Promoting Community Participation in Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Both ENDS Nieuwe Keizersgracht 45 1018 VC Amsterdam the Netherlands

Both ENDS April 2016

Connecting people for change Involving communities in Indonesia

Promoting Community Participation in Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Both ENDS Nieuwe Keizersgracht 45 1018 VC Amsterdam The Netherlands

Connecting people for change Tel: +31 20 530 66 00 Fax: +31 20 620 80 49 www.bothends.org

Indonesia Water Community of Practice (IndoWater CoP) Krajan Gg. III, RT 01/ RW 05, Wringinanom village Wringinanom subdistrict, Gresik 61177, Indonesia

Tel: +62 31 898 622 7/ +62 81 252 031 456 Fax: +62 31 898 622 7 [email protected] www.indowatercop.org

CREDITS

Writers: Riska Darmayanti, Rob Koudstaal

With contributions by: Christa Nooy (Both ENDS) Daru SetyoRini (Ecoton) Een Irawam Putra (KPC) Febri Sastiviani Putri Cantika (KPC) Herbert Panggabean (YMI) Hisam Setiawan (YMI) Muchammad Muslich (KPC) Mulyadi (YMI) Zainuri Hasyim (YMI)

Editing: Cady Windish, Christa Nooy Photography: Amir Muttaqin, Een Irawan Putra, Herbert Panggabean and Prigi Arisandi Design: Margo Vlamings

MADE POSSIBLE BY THE ECOSYSTEM ALLIANCE Involving Communities in Indonesia

Promoting Community Participation in Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION 6 2 WATER RESOURCES AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA 8 2.1 AVAILABLE RESOURCES 8 2.2 WATER RESOURCES INFRASTRUCTURE 8 2.2.1 Irrigation areas 8 2.2.2 Piped water supply systems 8 2.2.3 Dams and river regulation works 8 2.2.4 Hydropower 9 2.3 USE OF WATER 9 2.3.1 Irrigation 9 2.3.2 Households 10 2.3.3 Industries and other non-domestic 10 2.3.4 Hydropower 10 2.4 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 10 2.5 COMMUNITY BASED MANAGEMENT 16 2.6 ISSUES OR CHALLENGES 16 2.6.1 Critical watersheds 16 2.6.2 Groundwater 16 2.6.3 Droughts 16 2.6.4 Floods 17 2.6.5 Water quality 18 2.6.6 Erosion 18 2.6.7 Sedimentation 18 2.6.8 Groundwater overextraction and pollution 18 3 INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA 20 3.1 THE CONCEPT OF IWRM 20 3.2 IWRM IN INDONESIA 22 3.3 FAILING IWRM IN INDONESIA 22 4 THE NEGOTIATED APPROACH 25 4.1 THE CONCEPT 25 4.2 TOWARDS A NEGOTIATED APPROACH IN INDONESIA 27 5 INDOWATER COMMUNITY OF PRACTICE 31 6 CASE STUDIES OF A NEGOTIATED APPROACH (NA) AND IWRM IN INDONESIA 33 6.1 SURABAYA FISH SANCTUARY AREA: COOPERATIVE MULTISTAKEHOLDER 33 FORUM IN WATER POLLUTION MANAGEMENT 33 6.1.1 Water Resources System 33 6.1.2 The need for IWRM and a Negotiated Approach 33 6.1.3 Platform Description 34 6.1.4 Evaluation and Lessons Learnt 34 6.2 INTEGRATED KAMPAR BASIN INITIATIVE: INFORMAL MEETING WHICH INTEGRATES AND FACILITATES MULTI-STAKEHOLDER INTERESTS IN IWRM 37 6.2.1 Water Resources System 37 6.2.2 The need for IWRM and a Negotiated Approach 38 6.2.3 Platform Description 39 6.2.4 Evaluation and Lessons Learnt 39 6.3 SAVE PUNCAK CONSORTIUM (SPC): TOP-DOWN APPROACH THAT WORKS 41 6.3.1 Water Resouces System 41 6.3.2 The need for IWRM and a Negotiated Approach 42 6.3.3 Platform Description 42 6.3.4 Evaluation and Lessons Learnt 43 1 INTRODUCTION 6 List of Tables 2 WATER RESOURCES AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA 8 2.1 AVAILABLE RESOURCES 8 Table 1. Indonesia hydropower potential 2.2 WATER RESOURCES INFRASTRUCTURE 8 Table 2. The differences between BBWS/BWS and TKPSDA 2.2.1 Irrigation areas 8 Table 3. Indicators for IWRM implementation pillars 2.2.2 Piped water supply systems 8 Table 4. Characteristics of the conventional and negotiated approach in IWRM 2.2.3 Dams and river regulation works 8 Table 5. The similarity between participatory principles and NA aims in IWRM 2.2.4 Hydropower 9 Table 6. Main characteristics of three efforts to establish a platform for NA 2.3 USE OF WATER 9 2.3.1 Irrigation 9 2.3.2 Households 10 2.3.3 Industries and other non-domestic 10 List of figures 2.3.4 Hydropower 10 2.4 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 10 Figure 1. Institutional arrangement of the River Basin Management (Adapted 2.5 COMMUNITY BASED MANAGEMENT 16 from Bhat et.al, 2007; Amron, 2009; Wierisk, 2011; Satrini, 2014; Widyaswari, 2.6 ISSUES OR CHALLENGES 16 2015) 2.6.1 Critical watersheds 16 2.6.2 Groundwater 16 2.6.3 Droughts 16 Acronyms and Abbreviations 2.6.4 Floods 17 2.6.5 Water quality 18 APBD Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget 2.6.6 Erosion 18 BAPPENAS National Development and Planning Agency 2.6.7 Sedimentation 18 BBWS River Basin Territories Organisation 2.6.8 Groundwater overextraction and pollution 18 BKPP Government Staff Training and Education Agency 3 INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA 20 BLH Environmental Protection Agency 3.1 THE CONCEPT OF IWRM 20 BMKG Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysic Agency 3.2 IWRM IN INDONESIA 22 BNPB National Board for Disaster Management 3.3 FAILING IWRM IN INDONESIA 22 BP-DAS Watershed Management Agency 4 THE NEGOTIATED APPROACH 25 BPN National Land Agency 4.1 THE CONCEPT 25 Dirjen SDA Water Resources General Directorate 4.2 TOWARDS A NEGOTIATED APPROACH IN INDONESIA 27 Ecoton Ecological Observation and Wetland Conservation 5 INDOWATER COMMUNITY OF PRACTICE 31 FSA Fish Sanctuary Area 6 CASE STUDIES OF A NEGOTIATED APPROACH (NA) AND IWRM IN KLHK Forestry and Environmental Ministry INDONESIA 33 KPC Ciliwung Community 6.1 SURABAYA FISH SANCTUARY AREA: COOPERATIVE MULTISTAKEHOLDER 33 LRBC Lamasi River Basin Council FORUM IN WATER POLLUTION MANAGEMENT 33 MDG Millennium Development Goal 6.1.1 Water Resources System 33 MK Constitutional Court 6.1.2 The need for IWRM and a Negotiated Approach 33 MUSRENBANG Development Planning Conference 6.1.3 Platform Description 34 Perda Local Regulation 6.1.4 Evaluation and Lessons Learnt 34 PDAM Government-owned Drinking Water Company 6.2 INTEGRATED KAMPAR BASIN INITIATIVE: INFORMAL MEETING WHICH INTEGRATES AND PERHUTANI State Forestry Company FACILITATES MULTI-STAKEHOLDER INTERESTS IN IWRM 37 PJT JasaTirta Public Company 6.2.1 Water Resources System 37 PLN State Electricity Company 6.2.2 The need for IWRM and a Negotiated Approach 38 PLTA Hydroelectric Power Plant 6.2.3 Platform Description 39 POKMASWAS Community Monitoring Group 6.2.4 Evaluation and Lessons Learnt 39 PP Government Regulation 6.3 SAVE PUNCAK CONSORTIUM (SPC): TOP-DOWN APPROACH THAT WORKS 41 PSDA Water Resources Management 6.3.1 Water Resouces System 41 PTPN State Plantation Company 6.3.2 The need for IWRM and a Negotiated Approach 42 PUPERA Ministry of Public Work and Housing 6.3.3 Platform Description 42 RBT River Basin Territories 6.3.4 Evaluation and Lessons Learnt 43 TKPSDA Water Resources Management Coordination Team UNESCO United Nation Education, Science and Cultural Organization WS River Basin YMI Community Partnership Foundation

3 School children test the water quality by analysing bio-organism samples in Brantas River, East Java

4 PREFACE Experiences in countries around the world show that people in urban and rural communities and villages are very willing and able to manage or co-manage the water resources they depend on. All they need is the capacity to pursue their basic rights and an understanding of the legal and institutional spaces for community participation as well as the competing demands for water that affect the local ecosystem.

Civil society organisations from Asia, Latin America and Africa increasingly share the conviction that successful and effective water resources management is only possible if communities have the capacity and opportunity to develop and negotiate their own visions and solutions to challenges related to water resources management. Since the late 1990s, CSOs have identified the Negotiated Approach (NA) as a valuable way to encourage and support communities to become involved in all aspects of managing water resources in a meaningful way and on a long-term basis – in short, to promote truly participatory Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM).

In 2006, Indonesian CSOs identified the Negotiated Approach as an effective approach to improve community participation in the implementation of Water Law No.7/2004. As part of two pilots in Bengkulu basin on Sumatra and Lamasi basin on Sulawesi, the Livelihood Analysis and Activity Analysis Guide Series were developed. These Guidelines help communities and civil society organisations gain insight in the economic activities and the variety of stakeholders in their basin. It also helps them to place the problems of local communities in a broader geo-political and geo-economic context.

Thanks to the pilots, the local CSO Yayasan Ulayat Bengkulu is now a member of the Provincial Water Council (PWC) where it voices community concerns and needs. This led to a negative advice, and eventually to the rejection, by the PWC of an exploitation license for mining by the local regency. In 2014, a memorandum of understanding was signed between Rindu Hati village and FH University. The cooperation aims at providing a legal basis for advocacy on mining licenses. In Lamasi basin, CSOs assisted the Head of Luwu District in the formation of the river basin council ‘Komite Das Lamasi’. The statutes explicitly incorporate structural spaces for local communities to participate in formal planning processes.

Partly inspired by these experiences and successes, and partly out of frustration with the accelerating water pollution and floods that are caused by uncontrolled industrial pollution, illegal mining and lack of waste management, CSOs on Java and Sumatra started to facilitate negotiation platforms for community-based river basin management.

In December 2014, the CSOs Both ENDS (Netherlands), Ecoton (East Java), Komunitas Peduli Ciliwung (West Java) and Yayasan Mitra Insani (Riau) decided to join forces and initiate IndoWater CoP.

With this Community of Practice, we aspire to contribute tangible models for community participation in IWRM, while strongly addressing the often destructive impacts of failing river basin management in national policymaking.

Riska Darmayanti Daniëlle Hirsch IndoWater CoP coordinator Director Both ENDS

5 1 INTRODUCTION

Population growth and corresponding Indonesia is blessed with abundant This booklet introduces IndoWater economic developments lead to water resources: by international CoP. It first describes Indonesia’s a skyrocketing demand for water comparison the country ranks 5th water resources and its management worldwide. The quantity of useable in terms of total available water (Chapter 2) and the country’s water continues to reduce due to resources2. At the same time, however, experience with IWRM (Chapter increased water usage for industrial, Indonesia faces many water problems 3). Subsequently it introduces the agricultural and daily household such as water pollution, overextraction Negotiated Approach as the way activities, increased degradation of groundwater, floods and droughts. towards water resources management of natural resources and pollution Even though the government of processes in which local communities of surface and groundwater. Indonesia stated ‘the actualisation of have a fair and equal position vis-à-vis Indonesia is no exception to this stable utilisation in efficient, effective, other, often more powerful players. problem. Back in the seventies and sustainable manners for the It also presents experiences and of the previous century, reduced prosperity of the whole people’ in its models for Negotiated Approach access to water started to receive Indonesia Water Vision (2000), it has implementation in Indonesia (Chapter worldwide attention1. A wide range to be concluded that implementation 4). Finally, Chapter 5 introduces of recommendations was formulated of IWRM in Indonesia has failed. The IndoWater Cop: its raison d’etre, during international conferences state of the Water Resources System vision, roles and focus for the and by international bodies such as is deteriorating and this affects the near future. The booklet is meant UNESCO, creating what has been well-being of the people as well as the for government institutions, civil termed ‘Integrated Water Resources efficiency of economic activities. society organisations, and all other Management’ (IWRM). However, stakeholders interested in cooperating since the organisation of managing NGOs believe they have a unique with IndoWater CoP. a public resource such as water is position in between civil society by definition anchored in a country’s organisations and the government unique national system of public administration, because they have representation and administration, strong networks and the capacity the implementation of these to mobilise public opinion. Wanting recommendations typically remains to contribute to an improvement of the responsibility of individual IWRM and the water resources system countries. in Indonesia, in order to improve people’s access to clean water, a group of NGOs joined forces and experiences through the Indonesia Water Community of Practice (IndoWater CoP).

