencur or (Kaemp- has become a paradise for herbal medicine feria galanga) added with water extracts of because it has tens of thousands of flora spe- beras or rice. cies with more than a thousand species of This research is based on a study cal- plants having medicinal potential (Hariana led ethnobotany. Ethnobotany was first put 2004) that can be used either as a cure for forward by John W Harsberger, a plant ar- disease or consumed as a preventative me- cheologist who researched a lot about abo- asure. rigines (Nolan & Turner 2011). Harsberger For comparison, several places of the stated that as a science, ethnobotany studies world also have healthy drinks that are po- the traditional use of plants by primitive pular in the community. For example in ethnic groups (Abbasi et al. 2012). In ter- Ecuador, a drink called horchata drink is minology, ethnobotany is the study of the made from 71 types of plants (Rios et al. relationship between humans and plants. 2017). Likewise, drinks that are So, ethnobotany is a study that analyzes very popular in China are made from mixed the results of manipulation of native plant herbs which are believed to provide healing material with a cultural context in the use and prevention. The herbs are made from of plants. Ethnobotany is a study of interac- various plant flowers such as roses, white tions between local communities and their jasmine, orange flowers, and lily flowers (Fu natural environment, especially regarding et al. 2018). In southern China, there is an the use of plants in everyday life (Martin herbal drink called Liáng chà that is made 1995). Traditional knowledge possessed by specifically for treating heartburn (Liu, Ah- each tribe or ethnicity from generation to med & Long 2013). In Indonesia, especial- generation includes the use of plants as me- ly in Java, plants that are used as medicine dicine (Bodeker 2000; McFoy 2013). This ar- can be found in herbal drinks called jamu. ticle focuses on the knowledge of plant eth- Jamu is a drink of herbal ingredients to treat nobotany used by herbal medicine sellers as certain diseases or maintain a healthy body. herbs in herbal drinks (jamu). Beers (2001) called it an art of Javanese an- cestors in maintaining a healthy body. In METHODS this herbal drink, there is a mixture of va- rious ingredients of medicinal plants such This research was conducted in April-Oc- as , , Javanese tamarind and tober 2019 in the Ngadirgo Village, Mijen, other plants. The use of materials can differ Semarang, . Tools and materi- based on manufacturing habits and place. als used in this study include: camera, and Laplante (2015) reported in his research on voice recorder. Researchers used interview herbal medicine in the city of guides to facilitate the semi-structured in- that pepper (Piper nigrum) is one ingredient terview process. Primary data were obtained of herbal medicine. It is different from the from research fields through interviews

UNNES JOURNALS Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 12(12) (2020): 150-162 152 with informants, and observations of medi- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION cinal plants used or planted by informants. Primary data includes knowledge of medi- Profile of Research Location cinal plants, ethnobotany data such as local Administratively, the Ngadirgo Village is un- names of plants, types and the uses of the der the Mijen District area, Semarang City. plants, parts of plants used, methods used Previously this village was under the Kendal in the utilization of medicinal plants, how Regency. It is bordered by Ngaliyan District to obtain them, knowledge, and conservati- in the north, Wonolopo Mijen in the South, on actions by the community (Cotton 1997). Pesantrean Village in the East, Wonoplum- Secondary data includes data on the general bon village in the West. condition of research location, socio-econo- Ngadirgo Village has a land area of 4.91 mic and cultural data of the community. km2 which is divided into 6 neighborhood Data collection is done with interview units (RW) and 23 neighboring neighbor- and observation methods. The informants hoods (RT). In 1976, Ngadirgo underwent were determined by a purposive sampling a change of status from desa (rural village) technique consisting of 15 people who work to kelurahan (urban village), which at that as herbal medicine sellers. Interviews are time coincided with the integration of seve- conducted with semi-structural interview ral Kendal Regency government areas into techniques guided with interview grid. Eve- the Semarang City area, one of which the ry plant used as traditional medicinal mate- Ngadirgo village. rial will be documented. In addition to the According to Central Bureau of Statis- interviews, this study also used focus group tics BPS Kota Semarang (2018) data, the land discussion (FGD) to obtain data. This group distribution of most of the Ngadirgo villa- discussion involved the herbal medicine sel- ge is 389.660 ha of dry land. This dry land lers with the focus of the discussion in par- is a residential and garden location. While ticular is to dig out knowledge about medi- the rice field area has an area of 109.000 ha. cinal plants used as medicinal ingredients. This land area is used by the community as Data analysis was carried out descriptively a place to grow rice or vegetables. From this to obtain information about the types of land area, the residents who work as herbal plants, groups of uses, parts of plants used, medicine sellers use it as a place to plant va- how to obtain the plants, and conservation rious medicinal plants in addition to plants actions undertaken by the community. that have other economic values.

Figure 1. Map of Ngadirgo Village (modified from Google Map).

UNNES JOURNALS 153 Fadly Husain et al, Ethnobotanical Knowledge of Plant Ingredients Among Sellers of Jamu Ngadirgo ...

