and South Africa: The facts

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Alternative title Notes and Documents - United Nations Centre Against ApartheidSpecial Author/Creator United Nations Centre against Apartheid; Movement Against Racism, Antisemitism, and for Peace (MRAP) Publisher United Nations, New York Date 1977-12-00 Resource type Reports Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) South Africa, France Coverage (temporal) 1977 Source Northwestern University Libraries Description This paper was initially presented at the World Conference for Action against Apartheid, held in Lagos, Nigeria, from 22 to 26 August 1977. Format extent 14 page(s) (length/size)

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http://www.aluka.org Special NOTEU December 1977

Special NOTEU December 1977 s ,o, N orthwesteril Universit SLibrary t ~FEB 6 19/8 CE AND SOUTH AFRICA** The fats Africana the Movement against Racism, Antisemitism and for Peace (MRAP), Paris * This paper was initially presented at the World Conference for Action against Apartheid, held in Lagos, Nigeria, from 22 to 26 August 1977. It is published at the request of the Special Committee against Apartheid. The views expressed are those of the author. 77-77745 /"" All material in these notes and documents may be freely reprinted. Acknowledgement, together with a copy of the publication containing the reprint, would be appreciated.

I. INTRODUCTION France has never had a coherent African policy. Its three successive embargoes on arms deliveries to South Africa have been the height of hypocrisy. This view was presented in a pro-government newspaper in Accra, the capital of Ghana, when Minister Louis de Guiringaud was concluding an official visit to that city as one of the stops on his African tour in the summer. This shows the extent to which France's unprincipled policy of support for apartheid, despite repeated disclaimers, damages that country's image and interests while strengthening the barbarous tyranny of the apartheid Nazis. There can be no further doubt of this following the precipitate departure of Mr. de Guiringaud at the time of his official visit to Tanzania. At the same time, according to information emanating from the United States, the and the Soviet Union, there was an imminent danger that South Africa might construct its own atom bomb. The French Minister for Foreign Affairs respocded to such reports by saying that, if the information was correct, he could "only condemn such an initiative". The Tass news agency report, widely reproduced by the African press, was more specific in that it directly raised the question of nuclear collaboration between France and South Africa. II. NUCLEAR COLLABORATION Nuclear collaboration-between France and South Africa is not new, although it h~s-Vssuied particularly significant proportions. France is, of course, not the only country involved; the Federal Republic of , the United States of America and Israel, in particular, have helped to equip South Africa with an advanced nuclear industry and technology. Mr. de Guiringaud also tells us nothing new when he suggests that France has not supplied an "atom bomb factory"' What cannot be denied, however, is that Western assistance has made it possible for South Africa to build its nuclear industry, that France has played a decisive role in this effort, and that this development has made it possible for the racist r~gime to wield an atomic threat over the region. In April 1977, a French mission was the official guest of the South African Government. It comprised, inter alia, four generals, a civilian official of the Ministry of Defence, the Deputy Director of the Atomic Energy Commission, a counsellor of State, and members of the Institut des hautes 4tudes de defense d'Etat and the Institut des hautes 6tudes de defense nationale. In reply to a question in writing submitted in the French Parliament by Mr. Montdargent, a deputy, the Minister stated that the members of the mission had made the trip purely in their personal capacity, and he described the trip as a tourist visit. A few days after the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the European Economic Community reached agreement to proceed from words to action in the struggle against apartheid, the signing of the largest contract ever for the supply of uranium was announced. This was a long-term contract under which South Africa would supply France with 10,000 metric tons at a reduced price in return for interest-free loans I... designed to speed up the entry into operation of new mines, thus providing valuable assistance to the South African nuclear industry. France is also conducting a policy which consists in publicly condemning the "bantustans" while privately investing massively in them. The ultimate aim of this policy is to provide medium-term possibilities for a new campaign to gain recognition for the "bantustans", which will then be presented as economically viable "States". Thus, at the end of July 1977, the Association frangaise d'amiti4 et de solidarite avec les peuples d'Afrique (AFASPA) announced that the company "Grands travaux de Marseilles" had signed a contract for the of a port in the Transkei; Peugeot has also transferred its bicycle factory from Johannesburg to the Babelegi industrial zone in the Bophuthatswana "bantustan". Hypocrisy has always played an important part in a policy of collaboration which does not dare to declare itself as such because it runs cynically counter to human rights and the interests of France itself. A United Nations expert, Mr. Sean Gervasi, recently revealed that the arsenal which South Africa had managed to amass with the help of the Western countries was far greater than was previously known. The number of helicopters supplied by France must, therefore, be double the number reported up to that time. All of this gives an impressive picture of South Africa's aggressive force and of France's responsibilities. Now, when a United Nations international conference against apartheid is being held at Lagos, it is the national interest of France, as well as that of friendship among peoples which MRAP is defending by demanding the effective termination of all arms deliveries to South Africa, an end to all nuclear collaboration, and the cancellation of the contract concluded by Framateg for the construction of a nuclear power station, and by condemning investments which only aggravate the exploitation of the South African people and produce immoral profits which are of no benefit to the overwhelming majority of Frenchmen. III. ECONOMIC RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND SOUTH AFRICA IN 1976 The General Assembly of the United Nations, meeting on 9 November 1976, once again condemned all States which continued their economic collaboration with South Africa. The Organization of African Unity and the movement of non-aligned countries, during their recent "summit" conference, strongly condemned France for having maintained solid ties with the apartheid rggime. (a) Rises in imports and exports It appears that the French leaders do not care about such rises. In May 1976, the French Minister for Foreign Affairs decided, on the contrary, to strengthen France's diplomatic establishment in South Africa because of the importance of relations between Paris and Pretoria. The year 1976 also saw the signing of two "contracts of the century": one, concluded with Air Liquide, SPIE-Batignolles, Jeumont-Schneider and Alsthom, for the construction of the largest oxygen plant in ...