6 Traditional fisherman with two Asian Red tailed Catfish in Brantas River, East Java. This fish population is decreasing due to habitat destruction, poor water quality and destructive fishing

7 households in urban areas had access to a piped water supply, 9% in rural areas and an average of 18% across the country9. This poor situation WATER RESOURCES AND THEIR resulted in many public protests, such as in Nagari Kepala Hilalang (West MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA Sumatra) where customers destroyed 2 pipes to denounce the fact that almost 50% of the PDAM’s customers did not get clean water.

Lack of funding for investments and 2.1 2.2 maintenance are important causes of the decline of quality of piped water. AVAILABLE WATER RESOURCES WATER RESOURCES Based on a government statement, INFRASTRUCTURE to meet the MDGs target by 2015, The total water potential of Indonesia Indonesia would need to invest Rp 43 is estimated at 3,221 billion m3/year. 2.2.1 Irrigation areas trillion in clear water funding. In 2008, In the year 2011 this coincided with In 2010, the total irrigated areas in the government only provided Rp 500 16.8 m3/capita/year for Indonesia as Indonesia amounted to 7,469,796 billion10. The usage of (increasingly a whole, varying between 98,800 and ha (33,210 systems), consisting of contaminated) river water as clean 5,500 m3/capita/year for Kalimantan 2,851,006 ha (241 systems) under water supply without adequate and West Nusa Tenggara and East central government authority, treatment technology, is another Nusa Tenggara Islands respectively2. 1,423,222 ha (1,109 systems) under reason for the shrinking availability of provincial government authority, and clean, piped water. All common water sources (rainwater, 3,195,568 ha (31,860 systems) under surface water and groundwater) are district government authority6. 40% The World Bank asserts that local abundant in Indonesia. The country of the irrigated area in Indonesia governments, between 2001 and has a diverse rainfall distribution from is located on Java (inhabited by 2008, typically invested only 2% of 800 up to 4,000 mm/year, with a nearly 60% of the total population7). their budgets in infrastructure for long-term national average of about The productivity in these areas is piped water supply. 2,700 mm/year. Most areas have between 1,2 – 2 times higher than the rainfall throughout the year, though productivity outside Java. 2.2.3 Dams and river regulation concentrated in a period of about 5 works months. Surface water is scattered in 2.2.2 Piped water supply systems The primary responsibility for the river bodies (5,886 units), in natural Piped water supply systems are management of rivers and dams lies and artificial lakes, and in swamps mainly managed by 341 government- with the Public Works and Housing and wetlands (estimated at 330,000 – owned drinking water companies Ministry (PUPERA) and the Forestry 400,000 km2)3. (PDAMs). These PDAMs have been and the Environmental Ministry under the jurisdiction and ownership (KLHK). There are approximately Indonesia ranks in the world’s top 10 of subnational governments since 29 regulations on river and dam countries for groundwater extraction 1999, when legislation was enacted management. PUPERA and KLHK with 14 km3/year4. For the whole that transferred the responsibility for differ in their approach to river country, 421 groundwater basins water and sanitation infrastructure to management. PUPERA has a more were identified. The Geographycal subnational governments. The majority technical approach while KLHK Agency roughly estimated in 2008 of the PDAMs are now struggling takes the ecosystem as the point of that potential extraction rates vary with deteriorating water quality, while departure. Both ministries draw up between 496,217 x 106 m3/year systems operate on an intermittent management plans and have multi- (unconfined aquifers) and 20,906 x 106 basis with inadequate pressure levels. stakeholder coordination bodies m3/year (confined aquifers)5. Service levels in urban areas declined for integrating these plans with the from 39% of the population covered actions and responsibilities of the Despite the abundant water resources, in 2000 to 31% in 20108. According different members. Moreover, KLHK in many situations and places, access to data from the National Planning works at watershed level, while to water is limited due to pollution Agency (Bappenas) in 2006, 31% of PUPERA works at the level of the (see 2.6.5).

8 NOTES

Wilaya Sungai (WS) or river basin 1 Hassing, J., N. Ipsen, T. J. Clause, territories (RBTs) (see 2.4 for an 2.3 H. Larsen, and P. Lindgaard- Jorgensen. 2009. Integrated Water explanation of Wilaya Sungai). Resources Management in Action. THE USE OF WATER Joint prepared by DHI Water Policy 2.2.4 Hydropower and UNEP-DHI Center for Water and Indonesia has a hydropower potential In 2000, the total water withdrawal was Environment. Dialogue Paper of approximately 75,670 Mega Watt 113 km3. Agriculture accounted for 2 Directorate General of Water (MW); in 2010, over 100 hydro sources 82% of this withdrawal, municipalities Resources. 2012. Activity in 2010 – of varying sizes were identified. for 12% and industries for 6%. Surface 2011. www.sda.pu.go.id Around 45 sites located in sparsely water and groundwater withdrawal 3 Anonymous. 2004. Freshwater populated areas in West Sumatra was 84% and 16% respectively of the Country Profile: Indonesia. http:// have a combined catchment area of total water withdrawal. www.un.org/esa/agenda21/ natlinfo/countr/indonesa/ 2 37,121.5 km and energy potential of Freshwaterindonesia04f.pdf 383,83 Mega Watt (MW). Although 2.3.1 Irrigation 4 the country has an estimated high Irrigation used in agriculture is Van der Gun, Jack. 2012. Groundwater and Global Changes: potential for hydro power, only the primary cause by far of water Trends, Opportunities, and 5% is being used (5,705 MW). The withdrawal. According to Indonesia’s Challenges. UNESCO. 44 pp identified potential hydropower sites Ministry of Public Works, in 2012 5 Tirtomiharjo, Haryadi. 2011. in Indonesia will be developed by the approximately 84% of the total rice Groundwater Resources Potentials government and private sector, of paddies in Indonesia were irrigated in Indonesia and Their Management. which 60% will be developed by state- (16% rain fed)12. Water for irrigation Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources.Center of Groundwater and owned electrical companies. is directly taken from rivers or comes ENvironemntal Geology. from reservoirs: 6,432,212 ha (89%) 6 depending on river run-off and Arif, S.S., and Murtiningrum. Challenges and Future Needs for 797,971 ha (11%) from reservoirs. Irrigation Management in Indonesia. http://www.oecd.org/tad/sustainable- In 2013, 39.96 million people were agriculture/49202003.pdf

working in the agriculture, plantation, 7 Nuchsin, P. 2015. Irrigation forestry, and fishery sectors. Limited Management to Increase Agriculture access to or changing availability of Production.Ministry of Agriculture. The First Meeting of The COMCEC reliable water resources make many AGRICULTURE WORKING GROUP of these people and their livelihoods 8 vulnerable13. ADB. 2013. Indonesia Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Assessment, Strategy, and Road Map.

9 AMRTA Institute. The Water Dialoques: Indonesia Contextual Analysis in Water Supply and Sanitation Factors. http:// www.waterdialogues.org/ documents/8.6ContextualAnalysis.pdf

10 Santana, Hamong. 2008. Access Clean Water a Problem in Indonesia. http://www.thejakartapost.com/ Table 1 • Overview of the hydropower potential in Indonesia per region11 news/2008/04/05/access-clean-water- a-problem-indonesia.html REGION POTENTIAL (MW) INSTALLED CAPACITY (MW) 11 Exim Bank Malaysia. 2013. Java – Bali 4,581 2,536 Hydropower (Indonesia) – Attracting Interest in Sumatra. Global Advisory Sumatra 15,814 868 and Research: Industry Assessment

Borneo 21,611 30 12 Shean, Michael. 2012. Indonesia: Sulawesi 10,203 210 Stagnating Rice Production Ensures Continued Needs for Import. Others 23,475 5 http://www.pecad.fas.usda.gov/ highlights/2012/03/Indonesia_rice_ Total 75,670 3,649 Mar2012/

9 2.3.2 Households 2.3.4 Hydropower At regional level, similar structures Groundwater is used by 74% of The Indonesian government has set exist but their functioning is hampered households for their clean water specific goals for hydropower to be by a lack of access to funds and sources, while the rest use river water met in 2015, with 1,300 Mega Watt the presence of decentralised (3.4%), piped surface water (21.2%), (MW) new hydropower. According to departments of national agencies, and other water sources (1.4%). its hydroelectric power development mainly PU and EF. Groundwater is taken from protected plan 2011-2020, the state electricity dug wells, tubewells or protected company (PLN) aims for an increase Indonesia is divided into 131 springs14. Most of the households, in hydropower production of 11%9. River Basin Territories (RBTs): 5 however, boil their water to make Hydropower efficiency in power transboundary, 29 transprovincial, 33 sure it is safe for drinking. Nowadays, plants (PLTAs) is often affected by national strategic,18 51 transdistrict/ groundwater quality is deteriorating low water supply and increased transmunicipal, and 13 within the while springs are becoming rarer and sedimentation in the water reservoirs boundaries of individual regencies/ more difficult to find. For example, in caused by watershed degradation. municipalities. This division and the upstream region of the Brantas In August 2014, the low water classification follows the Water Law River, the number of recorded springs discharge in Kotopanjang (Riau No.7/2004, the regulation from went down by 28% between 2007 Province) PLTA reservoir meant that Minister of Public Works, No. 11/ (170) and 2009 (122). only one out of the three available PRT/M/2006, and Presidential Decree turbines could move, producing 17% No. 12/2012. Due to the deteriorating quality of of total electricity produced under surface and groundwater and the normal conditions. JasaTirta (PJT) In addition, multi-stakeholder low access to piped water supply had to ration irrigation from Sutami TKPSDAs (Water Resources (see 2.2.2), access to safe water in and Wonogiri reservoirs to sustain Management Coordination Team) have Indonesia is very limited and people hydro electricity production in both been installed. These are coordinating rely massively on bottled water. reservoirs17. councils at river basin territory level,2 which advice the Ministry of PU on planning, monitoring and evaluation. 2.3.3 Industries and other non- domestic use Reference should also be made to In the year 2000 the industrial water national and provincial water councils demand was 7% of the total water 2.4 for policy and strategy formulation, demand. It is predicted that in the year which were also created after the 2032, this demand will have increased INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS enactment of Water Law No. 7/2004. to 17%.15 As piped and open surface water are relatively limited by its At the national level, the main In 2015, this entire organisation is ‘on quantity and quality constraints, players in water management are the hold’ as the new water law has been industries often rely on groundwater ministries of Public Works (PU), Mining revoked by the constitutional court to fulfill their needs. This is the case in and Energy (ME), and Environment (MK), upon request of several civil particular in large cities on Java. and Forest (EF). The allocation and society organisations. management of Indonesia’s surface- The limited availability of water and groundwater resources are It is important to note that RBTs (River resources for industrial activities jointly overseen by the designated Basin Territory; called wilayahsungai has become a determining factor in departments of PU and ME, while the (WS) in Bahasa) often encompass planning for industrial development. ministries of PU and EF share tasks more than one individual river basin Since 2012, the government and responsibilities with regard to and that they are managed by the established the precedent that only river basin management. PU should PU departments BBWS or BWS, industries with high technological be considered the main agency for which heavily depend on Jakarta. capabilities that require low water water resources management. It has a This implies that RBTs, which consumption are allowed to operate in powerful decentralised structure, even confusingly are also called River the water scarce regions of Karawang though final decision making is done Basin Organisations (RBO), are NOT and Bekasi. Other industries that in Jakarta. PU has been responsible for the same RBOs that are referred to require large amounts of water are the implementation of the Water Law in the discourse about the need for phased into moving to Majalengka No. 7/2004. management on river basin level. The (West Java) and Boyolali (Middle latter RBOs relate to one individual Java)16. basin in which stakeholders share the same water resource, which would 10 enable participatory IWRM. NOTES

13 Ministry of Agriculture. 2013. Water Management and Sustainable Agriculture in Indonesia. Presented in special seminar on Food Security Focusing on Water Management in Sustainable Agriculture

14 ISF-UTS.2011. Indonesia Water Sanitation Hygiene Sector Brief

15 Admadhani, D. N, A. T. S. Haji, and L. D. Susanawati. 2014. Analysis of Water Supply and Water Demand for Carrying Capacity Assessment (Case Study of Malang). Natural Resources and Environmental Journal

16 Siregar, Dimas. 2012. Water Crisis, Industries Will Be Limited at Karawang Bekasi. http://bisnis.tempo.co/read/ news/2012/09/23/090431347/krisis- air-industri-di-karawang-bekasi-akan- dibatasi

17 Purnomo. 2014. PJT I: Save Water Supply for Sutami Reservoir. http://www.antarajatim.com/lihat3/ berita/144228/pjt-i-pasokan-air-plta- sutami-aman

18 Sukardi, S., B. Warsito, H. Kisworo, and Sukiyoto. 2011. River Management in Indonesia. JICA, This upstream spring at Bendosari village is polluted with pesticides Yayasan Air AdhiEka, dan Directorate (Malang regency) General of Water Resources.

