ISSN 2347 - 3983 Volume 8. No. 9, September 2020 International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research Available Online at http://www.warse.org/IJETER/static/pdf/file/ijeter101892020.pdf https://doi.org/10.30534/ijeter/2020/101892020

Solid Waste Generation and Biogas Potential Estimation from Hotel Activities in Province,

I Wayan Koko Suryawan1*,, Ari Rahman1,Fatimah Dinan Qonitan1, EviSiti Sofiyah1, 1Faculty of Infrastructure Planning, Department of Environmental Engineering, UniversitasPertamina, KomplekUniversitasPertamina, JalanSinabung II, TerusanSimprug, Jakarta 12220, Indonesia [email protected]

ABSTRACT Whereas for non-star hotels, it also increased from 29.93% in February 2007 to 38.37% in August 2019 [1]. The The aim of the research is to analyse the amount of solid existence of these hotels has positive and negative impacts. waste generation, solid waste composition, methane Negative impacts could be caused by inappropriate hotel production, carbondioxide production, and to estimate the solid waste management which cause the environmental yield of biogas production, especially in bio digester pollution. applications for material recovery facility (MRF) -especially for hotel waste in Bali Province.The study used secondary Characteristics of hotel solid waste is similar to municipal data in the form of number of beds and occupancy rates of solid waste, which consists of food waste, plastic, paper, hotels in Bali Province. Hotel solid waste generation is 2.5 metal, glass, wood, rubber, and textile product. The L/bedday with organic waste that can be used as biodigester emergence of hotel solid waste has increased along with the such as food waste and garden waste with composition tourists visiting.Proper technology must be prepared to respectively 31.2% and 7.8%. The potential for biogas prevent and to minimize environmental impacts. Land formation-was calculated based on the ultimate and pollution is mainly caused by improper disposal of solid proximate analysis. Each methane and carbon dioxide gas waste management such as open dumping [2][15-18]. Since production werecalculated based on the stoichiometric City was selected as a city that is required to equation.The results of data processing showed that the manage waste to energy [3], it is very important to do solid highest total solid waste generation in was waste treatment that able to recover hotel solid waste. One 32.7 ± 4 tons/day in starred hotels and 14.7 ± 4 tons/day in technology that can be proposed is the application of bio- non-star hotels. The composition of solid waste in Badung digester, given the high composition of food waste and yard Regency consisted of kitchen waste with the generation of waste in hotels. Biodigester is a tool to decompose organic 12.8 tons/day and garden waste 3.1 tons/day. Result of the waste by means of anaerobic fermentation (airtight) composition of kitchen waste and garden waste in Jembrana converted into biogas which can be used as fuel for cooking Regency, , and was very and even into electricity[4][14]. low and had no potential for the application of bio-digesters. The highest methane gas production is in Badung Regency, Biogas technology basically utilizes the digestion process and Denpasar City. Yield biogas carried out by methanogenic bacteria whose products are in generated/unit dry weight for hotel waste in Bali Province the form of methane gas (CH4). Methane gas from the was0.46 kg CH4/kg dry weight with only 30% biogas digestion of bacteria may reach 60% of the total gas content.This study showed that the hotels in the Badung produced by the biogas reactor while the rest is dominated Regency, Gianyar Regency, and Denpasar City areas could by carbon dioxide (CO2). Biogas energy resources on apply communal bio-digester technology to their kitchen average contain 60% of methane (CH4), 40% of carbon waste and yard waste. This application could be applied with dioxide (CO2), and about 0.2% of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) the addition of a special MRF for hotel facilities. [5]. Biogas is produced anaerobically through three stages namely hydrolysis, acidogenesis, and methanogens[6][20]. Key words: hotel waste, biogas production, bali Principally, the production of methane (biogas) is depend on 1. INTRODUCTION the ratio of carbon andnitrogen (N) content[7][21]. The carbon element in organic material is very much required as Local tourist arrivals in Bali experienced highly growth from an energy provider for anaerobic bacteria. Besides the 2,038,186 people in 2004 to 9,757,991 people in 2018 or had carbon element, another element that plays an important role increased to 479% [1][13]. This has an impact on the in this process is nitrogen (N) because it is needed for increasing level of occupancy in hotel.Hotels in the Province bacterial formation/ breeding[19]. In the process of biogas of Bali experienced an increase in occupancy from 52.1% in formation the comparison between the amount of carbon and January 2000 to 67.1% in August 2019 for star hotels [1]. 5530

