© 2019 JETIR March 2019, Volume 6, Issue 3 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) Medicinal plants for the treatment of kidney stones in Kulithalai Taluk, District,TamilNadu. M. Manoranjitham*, T. Gohila** and S. Hemamalini**

*Corresponding Author : Assistant Professor of Botany, P.G. and Research Department of Botany, Periyar E.V.R. College (Autonomous), - 620 023. E mail:sowmiyaamirtha @gmail.com. ** P. G. Student, P.G. and Research Department of Botany, Periyar E.V.R. College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli - 620 023.

Abstract

From time immemorial, plant based traditional herbal medicine have been used rich source of therapeutic agents to prevent and treat various human ailments all over the world. In the present century, due to climatic conditions urinary problems is the most common and large number of population suffers from kidney stone. They are usually treated with medications that may cause a number of side effects. This study aimed to determine native medicinal plants used by traditional healers for the treatment of kidney stones in Kulithalai Taluk, in . The ethno-medicinal investigation was carried out for a period of six months, August 2018 to January 2019. A total of 55 plant species belonging to 31 different families were identified and documented with the help of local and traditional healers. The vernacular name, botanical name, family, part[s] used and medicinal uses were recorded.

Keywords: Medicinal plants, Kidney stone, Urinary tract infection and Kulithalai Taluk, Karur district, Tamil Nadu.

Introduction

Nature bestowed our country with on enormous wealth of medicinal plants. Natural plant products have been used throughout human history for various purposes including treating various human ailments (Ghatapanadi SR et al.,2010). The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that 80% of global countries depends on the medicinal plants (Pareek SK.,1996). Herbal medicines are naturally occurring, plant - derived substances that are used to treat different diseases. Plants have been an important source of precursors and products used in a variety of industries, including those of pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics and agrochemicals. The continuing search for new drugs has been researchers looking to the natural world for potential products. Herbal medicine, also called botanical medicine, uses, the plant seeds, roots, leaves bark and flowers for medicinal purposes (Sinha R K.,1996).

Kidney stones are the third most common urinary tract problems, after urinary tract infections and prostate diseases. Urinary tract and kidney stones ailments have affected human beings since antiquity. Ancient vedic literature describes stones as Ashmari. The occurance of urinary tract and kidney stones is a common clinical disorder, which has afflicted mankind since ancient times. A large population of suffers from urinary tract and kidney stones, formed due to deposition of calcium, phosphates and oxlates. Kidney stones are known as Urinary calculi, Urinary tract stone disease, renal calculi, Nephrolithiasis, Ureterolithiasis and Urolithiasis (Misra A et al., 2007). The chemicals start accumulating over a nucleus, which ultimately takes the shape of a stone. These stones may persist for indefinite time, lead to secondary complications causing serious consequences to patient’s life. It is very painful and a proper cure is very much needed to get rid of the problem (Misra A et al., 2007 and Zaidi SMA et al ., 2006).

The prevalence of kidney stones and urinary disorders are 1-5%. Many modern medicinal therapies like surgical techniques, shock waves and medicines are available for the treatment of this disease. Moreover, it also carries the factors like high cost, availability, side effects etc., It is also recorded that there is no suitable JETIRAD06016 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 95

© 2019 JETIR March 2019, Volume 6, Issue 3 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) medical therapy is available for the such stone disorder, it is very important to shown an interest in indigenous system of medicine and traditional herbal remedies which are regarded as quite safe and recurrence rate is approximately 50-80%.

Appropriate and timely treatment of kidney stones can prevent severe complications such as kidney failure. Stone in the urinary tract are common disorders because urine is a chemical solution that contains a large number of chemical substances. These substances can crystallize easily and then grow in size to form stones (Ramaiah S.,2005).Though treatment of urinary tract and kidney stone is revolutionized by the development of non invasive methods of stone disrubution but the patients always try to refrain from surgical procedures. As no suitable medical therapy is available for such stone disorders, it is imperative to search for some new or less known medicinal plants, which are potential source for new bioactive compounds of therapeutic value (Zaidi et al.,2006).

