Regular Article pISSN: 2288-9744, eISSN: 2288-9752 J F E S Journal of Forest and Environmental Science Journal of Forest and Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 27-38, February, 2016 Environmental Science http://dx.doi.org/10.7747/JFES.2016.32.1.27 Angiospermic Diversity of Southeast Offshore Islands in

Noor Hassan Sajib, Mostafa Kamal Pasha and Shaikh Bokhtear Uddin* Department of Botany, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh

Abstract A total of 680 angiosperm plant species under 433 genera of 115 families have been recorded from the Southeast offshore Islands of Bangladesh including Nijhum Dwip, Hatiya, , Kutubdia, Maheshkhali, Sonadia and Saint Martin’s. Magnoliopsida is represented by 92 families, 344 genera and 546 species, whereas Liliopsida is represented by 23 families, 89 genera and 134 species. Habit analysis shows that herbs, shrubs, trees and climbers were represented by 331, 117, 169 and 63 species respectively. The plant diversity of the southeast offshore islands is under great risk because of many threats including natural and manmade. The aims of the present study are investigation, accumulation and doc- umentation of the angiosperm of the area.

Key Words: Angiosperm, flora, offshore islands, Bangladesh

Introduction tinental islands of southeast part of the country (Fig. 1). Nijhum Dwip is a small island of Bay of , lies at Bangladesh, mostly a flood plain delta, is a land of rivers 21o01'-22o06' N latitudes and 90o03'-91o04' E longitudes. and canals. The country is sloping gently from the north to Hatiya is an island of , located at the south, meeting the at the southern end. A 22o07'-22o35' N latitudes and 90o56'-91o11' E longitudes. large number of offshore islands have been developed of Sandwip is an island of the Meghna estuary, located at various ages in-between the Channels across the fun- 22o22'-22o34'N and 91o26'-91o34' E. Kutubdia is an island nel-shaped and shallow northern Bay of Bengal. The com- of Cox’s Bazar district, located at 21o43'-21o56' N latitudes bined Padma-Jamuna-Meghna river system through the and 91o50'-91o54' E longitudes. Maheshkhali is the only Meghna estuaries brings enormous load of sediment to the hilly island of the country, located at 21o28'-21o46' N lat- offshore territory, thereby forming a series of islands. The itudes and 91o51'-91o59' E longitudes. Sonadia Island sup- distribution pattern of the islands is such that a majority of ports the last remaining remnant of mangrove forest in them have developed in the central part of the coast, run- southeast Bangladesh, which once stretched along much of ning east of Tentulia River to the estuary. The re- the coastline of Chittagong and Cox’s Bazar, located at gion is most dynamic and intense erosion and sed- 21o30'18"N 91o52'59"E. In April 1999, Department of imentation take place here regularly (Alam 2012). Nijhum Environment (DOE) officially declared Sonadia and Saint Dwip, Hatiya, Sandwip, Kutubdia, Maheshkhali, Sonadia Martin’s island as Ecologically Critical area (Islam 2012). and Saint Martin’s Island are the major old offshore con- Saint Martin’s island is the only coral islands of the country,

Received: May 28, 2014. Revised: November 6, 2015. Accepted: November 9, 2015.

Corresponding author: Shaikh Bokhtear Uddin

Department of Botany, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh Tel: 0088-031-716558-4306, Fax: 880-31-7263410, E-mail: [email protected]

J For Env Sci 32(1), 27-38 27 Angiospermic Plant Diversity of Southeast Offshore Islands

Fig. 1. Map of southern Bangladesh showing studied offshore Islands (Alam 2012). lies between 92o18'-92o21'E longitudes and 20o34'-20o39'N offshore islands. The present study is concentrates to inves- latitudes (Chowdhury 2012). The area enjoys tropical mon- tigate more, accumulate and document all the angiospermic soon climatic condition like other parts of the country. The plants of the area so far recorded. plants of the southeast offshore islands show signs of a di- verse habitats, such as wetland, cultivated land, char, sand Materials and Methods dune, homestead area, scrub jungles, fallow lands, ponds, , canals etc. which support luxuriant formation of an- The plant specimens have been collected, identified and giosperms and play a crucial role in the local economy and documented through repeated field trips during July 2008 ecosystem. to October 2013 in mostly of the islands as mentioned. The Studies on angiospermic plant diversity in the southeast total areas of these islands are about 2,869.63 sq km. The offshore islands of Bangladesh have been carried out spor- present study is based on fresh materials and previously pre- adically by the several workers including Khan et al. (1977, served herbarium specimens of DACB (Bangladesh 1984, 1985), Huq and Khan (1984), Huq (1986, 1988), National Herbarium) and CTGUH (Chittagong University Patka (1987), Mia and Rahman (1990), Rashid et al. Herbarium). Photographs have been taken wherever nec- (2000), Alam and Masum (2005), Rahman et al. (2009), essary with a digital camera to identify and to confirm if Sajib and Uddin (2013a, 2013b). These studies were done necessary. Voucher specimens were preserved, examined separately for the different islands but no specific or com- and studied carefully in the taxonomic laboratory of plete floristic study is found for the southeast offshore CTGUH. Collected specimens were confirmed by com- islands. On the other hand, the southeast offshore islands paring with herbarium specimens at CTGUH, DACB and belongs to one of the country’s most risk-prone areas where BFRIH (Bangladesh Forest Research Institute herba- the plant diversity is increasingly being depleted due to rium). In some cases, standard literatures, such as Hooker bank erosion, periodic tidal waves, destruction of natural (1872-1897), Prain (1903), Heinig (1925), Siddiqui et al. resources, and on-going and predicted adverse impacts of (2007), Ahmed et al. (2008-2009), Rashid and Rahman climate change. Therefore, there is a great need for con- (2011, 2012), Pasha and Uddin (2013) were consulted for ducting a detail floristic study throughout these southeast identification purposes. On the other hand, world wide

28 Journal of Forest and Environmental Science http://jofs.or.kr Sajib et al.

website, (2012) and Ta ble 1. List of angiospermic plants of southeast offshore Islands in (2010) were considered for identification and recent no- Bangladesh menclature of some critical specimens. Scientific name Local name Family Habit

Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench Dheros Malvaceae Herb Results and Discussion Abelmoschus moschatus Medik. Bannoderos Malvaceae Herb Abroma angusta (L.) L.f. Ulotkombal Sterculiaceae Shrub Abrus precatorius L. Hongais Climber The present study has revealed a total of 680 angiosperm Abutilon hirtum (Lam.) Sweet* Junka Malvaceae Herb species under 433 genera belonging to 115 families re- Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet* Junka Malvaceae Herb Abutilon theophrasti Medik. Naniapat Malvaceae Herb corded from the southeast offshore islands of Bangladesh. Acacia auriculiformis Benth. Akashi Mimosaceae Tree The genera under each family and the species under each Acacia catechuoides (Roxb.) Benth. Khoira Mimosaceae Tree Acacia concinna (Willd.) DC. Banritha Mimosaceae Shrub genus with local name and habit character are arranged al- Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Cirkuti Mimosaceae Tree phabetically (Table 1). The recorded angiosperm species, Acacia mangium Willd. Akashi Mimosaceae Tree Acacia nilotica (L.) Del. subsp. indica Babul, Mimosaceae Tree genera and families are represented by 13.76%, 25.99% (Benth.) Brenan and 52.51% of the total National Flora of Bangladesh re- Acalypha hispida Burm.f. Lalbahadur Shrub Acalypha wilkesiana Müll.Arg. Patabahar Euphorbiaceae Shrub spectively (Pasha and Uddin 2013). Magnoliopsida is rep- Acampe ochracea (Lindl.) Hochr. Rasna Orchidaceae Herb resented by 92 families, 344 genera and 546 species, where- Acampe praemorsa (Roxb.) Blatt. & Rasna Orchidaceae Herb as Liliopsida is represented by 23 families, 89 genera and McCann Acanthus ilicifolius L. Hargoja Acanthaceae Shrub 134 species. Magnoliopsida is represented by 51.68% fami- Achyranthes aspera L. Apang Amaranthaceae Herb lies and 27.32% genera whereas Liliopsida is represented Acorus calamus L. Boch Acoraceae Herb Adenia trilobata (Roxb.) Engl. Akandaphal Passifloraceae Shrub by 56.09% and 21.87% of the National Flora respectively. Aegialitis rutundifolia Roxb. Nuniya Plumbaginaceae Tree The angiosperms genus per family, species per family and Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blaco Khalsi Myrsinaceae Tree Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr.Serr. Bel Rutaceae Tree species per genus represents 3.76, 5.91 and 1.57; whereas Aeluropus lagopoides (L.) Thwaites* Nona Kher Poaceae Herb in National Flora it is 7.60, 22.55 and 2.96 respectively Aerides odorata Lour. Rasna Orchidaceae Herb (Pasha and Uddin 2013). The ratio of Dicotyledonous and Aerva sanguinolenta (L.) Blume Raktapata Amaranthaceae Herb Aeschynomene indica L. Katshola Fabaceae Shrub Monocotyledonous plants is 4.07:1, which did not support Aganosma dichotoma K.Schum. Malati Apocynaceae Climber the National Flora (2.95:1). This also indicated that repre- Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. Fulkuri Asteraceae Herb Aglaia cucullata (Roxb.) Pellegr. Amur Meliaceae Tree sentatives of the Liliopsida are much less than the Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Sirish Mimosaceae Tree Magnoliopsida when compared with the national record. Albizia odoratissima (L.f.) Benth. Jatkorai Mimosaceae Tree Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. Silkorai Mimosaceae Tree Ten species-rich families with respect to number of spe- Albizia richardiana (Voigt) King & Prain Gagansirish Mimosaceae Tree cies and genera were Fabaceae, Poaceae, Asteraceae, Eupho- Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr. Boat korai Mimosaceae Tree rbiaceae, Cyperaceae, Malvaceae, , Acanthaceae, Allamanda cathartica L. Ghantaphul Apocynaceae Shrub Allium cepa L. Piaz Liliaceae Herb Cucurbitaceae and Rubiaceae (Fig. 2). Allium sativum L. Rashun Liliaceae Herb In Magnoliopsida, Fabaceae appears to be the largest Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeuschel var. Rakpallagota Sapindaceae Tree serratus (Roxb.) Prain* family having 57 species and 30 genera whereas, in Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don Mankachu Araceae Herb Liliopsida, Poaceae appears to be the largest family having Alocasia odora (Lindl.) K.Koch* Hatal kachu Araceae Herb Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. Gritakumari Aloaceae Herb 40 species and 31 genera. But, Poaceae is the largest and Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) B.L.Burtt Tara Zingiberaceae Shrub Fabaceae is the second largest family in Bangladesh Flora. Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. Chatim Apocynaceae Tree Seven angiosperm families (Poaceae, Fabaceae, Rubiaceae, Alternanthera paronichyoides St.-Hill. Jhulikhata Amaranthaceae Herb Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Helencha, Amaranthaceae Herb Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Acanthaceae) Griseb. Molicha of the islands showed similarly largest among the ten domi- Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC. Sachishak Amaranthaceae Herb Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. Pannata Fabaceae Herb nant families as of Bangladesh Flora also. Ten dominant Amaranthus spinosus L. Kantamairra Amaranthaceae Herb families comprising 273 species represent 40.15% and the Amaranthus tricolor L. Lalshak Amaranthaceae Herb Amaranthus viridis L. Mairra Shak Amaranthaceae Herb remaining 105 families with a total of 407 species contrib- ute only 59.85%.

J For Env Sci 32(1), 27-38 29 Angiospermic Plant Diversity of Southeast Offshore Islands

Ta ble 1 . Continued Ta ble 1 . Continued

Scientific name Local name Family Habit Scientific name Local name Family Habit

Amischotolype mollissima (Blume) Molisima Commelinaceae Herb Brassica napus L. Sarisa, Horra Brassicaceae Herb Hassk.* Brassica olaracea L. Kapi Brassicaceae Herb Ammannia baccifera L.* Dadmari Lythraceae Herb Bridelia retusa (L.) A.Juss. Kamkoi Euphorbiaceae Climber Amorphophallus bulbifer (Roxb.) Jongle-ol Araceae Herb Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume Harinhara Euphorbiaceae Shrub Blume* Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam. Kakra Rhizophoraceae Tree Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Olkachu Araceae Herb Buddleja asiatica Lour. Budbhota Buddlejaceae Shrub Nicolson* Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Palash Fabaceae Tree Anacardium occidentale L. Kajubadam Anacardiaceae Tree Caesalpinia crista L. Lati kanta Mimosaceae Shrub Ananus comosus (L.) Merr. Anaros Bromeliaceae Herb Caesalpinia digyna Rottler Kochoi Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze Gobura Lamiaceae Herb Caesalpinia enneaphylla Roxb. Nataine Caesalpiniaceae Climber Annona reticulata L. Atal, Ata Annonaceae Tree Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Arol Fabaceae Shrub Annona squamosa L. Sarifa Annonaceae Tree Caladium humboldtii (Raf.) Schott Caladium Araceae Herb Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) R. Rayna Meliaceae Tree Calamus latifolius Roxb. Kerat Bet Arecaceae Shrub Parker Calamus viminalis Willd. Bet Arecaceae Shrub Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. Agar Thymelaeaceae Tree Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels Bottlebrush Myrtaceae Tree Arachis hypogaea L. Chinabadam Fabaceae Herb Calophyllum inophyllum L. Hundal Clusiaceae Tree Ardisia solanacea Roxb. Banjam Myrsinaceae Shrub Calotropis gigantea (L.) Ait.f. Akand Asclepiadaceae Shrub Areca catechu L. Supari Arecaceae Tree Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand Akand, Akkan Asclepiadaceae Shrub Argyreia argentea (Roxb.) Arn. ex Bararupatola Convolvulaceae Shrub Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. Katra shim Fabaceae Climber Choisy Canna indica L. Kesla Cannaceae Herb Argyreia capitata (Vahl) Choisy Marthalata Convolvulaceae Climber Canscora diffusa (Vahl.) G.Don Fusakuni Gentianaceae Herb Argyreia nervosa (Burm.f.) Bojer* Guguli Convolvulaceae Climber Capparis horrida L.f. Hori-kalia Capparaceae Shrub Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Kathal Moraceae Tree Capsicum annuum L. Mistimarich Solanaceae Herb Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham. Barta Moraceae Tree Capsicum frutescens L. Marich Solanaceae Herb Asclepias curassavica L. Kakturi, Asclepiadaceae Herb Carapa moluccensis Lam. Pashur Meliaceae Tree Moricha Carex indica L. Deshilick Cyperaceae Herb Asparagus racemosus Willd. Satamuli Liliaceae Climber Carica papaya L. Cokia, Papa Caricaceae Shrub Atylosia scarabaeoides Benth. Bajanlata Fabaceae Climber Carissa carandas L. Kormocha Apocynaceae Shrub Averrhoa bilimbi L. Bilimbi Oxalidaceae Tree Cassia fistula L. Sonalu, Caesalpiniaceae Tree Averrhoa carambola L. Kamranga Oxalidaceae Tree Honalu Avicennia alba Blume Dulia baen Verbenaceae Tree Cassytha filiformis L. Akashbel Lauraceae Climber Avicennia officinalis L. Baro baen Verbenaceae Tree Casuarina equisetifolia L. Jaw, Popan Casuarinaceae Tree Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P. Beauv.* Balla ghas Poaceae Herb Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don. Nayantara Apocynaceae Herb Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Nim Meliaceae Tree Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng Beul Rubiaceae Shrub Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pannell Brammishak Scrophulariaceae Herb Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin* Amol lata Vitaceae Climber Bambusa balcooa Roxb. Bora bans Poaceae Tree Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Kapuk Bombacaceae Tree Bambusa jaintiana R.B. Mazumdar Chikon bans Poaceae Tree Celosia argentea L. Thenthenna Amaranthaceae Herb Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. Bangla bans Poaceae Tree Celosia cristata L. Morogful Amaranthaceae Herb Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn. Hizal Lecythidaceae Tree Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. Thankuni, Apiaceae Herb Basella rubra L. Holy, Puishak Basellaceae Herb Adamkipata Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. Chalkumra Cucurbitaceae Herb Centipeda minima (L.) A. Br. & Asch. Hachuti Asteraceae Herb Bergia ammannioides Roxb. ex Roth Keshuriya Elatinaceae Herb Centrostachys aquatica (Roxb.) Wall.* Thuas Amaranthaceae Herb Bergia capensis L. Lal keshuriya Elatinaceae Herb Ceratophyllum demersum L. Ajla Ceratophyllaceae Herb Bixa orellana L. Japran Bixaceae Shrub Ceriops decandra (Griff.) W. Theob. Goran Lythraceae Tree Blumea aurita (L.f.) DC. Not known Asteraceae Herb Cestrum nocturnum L. Hasnahena, Solanaceae Shrub Blumea fistulosa (Roxb.) Kurz Nagorsola Asteraceae Herb Ratkerani Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC. Kormuta Asteraceae Herb Cheilocostus speciosus (J.Konig) C.Specht Kew shak Costaceae Herb Blumea membranacea Wall. ex DC. Patlapata Asteraceae Herb Chenopodium album L. Battashak Chenopodiaceae Herb Blumea mollis (D. Don.) Merr. Nilmoli Asteraceae Herb Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Gandha batua Chenopodiaceae Herb Boerhavia repens L. Punarnava Nyctaginaceae Herb Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King Asamlata Asteraceae Herb Bombax ceiba L. Simul tula Bombacaceae Tree & H.Rob. Bonamia semidigyna (Roxb.) Chikon gand- Convolvulaceae Climber Chrozophora rottleri (Geiseler) A. Juss. Khudiphora Euphorbiaceae Herb Hallier f.* habhaduli ex Spreng. Borassus flabellifer L. Tal Arecaceae Tree Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin.* Bait Poaceae Herb Bothriochola pertusa (L.) A.Camus Gora dubla Poaceae Herb Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss. Cikrasi Meliaceae Tree Bougainvillea glabra Choisy Baganbilas Nyctaginaceae Shrub Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) Tejpata Lauraceae Tree Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. Baganbilas Nyctaginaceae Shrub Nees & Eberm. Brachiaria distachya (L.) Stapf Cori ghas Poaceae Herb Cissus quadrangularis L. Harzora Vitaceae Climber

