Todiramphus Cinnamominus, Guam Kingfisher Amended Version Assessment By: Birdlife International

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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T22725862A117372355 Scope: Global Language: English

Todiramphus cinnamominus, Guam Kingfisher Amended version Assessment by: BirdLife International

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Citation: BirdLife International. 2017. Todiramphus cinnamominus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22725862A117372355. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017- 3.RLTS.T22725862A117372355.en

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THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family

Animalia Chordata Aves Coraciiformes Alcedinidae

Taxon Name: Todiramphus cinnamominus (Swainson, 1821)

Common Name(s): • English: Guam Kingfisher, Micronesian Kingfisher Taxonomic Source(s): del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Taxonomic Notes: Todiramphus cinnamominus, T. pelewensis and T. reichenbachii (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) were previously lumped as T. cinnamominus following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).

Identification Information: 20 cm. A distinctive small kingfisher with a rich rufous top of the head, underparts and hindcollar, greenish-black mask extending as a thin band around the hindneck and shining blue-green mantle, wings and tail. Bill is black. The female has a white belly, sharply demarcated from the rufous on the breast. Similar species. T. pelewensis and T. reichenbachii have clean white underparts. Assessment Information

Red List Category & Criteria: Extinct in the Wild ver 3.1

Year Published: 2017

Date Assessed: October 1, 2016

Justification: This recently-split kingfisher was endemic to the island of Guam, but following predation by invasive snakes it became Extinct in the Wild in 1986 when the last remaining wild birds were taken into captivity for captive breeding.

Previously Published Red List Assessments 2016 – Extinct in the Wild (EW) http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22725862A94903871.en

2015 – Extinct in the Wild (EW) http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-3.RLTS.T22725862A79815246.en

2014 – Extinct in the Wild (EW)

Range Description: Todiramphus cinnamominus occurred on Guam (to U.S.A.), but became extinct in the wild in 1986 as a result of predation from the introduced tree snake Boiga irregularis (del Hoyo et al. 2001). What were believed to be the last 29 individuals were caught and taken into captivity in 1986; this captive population now numbers 124 individuals spread around various facilities in the U.S.A (D. Kesler in litt. 2013).

Country Occurrence: Regionally extinct: Guam

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Todiramphus cinnamominus – published in 2017. 2 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22725862A117372355.en Distribution Map Todiramphus cinnamominus

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Todiramphus cinnamominus – published in 2017. 3 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22725862A117372355.en Population Extinct in the wild: the last 29 known wild birds were taken into captivity in 1986.

Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information) The species was previously found in a fairly wide variety of habitats throughout the island of Guam, including the edges of mangroves, wooded coastal lowlands, coconut palms and mixed upland forest and also large gardens with plenty of timber (Fry and Fry 1999, del Hoyo et al. 2001, Kesler in litt. 2013). The breeding season was between December and July, with the nest excavated into a rotten tree (Fry and Fry 1999).

Systems: Terrestrial

Threats (see Appendix for additional information) Its decline and extinction in the wild is the result of predation by the introduced brown tree snake Boiga irregularis (Fritts and Rodda 1998). Predation by feral cats may have represented an additional threat.

Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information) Conservation and research actions underway In 2013 the captive population numbered 124 individuals spread around various facilities in the U.S.A (D. Kesler in litt. 2013). The captive population is considered to be close to or at capacity for the facilities currently holding birds, and there is a need for an appropriate reintroduction site to be identified (Laws and Kesler 2012, Kesler in litt. 2013), with a bayesian modelling approach being used to identify islands that may be suitable for translocation (Laws and Kesler 2012).

Conservation and research actions proposed Continue the captive-breeding programme. Control B. irregularis and feral cats F. catus on Guam so that there is the potential for reintroductions to take place in the future. Identify one or more suitable reintroduction or translocation sites. Credits

Assessor(s): BirdLife International

Reviewer(s): Butchart, S. & Symes, A.