People living in interior and inaccessible remote rural areas have excellent knowledge about medicinal utility of the local medicinal plants for treating kidney stones. People in such areas of the district have been traditionally using indigenous folk remedies to cure various diseases for generations and passing on this knowledge orally. Because of prompt and positive effect of herbal treatment they have strong faith in their own folk medicinal preparations (Neha Sharma et al.,2011).

Methodology

The study area was investigated to get information from local and traditional practitioners and also to cross check the data provided by the other practitioners during the visits. In order to document the utilization of medicinal plants, regular field surveys were conducted from August 2018 to January 2019 in Kulithalai Taluk, Karur District. During the survey, information about wild medicinal plants used by the local people as kidney stone and urinary troubles treatment was obtained from the local and traditional healers. Information was gathered parts used and the method of preparation local plant name and their botanical names were indentified Taxonomically using the flora of the presidency of Madras, Flora of Tamil Nadu. Many medicinal plants and their parts used in kidney stone and urinary Troubles treatment without much preparation.

Results and discussion

During present research investigation an attempt has been made to explore the treasure of traditional medicinal plants used for curing kidney stone ailments. Ethnobotanical data were collected from field surveys and oral interviews with the indigenous people who had a good knowledge about the plants and their medicinal uses. The study revealed the existence of 55 plant species belonging to 31 families were recorded as effective remedies used by local people to treat and cure stone ailments of urinary tract and kidney. These crude drug preparations inhibit further stone formation and their enlargement, to break the calculi and stones and reduce the pain. All plant species were given the vernacular name, botanical name, family, part(s) used and their medicinal uses were recorded.

The family Asteraceae was represented with eight families followed by Amaranthaceae with seven species in the overall collection followed by Malvaceae (3), Solanaceae (3), zygophyllaceae (3), Acanthaceae,Amaryllidaceae,Apiaceae,Brassicaceae,Caesalpinaceae,Euphorbiaceae,Fabaceae,Lamiaceae,Ro saceae (2 each), Berberidaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Equisetaceae, Ixoioliraceae, Lauraceae, Menispermaceae, Nyctanginaceae, Pedaliaceae, Poaceae, Polypodiaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rhamnaceae, Zingerberaceae (each1). Various parts of plants were used against for treating kidney stone diseases. The most frequently used plant part is leaves(38%), followed by fruit (16%), flower (12%), Root (9%), stem (8%), seed and aerial part (5%) and whole plant (5%), Rhizome (3%), Bark and Inflorescence (1%). The medicinal plant parts are significantly used to treat the larger number of the kidney stone remedies. Thus ethnobotanical studies clearly defined that tribal knowledge of medicinal plants is important not just for tribal themselves but for the entire world.