Table 2 • The difference between BBWS/BWS and TKPSDA

FEATURE BBWS/BWS TKPSDA

Responsible to • Water Resources General Directorate (Dirjen SDA) • Minister of PUPERA for transboundary province, governor of Public Works and Housing Ministry (PUPERA) for transboundary regency/municipalities, regent for regency

Task • Conservation, development, and utilisation of • Discussing POLA and water resources management water resources planning, water allocation, water resources related • Controlling water destruction force in river basin information management system territories • Giving advice related to water resources management

• Planning and implementation of spring • Include expertise and data on integrating water resources Function conservation area management • Water resources management • Coordinating and integrating multi-stakeholder interest • Providing technical recommendations for water • Monitoring and evaluating the water resources management resources utilisation permission implementation in their river basin • Operation and maintenance of water resources • Hydrological system management • Providing data and information related to water resources

11 Table 3 • Institutions involved in the platform initiatives in Surabaya River, Ciliwung watershed and Kampar basin (see chapter 6)

INSTITUTION ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITY

national

Environmental and Forestry Ministry • Formulating, establishing, coordinating and implementing policy in forestry and environmental management • Implementing technical guidance and supervising forestry and environmental management • Researching, developing, and innovating in environmental and forestry sector

Hydroelectric Power Plant Company • Generating electricity from hydropower plant (PLN)

Provincial/Regency

River Basin Territories Organisation • Arranging water resources management plan and pattern (BBWS) • Arranging plan and implementation of water resources protection area • Providing technical recommendations in giving permission for utilisation of water resources on river area • Operation and maintenance of water resources in river area • Management of hydrological system • Providing water data and information • Facilitating TKPSDA activities in the river area • Community development in water resources management

River Basin Management Bureau • Developing a watershed institution, system, and partnership model (BPDAS) • Monitoring and evaluating watershed management • Providing data and information of watershed management

Regional Development Plan Agency • Setting up, issuinge permission, and controlling provincial development site plan (Bappeda)

Environmental Protection Agency (BLH) • Monitoring and controlling industrial obedience in waste water discharging permission and waste management • Monitoring water quality and arranging policy in controlling water pollution • Developing conservation management • Giving environmental management recommendations and allocating business permits

Public Work Agency (Dinas PU) • Providing hydrological data of water resources • Managing water resources with regard to utilisation, destructive power, and conservation • Defining criteria and changing of land use in catchment area • Monitoring and controlling of building establishment and utilisation

PerumJasaTirta • Operating the implementation of water resources infrastructures • Conducting preventative maintenance which consists of routine and periodic maintenance and small improvements to infrastructure • Protecting water resources and their infrastructure • Conserving water resources and controlling damage power • Flushing in terms of river management • Monitoring, evaluating, and distributing information on water quality • Providing technical recommendations and advice to water resources manager in water resource utilisation

12 INSTITUTION ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITY

Provincial/Regency

River Basin Territory Water Council • Recommending water allocation for irrigation needs and other uses to the governor (TKPSDA) • Strengthening Water User Farmer Association (HimpunanPetaniPemakai Air/HIPPA) • Facilitating formation of river conservation community • Suggesting to governor tocontroll illegal sand mining by relocating the mining site to the area near the check dam and the sand pocket of Kelud Mountain • Proposing formation of conservation village modelling

Forestry agency • Formulating technical policy in forestry • Building and implementing participation in managing forest area • Monitoring, conserving and controlling the forest area

Marine and fisheries agency (DKPi) • Planning and implementation of marine and fisheries management

Industrial and Trading Agency • Giving public service on business permits and implementation based on industrial and trading sectors

Meteorology, Climatology, and • Formulating national and general policy Geophysical Bureau (BMKG) • Coordinating among policy, planning and programme implementation, supervising, and controlling observation and data and information management • Providing data and information, and information delivery related to climate change and disaster

University • Researching in water resources sectors

Indigenous community group • Mediating and giving advice between indigenous people and the government

Government-owned drinking water • Provisioning and distributing of clean water to their customers company (PDAM)

Industry • Using river as clean water supply for industrial activities and obeying the waste water discharge standard

Cleaning and Gardening Agency (DKP) • Developing technical policy and implementing technical garbage management and maintenaning city parks

Water Resources Management Bureau • Developing technical policy and implementing technical solutions for water resources (Badan PSDA) management, irrigation, and drainage

Village government • Water users

Local NGO • Researching, developing the community, and campaigning

Private drinking water company • Provisioning and distributing of clean water to their customers

Bottled water company • Water mining in river basin area for their raw materials • Providing drinking water • Providing CSR to conserve the water or environment

Local donor institutions • Providing small funds

Bureau coordination of government • Coordinating planning and implementation of development in regions and development (BKPP)

Perhutani • Planning, utilising, and conserving the forest in the working area

PTPN • Working in plantation, management, and marketing plantation crop 13 NATIONAL LEVEL

President

Minister for Minister for Minister for Minister for National Public Works State owned Mining and Energy Internal Affairs Development Companies Planning Agency (BAPPENAS)

Directorate Minister for General of Water Water Board Environment and Recources (Dewan SDA) Forestry

RIVER BASIN LEVEL

Water Council River basin Unit (TKPSDA) (BPDAS) Jasa Tirta I River Basin Public Corporation River basin Forum Working Unit (JTPC) (BBWS) (Forum DAS)

PROVINCIAL LEVEL

Governor

Provincial Water 1. Provincial Forestry Agency Regional Recources Agency 2. Provincial Agriculture Development (PWRA) Agency Planning Agency 3. Provincial Environmental Water Board (BAPPEDA) (Dewan SDA) Agency

REGENCY / DISTRICT LEVEL

Water Board Regent (Dewan SDA)

Regential Development Planning Agency Regential Public Works for Irrigation Agency Irrigation Regential Environment and Forestry Agency Water Users Commission Regential Agriculture Agency (Drinking Water, Regential Fishery Agency Industry, etc) Regential Health Agency

Water User Associations Command line (WUAs) Guidance line Coordination line

Figure 1 • Institutional Framework for River Basin Management in 19 Indonesia, adapted from Bhat et al, 2007 and Widyaswari, 2015

14 2.5 2.6

COMMUNITY BASED MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES

Local knowledge and practices have Toro’s assigned water manager, called 2.6.1 Critical watersheds played an important role in water Topahilolongaue, is responsible for Around 64 out of 470 watersheds in management at local level. For a regulating the economical functions Indonesia are in a critical condition long time communities were able and of water (irrigation and basic needs) according to the criteria established allowed to manage their own water and must guarantee that water by the Forestry Minister’s Decree No. resources. This can still be found is distributed to all water users P.60/Menhut-II/2014. Of those critical in upstream areas, but for various equally. Water is considered the vital watersheds, 12 are in Sumatra, 26 are different reasons this practice is basis of ecosystems and is owned in Java, 10 are in Kalimantan, 10 are disappearing – and with it the local collectively. The sustainability of in Sulawesi, 4 are in Bali and Nusa knowledge. A typical example of water management thus depends on Tenggara, 4 are in Maluku, and 2 are in community based management can cooperation within the community. Papua. be found in the community that lives This management system (which also in Toro village in Lore Lindu National determines spatial planning) helps 2.6.2 Groundwater Park, which has been practicing the community to have a sustainable The availability of groundwater sustainable and inclusive integrated water supply and reliable livelihoods. is threatened by overextraction spatial and water management for It also leaves the community members and contamination. Overextraction years. Toro’s divide their territory into in a strong bargaining position vis- creates water shortages and causes six zones:20 à-vis outsiders. The Toro belief that land to subside in coastal areas. • ‘WanaNgkiki’: this is a core primary some places and natural phenomena Pollution constrains the availability of forest zone where communities are (particularly springs and trees) are groundwater as a safe source. These forbidden to carry out any activity. sacred also helps them conserve challenges are felt very strongly in • ‘Wana’ and ‘Pangale’ is a primary water resources. Another well known Jakarta, which is one of the fastest- forest zone and a water catchment example of sustainable community growing urban areas on earth, area that has become the habitat based water resources management is growing faster even than Beijing or for rare plants and animals. No-one the Subaks system in Bali. Bangkok. Currently, about 64% of is allowed to have farmland here, the city’s population and the majority the area is only used as a hunting Governments often disregard of industries rely on groundwater. and collection area for dammar sap, local knowledge and consider it The urbanisation of what used to be wood, rattan and medicinal plants. irrelevant when it comes to water agricultural areas strongly hampers There is no private ownership for the resources management. There groundwater recharge by rainwater land possible, only for dammar trees. are also examples of government infiltration because of the construction • ‘PahwaPongko’ is a mix of semi- interventions eliminating people’s of impervious pavements. The ever- primary and secondary forest, usually belief in the sacredness of nature (e.g., increasing extraction and the lack of a forest which was used as farmland the case of the Omang and Ngloro recharge of groundwater contribute before. PahwaPongko has the same lakes21). It is important, however, to to a fast depletion of groundwater guidelines as Pangale: only collective adopt and revive local knowledge and dramatic land subsidence in the land ownership is possible; dammar in the development of inclusive area:22 subsidence rates along the trees can be privately owned. and sustainable water resources coast vary from 9.5 cm/year to 21.5 • ‘Oma’ is a forest that has been management models. cm/year23. and is still allocated for farming. In this area, private ownership is 2.6.3 Droughts acknowledged. Even though water is abundantly • ‘Balingkea’ is farmland where fertility available in Indonesia, water deficits has been decreasing. The Toro occur with increasing frequency, community uses this area to grow especially in densely populated areas. rice and other crops. The National Agency for Disaster Prevention (BNPB) stated that 86 districts/cities in 20 provinces faced drought in 2014. 18 of these districts

15 Fisherman throws out his net in Kampar River, Sumatra

16 NOTES

are located in Central Java, where impacts of flooding continue to 19 Arisandi, Prigi and D. S. Rini. 2015. droughts have become a yearly event. increase because more people and Policy Analysis: Setting Up A National Advocacy Program To Promote more economic activities are present Another area that experiences annual Community Participation in Integrated droughts is Southeast Nusa24,25. in the affected areas. Water Resources Management At Drought events have a strong impacts Jakarta in particular suffers from more River Basin Level in Indonesia 26,27 frequent and disastrous floods. An on agriculture and productivity: 20 Leninda, Martje. 2015. Ue – • The area of rice paddies reduces example is the flood that occurred TanuanaToKulawi. Presented in KruHa with with 350,000 ha/year, which on February 2, 2007, which affected National Meeting at Jogjakarta 80 districts, causing traffic chaos and is equivalent to a reduction of 21 Sulastriyono. 2005. Local productivity of 780,000 tons of rice/ paralysing the city. More than 70,000 Wisdom Values in Water Resources year. houses were inundated with water Management in Omang and Ngloro • In the period 2003-2011, 1,411 levels ranging from 10cm to 5m, 69 Lakes at Saptosarisubdistrict, Kidul Mountain, Yogyakarta. Research drought events were recorded, people were killed and an estimated report of Law faculty of Gajah Mada affecting 1,667,766 ha of farmland. 400,000 people were displaced. The University • In 2014, inhabitants of Tabir village, Indonesian government estimated that 22 Arizona, Yance. 2014. It’s Time For Jambi, had to consume water from a losses amounted to Rp 4.1 trillion (US$ Us to Have Coordinating Ministry of swamp, which was also used for cattle 450 million)30. Natural Resources and Environmental. husbandry28. Epistema,1: 1-13. http://www. epistema.or.id/download/Working_ • In the same year, water companies in 2.6.5 Water quality Paper_01-2014.pdf several areas were forced to practice The poor and further deteriorating water rotation, due to the limited lack ambient water quality (both surface 23 Koop, Stef. 2014. Groundwater of water availablilty, for instance in and groundwater) is considered the Depletion in Jakarta Metropolitan Region. Sukabumi District (West Java)29. Water most pressing water management rotation means that water is delivered issue in Indonesia. The alarming 24 Antara. 2014. 86 Regencies Cities only to certain areas at a time, so reduction in the availability of safe in Indonesia is Facing Drought. http://regional.kompas.com/ customers have to wait for their turn. water has started to affect public read/2014/09/17/22552601/86. health. No institutional management Kabupaten.Kota.di.Indonesia. mechanisms seem to be in place Kekeringan