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Ta ble 1 . Continued Ta ble 1 . Continued

Scientific name Local name Family Habit Scientific name Local name Family Habit

Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumura Tarmuz Cucurbitaceae Climber Croton bonplandianus Baill. Paglamarich Euphorbiaceae Herb & Nakai Cucumis melo L. Bangi, Fud Cucurbitaceae Herb Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle Kagazi lebu Rutaceae Tree Cucumis sativus L. Sasha, Howa Cucurbitaceae Climber Citrus aurantium L. Kamala Rutaceae Tree Cucurbita maxima Duchesne Mistikumra Cucurbitaceae Herb Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f. Lebu Rutaceae Tree Cuphea hyssopifolia Kunth Panika Lythraceae Herb Citrus maxima (Burm.f.) Merr. Jambura, Rutaceae Tree Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. Banna halud Zingiberaceae Herb Santara Curcuma longa L. Halud Zingiberaceae Herb Citrus reticulata Blanco Komola Rutaceae Tree Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Sunnalata Cuscutaceae Climber Clausena heptaphylla (Roxb.) Wight. Pan mouri Rutaceae Shrub Cyanotis cristata (L.) D. Don Kanaialata Commelinaceae Herb & Arn. ex Steud. Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H. Rob. Sialimutra Asteraceae Herb Cleome rutidosperma DC. Begunehurhurey Capparaceae Herb Cyclea barbata Miers* Patalpur Menispermaceae Climber Cleome viscosa L. Atha hurhuria Capparaceae Herb Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Dublakher Poaceae Herb Clerodendrum indicum (L.) O.Kuntze Binekutta Verbenaceae Shrub Cyperus compressus L. Chancha Cyperaceae Herb Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. Bandulpata Verbenaceae Shrub Cyperus corymbosus Rottb.* Lambagola Cyperaceae Herb Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. Vat Verbenaceae Shrub methi Clitoria tarnatea L. Nilkanta, Fabaceae Herb Cyperus cuspidatus Kunth* Sagarmukhi Cyperaceae Herb Oparajita methi Cnesmone javanica Blume Agni bichuti Euphorbiaceae Climber Cyperus difformis L. Behua ghasi Cyperaceae Herb Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Kelakachupata Cucurbitaceae Climber Cyperus exaltatus Retz. Tata ghasi Cyperaceae Herb Cocos nucifera L. Narkel Arecaceae Tree Cyperus imbricatus Retz* Barachucha Cyperaceae Herb Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Rumph. Patabahar Euphorbiaceae Shrub ghas ex A. Juss. Cyperus iria L. Iri ghasi Cyperaceae Herb Coix lacryma-jobi L. Sada Hongais Poaceae Herb Cyperus pilosus Vahl Pasham kathai Cyperaceae Herb Coldenia procumbens L. Tripankhi Boraginaceae Herb Cyperus platystylis R. Br. * Chapta mutha Cyperaceae Herb Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth. Patabahar Lamiaceae Herb Cyperus rotandus L. Nagarmutha Cyperaceae Herb Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott. Kachu Araceae Herb Cyperus tenuispica Steud. Paikamutha Cyperaceae Herb Commelina benghalensis L. Kanaialata Commelinaceae Herb Cyrtococcum patens var. latifolium Shonpatacocca Poaceae Herb Commelina erecta L. Jata kanchira Commelinaceae Herb (Honda) Ohwi (Trin.) Stapf ghas Commelina paludosa Blume Kanaialata Commelinaceae Herb sissoo DC. Sishoo Fabaceae Tree Corchorus aestuans L. Nalta Tiliaceae Herb Dalbergia stipulacea Roxb. Dadbari Fabaceae Climber Corchorus capsularis L. Deshipat Tiliaceae Herb Dalbergia volubilis Roxb. Ankilata Fabaceae Climber Corchorus olitorious L. Tushapat Tiliaceae Herb Datura metel L. Datura Solanaceae Herb Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. Lachagota Boraginaceae Tree Daucus carota L. Gajor Apiaceae Herb Coriandrum sativum L. Dhone Apiaceae Herb Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. Krisnachura Caesalpiniaceae Tree Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D. Eucalypius Myrtaceae Tree Dendrolobium longiflora (Retz.) Pers. Not known Fabaceae Tree Hill & L.A.S. Johnson Dentella repens (L.) J. R. Forst & G. Bhuipat Rubiaceae Herb Cotula hemispherica Wall. ex Benth. Babuni Asteraceae Herb Forst. & Hook. f. Dentella serpyllifolia Wall. ex Craib* Sharpil bhuipat Rubiaceae Herb Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) Dubbecrepi Asteraceae Herb Derris cuneifolia Benth.* Hook lata Fabaceae Climber S.Moore Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth. Kalilata Fabaceae Climber Crateva magna (Lour.) DC. Barun Capparaceae Tree Derris trifoliata Lour.* Kallalata Fabaceae Climber Crinum asiaticum L. Goron, Liliaceae Herb Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. Chalani Fabaceae Shrub Golrashun Desmodium heterophyllum (Willd.) DC. Bon-motorsuti Fabaceae Herb Crotalaria acicularis Buch.-Ham ex Kata jhunjhuni Fabaceae Herb Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. Kodaliya Fabaceae Herb Benth. & Hook. f. Desmodium umbellatum DC(L.) Benth. Not known Fabaceae Tree Crotalaria dubia Graham Dabi jhunjhuni Fabaceae Herb Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott Patabahar Araceae Herb Crotalaria hirta Willd. Mysuri Fabaceae Herb Dillenia indica L. Chalta Dilleniaceae Tree jhunjhuni Dimeria ornithopoda Trin. Pakhidaimara Poaceae Herb Crotalaria incana L. Choto Fabaceae Herb Dioscorea alata L. Bangalu Dioscoreaceae Climber jhunjhuni Dioscorea belophylla (Prain) Voigt. ex Shora alu Dioscoreaceae Climber Crotalaria nana Burm. f Nana Fabaceae Herb Haines jhunjhuni Dioscorea bulbifera L.* Aranda Dioscoreaceae Climber Crotalaria pallida Aiton Jhunjhuni Fabaceae Herb Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Banna alu Dioscoreaceae Climber Crotalaria prostrata Roxb. Shyaon Fabaceae Herb Diospyros blancoi A. DC. Deshi gab Ebenaceae Tree jhunjhuni Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel. Kassagab Ebenaceae Tree Crotalaria quinquefolia L. Konka Fabaceae Shr ub Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn. Garjan Dipterocarpaceae Tree jhunjhuni Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. Panjaphul Sapindaceae Tree Crotalaria saltiana Andrews Jhunjhuni Fabaceae Shrub Dopatrium junceum (Roxb.) Binsowan Scrophulariaceae Herb Crotalaria spectabilis Roth Pipli jhunjhuni Fabaceae Shrub Buch.-Ham. ex Benth.