Demographic Condition neighboring village, namely in Sumbersa- According to BPS of Mijen Subdistrict ri Village. He joined this group because at (2018), Ngadirgo Village has a population of that time Mrs. Suhanah worked an appren- 5749 with a population of 3065 males, and ticeship at the place of one of the successful 2684 females. This population is divided herbal medicine entrepreneurs in Sumber- into 1565 households. In terms of education, sari. Being able to build her own herbal me- the majority of Ngadirgo residents recorded dicine business, Mrs. Suhanah initiated the only completing their formal education in making of a community in her neighbor- primary and secondary schools, which were hood in Kelurahan Ngadirgo. For the ma- 3476 people. The livelihoods of the popu- king of this community, Mrs. Suhanah and lation are more varied, namely farmers, other herbal medicine sellers received a litt- industrial workers, construction workers, le money from the village chief at that time. traders and other types of formal jobs such There are several reasons why Mrs. as civil servants (PNS). Even so there were a Suhanah and her friends established the thousand residents of Ngadirgo depending community. First is the importance of her- on their lives by working in factories around bal medicine sellers to keep socializing with the village. each other for the development of their her- In order to support the development of bal medicine business. The members of the household industry, also small and medium community at that time was as many as ten enterprises, the city government identifies people. the village’s local potentials. Among them Currently the Ngadirgo herbal medi- is the potential of woven bamboo and jamu cine sellers association is chaired by Mrs. gendong (herbal drinks peddled around). Wusono who has been assigned since 1994. But the city government decided to develop She is the wife of the head of RW 5 in the the potential of woven bamboo because in village. Some informants said that although other villages it had not been raised yet as Mrs. Wusono was not a salesperson of her- the village’s theme. Kampong of jamu was bs, members of the association chose her as not chosen because this theme had been de- chairperson on the grounds that she could veloped earlier in the neighboring villages protect the members especially if there was such as Wonolopo Village, and Sumbersari a problem. The problem that often occurs in Village. The two villages are proclaimed as the organization is the problem of savings Jamu Tourism Village in Mijen District. Ne- and loans which is one of the activities in vertheless, the home-based herbal medicine the group. business in Ngadirgo continues to produce Until a few years ago, the number of and even remains known as a potent herbal members increased by 25 people. But cur- medicine in several markets in the City of rently the number of people who are active Semarang in various community activities is reduced to 15 people. There are various reasons that Profile of Jamu Mugi Waras Pandean members are no longer active. The main one Group is related to disputes in savings and loan ac- In the 90s, the sellers of jamu gendong in the tivities. Besides, there are personal reasons Ngadirgo Village made a community of her- such as not being able to participate in com- bal medicine sellers who were then named munity activities such as social gathering, the Ngadirgo Herbal Medicine Association and not having enough time. Society. This association was established The Paguyuban routine activities are precisely on January 20, 1990. At that time carried out every month on the 20th. The- the chairman was first entrusted to an her- re are various activities carried out at each balist named Mrs. Suhanah. She has been meeting such as social gathering, savings selling herbal medicine since 1984. and loans, outreach from the village, sub- Previously, Mrs. Suhanah joined the district and puskesmas (public health cent- association of herbal medicine sellers in the re). Several activities were also carried out in

UNNES JOURNALS Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 12(12) (2020): 150-162 154 collaboration with the Jamu Jago company Mugi means continuous effort and plead to both by the socialization activities in Ngadi- the Almighty for health blessings. While the rgo and by inviting herbal medicine vendors word Pandean is the name of the place that to visit the Jamu Jago factory or office. is currently called Ngadirgo. At the end of each meeting, a name lottery will be held to determine the host Ethnobotanical Knowledge of for the next meeting. This host will prepare Medicinal Herbs for Jamu Ingredients a place and food or snacks for the members later. Types of Jamu Produced Since July 20, 2019 the Paguyuban Jamu The Ngadirgo sellers of jamu gendong pro- Gendong (Herbal Medicine Association) in duce two types of jamu, namely jamu pro- Ngadirgo Village has a new name, Mugi Wa- duced daily and jamu produced according ras Pandean. The research team and mem- to customer orders. Daily jamu are types of bers formulated a new name to give a uni- herbal medicine that are made and sold eve- que identity to the community. This name ry day. It is usually sold in markets, residen- contains the meaning of a hope or prayer to tial neighborhoods, and around factories. always be healthy for people who consume The daily jamu generally consists of herbal medicine of Ngadirgo. In addition, eight types of jamu, that is, beras kencur (a