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nitrogen elements is crucial to the success of the biogas 2.3 Biogas Potential formation process. Determination of biogas production potential is based on ultimate analysis data. Because this research focusd on To get the amount of biogas, an analysis of methane gas biodigesters using food waste and yard, the characteristics generation from the type of waste is needed. One method of were calculated based on the composition of the waste. The calculation is to do proximate and ultimate analysis of waste. ultimate and proximate analysis used from the results of Estimation of methane gas generation is an effort to previous studies [11] (Table 2). The calculation of biogas calculate the feasibility of the technology to be applied in production was based on organic waste reaction as in hotel activities. Based on previous research, the unit price equation 1. The results of the reaction will produce methane for 1 kg of biogas is Rp. 6,000.00. Hotel is one of the gas, carbon dioxide gas, and ammonia gas. Determination of tourism sectors that has the potential to produce waste with methane gas production and carbon dioxide gas was different characteristics. This study aims to determine the calculated based on equation 2 and 3. generation and thecomposition of hotel solid waste, the amount of CO2 gas production andCH4 gas production, and CxHyOzN + H2O → CH4 + CO2 + NH3(1) the estimated yield of biogas production in the hotel sector in ( )( ) the Province of Bali. (2) ( )( ) 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD ( )( ) (3) ( )( ) 2.1 Number of Beds and Hotel Occupancy Data on the number of beds and occupancy rates are 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION important to be used in predicting waste generation in the hotel sector. These datawere obtained from statistics 3.1 Solid Waste Generation Indonesia [1]. Solid waste generation from hotel waste is 2.5 The hotel occupancy rate is very influential in determining L/bed.day[8]. The number of star hotel and non-star hotel the amount of solid waste generation. It can be seen in Table beds varies greatly by year and location (Table 1). 1 and Figure 2, that Badung Regency has the highest number of beds in hotels and occupancy rates. Badung Regency Hotel occupancy rates tend to be high at the beginning of the hotel solid waste generation reached 32.7±4 tons/day for star year and at the end of the year (Figure 1). Data on the hotels and 14.7±4 tons/day for non-star hotels. These results number of beds and occupancy rate data is calculated to get of hotels solid waste generation in Badung Regency are the number of beds occupied at hotels in each area in the inversely proportional to Tabanan Regency, Gianyar Province of Bali. Regency , , and which produce the highest solid waste in 2.2 Solid Waste Composition non-star hotels. Badung Regency contributed 85.2% of hotel The composition of waste really determines the proximate waste generation to the total hotel waste in the Bali Province and ultimate characteristics of hotel solid waste. Hotel solid (Figure 4). South Bali is the busiest and most developed area waste composition that is important in this research is in Bali, and is also the most popular among tourists famous kitchen - and garden waste. This waste is one of the for , , , Canggu, , and the categorized as rapidly decomposable [9]. The data used in Bukit Peninsula, also the location of the NgurahRai airport this study is data from the recent research about composition [22-23]. of hotel solid waste [10] (Figure 2). Waste generation data was obtained based on waste composition, then was calculated based on district and city data in Bali Province. Table 1:Number of Hotel Beds in Bali Province (BPS, 2019) Number of beds 2017 2018 Area Non-star Non-star Star Hotel Star Hotel Hotel Hotel 162 1195 184 1047 Tabanan Regency 231 1739 270 1689 Badung Regency 83231 45482 66654 40345 Gianyar Regency 1463 10784 1825 12134 Klungkung Regency 385 2093 379 2699 Bangli Regency 0 582 0 471 Karangasem Regency 442 3756 409 4499 Buleleng Regency 953 3900 992 4941 Denpasar City 7355 10946 8088 10942 Bali Province 94222 80477 78801 78767

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100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30

The occupancy (%) rate occupancy The 20 10 0 July July May May June June April April March March August August January January October October February February December December November November September September

Figure 1: Hotel Occupancy Rate in Bali Province 0.4 1.1 0.5 0.2 1.4 0.9 7.8 1.3 2.6