2.6.4 Floods to addres these problems (lack of 25 Samekto, C and E. S. Winata. Flooding is a common phenomenon monitoring and enforcement). 2010. Water Resources Potential in in Indonesia. Three types of floods Indonesia. National Seminar of Clean are found in Indonesia: (i) most floods The Citarum River, for example, is Water Provisioning Technology for Indonesia Regency/City present themselves as flash floods of infamous for being one of the most short duration (bandjir BANDANG) polluted rivers in the world. Former 26 Hydrological Agency. 2003. at the foot of mountainous areas environmental minister Balthazar Drought Problems and How to Solve It. Socialization, Technical Advices, because of the relatively short rivers Kambuaya stated that 75% of and Quality Assessment that lack enough flood plane capacity Indonesian rivers are polluted31. River 27 to accommodate the flood waves; water quality in Indonesia is affected Lassa, J. A. 2012. Emerging Agricultural Involution in Indonesia: (ii) riverine floods of longer duration by domestic waste as well as industrial Impact of Natural Hazards and Climate (weeks, months) occur in rivers such and agricultural waste. River water Extremes on Agricultural Crops and as the Kampar River where flood monitoring was carried out in 30 Food System in Sawada, Y. and S. planes are regularly inundated due to provinces in 2004, with samples taken Oum (eds.), Economic and Welfare Impacts of Disasters in East Asia and rainfall upstream and local drainage twice that year. The monitoring result Policy Responses. ERIA Research congestion; and (iii) coastal floods indicates that parameters of dissolved Project Report 2011-8, Jakarta: ERIA. that are affected by high water levels oxygen (DO), biological oxygen pp.601-640. at sea and subsidence of coastal demand (BOD), chemical oxygen 28 Alfarizi, B and M. Riko. 2014. areas, in addition to heavy upstream demand (COD), fecal coli and total Severe Drought, Jambi Villager and local rainfall. All types of flooding coliform were mostly above the class Drank Swamp Water. http://nasional. news.viva.co.id/news/read/538696- are increasing due to a few general 1 of water quality standards I under kekeringan-kian-parah--warga-di- trends: deforestation and urbanisation Government Regulation No. 82/2001. jambi-minum-air-rawa in the water sheds and flood plains, subsidence in the coastal areas, and Of special concern is the fast climate changes (more extreme rainfall increasing contamination from heavy and rising sea levels). The damaging metals and other chemical substances by uncontrolled mining and industrial

17 developments. For example, The The increasing sedimentation from Citarum River which provides 80% the rivers also poses a serious of the surface water to 10 million threat to coastal coral reef ecology. inhabitants of Jakarta contains Research shows that land-affected mercury levels that are four times the reefs in Indonesia have lost 30–60% recommended level and carries unsafe of their coral species diversity34 in amounts of iron and lead32,33. a fifteen year period. The observed reef degradation is partly due to the 2.6.6 Erosion increased turbidity of coastal waters, Watershed and river erosion present which reduces photosynthesis and increasing problems that are not reduces the maximal depth at which adequately managed and controlled corals can survive36. through the existing agencies and legal framework. The increase of high 2.6.8 Groundwater overextraction and very high levels of severe erosion and pollution is mainly due to human activities on Indonesian groundwater sustainability the land, such as over-cultivation and is at stake mainly due to poor land clearance. The expansion of management, such as a lack of certain forms of dryland agriculture monitoring and enforcement, is an important factor worsening the overlapping tasks and responsibilities, situation. One of the most prominent and a lack of guidelines for local and examples is the highly profitable regional authorities. Groundwater but ecologically destructive potato pollution is an alarming issue. The cultivation on the Dieng Plateau. fact that most rivers flowing through Rudiarto and Doppler found that most big cities in Indonesia are polluted, of Dieng Plateau had dangerously high forces the authorities and population erosion levels in 2006 with a soil loss to extract massive amounts of clean rate from 62 up to more than 2,000 groundwater from a limited supply. tons/ha/year.

River erosion is a natural phenomenon of a mobile system of meandering and braided rivers, in which erosion at some locations is compensated by sedimentation elsewhere. The natural dynamic balance, however, is being disturbed by widely present reservoirs and sand and gravel miningThis increases river erosion in the more downstream river stretches.

2.6.7 Sedimentation Watershed erosion and subsequent sedimentation have been causing major problems for reservoirs and dams in Indonesia. For example, in the Brantas River Basin, increased soil erosion rates reduced the initial storage of the Sengguruh reservoir of 7,6 million ton in 1988 to 900,000 ton in 200534,35.

18 NOTES

29 Gustana, R. 2014. Indonesia Regions Faced Drought. http:// nasional.news.viva.co.id/news/ read/538718-wilayah-wilayah- indonesia-yang-dilanda-kekeringan

30 Case, M., F. Ardiansyah, and E. Spector. 2007. Climate Change in Indonesia Implications for Human and Nature. file:///C:/Users/winpitoe/ Downloads/inodesian_climate_ change_impacts_report_14nov07.pdf

31 Republika. 2014. 75% river in Indonesia is heavily polluted. http:// www.republika.co.id/berita/nasional/ umum/14/03/24/n2xa7z-75-persen- sungai-di-indonesia-tercemar-berat

32 Donaldson, Tara. 2014. Texti- leFactoriesContaminateIndone- sia’sCitarumRiver. https://www. sourcingjournalonline.com/textile- factories-contaminate-indonesias- citarum-river/

33 Natahadibrata, Nadia. 2013. Citarum, Kalimantan’s World Most Concerned citizens in Bogor city collect waste from the Ciliwung River, West Java Polluted. http://www.thejakartapost. com/news/2013/11/06/citarum- kalimantan-world-s-most-polluted. html#sthash.Y7dEfhvm.dpuf

34 Uchida, T, F. Takahashi, Y. Onda, D. Sisingghi, H. Kato, T. Noro, and N. Ossanai. 2009. Estimating Soil Erosion Rate and Sediment Sources Using Radionuclide Pb-210ex in Upper Brantas River Basin in Indonesia. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ jjshwr/22/3/22_3_188/_pdf

35 Fulazzaky, M. A and A. H. A. Gany. 2009. Challenges of Soil Erosion and Sludge Management for Sustainable Development in Indonesia. Journal of Environmental Management, 90, 2387-2392

36 Buschman, F. A, A. J. F. Hoitink, S. M. de Jong, P. Hoekstra, H. Hidayat, and M. G. Sassi. 2012. Suspended Sediment Load in The Tidal Zone of an Indonesia River. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 4191-4204

Fishing boats in the Kampar River near Batu Songgan village, Sumatra

19 IWRM got further mainstreamed into global policy after the World Summit INTEGRATED WATER 2002 on Sustainable Development, and was endorsed by international RESOURCES MANAGEMENT institutions such as the UNDP and The Global Water Partnership. IN INDONESIA International financial institutions 3 such as the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank adopted the IWRM concept. They have convinced many of their borrowing countries to adopt the IWRM concept in their policy 3.1 documents and formal planning. At some point it seemed that using the THE CONCEPT OF IWRM Principle No. 1 - Fresh water IWRM term became more important is a finite and vulnerable than actually solving water problems. The recognition that water plays a resource, essential to sustain life, This transformation of an idea into central role in industrial, agricultural, development and the environment. a “sanctioned discourse,” of a economic, social and cultural Effective management demands a means into an end (backed by loan development has over the past half holistic approach, which links social conditionality), can divert attention century led to the development of and economic development with from actual water problems and strategic management approaches protection of natural ecosystems as national priorities”37. based on the concept of integrated well as land and water uses across water resources management the whole of a catchment area or Though the principles of IWRM were (IWRM). IWRM propagates a holistic groundwater aquifer. thus widely recognised and subscribed approach to water management to in policies and regulations, by involving and ensuring multi- Principle No. 2 - Water development many bottlenecks and pitfalls were stakeholder participation in decision and management should be based revealed over the past 20 years. In an making processes. IWRM has been on a participatory approach, attempt to overcome the problems, advocated as the most sustainable involving users, planners and policy- additional principles and guidelines means to incorporate the multiple makers at all levels. This implies were developed, including: how to competing and conﬂicting uses of that decisions are taken at the lowest account for environmental values, water resources ever since the ﬁrst appropriate level, with full public such as biodiversity, and social and UNESCO International Conference consultation and involvement of users cultural values; how to adapt IWRM on Water, which took place in 1977 in the planning and implementation of theory to local contexts; and how to at Mar del Plata, Argentina. The water projects. ensure genuine public participation. concept was re-endorsed during An example of such principles is the the International Conference on Principle No. 3 - Women play following:38 Water and the Environment (ICWE) a central part in the provision, in Dublin in 1992, which resulted management and safeguarding of 1. IWRM should be applied at in the Dublin Statement on Water water. This requires positive policies catchment level. and Sustainable Development. The to address women’s specific needs 2. It is critical to integrate water and Conference stated the need for and to equip and empower women environmental management. concerted action to reverse the trends to participate at all levels in water 3. A systems approach should be of overconsumption, pollution, and resources programmes. followed. rising threats from drought and floods, 4. Full participation by all and formulated four principles to Principle No. 4 - Water has an stakeholders, including workers and guide action at local, national and economic value in all its competing the community. international level: uses and should be recognised as an 5. Attention to the social dimensions. economic good. Within this principle, 6. Capacity building. it is vital to recognise first the basic 7. Availability of information and the right of all human beings to have capacity to use it to anticipate access to clean water and sanitation at developments. an affordable price. 8. Full-cost pricing complemented by targeted subsidies.

20 NOTES

9. Central government support compare costs and benefits of the 37 Giordani, M and T. Shaah. 2014. through the creation different scenario’s for the different From IWRM Back to Integrated Water Resources Management. International environmental flow regimes is and maintenance of an enabling Journal of Water Resources environment. a necessity to strengthen the Development. http://dx.doi.org/10.10 10. Adoption of the best existing environmental sustainability and 80/07900627.2013.851521 technologies and practices. social equity components of 38 Jeffrey, P, and M. Gearey. 40 11. Reliable and sustained ﬁnancing. IWRM . 2006. Integrated Water Resources 12. Equitable allocation of water • Political, social and economic Management: Lost On The Road resources. dimensions. Calder (2005) From Ambition To Realization. Water Science and Technology, 53(1), 1-8 13. The recognition of water as an stated that the lack of IWRM economic good. implementation is to a large extent 39 De La Porte, C. A. 2007. Integrated 14. Strengthening the role of women due to a lack of understanding of Water Resources Management: Limits and Potential in Municipality in water management. the political, social and financial of El Grullo of Mexico.Theses. conflicts. Politics need to address EcolePolytechniqueFederale As recognition grew that IWRM is a the multiple functions and purposes De Lausanne difficult concept to achieve in practice, of water and strike a balance 40 by Megan Dyson, Ger Bergkamp experts agreed on the following main between economic development, and John Scanlon. Flow. The essentials difficulties in implementing IWRM:39 ecosystem functioning and social of Environmental Flows. Edited. • Sectoral integration. The equity. Ignorance of the political IUCN 2003. https://cmsdata.iucn.org/ downloads/flow_the_essentials_of_ combination of organisational dimension of IWRM among environmental_flow dyson_et_al.pdf culture, personalities and international proponents (such as participants’ attitudes can pose a the World Water Council, World major obstacle to integration and Bank, and other donors) led IWRM cooperation in integrated land, practitioners to understand IWRM terms of quantity and quality. Land water and ecosystem management. as a purely technical and economic use management in itself requires Participants may fear losing authority approach. This led them to continue a planned integrated approach or influence. Hidden agendas, fuzzy business as usual under the cover of (spatial planning). This often belongs legitimation, unclear functions also IWRM discourse. to the responsibility of regional undermine integration. In this sense, • Repercussion at local level. The governments, which, however, lack the main obstacles to institutional challenges of integrated land, capacity for realising effective spatial reform are limited capacity, low water, and ecosystem management planning. public awareness, poor political can only be met by management support and inadequate funding. at the lowest possible levels. • Environmental integration. While the national management Environment is often a weak level has certain responsibilities, component in IWRM because the local level carries important of a lack of ways to assess the responsibilities in terms of, for environmental (and also social) instance, community based benefits and costs of environmental catchment management, organising flow regimes. An environmental irrigation users and urban water flow is the water regime provided utilities. Reforms at the national within a river, wetland or coastal level are needed to empower zone to maintain ecosystems and management at lower levels, their benefits where there are including full cost pricing for all competing water uses and where water service delivery. flows are regulated. Environmental • Spatial planning and land use flows provide critical contributions to management. In practice, IWRM has river health, economic development focused on water and disregarded and poverty alleviation. They ensure land use management. However, the the continued availability of the use of land for human settlements, many benefits that healthy river economic activities and nature and groundwater systems bring to not only determines the demand society. Developing scientifically for water, but also is a factor in established ways to assess and the availability of water, both in

21 In addition to the list of difficulties 3.2 3.3 identified in the international discourse on IWRM, the following specific IWRM IN INDONESIA FAILING IWRM IN INDONESIA failures have been identified for the Indonesian context: The IWRM concept was introduced Indonesia faces a diversity of to Indonesia by ‘force’ through a challenges in water resources • Overlapping policies and policy reform support loan of US$ management, including deteriorating regulations among government 1,5 billion from amongst others the water quality, degradation of institutions, horizontally and World Bank and Asian Development watersheds, groundwater over- vertically. Bank. This loan aimed to solve the extraction, water pollution, floods, IWRM at river basin level is economic crisis that hit Indonesia droughts, erosion and sedimentation hampered by different mandates, in 1997. This resulted in Water (see chapter 2.6). These challenges regulations and policies among Law No. 7/2004 and an integrated illustrate that (i) the wellbeing government institutions. A major water resources implementation and livelihoods of local people problem, for example, is the unclear plan41. The Indonesian government are affected; and (ii) management status of land in fragile watershed defines IWRM implementation as solutions become more and more conservation areas and along river an integrated approach to plan, complicated and require concerted banks. This causes unsettled conflicts implement, monitor, and evaluate the action. Because of growing about land, natural resources, and conservation and utilisation of water populations and economic activities, environment among the various resources and the control of water local and ‘isolated’ solutions are often ministries, including Public Works, disasters. Success indicators for IWRM not possible or cannot provide the Mining, Environment and Forestry, implementation were formulated final answer. At the same time, the Environment and Maritime Affairs for three key implementation areas: institutional capacity — in terms of and the national land agency (BPN). policy, institutional framework and funds, professional staff (number of IWRM is also hampered by district management (see Table 3)2. people and technical knowledge), governments granting land use mandates and legal tools — of permits for plantations or housing national and regional authorities is in river basin areas that support absolutely insufficient to meet the ecosytem functions or livelihoods. challenges.