J For Env Sci 32(1), 27-38 31 Angiospermic Plant Diversity of Southeast Offshore Islands

Ta ble 1 . Continued Ta ble 1 . Continued

Scientific name Local name Family Habit Scientific name Local name Family Habit

Dracaena fragrans (L.) Ker Gawl. Dracina Agavaceae Shrub Garuga pinnata Roxb. Ghogar Burseraceae Tree Duranta erecta L. Kantamehedi Verbenaceae Shrub Getonia floribunda Roxb. Geton lata Combretaceae Shrub Echinochloa colona (L.) Link Shama ghas Poaceae Herb Glinus lotoides L. Alughas Molluginaceae Herb Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. Gobra ghas Poaceae Herb Glinus oppositifolius (L.) A. DC. Gima Molluginaceae Herb Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Kalakeccha, Asteraceae Herb Glochidion multiloculare Rottler ex Paniatori Euphorbiaceae Tree Kesraj Willd.) Voigt Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms Kachuripana Pontederiaceae Herb Glycine max (L.) Merr. Soyabean Asteraceae Herb Elaeis guineensis Jacq. Oilpalm Arecaceae Tree Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) A.DC Datmagan Rutaceae Tree Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume Jalpai Elaeocarpaceae Tree Gmelina arborea Roxb. Gamar Verbenaceae Tree Eleocharis acutangula (Roxb.) Schult.* Cerba Cyperaceae Herb Gossypium arboreum L. Karpas Malvaceae Shrub Eleocharis dulcis (Burm.f.) Trin. ex Mishtighasi Cyperaceae Herb Gossypium herbaceum L. Rui Malvaceae Tree Hensch.* Grangea maderaspatana (L.) Poir. Namuti Asteraceae Herb Eleocharis geniculata (L.) Roem. & Joraghasi Cyperaceae Herb Grewia nervosa (Lour.) Panigrahi Asar Tiliaceae Tree Schult.* Grewia tillifolia Vahl Saccon gachh Tiliaceae Tree Elephantopus scaber L. Shamdalan Asteraceae Herb Gymnema acuminatum (Roxb.) Wall. Nimakumina Asclepiadaceae Shrub Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Malangakuri Poaceae Herb Hedyotis scandens Roxb. Dima shak Rubiaceae Herb Embelia ribes Burm. f. Biranga Apiaceae Tree Helianthus annuus L. Surjamukhi Asteraceae Herb Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. ex DC. Sadimudi Asteraceae Herb Helichrysum luteo-album (L.) Rchb. Tamamukhi Asteraceae Herb Enhydra fluctuans Lour. Hinchashak Asteraceae Herb Heliotropium curassavicum L. Nona hatishuri Boraginaceae Herb Eragrostis coarctata Stapf Chikna ghas Poaceae Herb Heliotropium indicum L. Hatishur Boraginaceae Herb Eragrostis minor Host Sotokoni Poaceae Herb Hemigraphis hirta (Vahl) T. Anderson Buripana Acanthaceae Herb Eragrostis tremula Hochst. ex Steud. Mulakuni Poaceae Herb Heritiera fomes Buch.-Ham. Sundari Sterculiaceae Tree Eranthemum splendens Siebert & Voss* Ananda murali Acanthaceae Herb Hewittia sublobata (L.f.) Kuntze Jarad kalmi Convolvulaceae Climber Eriocaulon luzulaefolium Mart. Luzuguccha Cyperaceae Herb Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Latkonjaba Malvaceae Shrub Eriochloa procera (Retz.) C. E. Hubb. Nolghas Poaceae Herb Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Mesoth Malvaceae Herb Eryngium foetidum L. Bilati Dhone Apiaceae Herb Hibiscus schizopetalus (Mast.) Jhumkojoba, Malvaceae Shrub Erythrina fusca Lour. Mandar, Fabaceae Tree Hook.f. Orful Madar Hibiscus tiliaceus L. Bhola Malvaceae Shrub Erythrina stricta Roxb. Teliamandar Fabaceae Tree Hibiscus trionum L. Tepata jaba Malvaceae Herb Erythrina variegata L. Mandar Fabaceae Tree Hodgsonia macrocarpa (Blume) Makal, Cucurbitaceae Climber Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. Eucalyptus Myrtaceae Tree Cogn.* Cowyar vat Euphorbia antiquorum L. Nerasij Euphorbiaceae Tree Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.) Lom kurchi Apocynaceae Tree Euphorbia hirta L. Dudialata Euphorbiaceae Herb Wall. ex G. Don Euphorbia thymifolia L. Swetkeroi Euphorbiaceae Herb Homalomena aromatica (Spreng.) Kachu Araceae Herb Euphorbia tirucalli L.* Cactus Euphorbiaceae Shrub Schott* Euphorbia tithymaloides L. Patabahar Euphorbiaceae Herb Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle Kureli Hydrocharitacea Herb Euphorbia trigona Mill. Hiskata Euphorbiaceae Herb e agallocha L. Geowa Euphorbiaceae Tree Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. Kutithankuni Apiaceae Herb Ficus benghalensis L. Bat Moraceae Tree Hydrolea zeylanica (L.) Vahl* Kasschara Hydrophyllaceae Herb Ficus comosa Kurz Mosa dumur Moraceae Tree Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Alicha Acanthaceae Herb Ficus erecta Thunb. Ballagota Moraceae Shrub Heine Ficus hispida L. f. Dumur, Bai Moraceae Tree Hygrophila difformis (L.f.) Blume Alicha Acanthaceae Herb Ficus racemosa L. Gajbai, Moraceae Tree Hygrophila phlomoides Nees Filamo Acanthaceae Herb Jaggodumur Hygrophila polysperma (Roxb.) T. Alai kalai Acanthaceae Herb Ficus religiosa L. Asath, Jil Moraceae Tree Anderson Ficus rumphii Blume Jhola bot Moraceae Tree Hygrophila quadrivalvis (Buch.-Ham.) Not known Acanthaceae Herb Ficus virens Aiton Pakar Moraceae Tree Nees. Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl. Subsp. Joyna chech Cyperaceae Herb Hygrophila salicifolia (Vahl) Nees Bontil Acanthaceae Herb Dichotoma Hygroryza aristata (Retz.) Nees ex Jonglidhan Poaceae Herb Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl. Joyna Cyperaceae Herb Wight & Arn.* Firmiana colorata (Roxb.) R. Br. Huri Sterculiaceae Tree Hypericum japonicum Thunb. Japani hyper Clusiaceae Herb Flemingia strobilifera (L.) W.T.Aiton Simbusak phan Fabaceae Shrub Hypobathrum racemosum Kurz* Peetunga Rubiaceae Tree Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Royle Khaukra Euphorbiaceae Shrub Hyptis brevipes Poit.* Gol tokma Lamiaceae Herb Foeniculum vulgare P. Mill. Pan mohuri Apiaceae Herb Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Tokma Lamiaceae Herb Fragaria vesca L. Strawberry Rosaceae Herb Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) R. Br. Shamlata Apocynaceae Shrub Fuirena ciliaris (L.) Roxb. Poshmi ghasi Cyperaceae Herb Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. Chon Poaceae Herb Garcinia cowa Roxb. ex DC. Kau Clusiaceae Tree Indigofera trita L.f. Tore methi Fabaceae Shrub Gardenia coronaria Buch.-Ham. Sitagach Rubiaceae Tree Ipomoea alba L. Dodh kolmi Convolvulaceae Climber Gardenia jesminoides J. Ellis Gondoraj Rubiaceae Shrub Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. Kalmi Convolvulaceae Climber