Paper Newspaper Cardboard Tin 32.1 Aluminum Clear glass Colour glass 44.2 Kitchen waste Liquid waste

7.5

Figure 2: Composition of Hotel Trash in the Province of Bali (in % composition) Table 2:Results of proximate and ultimate analysis of household waste [12] Moisture Ash moisture Composting C H O N S content content waste (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Food waste 71,9 6,2 21,3 0,5 0,5 83,9% 20,8% Yard 62,4 6,6 30,4 0,4 0,6 61,7% 84,3%

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45000 Solid Waste Generation Star Hotel 2017 Solid Waste Generation Non-star Hotel 2017 40000 Solid Waste Generation Star Hotel 2018 Solid Waste Generation Non-star Hotel 2018 35000

30000

25000

20000

15000

Solid Waste Generation (kg/d) GenerationWaste Solid 10000

5000

0 Jembrana RegencyTabanan RegencyBadung RegencyGianyar RegencyKlungkung RegencyBangli RegencyKarangasem RegencyBuleleng RegencyDenpasar CityBali Province

Figure 3:Hotel Solid Generation in Star Hotel and Non-Star Hotel Bali Province from 2017-2018

2,25% 0,02% 0,33% 1,77% 0,90%

8,66% 2,39% 82,9%

10,94%

Figure 4:Distribution Contribution of Hotel Solid Waste Generation in Bali Province [11]

3.2 Solid Waste Compositions Material Recovery Facility (MRF) is a recycling facility that Energy can be recovered from the organic waste fraction combines several solid waste management techniques to the (biodegradable and non-biodegradable) through the maximum extent possible with minimum residues such as following two methods: Thermochemical conversion is waste sorting, 3R (reduce, reuse, and recycling), composting, through thermal decomposition of organic material to and treatment facility such as anaerobic digester and produce heat and gas energy. Biochemical conversion based incineration. MRF design can provide advantages in on enzymatic decomposition of organic material by handling waste processing relatively quickly, efficiently and Microbiological activity to produce methane gas or alcohol. environmentally friendly, saving landfill land requirements, The thermochemical conversion process is used for waste extending landfill life. that has a high percentage of non-biodegradable organic 5533

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material and low water content. Important technologies presence of plastic, paper and other combustible materials. included in this category are incineration and pyrolysis / High water content causes biodegradable waste fraction to gasification. The biochemical conversion was chosen for decompose faster than in dry conditions. This also shows waste which has a high percentage of biodegradable organic that solid waste with high water content is not suitable for material and high water content. The main technology of this thermochemical conversion such as incineration and category is anaerobic digestion or often also called bio pyrolysis. methanation. The main parameters that determine the potential for energy recovery from waste, including hotel The composition of hotel waste in Bali Province is solid waste, are the amount / quantity of waste and the determined by the source of the waste. The sources of hotel physical chemical characteristics (quality) of waste. The waste are divided into three places namely kitchen and actual energy produced will depend on the specific waste restaurant; guest rooms and outlets, and gardens. Waste that treatment and characteristics associated with the main will be used as biodigester is leftover and rubbish from the parameters. The physical characteristics referred to are size kitchen, restaurant and garden. The life cycle of solid waste of constituents, density and moisture content of solid waste. from the hotel sector in Bali Province can be seen in Figure The smaller the size of the waste will speed up the 5. In bioconversion production, all types of organic waste decomposition of the solid waste. High density waste can be used as substrates such as kitchen, garden, and cow reflects organic biodegradability and high water content. On manure (Wani and Rao, 2013). the other hand low density indicates the proportion of the

Guest Rooms and Kitchen and Restaurant Garden Outlets Hotel

Wet Waste Storage Area Dry Waste Storage Area Garden Waste Storage Area

Wet Waste Sorting Area Dry Waste Sorting Area Garden Waste Sorting Area

Solid residue Clear Color Plastic and Garden waste Compost Kitchen Liquid Paper Cardboard Newspaper Tin Aluminum from kitchen glass glass rubber waste waste MRF waste Biodigester

Recyclable Materials Residual Waste Biogas

Final Disposal Dealers Pig Waste Dealers Farmer

Recycling Industries Comunity

Figure 5:Life cycle of solid waste from the hotel sector in Bali Province (Modifications from Tang, 2004)

