lgnatia/lnterleukin-1 2533

neonates.• In ophthalmology, indocyanine green angio­ Plus; DFM; Elkana; Fitkom; Hemaviton Energy Drink; Minicer­ graphy is used to visualise the choroidal circulation, 5•6 and onalt; Vidaylin L; Xanda; Zamel; Zevit Grow; Ita!. : Hepatos as a stain during surgical repair of macular holes. 7•8 BI2; Konorderm; lipoenergy; Porfirin I2; Malaysia: Pharma­ In Chin. tont; Revital; Vi-Daylin; Mex.: Bedoyecta; Philipp.: Arcos­ 1. Skak C, Keiding S. Methodological problems in the use of indocyanine Pharmacopoeias. green to estimate hepatic blood flow and ICG clearance in man. Liver trongt; Completiat; Enerzip; K-A Plus; Optigrow; Pharmaton; 1987; 7: 155-62. Profile Rejuvenex; Revicon Forte (Improved); Rus.: Prohepar 2. Bauer LA, et al. Variability of indocyanine green pharmacokinetics in (Ilporenap); S.Afr. : Clusivol; Hepavitet; Prohept; Singapore: healthy adults. Clin Pharm19 89; 8: 54-5. Inosine has been used in the treatment of anaemias and Essentialst; NutraMX; Spain: Dertrase; Policolinosil; Tri 3. Roberts I, et a/. Estimation of cerebral blood flow with near infrared cardiovascular, liver, and skin disorders and has been used Hacheminat; Switz.: Vitiron; Thai.: Lipochol; liporon; Vita spectroscopy and indocyanine green. Lancet 1993; 342: 1425. as a tonic. Multicap; Vitop; lipotropic Factors; Skin Care Nutrients; 4. Anthony MY, et al. Measurement of plasma volume in neonates. Arch Dis UK: Child 1992; 67: 36-40. Ukr.: Hepahealth (rerraxenc); PM Sirin CHpHH); Vitiron 5. Owens SL. Indocyanine green angiography. Br J Ophthalmol i996; 80: (BliTHJlOH); Vitrum Beauty (BlfTPYM Ii•JOTH);(liM Vitrum Beauty 263-6. P..�P.YM IiLIOTH 3JIHT); USA: Advanced Ear Health Formu­ 6. Dzurinko et al. Intravenous and indocyanine green angiography. Proprietary Preparations (details are given in Volume B) VL, la; Alive Once Daily Womens 50+ Ultra Potency; Amino-Cerv; Optometry 2004; 75: 743-55. Biotect Plus; Cholinoidt; Clinical Nutrients 50-Plus Men; 7. Rodrigues EB, et al. Intravitreal staining of the internal limiting Single-ingredient Preparations. China: An Jie Di Lin Megavite Fruits Veggies; One A Day Vitacraves; PowerVites; membrane using indocyanine green in the treatment of macular holes. An Qi Mi Rui Ba Quan Dan Ze ('ti:ii!i:i!Ml<);De Totalday; Tyler Prenatal;& Hepasil; Yacriton. Ophthalmologica 2005; 219: 251-62. Yi Mei (�J:lt*Di li lill); En li Ke(E JR); Fu li(ft�); Ding Venez. : 8. Lee KL, et al. A comparison of outcomes after indocyanine green and Fu(liiJ Li.fu\.�); Xin (JJ!!f.l);Gan Ke (J!!,Ganlz::l\i:); Quan Hu(� trypan blue assisted internal limiting membrane peeling during macular Yuef.IJE); ); Ke Mi(�1.1/iX); Ya Lai(ifllJ); Mei Kang (if�);Lan Xu hole surgery. Br J Ophthalmo/ 2005; 89: 42D-4. (ll1Jflli Fu PiDi(f4* Ganlll£); Pu Fu(��IJt); Qi Fang lnterleukins Neng(�il!! ); (f.I'J!.);Quan Zhu (!111JJ!!if);WeiMeiJia (it (Jl.'ii!i4ll'); 1Jil); Xin Adverse Effects and Precautions Feng (til-1Jil!l);Yan Luo Qi (�Jli.J);Yi Rang Xin Yang Rui Neng(fiX$); Ze Bei(J! !ll'*l\); Zhu Lu (,!il�/iX);Zuo He Indocyanine green is reported to be well tolerated. Rus.: Ribonosin(:ik!illll!l); (I'H6oH03HH);(�JJ\); Ukr.: Riboxin('11!!11 (I'HGOKCH); H). (1!: Anaphylaxis and urticaria have been reported. Solutions 5fi;); Profile contain a small amount of sodium iodide and should be used Multi-ingredient Preparations. China: li Sheng Si Tai � Interleukins are cytokines (p. 2491.2) that are thought to with caution in patients hypersensitive to iodine. Clearance Ying Di Te Ital. : Neo-Eparbiol; Rus.: (illi1'JIIiCytoflavin); (�JJ!!interleukin-I (below), interleukin-2 (p. 810.I), and 6. Inositol 2. Cheng SN, etal. Ocular toxicity of intravitreal indocyanine green. J Ocul aldesleukin (recombinant interleukin-2) (p. 810.1). Inter­ Pharmacol Ther 2005; 21: 85-93. leukins under investigation include interleukin-3 3. Gandorler A, et at. Toxicity of indocyanine green in vitreoretinal surgery. (p. l155.2), ilodecakin (recombinant interleukin- IO) 42: Dev Ophthalmol 2008; 69-81. (p. 2534.2), and edodekin alfa (recombinant interleukin­ I2) (p. 2534.2). Hypersensitivity. A report of anaphylactoid reactions to Interleukins have also been implicated in the pathogen­ indocyanine green in 3 patients.' The authors commented esis of some diseases, and inhibitors of interleukins or their that of 20 reactions that had been reported 9 involved receptors may therefore be of therapeutic value. anaphylactoid shock (with 2 subsequent deaths) and 11 Antagonists acting against interleukin receptors used involved hypotension or bronchospasm; they suggested clinically include anakinra (recombinant interleukin-I that such reactions were