32 Journal of Forest and Environmental Science http://jofs.or.kr Sajib et al.

Ta ble 1 . Continued Ta ble 1 . Continued

Scientific name Local name Family Habit Scientific name Local name Family Habit

Ipomoea batatas (L.) Poir Sagarna alu, Convolvulaceae Herb Litchi chinensis Sonn. Lichu Sapindaceae Tree Misti alu Lithocarpus elegans (Blume) Hatus ex Jat-batna Fagaceae Tree Ipomoea fistulosa Mart. ex Choisy Dulkolmi Convolvulaceae Shrub Soepadmo Ipomoea hederifolia L. Neela kolmi Convolvulaceae Climber Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C. B. Rob. Kukurchita Lauraceae Tree Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br. Chhagol kuri Convolvulaceae Climber Litsea monopetala (Roxb.) Pers. Maggaloda Lauraceae Tree kalmi Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara Otthuas Onagraceae Herb Ipomoea quamoclit L. Gateful Convolvulaceae Climber Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G.Don) Exell. Panilong Onagraceae Herb Ischaemum indicum (Houtt.) Merill. Not known Poaceae Herb Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven* Bunlong Onagraceae Herb Ixora coccinea L. Rangon Rubiaceae Shrub Ludwigia perennis L.* Amorkura Onagraceae Herb Jasminum multiflorum (Burm.f.) Chinese Belly Oleaceae Shrub Ludwigia prostrata Roxb. Shayankura Onagraceae Herb Andrews Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. Jhinga Cucurbitaceae Climber Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton Belly Oleaceae Shrub Luffa cylindrica (L.) M.Roemer Dundul Cucurbitaceae Climber Jasminum scandens Vahl Ban jui Oleaceae Shr ub Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. Kripa Combretaceae Tree Jatropha curcas L. Bon verenda Euphorbiaceae Shrub Madhuca longifolia (J. Konig ex L.) Mahua Sapotaceae Tree Jatropha gossypifolia L. Lal bherenda Euphorbiaceae Shrub J. F. Macbr. Justicia adhatoda L. Basak Acanthaceae Shrub Maesa ramentacea (Roxb.) A.DC. Moricha Myrsinaceae Shrub Justicia gendarussa Burm. f.* Jagatmadan Acanthaceae Shrub Magnolia champaca Baill ex Pierre Chapa Magnoliaceae Tree Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. Pathorkuchi, Crassulaceae Herb Mallotus repandus (Willd.) Mull. Arg. Gunti Euphorbiaceae Tree Sibbasanta Malvaviscus arboreus Dill. ex Cav. Marich jaba Malvaceae Shrub Kyllinga nemoralis (J. R. Forst & G. Subasinirbisa Cyperaceae Herb Mangifera indica L. Aam Anacardiaceae Tree Forst.) Dandy ex Hutchins. & Dalziel Manihot esculenta Crantz. Kasava Euphorbiaceae Shrub Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet Chai, Shim Fabaceae Herb Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen Safeda Sapotaceae Tree Lactuca sativa L. Letuce Asteraceae Herb Melastoma malabathricum L. Bon tejpata Melastomaceae Shrub Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Kadhu, Lau Cucurbitaceae Climber Melia azederach L. Ghora nim Meliaceae Tree Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Jarul Lythraceae Tree Melochia corchorifolia L. Tikiokra Sterculiaceae Tree Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. Badi, Kapula Anacardiaceae Tree Mentha arvensis L. Pudina Lamiaceae Herb Lantana camara L. Khutus kanta Verbenaceae Shrub Mentha viridis L. Sper pudina Lamiaceae Herb Laportea interrupta (L.) Chew Bichuti, Cutra Urticaceae Herb Merremia umbellata (L.) Hallier f. Chatakolmi Convolvulaceae Climber Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites* Bonhadda Araceae Herb Meyna spinosa Roxb. ex Link Marbel Rubiaceae Tree Lathyrus sativus L. Khesari Fabaceae Herb Mikania micrantha Kunth Tuhainna lata Asteraceae Climber Launaea asplenifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. Tikadana Asteraceae Herb Millettia cinerea Benth. Nera milati Fabaceae Climber Launaea sarmentosa (Willd.) Merr.* Mentosdana Asteraceae Herb Mimosa himalayna Gamble* Boro sarmida Mimosaceae Shrub Lawsonia inermis L. Methi Lythraceae Shrub Mimosa pudica L. Lajjabati Mimosaceae Herb Leea crispa L. Kukura Leeaceae Tree Mimusops elengi L. Bakul Sapotaceae Tree Leea indica Merr. Murka, Kaiya Leeaceae Shrub Mirabilis jalapa L. Sondhamoni Nyctaginaceae Herb Leea robusta Roxb. Kukurjihba Leeaceae Shrub Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC.* Tupi kadam Rubiaceae Herb Lemna perpusilla Torr.* Guri fena Lemnaceae Herb Momordica charantia L. Titkorola Cucurbitaceae Climber Lens culinaris Medik. Masur Fabaceae Herb Momordica cochinensis (Lour.) Sprengel Kakrul, Akri Cucurbitaceae Climber Leonurus sibiricus L.* Rakta dron Lamiaceae Herb Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd. Gheekorola Cucurbitaceae Climber Lepisanthes rubiginosa (Roxb.) Leenh. Aul Sapindaceae Tree Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms. Fena Pontederiaceae Herb Lepisanthes senegalensis (Poir.) Leenh. Amjam Sapindaceae Tree Morinda angustifolia Roxb. Daruhridra Rubiaceae Tree Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. Ipil, Telikorai Mimosaceae Tree Morinda citrifolia L. Rangkathal Rubiaceae Tree Leucas aspera (Roth) Spreng. Shetodron Lamiaceae Herb Moringa oleifera Lam. Sajina Moringaceae Tree Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng Dhrupy Lamiaceae Herb Mucuna gigantea (Willd.) DC. Boroalkushi Fabaceae Climber Leucas indica (L.) R.Br. ex Vatke Dondokalosh Lamiaceae Herb Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Alkushi Fabaceae Climber Leucas zeylanica (L.) R. Br. Lankadron Lamiaceae Herb Murdannia nodiflora (L.) Brenan Nad murdan Commelinaceae Herb Limnophila heterophylla (Roxb.) Benth. Patakutra Plantaganaceae Herb Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Kamini Rutaceae Tree Limnophila repens (Benth.) Benth. Maittya Plantaganaceae Herb Musa acuminata Colla Anajikola Musaceae Herb keshori Musa ornata Roxb. Charbikola Musaceae Herb Limnophila sessiliflora (Vahl) Blume Bijati gas Plantaganaceae Herb Musa paradisiaca L. var. sapientum L. Attakola Musaceae Herb Lindernia antipoda (L.) Alston Zai ghas Linderniaceae Herb Mussaenda erythrophylla Schumach. & Musanda Rubiaceae Shrub Lindernia crustacea (L.) F. Muell. Chapra ghas Linderniaceae Herb Thonn. Lindernia hyssopioides (L.) Haines Sopi chapra Linderniaceae Herb Myriophyllum tuberculatum Roxb. Kula bahupatri Haloragaceae Herb Lindernia multiflora (Roxb.) Mukerjee* Muli chapra Linderniaceae Herb Najas gracillima (A. Braun ex Engelm.) Ajla Najadaceae Herb Lindernia pusilla (Willd.) Boldingh Linderniaceae Herb Magnus* Lindernia rotundifolia (L.) Alston Tan chapra Linderniaceae Herb Nelsonia canescens (Lam.) Spreng. Paramul Acanthaceae Herb Linum usitatissimum L. Tisi Linaceae Herb Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Padma Nelumbonaceae Herb Lippia alba (P. Mill.) N. E. Br. ex Shunk Verbenaceae Shrub Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser Kadam Rubiaceae Tree Britt. & Wilson