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Sortingfacilit Kitchendegradablewaste Hotelsolidwaste ies and yard waste transportation Bioactivator

StirringFacility SiftingFacility

MethanePurifier Anaerobic Digester Biogas Container

Compost Biogasstove

Figure 6:Diagram of the Anaerobic Digester Facility of Hotel Solid Waste

Table 3:Calculation of Hotel Solid Waste Composition in Bali Province Weight composition (kg) Solid residue Plastic Area Clear Color Kitchen Liquid Garden Paper Newspaper Cardboard Tin Aluminum from and glass glass waste waste waste kitchen rubber waste Jembrana Regency 4,1 0,6 1,7 0,8 0,3 2,2 1,4 51,0 11,9 70,3 12,4 2,07 Tabanan Regency 11,3 1,7 4,8 2,2 0,9 6,1 3,9 139,0 32,5 191,4 33,8 5,63 Badung Regency 1035,0 159,2 437,9 199,0 79,6 557,3 358,3 12778,4 2985,6 17595,2 3105,0 517,51 Gianyar Regency 108,1 16,6 45,8 20,8 8,3 58,2 37,4 1335,2 312,0 1838,5 324,4 54,07 Klungkung 29,9 4,6 12,6 5,7 2,3 16,1 10,3 368,8 86,2 507,8 89,6 14,93 Regency Bangli Regency 0,2 0,0 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,1 0,1 2,8 0,7 3,9 0,7 0,11 Karangasem 22,2 3,4 9,4 4,3 1,7 11,9 7,7 273,6 63,9 376,7 66,5 11,08 Regency Buleleng Regency 28,1 4,3 11,9 5,4 2,2 15,1 9,7 346,4 80,9 477,0 84,2 14,03 Denpasar City 136,5 21,0 57,8 26,3 10,5 73,5 47,3 1685,7 393,8 2321,1 409,6 68,27 Bali Province 1248,5 192,1 528,2 240,1 96,0 672,3 432,2 15413,8 3601,4 21224,0 3745,4 624,24

Calculation of hotel solid waste composition is based on areas, to produce biogas needed for cooking and lighting. As Figure 5. Each weight of waste based on composition can be for large-scale (urban), there are currently many developed seen in Table 3. Organic waste can be categorized into easily countries in Europe that apply Anaerobic Digester method to biodegradable, consist of kitchen waste, food waste, manage their urban waste while getting by-products in the vegetable waste, fruit and hardly biodegradable organic form of biogas that is used to drive electricity generators. waste, like, paper, textiles, rubber, wood, and leather. While Non-organic biodegradation is a common thing in nature, non-biodegradable inorganic waste including metals, iron, this process always involves microorganisms. If organic glass, pottery [11]. The main components of biogas are matter is broken down by aerobic bacteria, the process is methane ranging from 50-75%, then carbon dioxide ranging called oxidation and produces CO2 and H2O Anaerobic from 25-45%, Nitrogen 0-10%, hydrogen 0-1%, hydrogen Digester is carried out by anaerobic microorganisms, without sulfide 0-3%, oxygen 0-2% [12]. oxygen, then the organic material is degraded by microbes into CO2 and Methane (Mosey, 1976). Anaerobic Digester Figure 6 shows a diagram of the facility of Anaerobic on organic matter is synergistically by a group of Digester, based on existing condition of solid waste in hotel microorganisms. The digestive process consists of 4 stages: activities which is relatively generated wet solid waste, the hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. appropriate energy recovery technology applied is Anaerobic For further utilization, namely to be used as raw material for Digester. Anaerobic Digester is a treatment process that fuel cells, the methane used must be pure. For this purpose needs to be used to degrade and stabilize sludge. In general the impurity component must be removed, one of the most Anaerobic Digester has long been used, especially in rural dominant components is CO2. Figure 6 shows that in the 5535