Table 1. List of Jamu and Medicinal Herbs Used in Jamu Con- Time of Name of Herbs used Internal/ Ailments sumed Produc- Jamu (vernacular and scientific name) External by tion Beras kencur Beras (Oryza sativa), Cough Internal/ Child, Daily kencur (Kaempferia galangal) Bloated Oral adult Tambahan: Increasing ap- Jahe (Zingiber officinale) petite Kunir kentel Kunyit (Curcuma domestica) Gastritic Internal/ adult Daily Woman’s period Oral problem Kunir asem Kunyit (Curcuma domestica), Reducing coles- Internal/ adult Daily asam jawa (Tamarindus indica) terol Oral Woman’s period problem Overcoming tired and achy body Temulawak Temulawak Liver Internal/ adult Daily (Curcuma xanthorrihiza) Increasing ap- Oral petite Cabe puyang Puyang/lempuyang (Zingiber Overcoming tired Internal/ adult Daily zerumbet Smith), cabai jawa (Capsi- and achy body Oral cum frutescen L) Tambahan: Jahe (Zingiber officinale) Suroh Sirih (Piper betle L), luntas (Pluchea Leucorrhoea Internal/ adult Daily indica Less), ceplikan (Eucalyptus Eliminating body Oral alba reinw), jambu (Psidium guajava odor Linn), cengkeh (Syzygium aromati- Antiseptic cum) Majaan/manjakan (Quercus infecto- ria Gall), jahe (Zingiber officinale), adas (Foeniculum vulgare), temu kunci (Curcuma rotunda), kunyit (Curcuma domestica), delima putih (Punica granatum), sari rapet/ kayu pepet (Kaempferia rotunda)

UNNES JOURNALS 155 Fadly Husain et al, Ethnobotanical Knowledge of Plant Ingredients Among Sellers of Jamu Ngadirgo ...

Wejahan Papaya (Carica papaya), katuk Mother’s breast Internal/ adult Daily (Sauropus androgynus), ketupuk, problem Oral dadap serep (Eryththrina variegate), Diseases of the widosari (Ipomea Mauritiana), lun- Women’s Repro- tas (Pluchea indica) ductive System Tambahan: Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorri- hiza), kunir (Curcuma domestica), jambu (Psidium guajava), puyang (), gagan-gagan (Centela asiatica), tapak liman (El- ephantopus scaber), nanas (petete/ daun muda), daun muda asam jawa. Paitan Sambiroto (Andrographis paniculata Skin disease Internal/ adult Daily Ness) Increasing ap- Oral Tambahan: petite Brotowali (Tinospora crispa L), ku- Uric acid nyit (Curcuma domestica), puyang/ Diabetes lempuyang (Zingiber zerumbet Reducing coles- Smith) terol Daun papaya Pepaya (Carica papaya) Increasing ap- Internal/ adult Not petite Oral daily/ Trombosit request Kunir putih Kunyit putih (Curcuma domestica) Breast cancer Internal/ adult Not Oral daily/ request Cekok Tempe (Glicine soja), temu ireng Increasing ap- Internal/ child Not (Curcuma aeruginosa), kencur petite Oral daily/ (Campferia galangal), simbukan Intestinal worms request (Paederia foetida), pace (Morinda citrifolia), brambang merah (Allium cepa L.) Tapel Sirih (Piper betle L), kemukus (Piper Postpartum pain Ekster- adult Not cubeba L), dringo (Acorus calamus), (but surgery is not nal daily/ bengkle (Zingiber casumounar), allowed) request asem (Tamarindus indicus) Cold intestine Vaginal iritation Daun sirsak Sirsak (Annona muricate), salam Diabetes Internal/ adult Not (Syzygium polyanthum) Uric acid Oral daily/ request Diabetes/ Ciplukan (Physalis angulata), kenci- Diabetes Internal/ adult Not Kencing batu beling (Strobilanthes crispa), imbo Headache Oral daily/ (Azadirachta indica), brotowali request (Tinospora crispa L), bringos kucing (Orthosiphon aristatus) Suroh Sirih (Piper betle L), kunyit manga Leucorrhoea Internal/ adult Not (Curcuma manga) Stomach cramps Oral daily/ request Batu Ginjal Meniran (Phyllanthus urinaria), Kidney problem Internal/ adult Not oyot alang-alang (Imperata cylin- Oral daily/ drica), kencibeling (Strobilanthes request crispa), bringos kucing (Orthosi- phon aristatus) Suroh sereh Sirih (Piper betle L), sereh (Cymbo- Breast cancer Internal/ adult Not pogon citratus) daily/ request