-4- the world which would make it possible to produce 40 per cent of South Africa's consumption of oil through the liquefaction of coal; the other, concluded with FRAMATOME, SPIE-Batignolles and others and financed by French banks, including the Credit Lyonnais, for the construction of the first South African nuclear power station. There has also been a further development this year in trade between France and South Africa, French exports having increased tenfold compared with the figure for 1963. This, of course, is without taking into account arms sales, which are not included in the published statistics. Trade between France and South Africa (in millions of francs) l/ French imports French exports 1963 ...... 345 272 1967 ...... 342 470 1973 ...... 980 1,070 1974 ...... 1,209 1,678 1975 ...... 1,234 1,815 1976 ...... 1,537 2,320 French imports from South Africa consist mainly of raw materials and agricultural products, ores, wool, and fruit in particular. Since 1974, they have tended to increase more rapidly with the signing of large contracts for the purchase of South African coal and fertilizers. Imports of coal by the Societe continentale de charbon amounted to almost 1 million metric tons in 1976. In May 1975, an unnamed French consortium concluded a contract for the purchase of fertilizers from the South African firm of Louis Luyt to the value of 10,000 million francs, but the contract was subsequently cancelled. France also continues to import South African and Namibian uranium but without publishing figures. The increase in exports is explained by the size of the major contracts concluded between French enterprises and South Africa, particularly since 1974. This trend will accelerate following the many official missions, some of them led by ministers, and trade missions, organized by the various organs concerned with exports, particularly since the holding of the first French Fair at Johannesburg in March 1976 in which 90 firms participated. 1/ Source: Directorate of Customs, Paris. Gold and uranium, like arms, are not included in the figures. Namibia is regarded in French statistics as an integral part of South Africa. France is the second largest importer of South African gold after , and the second largest importer of uranium after the United Kingdom. I...