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facility there must be a methane purifier that can remove total decomposable organic constituents is based on data in other impurities. Study of Iriani, and Heryadi (2014) showed Table 2. The calculation results can be seen in Table 4. The CO2 levels of biogas after purification dropped by 35.04% calculation results showed a very high C/N ratio of 324/1. and after CH4 content purified increased by 34.01% with 730 grams of activated carbon. Empirically it is known that the most favourable C/N ratio is in the range of 20-30:1 (Dioha et al. 2013). If the C/N ratio In the process of land selection for Anaerobic Digester is too high, biogas production is not optimal (Roy et al. Facility, physical and non-physical criteria must be met. The 2010). If the C/N ratio is too low (≤ 9) ammonia will be requirements used to use the approach of the selection of formed which will cause the decomposition process not run Anaerobic Digester Facility locations, namely SNI No. 03- optimally (Kayhanian, 1999). So that in processing 3241-1994. The purpose of choosing the location of the applications it is necessary to add nutrients such as fertilizer Anaerobic Digester Facility is to establish and operate an to increase the N content. Anaerobic Digester expected not to cause a decrease in the quality of the soil environment, groundwater, and also not The principle of biogas production is anaerobic organic cause health problems in humans. matter decomposition (oxygen free) that produces gas which is mostly methane (which has flammable properties) and 3.3 Methane and Carbon dioxide production carbon dioxide in equation 1. The equation is based on Table Besides the composition of hotel solid waste, physical and 4 and is balanced to be as in equation 4. chemical characteristics of hotel solid waste are also important in the waste management process. Chemical C324H27O76N +280 H2O → 146CH4 + 178CO2 + NH3 characteristics explain the chemical structure of solid waste, (4) which consists of several elements, such as: C, N, O, P, H, Based on Table 5, the generated gas yield dry based unit for and S. Indonesia does not yet have a default DOC number hotel waste in the province of Bali is 0.46 kg CH4/kg. The (IPCC, 2007). DOC number is determined by ultimate results of calculations in hotel waste are greater than analysis (dry base) of the elementary components C, H, N, ruminant livestock sheep by 0.0184 kg CH4/kg. Wims et al. O, S, ash (reduce, reuse, and recycle). Indonesia, in (2010) reported that CH4 production per cow per day (+42 estimating methane emissions, is still using the default g), per kilogram of milk yield (+3.5 g/kg of milk), per IPCC, 2007, because it does not yet have a country specific kilogram of milk solids (+47 g/kg of milk solids). composition of waste dumped at the landfill. Calculation of

Table 4: MSW Compositions in Indonesia's Cities Total decomposable organic Mol. Ratio (nitrogen =1) Area constituents C H O N C H O N Jembrana Regency 13,73 1,14 3,21 0,04 324 27 76 1 Tabanan Regency 37,40 3,09 8,75 0,12 324 27 76 1 Badung Regency 3438,04 284,25 804,58 10,62 324 27 76 1 Gianyar Regency 359,24 29,70 84,07 1,11 324 27 76 1 Klungkung Regency 99,22 8,20 23,22 0,31 324 27 76 1 Bangli Regency 0,76 0,06 0,18 0,00 324 27 76 1 Karangasem Regency 73,61 6,09 17,23 0,23 324 27 76 1 Buleleng Regency 93,20 7,71 21,81 0,29 324 27 76 1 Denpasar City 453,53 37,50 106,14 1,40 324 27 76 1 Bali Province 4147,09 342,87 970,51 12,80 324 27 76 1

Table 5:Theoretical amount of gas generated from waste generation in each regency in Bali Province Solid Yield gas Methane waste Carbon dioxide Methane Carbon generated/solid specific (dried specific weight production production waste (dried Area weight basis) basis) 3 3 kg kg/m kg/m kg kg kg CH4/kg Jembrana Regency 10,2 0,7817 1,978 4,7 15,6 0,46 Tabanan Regency 27,8 12,7 42,4

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Badung Regency 2558,8 1165,5 3895,3 Gianyar Regency 267,4 121,8 407,0 Klungkung Regency 73,8 33,6 112,4 Bangli Regency 0,6 0,3 0,9 Karangasem 54,8 25,0 83,4 Regency Buleleng Regency 69,4 31,6 105,6 Denpasar City 337,5 153,7 513,9 Bali Province 3086,6 1405,8 4698,7