Contributor(s): Shannon, P., Buchholz, P. & Kesler, D.

Facilitators(s) and Butchart, S., Ekstrom, J., Khwaja, N., Martin, R, Symes, A., Taylor, J., North, A. Compiler(s):

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Todiramphus cinnamominus – published in 2017. 4 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22725862A117372355.en Bibliography del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK. del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. 2001. Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol. 6: Mousebirds to Hornbills. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.

Fritts, T. H; Rodda, G. H. 1998. The role of introduced species in the degradation of island ecosystems: A Case History of Guam. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 113–140.

Fry, C. H.; Fry, K. 1999. Kingfishers, bee-eaters, and rollers. Princeton University Press, Princeton.

IUCN. 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-3. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 07 December 2016).

IUCN. 2017. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-3. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 7 December 2017).

Laws, R.J. and Kesler, D.C. 2012. A Bayesian network approach for selecting translocation sites for endangered island birds. Biological Conservation 155: 178-185.

Sibley, C.G. and Monroe, B.L. 1990. Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. Yale University Press, New Haven, USA.

Sibley, C.G. and Monroe, B.L. 1993. A supplement to 'Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World'. Yale University Press, New Haven, USA.

Citation BirdLife International. 2017. Todiramphus cinnamominus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22725862A117372355. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22725862A117372355.en

Disclaimer To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use.

External Resources For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website.

Habitats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Major Season Suitability Habitat Importance? 1. Forest -> 1.5. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry Resident Suitable No

1. Forest -> 1.6. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Resident Suitable No

1. Forest -> 1.7. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above Resident Suitable No High Tide Level

14. Artificial/Terrestrial -> 14.4. Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardens Resident Suitable No

Threats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score 8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & Past, Majority (50- Slow, significant Past impact diseases -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien unlikely to 90%) declines return species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Felis catus) Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & Past, Whole (>90%) Rapid declines Past impact diseases -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien unlikely to return species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Boiga irregularis) Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success

Conservation Actions in Place (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Conservation Actions in Place In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning

Action Recovery plan: Yes

Systematic monitoring scheme: No

In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management

Conservation sites identified: Yes, over entire range

Occur in at least one PA: Yes

Invasive species control or prevention: No

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Todiramphus cinnamominus – published in 2017. 6 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22725862A117372355.en Conservation Actions in Place In-Place Species Management

Successfully reintroduced or introduced beningly: No

Subject to ex-situ conservation: No

In-Place Education

Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: No

Included in international legislation: No

Subject to any international management/trade controls: No

Conservation Actions Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Conservation Actions Needed 2. Land/water management -> 2.2. Invasive/problematic species control

3. Species management -> 3.3. Species re-introduction -> 3.3.1. Reintroduction

3. Species management -> 3.3. Species re-introduction -> 3.3.2. Benign introduction

3. Species management -> 3.4. Ex-situ conservation -> 3.4.1. Captive breeding/artificial propagation

Additional Data Fields

Distribution Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO): Unknown

Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO): No

Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO): Unknown

Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO): No

Continuing decline in number of locations: Unknown

Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations: No

Population Continuing decline of mature individuals: No

Extreme fluctuations: No

Population severely fragmented: No

Continuing decline in subpopulations: Unknown

Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations: No

All individuals in one subpopulation: No

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Todiramphus cinnamominus – published in 2017. 7 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22725862A117372355.en Habitats and Ecology Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Unknown

Generation Length (years): 4.8

Movement patterns: Not a Migrant

Amended Population estimate changed from 0 to 'unset' to avoid incorrectly triggering Critically reason: Endangered in Criteria Calculator.

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Todiramphus cinnamominus – published in 2017. 9 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22725862A117372355.en The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T22725862A117372355 Scope: Global Language: English

The IUCN Red List Partnership

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership.

The IUCN Red List Partners are: Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London.

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™