Some major French contracts Date Contract and company carrying out the work Amount (in millions of francs) 1974 Dudfield cement factory, constructed by F. L. Smidth and Co. 180 Equipment for two thermal power plants sold by CEM and Creusot-Loire 670 Verwoerd dam and development of the Orange River, work carried out by SPIE-Batignolles et Dumez 680 Sishen-Saldhana railway; earthwork assigned to SPIEBatignolles 190 Equipment for steel works at Newcastle, sold by DelattreLevivier and Creusot- Loire Enterprises 100 Construction of a satellite communications station by Telspace 5.5 Four container ships ordered from three different shipyards 1,200 1975 Four Airbus aircraft 349.5 One cement factory constructed by Babbitless and F. L. Smidth 13 Water mains at Saldhana, supplied by SOCEA 66 Pietermaristsburg water supply, contract granted to Degremont 11 Underground gallery for a hydroelectric power plant at Drankensberg, constructed by SPIE-Batignolles 18 Supply of rails and track materials by SACILOR 21 Four ship's generating units, sold by Crepelle et Cie. 16 1976 Oxygen plant at Sasolburg, constructed by Air Liquide, SPIE-Batignolles, Jeumont-Schneider and Alsthom 560 Koeberg nuclear power station, constructed by FRAMATEG (FRAMATOME), Alsthom, SPIE-Batignolles, Creusot-Loire and CGEE-Alsthom 6,000 Equipment for Matla thermal power station, sold by Alsthom-Atlantique 100 100 locomotives sold by MTE (Creusot-Loire and JeumontSchneider) 10 2/ 2/ Source: Le Moniteur de commerce extgrieur, No. 118, Paris, pp. 169-170 and 22"2. I...