PILLARS

POLICY INSTITUTIONAL MANAGEMENT

• Availability of water resources related • The availability of a legal basis (laws, • The understanding of the supply and policies, strategic water resources regulations, and institutions) for the demand of water resources management plan, and water resources establishment of water resources • The implementation of water resources management plan management in RBT management plan and demand • The availability of regulation that • The availability of definite job management supports water resources management descriptions for each division • The implementation of awareness in river basin territory (RBT) • The availability of a coordination board campaigns • The implementation of cost for water resources management • The availability of water conflict recovery system for water resources (TKPSDA) resolution procedures management in river basin territory • The implementation of capacity • The availability of water allocation (RBT) building activities procedures • The availability of management instruments/ procedures/ work instructions • The implementation of economic instruments for efficiency, for example a progressive tariff system • The availability of information systems in IWRM

Table 4 • Indicators of IWRM pillars / Source: Public Work and Housing Ministry (PUPERA), 2011 22 NOTES

• Lack of coordination and on water quality are collected by 41 Hadad, Nadia. 2010. Indonesia communication among government the Environmental Agency (BLH), Water Resources Policy: Effects of Globalization and World Bank Policy. institutions. The Ministry of JasaTirta I, and the state-owned Constitution Journal II(2): 45-85 National Development Planning drinking water company (PDAM). 42 (BAPPENAS) states that coordination These institutions have their own Helmi. 2011. Water Resources Problems and Policy Implication on of implementation, monitoring, and sampling station for measuring water Irrigation Water Management in evaluation of policy performance quality and fail to share data among Aceh Province. SainsRiset, I(2). http:// and development programmes by each other. ejournal.unigha.ac.id/data/Journal%20 the different government bodies is • Weak law enforcement. The %20SAINS%20Riset%20vol%201%20 no%202%205.pdf weak. River basin management plans Indonesian government often from the Ministry of Public Works fails to enforce laws that protect 43 Water Resources Agency of Bantul and Housing (PUPERA) are not in line people and the environment. This Regency. 2012. Government Report on Accountability Performance. http:// with catchment area management is partly due to the lack of capacity sda.bantulkab.go.id/filestorage/ plans made by the Forestry and and capability for monitoring by dokumen/2014/07/LAKIP%20 Environmental Ministry (KLHK)42. BLH44, but also due to lack of Tahun%202012.pdf

An example in the downstream area knowledge on environmental laws 44 Taufik, M. 2015. Criminal Law of Ciliwung River is the constructed by law enforcement officers, such Enforcement on Environmental revetment (19 km) by PUPERA which as judges45,46. Environmental cases Permits Violations of Environmental disturbed the lives of riverine soft often need scientific verification. Protection and Management. http:// download.portalgaruda.org/article. shell turtles, which are on the IUCN Due to the lack of knowledge php?article=141813&val=2342 redlist of endangered species. and scientific data, cases and 45 • ‘Unclear’ responsibility and evidence brought to the court are Suara Merdeka. 2014. Weak Law Enforcement, Environmental Cases 46 authority among government often very weak . As a result, Become Rampant. http://www. institutions. IWRM implementation industrial pollution has become an suaramerdeka.com/v1/index.php/ is inefficient due to the overlapping environmental problem without read/news/2014/06/10/205250/ Penegakan-Hukum-Lemah-Kasus- responsibilities and authorities end, with many cases remaining Pencemaran-Lingkungan-Marak between BBWS/BWS, TKPSDA and unresolved47. other river basin related bodies • Community participation in IWRM 46 BBC. 2010. Environmental Law Enforcement is Weak. http:// such as BP-DAS under the Ministry implementation is not represented www.bbc.co.uk/indonesia/ of Environment and Forestry. equally and is limited. One of the multimedia/2010/12/101216_ Overlap for example occurs in widely recognised causes of the environmentallaw.shtml groundwater and surface water above mentioned failure to develop 47 Go Riau. 2015. WALHI is management, water quality and and implement IWRM is the lack Disappointed on The Weak of quantity management, and the of involvement of local people and Environmental Law Enforcement. conservation and utilisation of water communities. Participation is often http://www.goriau.com/berita/ peristiwa/walhi-kecewa-lemahnya- and river related resources. This limited to public consultations, penegakan-hukum-lingkungan-di- leads to a lack of accountability. The where communities can merely dumai.html#sthash.heWHWQ2P.dpuf national government recognised react to plans that have already these problems in the annex of been decided. The government has presidential decree (PP) No. 33/ installed coordination forums called 2011 on water resources national River Basin Territory Water Councils policy. (TKPSDA), which claim to represent • Lack of access to adequate and all stakeholders in river basin reliable data. Data relevant to territories (wilayahsungai). However, IWRM at basin level are scattered in practice, CSOs and communities among different government that are monitoring environmental institutions. Many institutions collect problems and are concerned with and manage data and information conservation and IWRM are usually on water resources, but the quality not accepted as members of the of data and exchange of information TKPSDAs. In addition, capacity meet obstacles43,45. For the Brantas building is needed for community Basin for instance, hydrological data representatives to understand is available in the Irrigation agency, the coordination mechanisms in BBWS, and JasaTirta I, while data which they participate and become

23 credible in their demands. For long-term affairs, and have The ambient water quality example, it was found that in some diminished the role and possibilities conditions of Indonesian’s surface cases a poor representation had of local organisations to be involved and groundwater resources is THE resulted in conflicts among irrigation water resources managmeent in their most pressing problem in the sense farmers48,49. areas51. It also hampers local actors that people and their economy are • Centralistic water governance. such as communities in their sense affected while the government seems Management of the country’s of ownership of water related issues powerless to take appropriate action. water resources is centralised in and in taking initiative to manage This has strong national, regional, Jakarta, which was formalised after their own natural resources based on and local dimensions and requires a the installation of Water Law No. local needs and interests52. coordinated approach in which each 7/2004. The central government level has its own responsibility and is now formally in control over The failure of IWRM implementation tasks. 67 river basin territories. While in in Indonesia has been outlined in a numbers this is around 50% of the mountain of documents and policy total of 131 RBTs, it represents a statements. Unfortunately, however, much higher percentage in terms of without much result, and worse, population and economic activities. without a promising outlook that the The annulment of the authority future will bring positive changes of the East Java Province for towards a more integrated and management of the Brantas River community based water resources Basin by making this basin into a management. This in spite of national strategic basin illustrates the formulation of new laws and this trend50. The strong centralistic regulations (such as the presently water resources regulations have revoked – Water Law No. 7/2004) and made decision making processes the establishment of new coordinating bodies such as the National Water Council and the TKPSDA.

Traditional fishing equipment in Brantas River, Kediri regency, East Java

24 NOTES

48 Hamara. 2014. Irigation water wasn’t Spreaded Evenly, Ciamis farmer was confused. http://www. harapanrakyat.com/2014/01/ pembagian-air-irigasi-tak-merata- petani-ciamis-kelimpungan/

THE NEGOTIATED APPROACH 49 Sujatmiko. 2015. Korem 073 MKT Discussed on Water Allocation in Kedungombo Reservoir. http:// 4 krjogja.com/read/254845/korem-073- mkt-bahas-pembagian-air-waduk- kedungombo.kr

50 Lubis, Ivan. 2012. The Mob Rule in Water Resources Management. 4.1 http://www.tataruangindonesia.com/ fullpost/perencanaan/1344855186/ THE CONCEPT hukum-rimba-dalam-pengelolaan- sumber-daya-air.html

The Negotiated Approach (NA) in integrated water resources 51 Soetrisno. 2002. Regulation and places the stakeholders with different management (IWRM) often does not Institutional Aspect of Groundwater interest in a fair and equal position yield the desired results because it is Management in the Implementation of Autonomy. http://www.geocities.ws/ vis-à-vis eachother in water resources implemented in a top-down, techno- Eureka/Gold/1577/hukum_at_otda.pdf management, and produces results economic manner, which reduces or 52 that are acceptable for every eliminates community participation. ICEL. 1998. The Study of Law and Policy of Conservation Area 53 stakeholder . The NA directs IWRM With the NA, negotiations can Management in Indonesia. Toward into managing water resources with a produce efficient, cost-effective, and Decentralization Developing local concept. This means that water cooperative-based agreements and and Community Participation Enhancement.Natural Resources resources management for each river ‘resolutions’. Agreements reached Management Program. basin has its own characteristics based in negotiations can be more creative, http://forestclimatecenter.org/ on ecosystem conditions, social and sustainable, and satisfactory to the files/1998-11%20Kajian%20 Hukum%20&%20Kebijakan%20 economic community aspects, local parties than those imposed through Kawasa%20Konservasi%20di%20 54 knowledge, etc. NA principles the conventional methods of conflict Indonesia%20--%20Peranserta%20 thus are in line with community resolution. Negotiations can also serve Masy.pdf participation principles in IWRM. to mend or improve the relationships 53 Indonesia Water Community of between parties when the focus is on Practice. 2015. Negotiated Approach. Communities often are the vulnerable the identification of shared interests, The IndoWaterCoP 1st Strategic groups in the negotiation process common goals and cooperation. Meeting Report. Internal Document due to a lack of information and When parties craft a solution 54 Arkwright, D. 2015. Ecological space for them to raise their interests. themselvesvthrough negotiations Boundaries of Negotiated Approach in Busyairi (1997) stated that people or they are generally more committed to Integrated Coastal Zone Management. Halmahera University, Tobelo communities need eight assets for follow or execute the agreement. negotiations, two of which are: access 55 Martadilla, A. 2012.Negotiated to information, and the formation of Table 4 summarises important Approach Models, Assets and groups or alliances and networks55. differences between a conventional Technique.http://strategikomunikasi. blogspot.co.id/2012/05/model- Communities that have information, approach for decision making based pendekatan-negosiasi-dan-modal.html knowledge, build alliances and on technical and economic criteria and organise themselves into groups the Negotiated Approach, which gives or networks will have a stronger local communities a voice in decision bargaining position. making.

The negotiation purposes are achieved by the availability of information and the involvement of all stakeholders exchanging and discussing their interests and solutions from equal positions. The conventional approach

25 56 CONVENTIONAL APPROACH (TECHNO-ECONOMIC) NEGOTIATED APPROACH 57

Top–down approach is notorious for taking much more time Bottom–up approach, which is much more holistic and based than initially planned, for example in techno-economic, large- on practical processes, but it is also criticised for being too time scale infrastructure projects such as large dams consuming

Centralised, supply-based approach that deals with water An effective and democratic approach to solve problems by resources management based on economic considerations assessing different water uses and encouraging stakeholders to reach agreement through negotiations and to commit to decisions taken

Practicing sectoral planning: each sector or department Optimising the use of water resources by mobilising parties that prepares plans with a single objective plus one or two additional have an interest to apply an integrated planning approach that functions for improving viability of the projects goes beyond sectors. This planning is based on assessment of the local social, institutional and environmental situation

Based on limited information about ecosystems that are Based on the conviction that there are strong links between considered not important enough for serious decision making. sustainable livelihoods, healthy ecosystems and sustainable The absence of information and unwillingness to include these water resources management (long-term perspective) aspects leads to highly biased and dogmatic views

Fails to recognise the needs and knowledge of individual, often Empowers local communities to assert their basic rights to vulnerable, communities water. Water is considered a social good and as much as possible remains a public, communal resource

Coordination tends to be monopolised by government Taking decisions by consensus at the lowest appropriate departments with practically no participation from local citizens. level. An essential prerequisite for applying the principle of Consultation might be practiced, but this is not the same as subsidiarity is increasing the capacity at all levels of local open and transparent participation authority and all community members to come to a consensus

Table 5 • Distinguishing characteristics between conventional and negotiated approach in IWRM

Platforms for negotiation are needed • Strategies and actions are agreed Table 5 highlights similarities between to promote and facilitate collective which break down an authority participatory approaches and the action to manage common natural structure that ultimately will hamper NA. There is, however, an important resources. Kerr (2007) stated that the a collective action. difference between the two. In the benefit of making platforms in the • Platforms that evolve from a smaller NA, the stakeholders participate implementation of IWRM is that it will scale are more effective to solve in an active process to establish a improve the management with regard the complexity of water resources common agreement. In participatory to:58 management than more top-down approaches, communities are platforms. usually being heard and involved • Decisions on the utilisation of water • The presence of a third party that in socialisation only to comply with resources are based on the interest acts as facilitator for collective established procedures to be followed of all stakeholders. action will expedite the negotiation by governments and private industrial • Decision-making includes the lowest process and protect the interests of interests. They are not involved in the possible levels. vulnerable groups. decision making process itself. This • Open and voluntary communication is also the reason why communities is established to solve inequality complain or endorse petitions against (gender, ethnic, education, and skills) government management that and avoid domination by authorities. claims to be participatory without allowing communities to influence management59.