Different sources of biomass or solid waste of course will 3. Peraturan Presiden (President Regulation) RI No. 35 produce different quantities of biogas. The results of 2018. calculations in this study showed that the biogas content is PercepatanPembangunanInstalasiPengolahSampahMen only 30%. Biogas can be burnt if there is a minimum of 57% jadiEnergiListrikBerbasisTeknologiRamahLingkungan. methane content [13]. Meanwhile, according to [14] biogas 4. Wresta, A., Andriani, D., Saepudin, A., &Sudibyo, H. can be burnt if the methane content is at least 60%. Biogas (2015). Economicanalysis of cowmanurebiogas as with 65-70% methane content has a heating value equal to energy source for electricity power generation in small 5200-5900 Kcal/m3 of heat energy equivalent to 1.25 KwJ scale ranch. Energy Procedia, 68, 122-131. DOI: of electricity [6]. The process of purifying biogas using 10.1016/j.egypro.2015.03.240. membranes is very good at operating pressures of 5–7 bar 5. Kayhanian, M., &Hills, D. J. (1988). Membrane [15]. According to [16] there are several methods of biogas purification of an aerobic digester gas. Biological purification (CO2 removal), including: physical absorption, wastes, 23(1), 1-15. DOI : 10.1016/0269- chemical absorption, adsorption, separation with 7483(88)90040-7. membranes, cryogenic and chemical conversion into other 6. Veziroglu, T.N. 1991. Hydrogen technology for every compounds. Absorption is the separation of a particular gas needs of human settlement. Int. Journal Hydrogen from a mixture of gases by transferring a massake in a Energy, 12:99. DOI : 10.1016/0360-3199(87)90086-3. liquid. This is done by delivering the flow of gas with liquid DOI: 10.1016/0360-3199(87)90086-3. which has a different solvent selectivity from the gas to be 7. Tanimu, M. I., Ghazi, T. I. M., Harun, R. M., & Idris, separated. The selection of separation technology will be A. (2014). Effect of carbon to nitrogen ratio of food depend on the technical and economic feasibility [17]. waste on biogas methane production in a batch mesophilicanaerobic digester. International Journal of 4. CONCLUSION Innovation, Management and Technology, 5(2), 116. DOI: 10.7763/IJIMT.2014.V5.497. The results of this study showed that the formation of the 8. Damanhuri, E., Padmi, T. (2010). Diktat biogas in Badung Regency, Gianyar Regency and Denpasar KuliahPengelolaanSampah,. Institut Teknologi City were very suitable for the application of communal Bandung. Bandung biodigester. Yield gas generated/solid waste (dried basis) unit for hotel solid waste has a value of 0.46 kg CH4/kg with 9. Tchobanoglous, G., Theisen, H., & Vigil, S. (1993). only 30% of biogas content. The high amount of rubbish Integrated Solid Waste. Management. Singapore: Mc from Badung Regency causes the importance of Graw-Hill Book. implementing a special MRF for hotels. Besides that, 10. Tang, J. (2004). A case study of a hotelsolidwaste Denpasar City is also one of the cityregulated in Perpres 35 management program in Bali, Indonesia of 2018 that also has the potential to reduce waste generation (Master'sthesis, University of Waterloo). from hotel facilities by using biodigesters. 5. Kayhanian, M. (1999). Ammonia inhibition in high- solids biogasification: an overview and practical solutions. Environmental technology, 20(4), 355-365. REFERENCES DOI : 10.1080/09593332008616828. 6. Hammad S.M.D. 1999. Integrated environmental and 1. BPS. (2019). sanitary engineering project at Mirzapur. Journal of https://bali.bps.go.id/subject/16/pariwisata.html#subjek Indian Water Work Association 28:231- 236 ViewTab3. [Accessed on 18-10-2019] 7. Hessami M.A., Christensen S. & Gani R. 1996. 2. Suryawan, I. W. K., Prajati, G., &Afifah, A. (2019). Anaerobic digestion of household organic waste to Bottom and fly ash treatment of medical waste in produce biogas. Renewable Energy. 9(1-4) : 1-4, 954- cinerator from community health centres with 957. DOI : 10.1016/0960-1481(96)88438-2. solidification/stabilization. AIP Conference 8. Nadliriyah, N., & Triwikantoro, T. (2014). Pemurnian Proceedings, 2114(1), 050023. DOI : produk biogas dengan metode absorbsi menggunakan 10.1063/1.5112467.

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