- Three thermal power stations, at Kriel, Arnot and Matla, have been constructed with the assistance of French firms. - Several dams, water works and electricity-generating plants have been constructed and fitted out by French firms. - Five-Cail-Babcock provided major equipment for the new port at Richards Bay which will enable South Africa to export several million tons of coal and iron ore annually to Japan, Israel and Europe. - SPIE-Batignolles, which has a hand in all the major South African projects, constructed the railway between Sishen and the port of Saldanha as well as the marshalling yard, which will make it possible to transport ore, chiefly iron ore, out of this new mining area. Four large French groups, Air Liquide, Jeumont-Schneider, Alsthom and SPIE-Batignolles, are constructing the SASOL II coal liquefaction plant, which will enable South Africa to take a giant step towards self-sufficiency in energy, thus making it less vulnerable to external pressure. The Chantiers de France-Dunkerque (Empain-Schneider group), the Chantiers de l'Atlantique and the Chantiers Navals de la Ciotat are building four container ships for SAFMARINE, a South African state company, and the Societ6 Trailor has sold South Africa licences for the construction of container ships, thus concluding the largest contract ever signed in the history of this branch of the industry. (b) Official support These examples, selected from among dozens of others, are sufficient to show the virtually irreplaceable role that France plays in South Africa. It should be added that French firms do not venture on their own into such a distant market. They are first of all strongly encouraged to do so by the highest State authorities. They are then financially supported through guarantees automatically provided by COFACE (Compagnie frangaise d'assurance pour le commerce exterieur) and, in particular, through the almost automatic financing provided by banks, both private and nationalized. To cite only one example, mention might be made of the visit to South Africa in April 1976 of the Minister of Foreign Trade, Mr. Norbert Segard, at the head of a delegation of 20 individuals representing the largest French companies. The avowed purpose of this trip was to exert pressure on the South Africans to choose the French consortium for the construction of the Koeberg power station. This was not tne first instance of official intervention in the matter, as several French parliamentary delegations had not hesitated to intervene in a similar manner on behalf of Baron Empain. Once the contract had been signed by the consortium formed by FRAMATOME, which also included Alsthom (CGE group), SPIE-Batignolles (Empain-Schneider group), Merlin-Gerin, Jeumont-Schneider and EDF, it was learnt that a consortium of banks I. headed by Credit Lyonnais, a nationalized bank, was providing a 12-year loan covering 85 per cent of the financing needed. The same pattern can be seen in all the projects already mentioned, such as SASOL II and the container ships, which are all financed through loans from French banks, almost invariably including the Banque de l'Indochine (Suez group). The Socigt4 G6n6rale, another nationalized bank, has established a subsidiary in South Africa, Finexfra, which "will promote the introduction of French technology and know-how in South Africa and the import of patents, and engineering and other equipment. These activities will subsequently be expanded to include the carrying out of 'turnkey' projects, particularly for the bantu national homelands". 3/ (c) The importance of the South African market In the special issue of the French newspaper Moniteur du commerce exterieur devoted to 1976 exports, South Africa is twice mentioned in the list of the "best contracts", in connexion with the Koeberg power station (officially worth 6,000 million francs, although Le Nouvel Economiste gives the figure as almost 8,000 million), and the Sasolburg oxygen-producing plant (5,600 million francs). The "contract of the year" was, of course, the supply of the nuclear power station. This contract should be seen in relation to the total value of orders from the African continent which amounts to some 13,000 million francs. The second "best contract", for the supply of a nitrate fertilizer complex to Poland valued at 1,800 million francs, comes far behind. The nuclear power station contract, together with the others referred to in the above table, make South Africa the largest purchaser of French capital goods, far ahead of the second-ranked country, the USSR, whose purchases totalled 8,500 million francs. The South African market has today assumed paramount importance, since France must promote exports in order to eliminate its balance-of-payments deficit. In the case of at least five French companies, whose names are not officially made public, South Africa has become the market with which the bulk of their business is done. This places even greater difficulties in the way of efforts to sever relations between France and South Africa. (d) Projects vital to the land of apartheid The importance which South Africa has assumed for French companies cannot, however, be compared with France's importance to the South Africans. Quite apart from sales of arms, which will be dealt with later, France is involved in all the vital sectors of the South African economy. Contrary to the argument so often put forward by the heads of companies and government leaders that "if we don't sell, others will", there is reason to believe that South Africa would have difficulty in finding partners who are as keen to execute the projects most vital to the land of apartheid. 3/ Source: L'Afrigue du Sud d'aujourd'hui, January-March 1976. /. .

Thus, we find French public and private enterprises working side by side with the racist masters of South Africa in the development of nuclear research, the building of an independent nuclear capability, the enhancement of the profitability of uranium mining, uranium and oil exploration, the supply, refinement and distribution of oil, and the execution of the largest projects ever undertaken, such as the Orange River development, the ports of Saldahna and Richards Bay, the second coal-liquefaction plant, the conversion of the merchant fleet, and the rapid containerization of all forms of transport. The following are a few examples: - South African physicists have been trained by the Atomic Energy Commission, in particular at the Saclay centre near Paris. - France has participated, since 1961, in the construction of the first research reactor at Pelindaba. - South African leaders state that France is prepared to help in financing the uranium enrichment plant planned for Valindaba. - For many years, France has been buying uranium from South Africa, sometimes in contravention of the European regulations (EURATOM) in force. - France is building the first South African nuclear power station without firm guarantees for the reprocessing of radio-active fuel. Aquitaine is prospecting for uranium in Namibia, while Total has a 10 per cent interest in the Rssing Uranium Mine. A subsidiary of Total has invested millions of francs in oil exploration in South Africa and in coal extraction at the Ermelot mine. (e) Investments Direct French investments (in millions of rand)* 1966 201 (latest South African statistics) 1970 442 (estimate of the Centre du commerce exterieur franqais) 1976 818 (estimate of March6s Tropicaux: 4,500 million francs) Officially, there are between 80 and 90 French firms with direct investments in South Africa. French investments have quadrupled since 1966 and doubled since 1970. The incentives for such investment are not lacking nor are the economic and even political reasons for it. * 1 rand = 5.55 francs (as at 7 December 1977). I...