26 NOTES

56 53 PARTICIPATORY PRINCIPLES NA AIMS 56 BothENDS and Gomukh. 2005. River Basin Management: Negotiated Approach. www.bothends.org Prioritising local initiatives and keeping Endorsing communities in delivering the balance in terms of gender their opinion openly as stakeholders 57 BothENDS and Gomukh. 2011. involvement who have an interest in and a relation to Involving Community. www.bothends.org water resources 58 Damayanti, Astrid. 2010. Spatial Keeping the flexibility of involvement Ensuring water resources management Development Policy Based on Integrated and Sustainable Water at different levels and creating becomes a collective responsibility by Resources Managementw transparency and accountability all the stakeholders 59 Partowijoto, A. 2012.Community Participation through Negotiated Optimising water resources utilisation Ensuring the sustainability of ecological, Approach in Integrated Water through integration by implementing social, cultural, and economic functions Resources Management to Support knowledge and appropriate technology of water resources systems Food Security. Summary of Water Resources Management to Support Food and Energy Security Papers Decision making should be done Ensuring community participation in the through consensus at the lowest processes of planning, implementation, possible level and controlling of water resources management activities

Table 6 • The similarity of participatory principles and NA aims in IWRM

Fisherman in Kampar Basin

27 4.2

TOWARDS A NEGOTIATED In the annex three additional efforts to When evaluating these efforts, APPROACH IN INDONESIA establish discussion and negotiation several weaknesses are apparent, platforms are described: an informal including a lack of structure and Experience in Indonesia with NA project-based NGO effort to analyse procedures, insecure funding, a lack implementation mainly concerns the problems in the Kampar Basin; of commitment, frequent rotation and strengthening the capacity of an informal university-NGO initiated existing hierarchy among government communities to endorse their ideas consortium with participation of participants. However, it is also found and interests in water resources government agencies on regional that participants enjoy the open management, and initiating development issues in the Upper though non-committal discussions negotiation platforms at local level Cilliwung area; and a government- and that it is relatively easy to get that explicitly give them space to endorsed NGO initiative to improve stakeholders together and discuss raise their voices. One example is the the water quality and establish a fish problems. Platform meetings are thus Lamasi River Basin Council (LRBC), sanctuary in the Surabaya River. Table experienced as a unique possibility which was created based on a NA 6 summarises the main characteristics to meet ‘the other’. The question, model by a local NGO and the district of these three efforts. also based on the Lamasi experience, head. The LBRC was established to still remains how these platforms can ensure community participation in the Though these efforts differ be formalied and more commitment planning, implementation and control considerably in terms of their format, created without losing the appreciated of water resources management at status, composition and the problems open discussion. In this sense, the basin level. It proved to be a valuable they address, they all coincide in their experience so far appears to suggest learning exercise (see the box below). endeavor to formalise the platforms that government agencies are slowly Within just a few years it became they established and make them play getting used to these platforms clear that the authorities were not a role in water resources management as they provide practical ways to willing to really share information and as a permanent meeting place for all decide on useful ideas from below discuss development plans with local stakeholders involved. and implement them. The willingness people, or to seriously embark on a to give the platforms a more formal joint long-term exercise. The lesson place in government decision making learned is that cooperation between also seems to be growing, like in civil society and government agencies the Surabaya River. Comparable to build local institutions is only useful experiences from other NGOs confirm if local communities have the means this conclusion. This encourages and capacity to use and enforce the IndoWater Cops’ drive to use the continuation of such institutions. NA in its aim to contribute to the The fact that this was not the case in improvement of IWRM in Indonesia. Lamasi, should have been addressed immediately.

The Lamasi River is a small, 70 km long, river in South Sulawesi with an area of about 48,700 ha and a population of about 56,00 (2009). Deforestation, and concessions for mining activities threatened the livelihoods of farmers, fishers and sea weed cultivators, while the quality of public services was deteriorating. Community initiatives led to a district regulation (Perda) on the management and conservation of resources in the Lamasi Basin in 2006, which in the year 2010 resulted in the formal establishment of the Lamasi River Basin Council (LRBC). This council consisted of four government officials and seven representatives of civil society. In 2013 the LRBC was suspended after 3,5 years of struggle because of lack of funds and training of the council members and what can only be described as non-committed government agencies (no access to data, low level representation, absence in meetings, etc).

28 DAS BRANTAS DAS KAMPAR DAS CILIWUNG Surabaya River Water Quality and Characteristics Integrated Kampar Basin Initiative Save Puncak Consortium Fish Sanctuary Cooperative

Form Non-structured and informal Structured and informal multi- Structured and formal multi- multi-stakeholder forum stakeholder forum stakeholder forum

Status Timely project Ciliwung charter Government decree

Working area Upper, middle and lower Upstream area of Ciliwung Surabaya River in downstream Kampar Basin River (Puncak focus) Brantas Basin

Problems • Land use conflict by forest • Privatisation and illegal use of • Water pollution conversion for palm oil and water resources • Use of river banks for houses other plantations • Land slides and industries • Water pollution • Water pollution • Lack of sanitation facilities • Lack of sanitation and clean • Land use control and changes • Fish biodiversity extinction water facilities

Vulnerable • Local fishermen • Local farmers • Local fishers groups • Local farmers • Households • Households • Households • PDAM

Task • Data collection and research • Data collection and research • Data collection and research • Advice to government • Stakeholder coordination • Advice to government • Stakeholder coordination • Empowerment of local • Stakeholder coordination • Empowerment of local communities • Development and evaluation communities • Evaluation of government of stakeholder programme policy and programmes • Empowerment of local • Garbage collecton from river communities • Legal action and advice • Monitoring of water quality

Procedures • Formal and informal • Formal and informal meetings • 3-monthly multi-stakeholder meetings • Stakeholder meeting meetings • Interviews with stakeholders • Consultation with • Consultation with experts • Village meeting/consultation government and communities • Reporting to the Governor

Funding Project Community, private sector and Government, industries, NGOs government and donors

Achievements • Uniting the stakeholders into • Thematic maps • Improved coordination in a forum • Participatory planning planning and implementation • Joint identification of documents for 12 Kampungs • Open access to information problems and 2 villages • Establishment of a fish • Orientation on clean water • Forest rehabilitation with sanctuary area and sanitation in the basin community • Reduced pollution and in a selected village • Ecotourism programme • Regular action in garbage collection • Arrangements for waste management in community

Tabel 7 • Analysis comparing characteristics of three negotiation platforms in Kampar basin, Ciliwung basin and Brantas basin

Fish catch in the upstream of Surabaya River, Brantas basin, East Java

5 INDOWATER COMMUNITY OF PRACTICE The Indonesia Water Community of Practice protect people and the environment and to (IndoWater CoP) was declared on December create basic conditions for a sound, healthy 3, 2014 by a group of Indonesian NGOs whose and sustainable socio-economic development. members felt very concerned about the poor management of Indonesia’s water resources Therefore, in addition to promoting improved due to a lack of integrated planning on river community participation in IWRM, IndoWater basin management, community participation CoP focuses on addressing the issue of water and law enforcement. Poor management leads pollution in national policies. to all sorts of problems, most importantly water pollution, water shortage, increased damage The NGOs that together make up IndoWater from disasters, excessive forest conversion and CoP work on manifold water resources issues river bank degradation, biodiversity extinction in Indonesia. They have extensive experience and uncontrolled mining. in working with communities and have each developed models for community participation IndoWater CoP started from the belief that the in water resources management. Our aim is above mentioned problems can be addressed to improve these models through networking by increasing community participation as and shared learning, so they can contribute part of formal government decision making to participatory integrated river basin processes that should take place at the level of management in Indonesia and help address the river basins instead of administrative units. hardship that communities face due to a lack of access to clean water. Our recent policy and basin analysis revealed that water pollution is the most Goal burning issue within failing integrated water To support government agencies at different management. The quality of Indonesian water levels to improve performance in river basin resources is deteriorating at an alarming management through practicing community rate and has become unacceptable. Water participation at all stages of integrated water pollution has major economic impacts and resources management at river basin level. has started to affect the wellbeing of the people to such an extent that it has attracted international attention. The severe impact on the environment will be felt by future generations. Water pollution in Indonesia is a human induced problem that should be solved by human interventions. The Indonesian government seems both unable and unwilling to take and implement adequate measures to

Main strategies Based on our experience with inclusion of local understandings and practices, we intend to: • further develop and implement models for community participation and create platforms for discussion and interaction among all relevant stakeholders using the negotiated approach • increase the knowledge and capacity of communities to participate on an equal basis in multi-stakeholder dialogues • develop cooperative networks with IndoWater CoP founding members government agencies and other stakeholders present the IndoWater CoP logo to share experiences and practices, and further development of models • advance NGO actions at local level to national policy level through joint lobby and advocacy, with water pollution as the key issue for the coming years

Roles NGOs are uniquely positioned in between interact with governments for approval and civil society (which suffers from inadequate contributions. government management practices) and • Address urgent issues by organising protests, formal government institutions (which are often media campaigns and legal action. willing but incapable to apply participatory management approaches). NGOs should Ambition therefore have an independent role in IndoWater CoP’s ambition is to critically awareness raising and in addressing the public monitor government performance in the opinion. Our challenge is to become a credible implementation of water related policies and partner for all stakeholders. to propose tangible models and platforms for To achieve this, IndoWater CoP aims to operate improved community participation in water in three different complementary roles: resources management. A strong focus on • Participate in formal coordination and water pollution as an urgent niche issue will integration mechanisms such as water help us gain visibility and build up credibility councils and try to improve their functioning in the above-mentioned roles. Moreover, we by adding the voice of the people. envision IndoWater Cop as a shared learning • Organise civil society groups at local level place where member NGOs are encouraged around problems that can be managed at the to look beyond their individual activities and local level with or without additional support develop joint, evidence-based strategies to from national and regional government. Help influence national policies. people take control of their ‘own’ resources, organise their management structure and

CASE STUDIES OF A for Javan Coucal (Centropusnigrorufus) and Asiatic Soft Shell Turtle NEGOTIATED APPROACH (NA) (Amydacartilaginea) which are categorised as vulnerable in IUCN’s AND IWRM IN INDONESIA Redlist. The vegetated river bank is 6 a source of natural herbal plants for medicine, such as centella which is known as being anti-cancerous and is being sold as capsulated powder. 75 tons of waste water daily, while the 6.1 river’s maximum carrying capacity is 6.1.2 The need for IWRM and a calculated at 30 tons a day. There are Negotiated Approach SURABAYA FISH SANCTUARY AREA: also hepatitis viruses and parasites The water pollution in the upstream of COOPERATIVE MULTI-STAKEHOLDER such as tapeworm and roundworms Surabaya River is dominantly caused FORUM IN WATER POLLUTION colonies found in the Surabaya River. by industrial waste water, while in the MANAGEMENT The river water is contaminated by downstream area the water pollution mercury and its concentration is mainly comes from domestic waste 6.1.1 Water Resources System 100 times above the tolerable limit water. Emerging vulnerable groups Surabaya River is a branch of Brantas established by the World Health due to water pollution are women River in the delta area. It flows along Organization. Tests show that mercury and children who live along the river 41 km starting from Mlirip Sluice in appears in the blood and breast milk bank, PDAM and its consumers, and Mojokerto to Jagir Sluice in Surabaya of women living within the estuarine fishermen. Each stakeholder has his or City. Surabaya River flows through area of the Surabaya River and her own interest and limitation in water 4 regencies, namely Mojokerto, childhood cancer rates are highest pollution management. Government Sidoarjo, Gresik and Surabaya, with among children living along the river, institutions related to water resources a total catchment area of 55.16 km2. where untreated water is often used management and pollution control, The average sediment discharge in for washing and bathing. Despite this such as Environmental Protection Surabaya River is 53.512 m3/s and heavy pollution level, the local water Agency (EPA) and Brantas River sediment load range is 0.0437 m3/ company PDAM uses the Surabaya Basin Territories Organisation (BBWS year to 202.3869 m3/year. The average River for 96% of its raw clean water Brantas), lack control in water water discharge in 2014 ranged from supply. pollution and river bank management 25,62 m3/second to 94,21 m3/second. (referring to sedimentation and The massive change of land use has Ecoton found 22 fish species in organic pollution) due to limited impacted the quality and quantity Surabaya River, including the Bronze staff, budget, etc. Meanwhile, the of water resources in the Brantas Feather Back (Notopterusnotopterus), community members lack information River Basin. Between 2000 and 2008, which is a protected fish species under and/or knowledge, technology, about 38.255 ha or 52,7% of natural PP No. 7/1999. Ecoton also found 150 and the opportunity to participate forest was lost to conversion into an medicinal plants. in the various levels of planning. agriculture and settlement area, while Improving water quality or stopping the residential area increased 57,8% Surabaya River fisheries are the source water pollution is only possible if from 265.301 ha to 458.961 ha. of livelihood for fishermen from all stakeholders work together by Jombang Regency. In the seventies sharing their tasks, responsibilities In 2010, Ecoton calculated 3.000 there were 100 fishermen, but their and information. The Negotiated illegal houses and 1.828 open numbers decreased rapidly due to the Approach (NA) gives every stakeholder defecation sites along the river construction of river dams, and the the opportunity to share his or her bank. About 90% of the domestic decreasing fish population. The latter interest, particularly community waste water discharges into the was due to a reduction of breeding members who are often left out in the river without proper treatment. The sites, extensive and illegal fishing various planning stages. Integrating total E.coli in the raw water intake techniques which include using bombs every stakeholder’s (or water user’s) of PDAM Surabaya was 3.212 times and poison, introduction of exotic interest, which by definition will higher than the standard 2.000 species, and water pollution. The require mutual compromises, is cell/100 ml. Surabaya River receives Surabaya River is an important habitat needed to be able to control water pollution in the Surabaya River.