UNNES JOURNALS Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 12(12) (2020): 150-162 156 mixture of galangal and mashed-rice extract “previously I learned from my mother sin- water), kunir kentel (thick turmeric extract ce she is also an herbal medicine seller. La- water), kunir asem (extract water of turme- ter, my sister is also willing to be an herbal ric and tamarind), temulawak (curcuma), medicine seller, so that I taught her. Then my younger sister, Dian, also started to be cabe puyang (Javanese chili), suroh (betel), an herbal medicine seller since 2 years ago. wejahan, and paitan (bitter jamu). The main And the last one is my son in law, Probo, plants ingredients for these types of jamu is who is also an herbal medicine seller. So, 18 plants such as ginger (Zingiber officinale), a number of herbal medicine sellers here galangal (), turmeric learned from my mother and me, since (Curcuma longa), tamarind (Tamarindus most of us are relatives.” (Bu Rianti). indica), curcuma (Curcuma zanthorrhiza), As with other communities, some betel leaf (Piper betle), katuk leaf (Sauropus people in the Ngadirgo herbal medicine androgynus), dadap leaf (Erythrina variega- community still have close kinship. A mot- te), widosari (Ipomoea mauritiana), guava her named Mrs. Ngajiah (who died several leaf (Psidium guajava), ketupuk leaf, cep- years ago) is known by residents as a senior likan (Eucalyptus alba reinw), lempuyang herbalist in the village. Mrs. Ngajiah is the (Zingiber zerumbet), Javanese chili (Piper one who lowers the knowledge of making retrofractum), beluntas leaf (Pluchea indi- herbal medicine not only to her children, ca), papaya leaf (Carica papaya), and bitter but also to other families in the village. The (Andrographis paniculata). method used by Mrs. Ngajiah in transmit- The second type of jamu produced by ting her knowledge is by directly involving Ngadirgo herbal sellers is jamu by order. It her children in every herbal medicine pro- is an herbal medicine made at the request cessing. Starting from preparing and clea- of consumers to cure certain diseases. There ning herbal medicinal plants and producti- are nine types of herbal medicine that are on tools in the afternoon, preparing places produced according to customer requests. for herbal medicine containers at night, as They are papaya leaves, white turmeric, ce- well as the process of making herbal medici- kok, tapel, soursop leaves, diabetes, betel, ne composition at dawn. To get fresh herbal kidney stones, and betel and lemongrass. concoctions for consumers, herbal medici- ne is made around 3:00 in the morning. The Source of Knowledge of Medicinal process of transferring knowledge directly Herbs can take a week until the trainees can do Knowledge about herbal medicine their own processing of herbal medicine. and plant material for jamu is obtained Another experience told by Mbah Su- hana telling that before making herbal me- from generation to generation through the dicine independently, she had lived in the process of transfer of knowledge from pa- home of a family selling herbal medicine in rents who have traditionally worked as her- the neighboring village, Wonolopo. Every bal medicine sellers. The process of sharing day she was tasked with helping the family this knowledge is done by teaching directly prepare plant material and process the ing- to children and other family members about redients into herbs. Bu Suhana was involved the method of processing ingredients into in all processes of making herbal medicine. herbs, starting from how to select materi- From that experience and learning process, als, choose and prepare equipment, to the she then decided to make her own her- techniques of concocting medicinal plants bal medicine at her home. The sale of this into herbs. The following is an excerpt from herbal medicine can meet the needs of the an interview with one of the herbal medici- household until now. ne informants who gained knowledge about Mbah Suhanah also handed down her how to process herbal medicine from pa- knowledge of the making of herbal medicine rents who did work as herbal medicine sel- to several residents in Ngadirgo village. The lers:

UNNES JOURNALS 157 Fadly Husain et al, Ethnobotanical Knowledge of Plant Ingredients Among Sellers of Jamu Ngadirgo ... villagers come every day to Mbah Suhanah’s which is made rather thick, and consumed house to learn to make herbal medicine and regularly for three months will provide a fas- recognize the medicinal herbs used. At first ter healing effect. Mbah Suhanah helped make the herbal me- Curcuma (Curcuma zanthorrhiza). dicine, until then the villagers can make and This plant is believed to be able to cure liver sell it themselves. Using this system, both disease or jaundice in the emic perspective Mbah Suhanah as a mentor and villagers get of Ngadirgo people. By consuming ginger 50 percent each from the sale. After deemed regularly, liver disease will be cured. Same to understand both manufacturing and sel- with ginger, turmeric and galangal, the part ling processes, these villagers then indepen- that is used from ginger is the rhizome. dently produced and sold the herbal medi- Lempuyang (Zingiber zerumbet). cine. This plant is the main ingredient for jamu cabe puyang by utilizing the rhizome. For Knowledge about Ngadirgo Medicinal the sellers of herbal medicine in Ngadirgo, Herbs aches and pains in the body is a disease that There are 50 plants commonly used by Nga- must also be cured. Plant that is effective in dirgo herbal medicine sellers in making healing it is lempuyang. Although the taste herbs, both as a main ingredient and as an is very bitter, consuming one glass per day additional ingredient. The main ingredients after it is processed is felt to provide healing of herbal medicine from plants are plants for aches and pains in the body. This that must be present in herbal concoctions. is especially widely consumed by adult men. While the additional ingredients is plant Betel (Piper betle). In the Ngadirgo species used in herbal remedies, but can community, this plant is called suroh. This be selected or added to all or just one. Parts plant species is also one of the types of her- of plant used in herbal medicine includes bal medicine produced by the seller of her- leaves, rhizomes, stems, fruits, roots, and bal medicine in this village. In Indonesian seeds. The following are medicinal herbs: society in general, this plant is widely used Galangal (Kaempferia galanga). This as medicine. The part that is utilized is the plant is the main ingredient in making her- leaves. The sellers of herbal medicine said bal medicine named beras kencur. This plant that betel leaf is widely used to treat organs can be boughte in the market, or planted in in women’s stomachs. When mixed with the yard. Galangal is believed by herbal ma- mango turmeric, this herb can treat sto- kers to be very effective in curing children’s mach cramps or even postoperative pain. illnesses such as coughing, colds and even to Tamarind (Tamarindus indica). This increase appetite. However, adults are also plant is used in parts of ripe fruit and has good at consuming this plant. become a major part in jamu kunyit asem. Ginger (Zingiber officinale). This plant The mixture of this fruit mixed with turme- is used in the rhizome. In herbal medicine, ric will reduce fat in the body and overcome ginger is not the main ingredient, but the body odor. Tamarind is also beneficial for additional one. Even so, ginger is used as a women who are menstruating because it warm flavor on some herbal medicines such can reduce pain during menstruation. as beras kencur, cabe puyang and suroh. Be- Javanese chili (Piper retrofractum). cause of its warmth, it can treat flatulence. It’s called chili but it’s not like ordinary chili Turmeric (Curcuma longa). Like gin- consumed daily by the public. The color is ger, turmeric is used in the rhizome. This blackish brown. In some societies, this plant plant is the main plant material in jamu ku- is specifically consumed as a medicinal ing- nyit asem. According to herbal medicine sel- redient or a mixture of food seasonings. This lers in Ngadirgo, turmeric is a powerful me- plant is used in the fruit. But this chili must dicine for treating various health problems first be dried before being used, to get the inside the human body. Diseases like colic maximum benefit. The spicy taste is the and gastritis can be cured using it. Turmeric main ingredient in making jamu cabe pu-