Mr. Danie Driel, who recently quit his post as commercial attache at the South African Embassy in Paris, said the following in this regard: "High operating costs resulting from anti-pollution laws, employer contributions to social security schemes, and ... socialism sometimes cause French business enterprises to transfer to South Africa, where labour is cheaper". The President of the French Union of Export Industries, Mr. Robert Berniere, expressed the view during a visit to South Africa in March 1974 that more French investors would choose South Africa if it were not for the fact that they were put off, not by the Government's racial policy, but by its policy of excessive protectionism. He added a personal criticism which, far from displeasing his hosts, in fact made them very happy. He said that South Africa had a bad image abroad because of "the poor quality of South African public relations efforts, which do very little to counteract adverse propaganda". French investors are also beginning to take an interest in the "Bantustans7'. However, like Peugeot at Rosslyn, they have long been established in what the South African Government calls the frontier areas, i.e. areas which, since they are contiguous to the "Bantustans", make it possible for the labour force to live a long distance from the "white areas". This guarantee provided for the Bantustanization policy received a French blessing last October with the presence of five French deputies representing the government parties in the Transkei "Bantustan" for the so-called independence ceremonies. This policy of investment in South Africa, which is, of course, aimed at deriving profits from the enslavement of millions of workers by the apartheid system, is having extremely harmful effects for French workers. For example, Peugeot-Cycles, citing a strike at its French factories, simply transferred an Australian order to its factories in South Africa last July. 4/ Another case is that of Total, which bought a coal mine in South Africa at a time when the French mining areas are experiencing an unprecedented disinvestment crisis. Another type of investment is developing with the transfer of patents and production licences, as in the case of the Trailor firm, whose French workers thus lost the chance to construct 10,000 containers. The groups operating in South Africa are well known. Others that may be cited are: Peugeot (automobiles and motorcycles), CGE and Thomson-Brandt (electric, electronic and communications equipment), SPIE-Batignolles (Empain-Schneider group), Dumez, Andre Borie and Jean Lefebvre (public works), Air Liquide and PUK (chemicals), Rhdne-Poulenc and Roussel-UCLAF (pharmaceuticals), Paulstra, Potain and Poclain (machinery), Desnier-Flotex (carpets), Or6al (cosmetics), and CFP-Total and Aquitaine (petroleum). French banking institutions, particularly the French Bank (Suez group), have major investments in South African armaments, industry, trade, agriculture and transport. 4/ Sunday Times, Johannesburg, 4 July 1976. I...