33 government, industries, and academics to set up management plans and share the roles and responsibilities. The stakeholders and their expected roles include:

a. Government institutions; BBWS Brantas is expected to provide permission the to FSA management team to manage the river bank area as a riverine biodiversity park; the Department of Fisheries will provide information boards, conduct fish monitoring studies, control destructive fishing activities, and breed native fish species. b. Industry associations; improve waste water management, increase water recycling and voluntarily comply with environmental regulations, and support awareness campaigns and sanitation programs. c. Village governments; set up Platform members in front of the sign that officially announces the initiation village regulation to conserve fish of the Surabaya Fish Sanctuary Area populations, set up riparian habitat preservation and rehabilitation, and manage waste management based on community participation. of Surabaya River Fish Sanctuary d. Local community groups; 6.1.3 Platform description Area (FSA) through Governor Decree (POKMASWAS) monitor and control Back in 2009, Ecoton proposed to No. 188/229/KPTS/013/2014. The fishing activities and industrial waste the Governor of East Java to set up members are relevant government water discharge, maintain natural a multi-stakeholder coordination agencies, environmental NGOs, riparian habitats, and develop platform for Surabaya River Fish industry associations, local community campaigns and programmes. Sanctuary Areas (FSA), in order to groups and universities. The bottom- e. Academic communities; monitor conserve fish resources, improve up initiated FSA platform is based waste disposals and water quality, water quality and preserve the on 3 pillars, i.e. developing the conduct river clean-ups, and riparian habitat along the river. regional economy, involving the develop research and awareness Through the FSA programme, Ecoton local community and maintaining campaigns. promoted the implementation of ecosystem services. The task of the participatory and integrated water Coordination Team is to establish the The third step includes socialisation, pollution management by developing FSA from Mlirip Sluice Mojokerto to widening the network of stakeholders, partnerships among the government, Legundi Bridge Gresik. Three steps maintaining the platform and businesses and the community. The are indispensable when initiating implementing cooperative programs FSA programme aims to promote a multi-stakeholder coordination in FSA. Ecoton uses mass media water pollution management by platform for the FSA. It starts with such as newspapers, television, radio improving water quality, maintaining conducting an extensive study on broadcasts, online newspapers and water quantity, and sustaining the river ecology with an emphasis on the magazines to publish information and ecological services of Surabaya River social and economic factors regarding progress on the FSA project. Twice a for the present and future generations. fishing activities. The second step is month Ecoton goes on air on the state to build cooperation among various radio to promote the FSA project and The governor agreed to set up a stakeholders including government invite people to contribute. Coordination Team for Management institutions, the local village

34 6.1.4 Evaluation and Lessons Learnt which are open for public visitors; or mediators who provide updated The platform was initiated in 2013 and PT Tjiwi Kimia provided a CSR information, maintain personal continues to operate as a coordination fund for the Government of Desa contact among members, and also and communication forum where all Penambangan to build a solid waste can bridge communication among members or stakeholders are involved recycling plant. members. in planning the different stages of 6. Communities actively report to 5. To improve community participation the program. Currently the platform Ecoton when they see pollution in current coordination platforms, is implementing and continuing the incidents, river bank conservation or we need to increase the cooperative programmes. Some of the destructive fishing in their area. capacity and self-confidence of collaborative actions implemented by local community groups. Local members of the Coordination Team The lessons that were learned from the community members should are: platform: be able to express their needs and concerns in current formal 1. The Natural Resources Bureau of 1. A multi-stakeholder coordination coordination platforms provided by East Java Provincial Secretariat platform can be initiated bottom- the government (TKPSDA, BPDAS, has provided regular funding for up by CSOs with strong support Musrenbang, etc.) to support meetings since 2014. The Bureau and commitment from a top implementation of integrated water has already regionally budgeted for provincial government leader resource management in the river the upcoming, regular meetings and (Governor). The latter should basin. for the implementation of the action command its provincial institutions 6. The representativeness and plan proposed by the members for to cooperate in developing selection process of non- 2015. programmes and spending regional government members in the 2. JasaTirta provided funds for Ecoton development budget (APBD) to current platform provided by the to develop a pilot project on the implement the local initiatives. government in TKPSDA and BPDAS ecohydraulic engineering structure The governor’s decree provides needs to be improved in order to for riparian habitat restoration and the legalised structure through improve transparency, establish to stabilise the eroded bank along which also funds are provided for a more democratic process in the fish sanctuary area. JasaTirta regular coordination meetings to which a larger proportion of the also provided plant seedlings to be guarantee sustainability. total population is represented planted on the river bank such as 2. A platform needs to specify the and create more impact. We need Arenga pinnata and bamboo. area boundary and determine the to advise the government on the 3. The Department of Marine and priority area, which has a good mechanism of member recruitment Fishery, or Dinas Kelautan dan ecological condition and supports for current coordinated platforms. Perikanan, collaborated with Ecoton economic activities. The platform and the government of Bogem promotes community participation village to conduct socialisations in conservation activities. of the FSA and to encourage 3. A platform needs to have regular community participation in meetings. The FSA platform meets controlling destructive fishing and every three months. This helps to river pollution in the village. maintain good communication and 4. The Environmental Protection develop further collaborative action, Agency, or Badan Lingkungan while the members can evaluate Hidup Propinsi Jawa Timurhas, the progress of individual or supported the FSA by developing a collaborative actions in supporting Diversity Park on the river bank and the river conservation programme. strengthening the pollution control A platform needs to develop a long- programme in the FSA. Badan term, multi-year plan that can be Lingkungan Hidup Gresik Regency broken down into short, one-year provide bamboo seedlings planted goals and tasks. along the river bank in the FSA. 4. A platform needs to develop trust 5. Industries have improved waste and good communication among water treatment plants that comply members to achieve successful with the waste water quality collaborative action. The platform standard set by the government needs active and strong initiators

35 Traditional sand and stone mining in Brantas River near Mojokerto regency, East Java

36 6.2

INTEGRATED KAMPAR BASIN INITIATIVE: INFORMAL MEETINGS TO FACILITATE MULTI- STAKEHOLDER NEGOTIATIONS IN IWRM

6.2.1 Water Resources System The Kampar River Basin is the largest river basin in the Province of Riau, Indonesia. The total length of the river is 580 km. Its width in the downstream area ranges between 100 and 300 m, while its depth varies roughly between 6 and 10 m. The total area of the basin is 26.038 km2. The river flows through two provinces: West Sumatra (2.633 km2) and Riau (23.405 km2). 10% of Multistakeholder Workshop on Integrated Water the upstream area is located in West Resources Management in Kampar basin, Riau, Sumatra Sumatra, whereas the remaining 90% is located in Riau. Quite a substantial part of Riau - about 26% - is located in Kampar River Basin. For West Sumatra, this is only 6%.

According to the Ministry of Forestry, Kampar River Basin is inhabited by The Kampar Basin is located around Kampar River Basin covers several at least six threatened tree species, the equator and has a tropical climate. watersheds, of which the Kampar including a critically endangered Temperatures roughly vary between watershed dominates the basin. Other peat swamp specialist tree (Shorea 22 and 30oC and humidity between smaller watershed areas are found platycarpa), the Sumatran tiger 80 and 90%. With regard to water on islands in the estuary of the basin. (Panthera tigris Sumatrae), the hook- flow, Kampar River Basin has had high With regard to the range of slope billed bulbul (Setorniscriniger, VU), the fluctuations in water flow (Qmax 2,200 variation, the Kampar Basin and the Storm’s stork (Ciconia stormi, EN), the m3/sec, Qmin 49m3/sec, and QNormal proximal surrounding administrative clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa, 500-700 m3/sec). areas are overwhelmingly flat with VU), flat-headed cat (Prionailurus slopes less than 2%. The soil type planiceps, VU), the Asian tapir (Tapirus In 2009, the population in Kampar is dominated by peat and red clay, indicus, VU), and others. River Basin totaled slightly over 1 especially in the middle and lower million. Residences were mainly parts of the basin. The usage of the land in the Kampar located in Riau Province (which covers River Basin has experienced only about 90 of the basin). This coincides Little water resources infrastructure minor changes in the periods with about 20% of the total population exist in Kampar River Basin. The main between 2007 and 2010. Half of of Riau Province. No major cities are infrastructure is the Koto Panjang the basin is protected forest area located in the basin, only a small Reservoir and Hydropower Plant. The and about one quarter is occupied part of Pekanbaru (8% of its area) is reservoir has a concrete gravity dam by plantations (palm oil, acacia and situated in the basin. The population of 58m high and a capacity of 1,545 rubber). About three quarters of the is basically concentrated in small rural million m3 with an average annual basin falls under the criteria of being villages that seem quite equally spread inflow of 184.4 m3/s. Three turbines in a critical condition. This has to be over the province. Population densities of 38 MW each produce around 550 considered very high for a flat area are low, especially in the lower part GWH per year. such as the Kampar Basin and is most of the basin. The biggest sub-district likely related to the poor condition in the basin is Pangkalan Kerinci of the vegetation cover and the poor (Pelalawan District), which has only management conditions. about 100,000 inhabitants.

37 Data and information on water 6.2.2 The need for IWRM and a Applying the NA as part of IWRM quality are scarce. They are based Negotiated Approach in Kampar River Basin is based on on monitoring carried out by the From the beginning, Yayasan Mitra the condition that the river is in a authorities and information on waste Insani (YMI) realised that executing relatively good condition compared discharges from industries. In several proper and sustainable natural to the other three major rivers in Riau. locations upstream and downstream resource management required Furthermore, the government had not of the river, heavily polluted areas are understanding, involvement and yet made as much effort to build a present. Sources of pollution include cooperation of all parties concerned. river management plan as in the other illegal mining (mercury) in the middle YMI envisions how the river basin three basins. A third consideration was reaches, plantations (run off from can be managed well and sustainably the potential capabilities of the parties fertiliser and pesticides), pulp and in order to ensure its value to both to sit together, understand each other paper industries (BoD and CoD), sand the population and the surrounding and jointly organise and implement and gravel mining (turbidity) and waste environment. activities for the management of the from communities. Limited treatment Kampar River Basin regarding: facilities seem to exist with the existing The reason to use the Negotiated pulp and paper factories. Approach for integrated water • The poor and deteriorating water resource management is that quality of the Kampar River caused Safe water and sanitation inspection this provides certainty about the by illegal and small-scale mining, oil revealed serious situations along involvement of all parties, especially palm plantations, pulp and paper the banks of the river where people the communities. The NA aims factories and waste discharges from defecate and urinate while at the to strengthen IWRM through the the communities along the river. same time they use these waters for involvement of local communities, Poor water quality in particular consumption and bathing, even in whose capacity in natural resources affects fishers and local communities. situations that other and safer water management is at the same time • Land use and water resources are sources are available. strengthened in order to improve closely related. About three quarters their quality of livelihood. The NA is of the Kampar Basin is covered by Vulnerable groups are considered expected to ensure full and long-term forests and plantations. The issue of those households that are unable to community involvement in problem concessions and the management of cope with changes in the availability identification and resolution. these areas thus have a considerable and access to water, including: impact both on the river and on the agroforestry farmers in the upstream social and economic conditions of area, fishers and dryland farmers in the central part of the basin. 1. Farmers in the upstream area are seriously threatened by the giving out of concessions that will take away their access to both the land and the water they use for their Sanitation facility in a coastal village downstream of Kampar River, Sumatra subsistence agricultural activities. 2. Fishers in the central part of the basin suffer from a decreasing availability of fish due to water pollution that is most likely caused by fertilisers and pesticides. These pollutants drain from the plantations into the lakes alongside the river (danau) that are important for fish recruitment and breeding. 3. Dryland farmers in the middle reach of the river suffer from the drying up of rivers due to deforestation, increased pollution due to mining, or more frequent floods.