J For Env Sci 32(1), 27-38 33 Angiospermic Plant Diversity of Southeast Offshore Islands

Ta ble 1 . Continued Ta ble 1 . Continued

Scientific name Local name Family Habit Scientific name Local name Family Habit

Nerium oleander L. Sarnabati, Apocynaceae Shrub Pluchea indica (L.) Less.* Mundorokha Asteraceae Shrub Raktakarobi Plumeria obtusa L. Champa Apocynaceae Tree Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viviani Bontamak Solanaceae Herb Plumeria rubra L. Golokchapa Apocynaceae Tree Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. Seuli Verbenaceae Tree Pogostemon parviflorus Benth. Nagpachuli Lamiaceae Herb Nymphaea amazonum Mart. & Zucc.* Halud sapla Nymphaeaceae Herb Polianthes tuberosa L. Rajanigonda Agavaceae Herb Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. Nil sapla Nymphaeaceae Herb Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites Debdaru Annonaceae Tree Nymphaea rubra Roxb.ex Andrews* Lal sapla Nymphaeaceae Herb Polygonum plebeium R.Br. Chemti sag Polygonaceae Herb Nymphoides hydrophylla (Lour.) Kuntze* Kachuti Menyanthaceae Herb Polytrias indica (Houtt.) Veldkamp Deshinila ghas Poaceae Herb Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze Kachuti Menyanthaceae Herb Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Kerenja Fabaceae Tree Nypa fruticans Wurmb Golpata Arecaceae Tree Porteresia coarctata (Roxb.) Tateoka Dhani ghas Poaceae Herb Ocimum americanum L. Banno tulsi Lamiaceae Herb Portulaca grandiflora Hook. Noitaful Portulacaceae Herb Ocimum basilicum L. Tulsi Lamiaceae Herb Portulaca olearacea L. Nunashak Portulacaceae Herb Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Tulsi Lamiaceae Herb Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn. Kullaruki Urticaceae Herb Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC.* Pan tulsi Apiaceae Herb Premna esculenta Roxb.* Tatui Verbenaceae Tree Oldenlandia biflora L. Lora papra Rubiaceae Herb Pseudoraphis spinescens (R. Br.) Vickery* Kantarafi ghas Poaceae Herb Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso Noapata Convolvulaceae Climber Psidium guajava L. Piara, Gayum Myrtaceae Tree Opuntia dellenii Haw. Fonimonsha Cactaceae Shrub Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. Kamranga chai Fabaceae Herb Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz Thona Bignoniaceae Tree Pterospermum semisagittatum Buch. Bara asar Sterculiaceae Tree Oryza rufipogon Griff. Uri dan Poaceae Herb -Ham. ex Roxb. Oryza sativa L. Dhan Poaceae Herb Punica granatum L. Dalim Punicaceae Tree Ottochloa nodosa (Kunth) Dandy* Voyal ghas Poaceae Herb Quisqualis indica L. Basantilata Combretaceae Shrub Oxalis corniculata L. Amrul Oxalidaceae Herb Raphanus sativus L. Mula Brassicaceae Herb Pachyrrhizus erosus (L.) Urban Shakalu Fabaceae Climber Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz Swarpagondha Apocynaceae Shrub Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. Polao pata Pandanaceae Shrub Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. Chata Apocynaceae Shrub Pandanus foetidus Roxb. Angjadakanta Pandanaceae Shrub swarpagandha Pandanus odorifer (Forssk.) Kuntze Keya Pandanaceae Tree Rauvolfia vomitoria Afzelius* Bon Apocynaceae Tree Panicum repens L. Dhani ghas Poaceae Herb swarpagandha Paspalum vaginatum Sw. Gina ghas Poaceae Herb Rhaphidophora aurea (Linden & Andre) Sap lata Araceae Climber Passiflora edulis Sims Passonfal, Passifloraceae Climber Birdsey* Tangfal Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume. Rasna Orchidaceae Herb Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. German grass Poaceae Herb Ricinus communis L. Veron, Verenda Euphorbiaceae Shr ub Pentatropis capensis (L.f.) Bullock Panch pis Asclepiadaceae Shrub Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern Banna horra Brassicaceae Herb Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth Heynipata Piperaceae Herb Rosa centifolia L. Golap Rosaceae Shrub Persicaria hydropiper L. Lalbiskatali Polygonaceae Herb Rotala densiflora (Roth ex Roem. & Mela-ghurni Lythraceae Herb Persicaria lapathifolia (Schrank.) E. P. Lomosh-biskat Polygonaceae Herb Schult.) Koehne Bicknell* ali Rotala indica (Willd.) Kohne Deshi-ghurni Lythraceae Herb Persicaria orientalis (L.) Spach Biskatali Polygonaceae Herb Ruellia tuberosa L. Alughanti Acanthaceae Herb Phaulopsis dorsiflora (Retz.) Santapau Paulsi Acanthaceae Herb Rumex maritimus L.* Datipalong, Polygonaceae Herb Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Blume Khejur Arecaceae Tree Gangpalong Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud. Nolkhagra Poaceae Herb Rumex vesicarius L. Chuai Polygonaceae Herb Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene Khai Verbenaceae Herb Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees Pindi Acanthaceae Herb Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels Horoli, Euphorbiaceae Tree Saccharum arundinaceum Retz. Tenga ghas Poaceae Herb Orboroi Saccharum officinarum L. Kuyar, Akh Poaceae Herb Phyllanthus emblica L. Amloki Euphorbiaceae Tree Saccharum spontaneum L. Kasful, Poaceae Herb Phyllanthus madraspatensis L. Madrasi amla Euphorbiaceae Shrub Kaiccha Phyllanthus niruri L. Vuiamla Euphorbiaceae Herb Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase Sil-tattoo ghas Poaceae Herb Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. Cinkutta, Euphorbiaceae Shrub Salvia splendens Sellow ex Roemer & Shumo salvia Lamiaceae Herb Cirkuti Schult. Phyllanthus sikkimensis Mull.Arg.* SikimamlaEuphorbiaceaeTree Sansevieria trifasciata Prain Sapahara Agavaceae Shrub Physalis minima L. Futka bion Solanaceae Herb Santalum album L. Chandan Santalaceae Tree Piper betle L. Pan Piperaceae Climber Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd. Asok Caesalpiniaceae Tree Piper longum L. Pipul Piperaceae Herb Sarcolobus globosus Wall.* Baolilata Asclepiadaceae Climber Piper nigrum L. Golmarich Piperaceae Climber Schoenoplectiella erecta (Poir.) Lye Not known Cyperaceae Herb Piper peepuloides Roxb. Pipul Piperaceae Climber Schoenoplectiella supina (L.) Lye Supipotpoti Cyperaceae Herb Piper retrofractum Vahl* Chai lata Piperaceae Shrub ghas Pistia stratiotes L. Futihena Araceae Herb Schoenoplectiella triqueter (L.) Palla Not known Cyperaceae Herb Pisum sativum L. Motorsuti Fabaceae Herb Schoenoplectus articulatus (L.) Palla* Patpati ghasi, Cyperaceae Herb Cerba Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. Natai, Mimosaceae Tree Khaibabla Schoenoplectus juncoides (Roxb.) Palla* Cerba Cyperaceae Herb