-10- IV. ARMAM4ENTS Despite the French Government's announced decision to stop selling arms to South Africa, it may be noted, to begin with, that the orders now being filled will serve to strengthen the South African Army, which, following its operations in Angola, is continuing to occupy Namibia, is preparing to send reinforcements to Rhodesia and is, in general, on a war footing which makes it possible for it to attack any African country below the equator. Among the contracts on which delivery is now being made,* the following may be cited: Mirage F-1 fighter bombers from Marcel Dassault, assembled under licence in South Africa, the first of which were recently delivered to the South African Air Force; the big Airbus transport planes, which cannot only move troops swiftly to a distant theatre of operations but also, after certain adjustments have been made, refuel Mirages in flight, thus greatly increasing their operating range; two Agosta submarines built at the Dubigeon-Normandie shipyards at Nantes, which will join the three French Daphne submarines already with the South African Navy; Exocet sea-to-sea missiles from SNIAS, which will be mounted on patrol boats built in for South Africa and on two 1,200-ton avisos built by the shipyard at Lorient for the purpose of making shows of force and combating hostile submarine activity. It has not been possible to determine the exact amount of all these orders except in the case of Airbus (349.5 million francs) and the Agosta submarines (340 million). However, an estimate of several hundred million francs can be made for the contract concerning the sale of Marcel Dassault licences, of several million for the so-called civilian aircraft sold at the first air exhibition organized in South Africa in 1975, of another several million for the Exocet missiles and of several hundred million for the two avisos. The total comes to nearly 2 billion francs, adding that sum to the actual amount of French exports to South Africa. The French Government and French business enterprises still have time to change their policy on South Africa.** The stakes are high. They involve France's future interests not only in South Africa, not only in southern Africa, not only in Africa, but throughout the third world. The condemnation of the non-aligned countries at Colombia was only a warning. * Following the mandatory embargo on the sale of arms to South Africa ordered by the Security Council on 4 November 1977 in its resolution 418 (1977), the French Ministry of Defence announced that France had cancelled the delivery to South Africa of two corvettes and two submarines. (The New York Times, 9 November 1977) ** In a note verbale of 30 November 1977 addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, the Permanent Mission of France to the United Nations stated that "the French Government intends to apply without restriction the /Security Council/ decision of 4 November 1977 concerning the arms embargo against South Africa. Accordingly, all deliveries of military equipment to that country have been prohibited since the adoption of resolution 418 (1977)." I...

. ii-.. ANNEX Arms sold to the Republic of South Africa by France 1961 A-M 60 and AML 90 armoured vehicles produced by Panhard and Levassor 60-mm and 90-mm machine-guns produced by the Direction Technique des Armements Terrestres (DTAT) (Technical Directorate of Ground Armaments) 1963 Licences for manufacturing AML 60 and AML 90 armoured vehicles and 60-mm and 90-mm machine-guns (DTAT) were sold to the Republic of South Africa. Also sold: - 16 Mirage 3CZ interceptors (Marcel Dassault) - 16 Atar aircraft jet engines (SNECMA) A.S. 20 and 30 air-to-ground missiles (SNIAS) - 6 Alouette 2 helicopters (SNIAS) - 6 Artouste helicopter engines (Turbom~ca) - 37-mm 447 rocket (SNEB-Hotchkiss-Brandt) The same year, the management of the Swiss firm of Buhrle Oerlikon (10 per cent of Swiss military materiel) sold weapons to the Republic of South Africa by way of France. At the subsequent trial, Assistant Director Gelbert said: "Not having respected the embargo recommended by the United Nations on the sale of weapons to the Republic of South Africa, the French showed a willingness to facilitate transactions between our company and that country." According to testimony taken at that trial on 24 November 1970, export licences had been issued by the French Ministry of Defence and facilities had been offered by the armed forces. Mr. Buhrle, President and Director General of the firm, stated that the export had been made possible by certificates made available by "several high-ranking officials in France who wished to help South Africa". 1965 3 Mystere 20 aircraft (Marcel Dassault) 1967 20 Mirage 3EZ fighter-bombers (Marcel Dassault) 20 Atar aircraft jet engines (SNECMA) 45 R 530 air-to-air missiles (Engins Matra) 4 Mirage 3RZ reconnaissance aircraft (Marcel Dassault) I...