UNNES JOURNALS Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 12(12) (2020): 150-162 158 yang. Some informants acknowledged that paitan, which is a type of daily jamu of Nga- the benefits of this plant were to improve dirgo, but it is also used as additional ingre- blood flow and provide warmth to the body. dient in the type of jamu produced by cus- Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata). tomers’ order. Usually customers order this In many variants of herbal medicine, Sam- special herbal medicine if they suffer from biloto is a type of herbal medicine that tas- diabetes or kidney stones. According to the tes very bitter. Because of its bitter taste, it is seller, diabetics must consume herbal me- called jamu paitan. To become a medicinal dicine containing this brotowali plant every herb, it needs some additional ingredients day, otherwise, the feet will swell. The taste such as brotowali (Tinospora crispa) plants of this plant is very bitter, especially when which also taste bitter. Before utilizing this mixed in jamu paitan which uses the main plant, herbal medicine sellers usually dry ingredient of Sambiloto which is also bitter. the parts that will be used, namely leaves Many sellers buy this material on the market and roots. After being processed with other because they don’t have a lot of land at home ingredients, the Sambiloto decoction provi- to cultivate it. des benefits to cure various diseases such as Widosari (Ipomoea mauritiana). This skin problems (itching), gout, diabetes, and plant is not widely used in making her- also increase appetite. bal medicine in Ngadirgo. Widosari is only Papaya (Carica papaya). This plant is found in jamu wejahan as the main ingredi- one of the main ingredients in jamu weja- ent. This type of plant is vines and the plant han which is made daily by Ngadirgo herbal parts used are leaves. medicine sellers. In addition, this plant is Gagan-gagan or pegagan (Centella also made herbal medicine specially orde- asiatica). In some communities, this plant is red by the customer. The part used from the used as a source of nutrition by making it as plant is the leaves. Initially this papaya herb a vegetable ingredient. But generally in Java, is used for mothers who are breastfeeding especially in Ngadirgo, this plant is part of because it can expedite the production of jamu wejahan that has benefits for expedi- breast milk (ASI). ting breast milk. Some sellers suggest that Luntas or beluntas (Pluchea indica). during late pregnancy the mother consume Like papaya leaves, this plant is also used in jamu wejahan with a mixture of gotu kola to the type of jamu wejahan. Besides, the lun- facilitate ASI production after giving birth. tas plant is used as an additional ingredi- Tapak liman (Elephantopus scaber). ent in jamu suroh. Generally, part of plants This plant is a type of wild plants that can be that is considered to have efficacy are leaves. found in the yard and in the fields. By using The benefits of this plant are to improve the leaves to the roots, this plant is mixed with quality of the immune system and facilitate various plant ingredients in jamu wejahan. breast milk. The sellers of herbal medicine Ceplikan or ceplik sari (Eucalyptus usually get luntas that grow in the garden, alba reinw). In the making of jamu Ngadi- but some people plant them in the yard of rgo, ceplikan can be found in the jamu su- the house. roh. The main part that is used is the fruit. Dadap serep (Erythrina variegate). Because ceplikan is part of jamu suroh, the This plant is one of the plants that must benefits are mostly for women because it exist in the jamu wejahan. The sellers of can overcome several female health prob- herbal medicine use the leaves to be mixed lems. Cepliksari in jamu suroh is effective in in herbs. In addition to expediting breast treating vaginal discharge. Part of cepliksari milk, this dadap serep plant can also relieve used is the fruit, and can only be bought in headaches. Because dadap serep is very rare- the market. ly sold in the market, a number of herbalist Pineapple (Ananas comosus). This sellers grow it in the yard of the house. plant is known to the public as a fruit that Brotowali (Tinospora crispa). This has a good vitamin content. But in the her- plant is an additional ingredient in jamu bal concoction, part of the plant used is the