38 the people. Certain communities 2014) YMI organised frequent 6.2.4 Evaluation and Lessons Learnt have lost access to their land while workshops for all stakeholders to The project confirmed the need for others suffer from the deteriorating present and discuss results and to a more integrated approach as well water quality and changes in the make them familiar with and involve as the main bottlenecks for such an hydrology of the rivers. them where possible in the approach approach: (i) the establishment of a • The widespread problem of itself. platform where all parties participate deforestation (due to issuing of equally; and (ii) the difficulty to access concessions) affects the access to In view of the limited authority and consistent, reliable and updated land and water by local people resources, the project focused in information. In line with findings and has adverse impacts on the particular on task 3, exploring the elsewhere, parties in this project also hydrology and water quality of problems as perceived by the different appreciated the opportunities offered groundwater aquifers and rivers. stakeholders (ambitiously called a to meet and exchange opinions Joint Problem Analysis (JPA)). A JPA as long as participation is non- Access to safe water and sanitation is is considered an essential effort at committal. However, it was also found extremely poor in the Kampar Basin. the start of any negotiation. The that in spite of these bottlenecks a This is partly due to the persistent aim is to reflect on the problems as reasonable good picture could be local habits to use the river for all perceived by all relevant stakeholders obtained of the viewpoint of different purposes of water supply, including (government agencies, companies and parties and the main problems while waste discharges and defecating. It is local communities) without prioritising access to information improved. also due to plantations and industries and taking sides. Based on a JPA that discharge their waste into the document a better understanding Though the need for integration rivers and to insufficient government can be reached among different user and the appreciation of the NA interventions to provide passable groups and managers of the water was widespread, in reality the conditions at the village level. PDAM, resources system, which in turn should responsibilities for management of for example, serves only 10% of the lead to better decisions for example the resources of the Kampar Basin population and even those 10% are on priorities for conservation and remain at national level (PU and not provided with ‘safe’ water. investments for development. Forestry). At this level, the possibilities Keeping the limitations in mind, the for concerted action – for example JPA had the following objectives: through a formalised platform - are 6.2.3 Platform Description difficult to achieve, in particular Crucial in applying the NA is • Finding out whether parties could since the Water Law of 2004 has a platform for discussions and be brought together and assess the been revoked and national agencies negotiations that consists of all feasibility to generate a genuine JPA continue with their business as usual. stakeholders involved. Formally, the under guidance of the government. complete list of tasks for facilitating • Assessing the accessibility and Unfortunately, the same is true for the process of negotiation is: reliability of available information. several other areas of concern that • Assessing whether this limited were identified as priorities: the public • task 1: preparing the process exercise could indicate priorities that water and sanitation situation, the • task 2: reaching and maintaining justified further actions. behaviour of people living alongside process agreements the Kampar River with respect to MCK • task 3: joint exploration and situation The JPA started with the collection (bathing, washing, and defecating), analysis (problem analysis) of data and information on physical, and the water quality. • task 4: identification and analysis of socio-economic and institutional For YMI’s role in water management of possible solutions aspects. Results of this effort were the Kampar Basin this could imply the • task 5: forging agreement presented and discussed in meetings following: • task 6: communication between with parties and were documented in representatives and constituencies a report: ‘State of the water resources • Developing knowledge on the • task 7: monitoring agreed actions system of the Kampar River Basin’ Kampar Basin as a whole with regard • task 8: capacity building of (YMI, 2015a). The JPA consisted of to monitoring social, economic, participants four main components: (1-3) separate and ecosystemic interactions. interactions with local communities, This leads to a more integrated As such a platform did not yet government agencies and private system of Kampar River Basin consist for the Kampar Basin, during companies, and (4) integrated management. The realised projects programme implementation (2012- meetings among parties. will have provided a network of

39 knowledge that must be maintained implementation, operation and the management plan coincides with to build communication and monitoring of the water supply, the real needs and expectations of trust among stakeholders. The sanitation and waste management all parties and ensures community successful framework and network systems. participation in Kampar River Basin of information could be replicated • Participation from government management. in other areas of the Kampar River agencies and private companies is • Endorsing replication for the Basin. needed to support the sustainability project and results (including the • Facilitators need to deepen of cooperative programmes negotiation platform) as a model their knowledge, especially in established by multi-stakeholder for other integrated river basin technical aspects related to water processes. management (IRBM) in other basins. resources problems and the • It is necessary to design the Negotiated Approach to endorse Kampar River Basin management the establishment of a formal multi- plan starting at the village level stakeholder forum. (bottom-up planning) and then • Platforms could take ownership and integrating this with the plans of assume responsibility for planning, other parties. This will ensure that

40 6.3

SAVE PUNCAK CONSORTIUM (SPC): A TOP-DOWN APPROACH THAT WORKS

6.3.1 Water Resouces System Ciliwung River is 120 km long. The main tributaries are the Ciesek and Ciluar and catchment areas that are located in the upper catchment. Its river basin consists of 476 km2 and is located in the Western region of Java where it flows through two provinces, West Java and the special region of Jakarta. The Ciliwung River Basin starts upstream at Tugu Puncak (Bogor Province) and finishes downstream at the Jakarta Bay area.

Ciliwung watershed has an annual precipitation average amounting to 2,913 mm. The rainy season lasts Garbage collection activity in Ciliwung River, West Java ten months and the dry season lasts two months (Climate Type A in Schmidth Ferguson classification). In the upstream slope variations occur Ciliwung community’s research in Based on the Environmental in the range of 15-45% and higher. 2011 found 20 native fish species, Ministry’s explanation ‘Ciliwung River The midstream is a hilly area, which is Asian narrow-headed softshell turtle Restoration’ in 2012, Ciliwung River is dominated by a 2-15% slope variation. (Chitra-chitrajavanensis), otter (Lutra- categorised as 4th tier water quality, The downstream area is a plain area lutra), and Javan slow loris (Nycticebus which is the lowest water quality that is dominated by a < 8% slope javanicus) in the riparian of Ciliwung. level on the government’s scale. High variation. Remaining vegetation along the river Escherichia coli 22 number (116- also has become the habitat for urban 149/ml) was detected downstream Water infrastructures in Ciliwung birds. in the Ciliwung River (Yasuda et al., River include the following dams 2012). Concentration of metals, such and floodgates/watergates: Cibalok Based on census data, in the past as manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), Dam, Katulampa Dam, Depok Dam, decades the human population in magnesium (Mg), aluminium (Al), and Manggarai Water Gate, Karet Water Ciliwung Basin exploded from 6.4 lead (Pb) were detected in Ciliwung Gate and Angkehulu Water Gate. million in 1971, to 9.2 million in 1980, River. The high concentration of Mn in Those water gates were built for to 12.3 million in 1990 and reached two sites of Ciliwung River exceeded controlling the water flows. The 13.8 million in 2000. the environmental standard value Cibalok Dam in the upper stream area (Yasuda et al., 2012). As many as was built for irrigation while the Depok Ciliwung River is used as clean water 441 companies (73,50%) in both DKI Dam was built for controlling water supply for households and small Jakarta province and Bogor regency surface level. Katulampa Dam was buit industries along the river, fishing spots, discharge their water waste into in Bogor in 1911 for an early flooding irrigation, sand and stone mining, Ciliwung River without having a waste warning system and irrigation of 5,000 farming and plantation, raw water water discharge permit. ha agricultural land. Highest water supply for Palyja (4%), and tourism flow levels capping at 630 thousand activities. The changing of land use is liters/second and heights of 250 out of control, which has decreased centimeters occurred in 1996, 2002, land fertility, decreased water quality, 2007 and 2010. caused droughts and floods.

41 SECTOR INTEREST AND OR POLLUTION CONTRIBUTION

Farming; Plantation Water availability for irrigation and contribute to pesticide, fertiliser, sedimentation. For example, tea plantation using pesticides such as fenvalerate, cypermethrin, and -cyflutrin and its residue in tea leaves was found to exceed maximum residue limits (MRL) (Jayati, et al., 2003).

Tourism Lead from garbage piling on the river bank due to unavailability of waste management facility and insufficiency of equipment (particularly in Puncak area).

Settlement Because property along the river bank is easy and cheap to obtain, many people (mostly) from the lower to middle economic classes are attracted to settle there. Having residences (particularly villas) in the upstream area is prestigious. These residences contribute to sedimentation, organic pollution, and incorrect disposal of garbage.

Table 8 • Sectors that contribute to water pollution in the upstream area of Ciliwung River

6.3.2 The need for IWRM and a Negotiated Approach Ciliwung’s deteriorating water quality is caused by many factors. Each sector has a different impact on the water quality. The sectors that have contributed to water pollution in Puncak area (upstream of Ciliwung River).

To improve Ciliwung River water the Ciliwung River, and its tributaries. The identified vulnerable groups are quality, integrating the interests Its fundamental principles are: i) local people who are suffering from of different stakeholders and Protecting the remaining environment, the environmental degradation in including both land and water in ii) Improving environmental conditions, Puncak area, such as tea plantation the management plans is a must. iii) Improving local community welfare, worker and domestic water users. Both are also the foundation and iv) Revitalising local community of integrated water resources dignity and culture. The work began with identifying management (IWRM). The Negotiated problems, developing plans (including Approach (NA) is needed to achieve Save Puncak Consortium was sharing tasks and responsibilities) agreements between all stakeholders established through a series of and then implementing plans to rehabilitate Ciliwung River. A stakeholder meetings, in which independently by each member. negotiation platform is needed to academics (P4W-LPPM Bogor Agreements made during the create a clear sharing of tasks and Agriculture University), NGOs (Forest meetings included: i) in-depth and responsibilities among members/ Watch Indonesia and Perkumpulan comprehensive understanding of stakeholders and to build commitment Telapak Western Java Territorial factual conditions is achieved through to achieve the common goals. Body), various communities an action research process; ii) joint Save Puncak Concortium (SPC) is a (Ciliwung Institute, Ciliwung Puncak activities are based on findings from negotiated platform consisting of Community, and Komunitas Peduli the action research; iii) target location multi-stakeholders to rehabilitate Ciliwung) participated. Meanwhile, for the conservation activities is Tugu Ciliwung River. government institutions (particularly Selatan and Tugu Utara villages; iv) local government) such as the the foundation of this programme is 6.3.3 Platform description governments of North Tugu and South community participation. Save Puncak Consortium (SPC) was Tugu Villages, Cisarua Sub-district and established as a discussion forum Bogor District began participating The Save Puncak Consortium (SPC) for multi-stakeholders to rehabilitate after the establishment of the SPC. is involved with the internalisation Puncak area, the upstream area for of the team for Integrated Ciliwung

42 Watershed Management Planning (ICWMP), which was established by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. The main task of this team is awareness raising about ICWMP and inviting other institutions or local government members/ departments to implement the plans. The national government (General Secretary of Watershed Control and Forest Reserve) will be covering the operational costs of the team.

6.3.4 Evaluation and lessons learnt An assessment of the Save Puncak Consortium (SPC) revealed: a. Save Puncak Consortium (SPC) is a successful model for active participation of community members, building IWRM planning and implementation on community interests and expertise. b. Developing and managing incentives between upstream and downstream communities is important to maintain the relationship and to ensure sustainability. c. Jakarta provincial government needs to allocate an annual budget to support conservation activities in the Ciliwung watershed.

Lesson learned from the process are: a. Diverse competence of members strengthens the platform b. Importance to start with research, preferably action research c. Importance of awareness building with public sector and the government d. Importance of encouraging and helping people and communities to implement their plans e. Importance of creating and managing cooperation Styrofoam in Ciliwung River, Bogor regency, West Java f. Planning and implementation should properly account for upstream – downstream relation impact

Tabel 9 • IWRM institutions involved in the negotiation platforms of the case studies

INTEGRATED KAMPAR BASIN SRFSA SAVE PUNCAK INSTITUTION INITIATIVE COOPERATIVE CONSORTIUM

Provincial and / Regency

River Basin Territories Organisation (BBWS) Natural resources bureau (Biro SDA) River Basin Management Bureau (BPDAS) Regional Development Plan Agency (Bappeda) Environmental Protection Agency (BLH) Public Work Agency (Dinas PU) PerumJasaTirta Forestry agency Marine and fisheries agency (DKPi) Industrial and Trading Agency Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Bureau (BMKG) University Indigenous community group Private, Government owned drinking water company (PDAM) Industry Cleaning and Gardening Agency (DKP) Village government/community Local NGO BKPP Perhutani PTPN

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