-12- 4 Atar aircraft jet engines (SNECMA) 3 Mirage 3CZ interceptors (Marcel Dassault) 1 radar system (Thomson.-CSF) 50 Alouette 3 helicopters (SNIAS) 50 Artouste helicopter engines (Turbom~ca) 16 Super Frelon helicopters (SNIAS) 16 Turmo helicopter engines (Turbom~ca) 1968 20 AIX tanks (Panhard, DTAT, Creusot) 3 batteries of the Crotale radar-missile system, sold with licences 3 Daphn6 submarines (Dubigeon-Normandie) 1969 20 Puma helicopters (SNIAS and Westland) 1970 9 Transall troop-transport aircraft (SNIAS and Federal Republic of Germany) 3 missile-launching patrol boats (Construction m6canique de Normandie) 1971 8 Atlantic anti-submarine aircraft (Br~guet Aviation) 48 Mirage Fl interceptors (Harcel Dassault) 48 Atar jet engines (SNECMA) Licences for the Mirage-Milan bomber (Marcel Dassault) Magic air-to-air missile (Engins Ilatra) 1973 J'lilan anti-tank missiles (SNIAS and Federal Republic of Germany) Exocet sea-to-sea missiles 1974 Phimat decoy-launcher (false targets) 5/ Electronic equipment sold to the air forces of the Republic of South Africa (radar detectors and jammers) Hand grenades 6/ 5/ Cf. Le Monde, 18 May 1974. 6/ Cf. Le Monde, 18 may 1974. I...

In 1974 the firm of Manurhin (headquarters at Mulhouse), specializing in the manufacture of cartridges and links, concluded contracts amounting to more than 40 million francs with South Africa for: - Supplying 12 machines for the manufacture of calibre 7.62 and 5.56 ammunition for Pretoria Metal Pressings - Supplying 100,000 20-mm cartridges for F.I. etc. In addition, in order to export its mat6riel, this firm could operate equally well through its German subsidiary (SAAR), which manufactures mechanical elements for ammunition, or through its Swiss intermediary, Oerlikon-Buhrle, Zurich. In this way 500,000 20-mm HS 820 casings were furnished to Pretoria by !Ianurhin (France) and the arrangements made by South Africa with Manurhin's Swiss subsidiary. 7/ 1975 Talks concerning the purchase of two or three Airbuses (SNIAS and Federal Republic of Germany) converted to make them capable of mid-air refueling of combat aircraft. 8/ 2 Agosta submarines for delivery in 1978 and 1979 (Chantiers DubigeonNormandie). Delivery of 32 Mirage Fl aircraft (ordered in 1971) with jet engines more powerful than those arranged for at the time of the contract. Electronic anti-aircraft defence equipment purchased at the Satory arms exhibition. 9/ 2 A 69 avisos (escort craft), 1,200 tons (Chantiers de Lorient) /-Direction Technique des Armements Navals (DTAN) (Technical Directorate of Naval Armaments)! Ships equipped for anti-submarine warfare, crew of 75 May 1975 250 rocket engines for the ejection seats of Impala MK 2 aircraft pass through France in transit, to be shipped from Marseilles to the Republic of South Africa on board the South African freighter Komatiland. It is reported that the French police escorted the shipment. 10/ 7/ Article by Claude Bourdet: "'Que serait aujourd'hui l'Afrique du Sud sans la France?" (What would become of South Africa today without France?), Le Monde Diplomatique, 16 April 1976. 8/ Le Monde, 31 May 1975. 9/ Le Monde, 11 June 1975. 10/ Guardian, London, 27 April 1976. I..

-14- hiay 1976 The new L'irage Fl, one of the worldvs most advanced combat aircraft, will be built under licence in South Africa: 16 aircraft will be furnished by Dassault, and 36 will later be manufactured by the Atlas Corporation, a South African company, at Kempton Park. i_/ July 1976 "The search for new outlets is continuing without letup, and numerous technical and commercial missions are engaged in it: - RASURA (radar) has been tested in South Africa - A navigation system which includes our DINA B has been presented in South Africa." 12/ 1 December 1976 "4 patrol boats are being constructed at the Bazan naval shipyard at Cartagena, Spain, for South Africa, they will be equipped with Exocet sea-to-sea missiles." 13/ July 1976 "Sale of equipment and propellors for Breguet Atlantic aircraft by Ratier Forest." 14/ ll/ Guardian, London, 29 May 1976. 12/ Bulletin, company publication of Electronique Marcel Dassault, July 1976. 13/ A.A.M., Federal Republic of Germany, 1 December 1976. 14/ Canard enchaine, 6 July 1976.