UNNES JOURNALS 159 Fadly Husain et al, Ethnobotanical Knowledge of Plant Ingredients Among Sellers of Jamu Ngadirgo ... young leaves. The leaves (called pineapple in children. But in making herbal medicine, petetet) is used in jamu wejahan. However, the leaves of this plant are used in herbal during the discussion among herbal medi- medicine for jamu tapel for the health of fe- cine seller group, the additional ingredient male sex organs. of pineapple leaves was still being debated, Bengle (Zingiber casumounar). This whether it could be applied or not. plant is usually used together with dlingo to Guava (Psidium guajava). This plant be crushed and placed on the forehead, ears, is categorized as additional ingredient for crown, hands and feet of newborn children jamu wejahan. Parts of plants used are the to avoid the disturbance of spirits. As part of leaves. Although the leaves can be used as the jamu tapel, the part that is utilized is the medicinal ingredients, their use is limited or rhizome part. not too much. In Ngadirgo, to get guava lea- Temu kunci (Curcuma rotunda). This ves is very easy because some people plant it plant is an additional ingredient in jamu su- in their yards and gardens. roh. Temu kunci is widely used to cure fema- (Syzygium polyanthum). Bay le problems. leaf is widely used for food seasonings. Most Ciplukan (Physalis angulata). This traditional dishes in Indonesia use bay lea- plant is used in herbal medicine for diabe- ves to get a specific taste in food. In Ngadi- tes which can be ordered at any time by the rgo, bay leaves not only function for food customer. Plant parts used in this diabetic seasoning but also for additional herbal herbal medicine are leaves to roots. The rea- ingredients, but it is not always necessari- dy-made concoction can be consumed by ly used. Some sellers add it to jamu paitan, diabetics as much as a 600 ml bottle when but some others add it to special jamu orde- just waking up in the morning and before red by patients, namely soursop leaf herbs going to bed. One bottle must be used up which specifically treat cancer and reduce in a day. blood sugar levels. Soursop (Annona muricata). Other White turmeric (). plants that can be consumed to treat dia- This plant is not widely used in herbal me- betes are soursop. Plant parts that are used dicine. White turmeric is only used when are the leaves. This herbal concoction is not there are requests from customers who suf- made daily but is made by request. fer from cancer. Same with plants from the Imbo (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.). same family, the parts used are rhizomes. Imbo is a plant with large stems which leaves Temu ireng (Curcuma aeruginosa). are used for the treatment of diabetes. This plant can be found in jamu cekok. Ce- Keji beling (Strobilanthes crispa). kok is an herbal medicine made according to This plant is still part of the herbal medici- the customer’s request. The ingredients are ne for diabetes specially ordered by custo- useful for increasing a child’s appetite. Temu mers. Parts of the plant which are used are ireng in the concoction of jamu cekok is one the leaves. Keji beling belongs to the bush way to maintain the health of children since category. This plant species is found in the long time ago. village of Ngadirgo which is planted in hou- Kemukus (). This plant is seyards. This is because these plants cannot an important part of jamu tapel. This her- be bought in the market. bal medicine is widely used by women after Meniran (Phyllanthus urinaria). For childbirth. This type of herbal medicine is herbal medicine sellers in Ngadirgo, this not for oral treatment but for external me- plant is one of the herbs that can be used as dicine. This herb is placed on the female sex herbal medicine to cure kidney disease. This organs to prevent itching problems on the herbal medicine is only made by request, skin. not produced daily. Dlingo (Acorus calamus). In Javanese Dawung or kedaung (Parkia rox- society, this plant is known as a medicine to burghii). Seeds are the main part that is cure diseases caused by spirits such as sawan used from this plant. Dawung seeds are usu-