34 Journal of Forest and Environmental Science http://jofs.or.kr Sajib et al.

Ta ble 1 . Continued Ta ble 1 . Continued

Scientific name Local name Family Habit Scientific name Local name Family Habit

Schumannianthus dichotomus (Roxb.) Sitol pati Marantaceae Shrub Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. Relanodi Asteraceae Herb Gagnep. Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels Butigajam Myrtaceae Tree Scoparia dulcis L. Mesi, Scrophulariaceae Herb Syzygium fruticosum (Roxb.) DC. Kawyagajam Myrtaceae Tree Bondhone Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston Golapjam Myrtaceae Tree Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Dadmardon, Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Jamrul, Myrtaceae Tree Daud Merr. & L. M. Perry Amburuj Senna occidentalis (L.) Link. Boro Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Tabernaemontana divericata (L.) R. Tagar Apocynaceae Shrub kalkasunda Br. ex Roemer & Schult. Senna siamea (Lam.) H. S. Irwin & Minjiri Caesalpiniaceae Tree Tadehagi triquetrum subsp. alatum Kanimanda Fabaceae Shrub Barneby (DC.) H.Ohashi Senna sophera (L.) Roxb. Kalokeshundey Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Tagetes erecta L. Haludgenda Asteraceae Herb Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Aski Caesalpiniaceae Herb Tagetes patula L. Lalgenda Asteraceae Herb Sesamum indicum L. Til Pedaliaceae Herb Tamarindus indica L. Tetul Caesalpiniaceae Tree Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W. Wight Daincha Fabaceae Herb Tamarix gallica L.* Bonjhau Tamaricaceae Tree Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Pers. Dhonchi Fabaceae Shrub Tamarix indica Willd. Nona jau Tamaricaceae Tree Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. Bokful Fabaceae Tree Te ct on a gr a n dis L.f. Segun Verbenaceae Tree Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. Hola Fabaceae Tree Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. Bon-nil Fabaceae Shrub Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. Sagornunia Aizoaceae Herb Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Arjun Combretaceae Tree indica (Willd.) Esser Nalgoti Euphorbiaceae Tree Wight & Arn. Sida acuta Burm. f. Kureta, Ururia Malvaceae Herb Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Bahera Combretaceae Tree Sida cordata (Burm. f.) Waalkes Pitberal Malvaceae Herb Terminalia catappa L. Katbadam Combretaceae Tree Sida cordifolia L. Shet-berela Malvaceae Herb Terminalia chebula (Gaertn.) Roxb. Horitoki Combretaceae Tree Sida rhombifolia L. Lalberela Malvaceae Shrub Tetrastigma bracteolatum (Wall.) Planch. Golgilata Vitaceae Climber Smilax ovalifolia Roxb. ex D.Don Kumairra lata Smilacaceae Climber Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland. ex Correa Balai Malvaceae Tree indicum L. Indi begun Solanaceae Herb Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. Gatika Apocynaceae Tree Solanum lycopersicum L. Khorobion, Solanaceae Herb Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb. Bans lata Acanthaceae Climber To m a t o Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) Kuntze Phuljharu Poaceae Herb Solanum melongena L. Begun Solanaceae Herb Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers Gulanch, Menispermaceae Climber Solanum myriacanthum Dunal* Tikbion Solanaceae Shrub Amburuj lata Solanum nigrum L. Putibegun Solanaceae Herb Tournefortia roxburghii C. B. Clarke Roxyturny Boraginaceae Shrub Solanum sisymbrifolium Lam. Kantabegun Solanaceae Shrub Trapa bispinosa Roxb. Hinguitta Trapaceae Herb Solanum torvum Sw. Titbion Solanaceae Shrub Trema cannabina Lour. Not known Ulmaceae Tree Solanum tuberosum L. Goal Alu Solanaceae Herb Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Chikon Ulmaceae Tree Solanum violaceum Ortega Phutki Solanaceae Shrub Trichosanthes anguina L. Cicinda Cucurbitaceae Climber Solanum virginianum L.* Bannabion Solanaceae Herb Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. Patal Cucurbitaceae Climber Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham. Keowra, Kerpa Sonneratiaceae Tree Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour.* Makal, Cucurbitaceae Climber Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl. Ora Sonneratiaceae Tree Cowyar vat Spermacoce articularis L.f. Atharogia Rubiaceae Herb Tridax procumbens (L.) L. Tridhara Asteraceae Herb Sphaeranthus africanus L. Gongasag Asteraceae Herb Triumfetta rhomoidea Jacq. Bonokra Tiliaceae Shrub Sphaeranthus indicus L. Indisag Asteraceae Herb Ty l o p h o r a i n d i c a (Burm.f.) Merr. Anontomul Asclepiadaceae Shrub Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn.* Zil-morich Sphenocleaceae Herb Tylophora tenuissima (Roxb.) Wight & Nishimul Asclepiadaceae Shrub Spilanthes acmella (L.) L. Mariccha Asteraceae Herb Arn. Spinacia oleracea L. Palongshak Chenopodiaceae Herb Ty p h a d o m i n g e n s i s Pars. Daripata Typhaceae Herb Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid.* Fena Lemnaceae Herb Ty p h a e l e p h a n t i n a Roxb. Daripata Typhaceae Herb Spondias pinnata (L. f.) Kurz Amra Anacardiaceae Tree Uraria rufescens (DC.) Schindl. Belai leja Fabaceae Shrub Sporobolus tremulus (Willd.) Kunth Jola durba Poaceae Herb Urena lobata L. Jangligagra Malvaceae Shrub Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers Musarralata, Menispermaceae Climber Urena sinuata L. Atapuran Malvaceae Shrub Cilihista Utricularia aurea Lour. Jhangi Lentibulariaceae Herb Sterculia foetida L. Keron Sterculiaceae Tree Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. f. ex G. Rasna Orchidaceae Herb Sterculia versicolor Wall. Ranga udal Sterculiaceae Tree Don Stereospermum chelonoides (L.f.) DC. Dharmara Bignoniaceae Tree Vernonia diver gens (DC.) Edgew Bichchutiverno Asteraceae Shrub Steudnera colocasiifolia K. Koch* Biskachu Araceae Herb n Streblus asper Lour. Horma, Horba Moraceae Tree Vigna adenantha (G. Mey) Marechal & al. Bon barboti Fabaceae Herb Strictocardia tiliifolia (Desr.) Hallier f. Not known Convolvulaceae Climber Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper Maskolai Fabaceae Herb Strophanthus wallichii Dence. Trophan Apocynaceae Shrub Vigna radiata (L.) R.Wilczek Mug Fabaceae Herb Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort. Sagorsuda Chenopodiaceae Shrub Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Barboti, Fabaceae Herb Suaeda nodiflora Moq. Girasuda Chenopodiaceae Herb Lairachai multiflora (A. Juss.) Baill. Ban-naranga Euphorbiaceae Tree Viscum monoicum Roxb. ex DC. Bhanda Loranthaceae Shrub Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. Mehagoni Meliaceae Tree

J For Env Sci 32(1), 27-38 35 Angiospermic Plant Diversity of Southeast Offshore Islands