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© 2019 JETIR March 2019, Volume 6, Issue 3 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) S.No Plant Name Family Common Name Part used Diseases 1. Abrus precatorius Malvaceae Kuthumani Leaves Hepatitis 2. Abutilum indicum Malvaceae Thuthi Seed and Ulcer and Bladder Leaves infection 3. Acalipha indica Euphorbiaceae Kuppaimeni Fruit and Jaundice Leaves 4. Aerva lanata Amaranthaceae Poolapoo Leaves Kidney stone 5. Ageratum conyzoids Asteraceae Goatweed Leaves Anti diarrheic agent 6. Allium sativum Amaryllidaceae Poondu Bulb Stomach cancer 7. Allium haemanthoides Amaryllidaceae Korai Aerial part Nerve disease 8. Amaranthus caudatus Amaranthaceae Kolikondrai Leaves Diarrhea 9. Amaranthus spinosus Amaranthaceae Mullikeerai Leaves Cardiac disease 10. Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Nilavembhu Whole plant Diabetes and Malaria 11. Bambusa nutans Poaceae Moongil Shoot Vomiting and Cooling 12. Benincasa hispida Cucurpitaceae Poosani Fruit Ulcers 13. Boerha avia diffusa Nyctaginaceae Mookiratai Root Anti -diabetic 14. Caralluma fimbriata Apocyanaceae Kallimudayan Leaves Diabetes 15. Cassia auriculata Fabaceae Aavarampoo Leaves and Urinary tract Flower disease 16. Cassia fistula Caesalpinaceae Sarakondrai Fruit Skin disease 17. Celosia argentea Amaranthaceae Thovali Seed Liver disease 18. Cinnamomum Lauraceae Ilavangampatai Bark Diabetic bejolyhota 19. Crinum asiaticum Amaryllidaceae Nilapanai Bulb Haemorrhoids 20. Curcuma longa Zingiberaceae Manjal Rhizome Pain killer 21. Datura metal Solanaceae Umathai Seed and Cardiac pain Flower 22. Digera muricata Amaranthaceae Moulikeerai Leaves Digestive system 23. Emblica officinalis Euphorbiaceae Pig neli Fruit Liver toxin 24. Euphorbia hirta Euphorbiaceae Amanpatcharisi Leaves and Asthuma and Flower Skin disease 25. Ficaria verna Ranunculaceae Buttercup Aerial part Piles 26. Gloriosa superba Liliaceae Senganthal Seed and Snake bite Rhizome 27. Heracleum persicum Apiaceae Persian hogweed Leaf and Wound healing Flower 28. Ixilirion tataricum Ixioliriaceae Siberian lily Inflorescenc Gastric disease e 29. Ixora coccinea Rubiaceae Idly poo Fruit Tuberculosis 30. Lawsonia inermis Amaryllidaceae Marudhani Leaf and Fever reduction Flower 31. Leucas aspera Lamiaceae Thumbai Leaves Wound healing 32. Matricaria Asteraceae Chamomile Flower Antistress agent chamomilla 33. Morinda tinctoria Rubiaceae Nuna Leaves Anti cancer 34. Murraya koenigii Rutaceae Karuvepilai Leaves Anti diabetic 35. Musa paradisiaca Musaceae Vazhi Whole plant Kidney stone 36. Nasturtium officinale Brassicaceae Watercress Leaf Asthuma 37. Ocimum santum Lamiaceae Thulasi Leaves Malaria and Asthma 38. Pedalium merea Peadaliaceae Aanainerungil Fruits Kidney stone 39. Phyllanthus emblica Euphorbiaceae Small neli Seed Liver toxin powder JETIRAD06016 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 97

© 2019 JETIR March 2019, Volume 6, Issue 3 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) 40. Phyllanthus fraternus Euphorbiaceae Keelanelli Whole plant Jaundice 41. Rosa damascene Rosaceae Patrose Fruit Cardiac disease 42. Solanum nigrum Solanaceae Milaghuthakali Seeds High protein 43. Solanum surattence Solanaceae Kandangkathari Root Ear pain powder 44. Syzgium aromaticum Myrtaceae Milaghu Flower bud Cold 45. Tagetes erecta Asteraceae Kenthipoo Leaves Dysentery, cold 46. Tamarindus indica Fabaceae Puli Leaves Wound healing 47. Thumbergia erecta Acanthaceae Bush clock vine Leaves Headache 48. Tinospora cordifolia Menispermaceae Kattukodi Stem Diabetes 49. Tribulus terrestis Zygophyllaceae Sirunerungil Leaves Kidney stone 50. Tridax procumbens Asteraceae Vettukayapoondu Leaves Wound healing 51. Wedelia chinesis Asteraceae Manjalkarisalangka Whole plant Antibacterial ni 52. Xanthium strumarium Asteraceae Marulumathai Roots Digestive and Antipyretic 53. Zingiber officinale Zingiberaceae Ingi Rhizome Digestion 54. Ziziphus jujube Rhamnaceae Ilanthai Fruit Cholesterol 55. Zizyphus pedunculata Rhamnaceae Chinee apple Fruit Liver disease

Conclusion

In the present study, for the first time information about the traditional uses of medicinal plants in Kulithalai Taluk, Karur District, Tamil Nadu was collected. A total of 55 plant species belonging to 31 families and various parts used for medicine preparation were indentified and documented. Since ancient times, medicinal plants has wide acceptance due to a large number of advantages such as lesser side effects, safe, effective, less chances of recurrence of disease, easily available in rural areas. The undesirable effect of the modern medicine has already diverted the attention of the people, towards herbal medicines. To increase the acceptability and awareness among the people, there is an urgent need to develop introduces herbal medicine systems in our health care. Let us hope that in future natural products will be competing modern medicines with added advantages of more safety and lower costs.

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