UNNES JOURNALS Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 12(12) (2020): 150-162 160 ally mixed in jamu cabe puyang. Even so, not is considered to be able to cure vaginal di- many herbal medicine sellers add them. The scharge in women, the same as other plant concoction of dawung and other ingredients ingredients in the jamu suroh. in jamu cabe puyang is believed to treat fati- Gedang (banana) sobo (Musa paradi- gue and aches in the body. Another benefit siaca). In Indonesian society, banana trees is to increase appetite. Even so, the amount are plants that have many benefits from of seeds is not too much given in the con- fruits, stems to leaves. In making jamu we- coction because it will taste bitter. If the jahan, one of the additional ingredients is dose of seeds added is just right, it will taste young leaves of gedang sobo. It is believed to delicious. be able to fertilize the womb. However not (Foeniculum vulgare). This many people use it in jamu wejahan. plant is used both as ingredients for food Majaan or manjakani (Quercus infec- and medicine. In Ngadirgo, fennel is usually toria gall). This plant can be found in jamu added to the concoction of jamu suroh. Ho- suroh. It is an additional ingredient, so that wever, not many herbal medicine sellers use not many sellers use it. it as an additional ingredient because of its Kumis kucing (Orthosophon arista- bitter taste. Fennel added to the jamu suroh tus). This plant has long been a popular me- is very good for women having female prob- dicinal plant in society. In herbal medicine, lems such as vaginal discharge. kumis kucing is herbal ingredient for spe- Katuk (Sauropus androgynus). Katuk cial-ordered herbal ingredients for diabetes plant is also one of the types of plants that and kidney disease. The part of the plant are widely used by Indonesia societies. Part used is the leaves. Some sellers plant it on of the plant used is the leaves. Katuk leaf is their yard. But the challenge for this plant is the main ingredient in jamu wejahan. Katuk dry season. leaf is widely known to have efficacies for Ketupuk. This plant is also commonly launching breast milk for nursing mothers. called dupuk or dupuk leaves. Dupuk leaf is Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum). one of the additional ingredients for jamu This plant is widely known as a mixture of wejahan which has the efficacy of female ingredients in snacks. Although not many problems. herbal makers use it, some use it in jamu pai- Lemongrass (Cymbopogan citares). tan. Part of the plant used is the bark. This In Ngadirgo, this plant is easily found in the material can only be bought in the market house yard. Lemongrass can grow wild or in- because it does not grow around the home. tentionally planted. Lemongrass is used in Reeds (Imperata cylindrica). This type special herbs mixed with betel leaves. This of plant is found in the wild around the hou- is why this herb is usually called suroh sereh se. The part used is the root which is usual- (betel and lemongrass). According to the ly called oyot alang-alang. It is added into informant, the betel and lemongrass herbs jamu for kidney disease that is made by or- can treat breast cancer. der. (Allium cepa). This plant is Rice (Oryza sativa). This plant is the actually included as a food seasoning. But staple food of Indonesian people. But in in the practice of making herbal medici- jamu making, it is used as the main ingre- ne, especially jamu cekok, it is usually ad- dient in jamu beras kencur. Mashed-rice is ded. Jamu cekok has the efficacy to increase then mixed with rhizome of galangal. This appetite and also treat intestinal worms. herb is good for increasing appetite, overco- (Syzygium aromaticum). In ming the problem of bloating and even tre- jamu suroh which is produced every day, ating coughs. cloves are usually added as a flavor enhancer. White (Punica gra- is one of the ingredients that must be natum). In the making of jamu suroh, this present in jamu suroh. plant is used as an additional ingredient. Noni (Morinda citrifolia). The part It can be used or not. White pomegranate that is used in this plant is the fruit or com-

UNNES JOURNALS 161 Fadly Husain et al, Ethnobotanical Knowledge of Plant Ingredients Among Sellers of Jamu Ngadirgo ... monly called pentil pace. This plant is an ad- also be seen from the source from which ditional material for making jamu cekok. Ngadirgo herbalist sellers access these Sari rapet / pepet (Kaempferia rotun- plants. Most of these plants are bought from da). Just like cloves, rapet wood is also an the local market. There are many stalls in ingredient for jamu suroh. However, rapet the market that sell medicinal ingredients wood is additional, not necessarily exist in both fresh and dried and sold in packages. herbal concoctions. This material is usually bought at markets around Ngadirgo. Simbukan (Paederia foetida). Like shallot, pentil pace and soy, simbukan leaf is also the main ingredient in jamu cekok. Sim- bukan leaf is bought at the markets around Ngadirgo. Tempe soybean (Glycine soja). In jamu cekok produced by herbal medicine sellers in Ngadirgo, stale tempe is the main ingredient. This tempe is produced from fermented soybean seeds. The stale tempe Figure 2. Herbal ingredients sold at local is considered a panacea for children’s health market stalls problems. Binahong (Anredera cordifolia) is a plant that is commonly used in special her- bs according to customers’ requests. Alt- hough not all sellers use this plant, but the researchers found a seller who intentionally planted this plant in front of his house as a backup material if at any time the customer ordered the herbal medicine. The herbal medicinal plants used in making Ngadirgo herbal concoctions are very diverse. This can be seen in the diver- sity of species or types of plants and parts used. In addition, the findings also show that knowledge of plants that have good ef- ficacies and are useful for health is also a lot. It includes the knowledge about how to use it, or in the science of medicinal plants, eth- nobotany, is commonly referred to as a route of administration. In the context of this re- search, this concept can explain the know- Figure 3. Bu Suhana showed binahong plant ledge about the classification of locations or planted in front of her house. methods / ways the plants are consumed or applied. If referring to table 1, it is referred In addition, there are several species to as an external or internal use. The use of of plants that are deliberately planted in herbs in concoction also regulates who can the yard and in the garden, such as ginger, consume the herbs, whether the herbs are turmeric, lemongrass, papaya and others. suitable for adults or children. The diversity Even so, this plant species is also insufficient of these plants makes sellers and customers in number for the daily production needs have many choices of ingredients of herbs of herbal medicine groups, so that the rest that will be consumed. still have to be bought from the market. The The diversity of medicinal plants can plants that are usually cultivated at home