Ta ble 1 . Continued

Scientific name Local name Family Habit

Vitex negundo L. Nishinda, Verbenaceae Shrub Ninda Vitex trifolia L. Nishinda Verbenaceae Shrub Vitis vinifera L. Angur Vitaceae Herb Wahlenbergia hirsuta (Edgew.) Tuyn Poshamnakphul Campanulaceae Herb Wahlenbergia marginata (Thunb.) A. Kardi Campanulaceae Herb DC. Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. Vimraj Asteraceae Herb Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal Arshagonda Solanaceae Shrub Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz Rangkat Lythraceae Shrub Xanthium indicum J. Konig. ex Roxb Gagra Asteraceae Herb Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig Dhundal Meliaceae Tree Youngia japonica (L.) DC. Youngaphul Asteraceae Shrub Zea mays L. Janora, Vutta Poaceae Herb Zingiber montanum (J. König) Link Banna ada Zingiberaceae Herb Fig. 2. Raddar diagram showing the ten species-rich angiosperm families in ex A. Dietr. southeast offshore Islands of Bangladesh. Zingiber officinale Roscoe Ada Zingiberaceae Herb Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm. Boj Zingiberaceae Herb Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Barai Rhamnaceae Tree Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill. Bonboroi Rhamnaceae Shrub Ta ble 2. List of ten dominant angiosperm genera in southeast off- Zornia diphylla (L.) Pers. Zornia Fabaceae Herb shore islands and national flora of Bangladesh Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr. Latakher Poaceae Herb Southeast offshore islands National Flora *indicated newly recorded wild angiosperm species in southeast offshore island flora of Bangladesh. Genera No. of species Genera No. of species Cyperus 11 Ficus 61 Crotalaria 10 Cyperus 51 It is evident that Cyperus is the largest genus containing Solanum 10 Dendrobium 43 11 species followed by Crotalaria (10 sp.), Solanum (10 sp.), Ficus 8 Syzygium 36 Ficus (8 sp.) and Ipomoea (7 sp.) respectively (Table 2). But Ipomoea 7 Fimbristylis 34 in Bangladesh Flora, it is Ficus (61 sp.), Cyperus (51 sp.), Acacia 6 Ipomoea 34 Dendrobium (43 sp.), Syzygium (36 sp.) and Fimbristylis (34 Euphorbia 6 Crotalaria 28 Hygrophila 6 Euphorbia 25 sp.) respectively (Pasha and Uddin 2013). Lindernia 6 Dalbergia 24 Habit wise itemization of plant speices shows that Phyllanthus 6 Strobilanthes 24 48.67% of the total species represented by herbs, 17.20% by shrubs, 24.85% trees and 9.26% climbers. Herbaceous plants are dominating over trees, shrubs and climbers. The racemosa, Lepisanthes rubiginosa, Mangifera indica, Phoenix angiospermic plants which found naturally or growing wild sylvestris, Pithecellobium dulce, Swietenia mahagoni, Sterculia represented by 64.71% species and the remaining culti- foetida, Terminalia arjuna, T. catappa, Thespesia populnea and vated or planted were 35.29% species.The diversity of wild Zizyphus mauritiana. Most commonly cultivated crops are species is higher than the cultivated one. The plant diversity Arachis hypogaea, Capsicum frutescens, Citrullus lanatus, of the offshore islands is represented by 92.79% terrestrial, Cucurbita maxima, Ipomoea batatas, Lathyrus sativus, 6.47% aquatic and 0.74% epiphytic species. Lagenaria siceraria, Oryza sativa, Piper betle, Solanum melon- The homestead cultivated plants are the dominant flo- gena, S. lycopersicum and S. tuberosum. The scrub vegetation ristic composition and coverage of the islands. The trees consists of Mikania micrantha, Chromolaena odorata, which are most common and occupied the major canopy of Lantana camara and Calamus viminalis. The char land area the islands are Albizia saman, A. procera, Acacia nilotica, is dominated by Aeluropus lagopoides, Heliotropium curassa- Areca catechu, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Borassus flabellifer, viacum, Porteresia coarctata and Zoysia matrella. Calophyllum inophyllum, Cocos nucifera, Dillenia indica, Ficus Major aquatic vegetation of the islands is represented by

36 Journal of Forest and Environmental Science http://jofs.or.kr Sajib et al.

Alternanthera philoxeroides, Centrostachys aquatica, Eichhornia ison to the earlier records of the southeast offshore island crassipes, Enhydra fluctuans, Hygrophila auriculata, Hygroryza flora the present recorded angiosperm diversity is much aristata, Ipomoea aquatica, Lemna perpusilla, Monochoria has- higher. 69 wild angiospermic plant species newly recorded tata, Pistia stratiotes, Sphenoclea zeylanica and Spirodela poly- from the present study which was not previously recorded rhiza respectively. Sand dune vegetation consists of from any of the offshore islands of south east Bangladesh Clerodendrum inerme, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Pandanus foetidus, (Table 1). This recorded species claims as of exhaustive but Vitex trifolia and V. negundo. Common epiphytic orchid not complete. More works on Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Con- plants of the islands are Acampe ochracea, A. praemorsa, volvulaceae, Asclepiadaceae and Araceae family will add Rhynchostylis retusa and Vanda tessellata. some more species with this list. Because many of the ephe- The characteristics vegetation of the islands is evergreen meral species might be missed during the study. So, fre- nature. Very few plants like Albizia spp., Bombax sp., Cassia quent visits are needed to records those ephemeral species. fistula, Erythrina fusca, Te r m i n a l i a spp., Zizyphus mauritiana Over the last few decades few attempts have been made which are deciduous, sometimes alter the evergreen nature in the floristic studies in Bangladesh, particularly in the of the island. The open places outside the homestead areas flood plain delta (Rahman et al. 2013; Sajib et al. 2014). are mostly occupied by crop cultivation. So, for dependency Sajib et al. (2014) recorded 345 angiosperm species from of cash crops people always clear the lands for cultivation. the Subarnachar of Noakhali and Rahman et al. These activities enhanced the degradation of plant diversity (2013) recorded 240 angiosperm species from the Sadar in the islands. The large number of domestic animals also Upazila of Munshiganj district in Bangladesh. The re- heavily depended on forage plants for grazing, which also corded angiosperm species is lower than the southeast off- alter the vegetation. Outside the homestead areas the plant shore island’s flora of Bangladesh. diversity dominated by mangrove plants. Mangrove forests Plant diversity of the southeast offshore islands is under of the islands represented by Acanthus ilicifolius, Aegialitis ru- great risk because of many threats (i.e. bank erosion, high tundifolia, Avicennia alba, A. officinalis, Bruguiera gymnor- tide, low tide, excessive rainfall, periodic tidal waves, de- rhiza, Ceriops decandra, Derris scandens, Excoecaria agallocha, struction of homestead vegetation, introduction of exotic Sarcolobus globosus, Sonneratia apetala, Tamarix indica and species, agricultural extension, drought and intensive graz- Xylocarpus moluccensis. Threatened plants are Aquilaria agal- ing by domestic animals) which have been identified based locha, Calamus latifolius, Rauvolfia serpentina, Steudnera colo- on the field observations and discussion with local people casiifolia, Pterospermum semisagittatum and Tournefortia rox- during the field visits. It is very indispensable to document burghii (Khan et al. 2001). the angiosperm plant species before their disappearing and The records of the southeast offshore island’s flora of to recommend a suitable conservation strategy to conserve Bangladesh resulted Khan et al. (1984) were 137 species the plant biodiversity of the area in future. from the St. Martin Island, Huq and Khan (1984) 149 spe- cies and Rashid et al. (2000) 151 species from the Acknowledgements Maheshkhali island. Huq (1986) recorded 91 species from the Kutubdia Island. Further Huq (1988) reported 98 spe- The authors express their deep sense of gratitude to the cies and Rahman et al. (2009) 28 edible fruits angiosperm local informants who helped them in many ways during the species from the Hatiya Island. Khan et al. (1977) recorded field work. 12 species from the Sonadia Island. On the other hand, Khan et al. (1985) reported 37 species and Patka (1987) References only 10 species from the Nijhum Dwip. Recently, Alam and Masum (2005) reported 142 homestead angiosperm spe- Ahmed ZU, Begum ZNT, Hassan MA, Khondker MM, Kabir SMH, Ahmad M, Ahmed ATA, Rahman AKA, Haque EU. cies, Sajib and Uddin (2013a) 108 angiosperm medicinal 2008-2009. Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh. plant species and Sajib and Uddin (2013b) 75 angiosperm Vols 6-10. Angiosperms, Dicotyledons. Asiatic Society of edible fruits species from the Sandwip Island. In compar- Bangladesh, Dhaka.

J For Env Sci 32(1), 27-38 37 Angiospermic Plant Diversity of Southeast Offshore Islands

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38 Journal of Forest and Environmental Science http://jofs.or.kr