UNNES JOURNALS Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 12(12) (2020): 150-162 162 are types of plants as medicinal ingredients of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 222, pp.217–228. ordered by consumers. Such as kumis ku- Available from: http://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S037887411734014X. cing and binahong for kidney and diabetes Grace, J 1996, ““Healers and modern health services: sufferers. antenatal, birthing and postpartum care in ru- ral East Lombok, Indonesia ”” in Maternity and Reproductive Health in Asian Societies , eds.PL CONCLUSION Rice & L Manderson, Harwood Academic Pub- lishers GmbH, Harwood Academic Publishers Local knowledge about medicinal plants GmbH, Amsterdam, pp.145–167. used in jamu Ngadirgo is obtained from ge- Hariana, A 2004, Tumbuhan Obat dan Khasiatnya , neration to generation from their parents. Penebar Swadaya, . There are 50 plants commonly used in ma- Hay, MC 2001, Remembering to Live: Illness at the In- king herbal medicine in Ngadirgo both as tersection of Anxiety and Knowledge in Rural Indonesia , The University of Michigan Press, the main ingredient and the additional one. Ann Arbor. The main ingredients of herbal medicine Hunter, CL 2002, ““Embracing modernity: transfor- from plants are plants that must be present mations in Sasak confinement practices”” in in herbal concoctions, while the additional The Daughters of Hariti: Childbirth and Female ingredients is plant species used in herbal Healers in South and Southeast Asia , eds.S Ro- zario & G Samuel, Routledge, Routledge, Lon- remedies, but can be selected or added to all don and New York, pp.279–297. or just one. Plant parts used in herbal me- Husain, F & Wahidah, B 2018, “Medicine from nature: dicine are leaves, rhizomes, stems, fruits, Identification of medicinal plants used by be- roots, and seeds. Of the 50 medicinal herbs lian (sasakese indigenous healer) in tradition- used, these are then processed into 17 kinds al medicine in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.”, AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. of herbs with various stages. This research 2019, no. 1, pp.50003-1-50003–9. can be a contribution in preventing the loss Husain, F, Wahidah, BF, Prasetyo, KB & Massholeh, of local knowledge related to plants and me- M 2019, ““Traditional Knowledge of Medici- dicine. This reason is the basis of efforts in nal Plants among Sellers of Jamu Gendong writing knowledge of herbal medicine as a in Wonolopo, Indonesia,”” First International Conference on Advances in Education, Human- traditional Javanese medical identity. ities, and Language , EAI, EAI. Jay, S 1989, “The basir and tukang sangiang two kinds of shaman among the Ngaju Dayak.”, Indone- REFERENCES sia Circle. School of Oriental & African Studies. Abbasi, AM, Khan, MA, Ahmad, M & Zafar, M 2012, Newsletter, vol. 17, no. 49, pp.31–44. Medicinal Plant Biodiversity of Lesser Himala- Landy, D 1977, Culture, Disease and Healing: Studies yas-Pakistan , Springer, New York. in Medical Anthropology. Atkinson, JM 1987, “The Effectiveness of shamans in Laplante, J 2015, “Photo Essays. Animating anthropol- an Indonesian ritual.”, American Anthropolo- ogy: on doing jamu in Java.”, Medicine Anthro- gist, vol. 89, no. 2, pp.342–355. Available from: pology Theory, vol. 2, no. 2, pp.125–137. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1525/ Liu, Y, Ahmed, S & Long, C 2013, “Ethnobotanical aa.1987.89.2.02a00040/abstract. survey of cooling herbal drinks from southern Beers, J-J 2001, Jamu: The Ancient Indonesian Art of China.”, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethno- Herbal Healing , TUTTLE Publishing, North medicine, vol. 9, no. 1, p.82. Clarendon, Vermont. Martin, G 1995, Ethnobotany: a method manual , Bodeker, G 2000, Indigenous Medical Knowledge: The Springer Science, Dordrecht. Law and Politics of Protection: Oxford Intellec- McFoy, C 2013, Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medi- tual Property Research Centre Seminar in St. cine in Sierra Leone , iUniverse, Bloomington. Peter’s College, 25th January 2000 , Oxford. Nolan, J & Turner, N 2011, ““Ethnobotany: The Study of BPS-KotaSemarang 2018, Kecamatan Mijen dalam An- People–Plant Relationships”” in Ethnobiology , gka 2018 , CV Citra Yunda, Semarang. Wiley-Blackwell, Wiley-Blackwell, New Jersey, Cotton, C 1997, Ethnobotany. Principles and Applica- pp.133–147. tions , John Wiley and Sons, New York. Rios, M, Tinitana, F, Jarrín-V, P, Donoso, N & Romero- Fu, Y, Yang, J, Cunningham, AB, Towns, AM, Zhang, Y, Benavides, JC 2017, “‘Horchata’ drink in South- Yang, H, Li, J & Yang, X 2018, “A billion cups: ern Ecuador: medicinal plants and people’s The diversity, traditional uses, safety issues wellbeing.”, Journal of Ethnobiology and Eth- and potential of Chinese herbal teas.”, Journal nomedicine, vol. 13, no. 1, p.18.

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