dose-dependent and had a receptor antagonist) (p. 21.2), basiliximab (p. I944. I), and non-immune mechanism. Pharmacopoeias. In Bur. (see p. vii). Also in USNF. daclizumab (p. I957 .I), which are all interleukin-2 receptor I. Speich R, et a/. Anaphylactoid reactions after indocyanine-green Ph. Eur. 8: (myo-Inositol). A white or almost white, antibodies, and tocilizumab (recombinant interleukin-6 administration. Ann InternMed 1988; 109: 345-6. crystalline powder. Very soluble in water; practically receptor antibody) (p. 77.3) Inolimomab (p. I959.3) is an interleukin-2 receptor antibody under investigation. Pharmacokinetics insoluble in alcohol. USNF 3I: (Inositol). A white or almost white, crystalline Antibodies targering interleukins have been developed and include canakinumab (p. 34.2), a recombinant human After intravenous injection indocyanine green is rapidly powder. Very soluble in water; practically insoluble in monoclonal antibody against interleukin-If3, while those bound to plasma protein. It is taken up by the liver and is dehydrated alcohol and in ether. under investigation include mepolizumab (recombinant rapidly excreted unchanged into the bile. Profile interleukin-5 antibody) (p. I2I4.2) and elsilimomab (recombinant interleukin-6 antibody) (p. 2534.1). P..r�P.rilonacept preparations promoted for many disorders. (p. 2604.3) is an interleukin-1 blocker used in the treatment Inositol appears to be involved physiologically in lipid of a group of rare inherited auto-inflammatory disorders; lnhibin metabolism and has been tried, with little evidence of interleukin-4 receptor is also being investigated. efficacy, in disorders associated with fat transport and Inhibitors of cysteine protease IL- If3converting enzyme metabolism. It has been investigated in the treatment of (ICE) have been investigated as a means of reducing depression and anxiety, in diabetic neuropathy, and in secretion of interleukin-lf3(belo w). NOTE. The name inhibin has also been used as a proprietary neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and retinopathy of name for hydroquinine hydrobromide (p. 2529.2). prematurity. lnterleukin-1 Profile Neonatal respiratory distress syndrame. Inositol supple­ mentation has been tried in premature infants with respir­ Inhibin is a dimeric glycoprotein secreted by the testes and atory distress syndrome (p. I608.3). A meta-analysis' ovaries that suppresses secretion of follicle-stimulating found that infants given inositol had improved survival hormone by the pituitary. As a member of the transfomting and lower rates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and reti­ growth factor-� family, it is also involved in mediation and nopathy of prematurity than those given placebo. regulation of many other physiological processes. Its two 1. Howlett A, Ohlsson A. Inositol for respiratory distress syndrome in isoforms inhibin A and inhibin B have been widely preterm infants. Available in The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; Issue 4. Chichester: John Wiley; 2003 (accessed 19/04/06). Profile investigated for their potential as markers of male infertility, ovarian cancer, and placental function. It has also been Interleukin-I is one of several polypeptides known studied as a prognostic indicator of ovarian function in P..��P.chemotherapy or mula AOt; Glycopro; lipofactors Niacint; liv-Gd; liv-Gd; radiotherapy for its haematopoietic activity. It has also been live-Rite; Nia-Plex; Chile: Hepabil; Tonopron& Jarabe; Hepa­ Fr. : grume; Hong Kong: Anti-Stress Hi B Plus Ct; B Complex 50; investigated for its immunotropic effects in purulent Executive Stresst; Lipochol; Mega-Antioxidantt; Super Vita infections of the lung and ear, although it has no intrinsic Vim; Vita Stresst; India: Alcrin-M; Alcrin; Alphamix-BT; Cher­ antibacterial activity. Adverse effects of interleukin-I rytone; Delphicolt; Dianuron; Diapill; Efcoben; Felicita-OD; include fever, chills, flu-like symptoms, hypotension, and Jetositol; Meconerv Forte; N-Care Forte; Nervijen-D; Nervz-B; pain, swelling, and erythema at the site of subcutaneous Neuractin Forte; Neuroglow-B; Neurosoz-MC; Indon.: Carni injection.

The symbol t denotes a preparation no longer actively marketed 2534 Miscellaneous and Other Substances

Interleukin -1 is also implicated in the pathogenesis of B 2 in the small intestine. Deficiency in intrinsic factor leads 130d68-2N3. 1 some diseases, particularly auto-immune and inflammatory to vitamin B12 deficiency disorders and pernicious anaemia. diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflanunatory 95C402 i6V9. Intrinsic factor is given orally with cyanocobalamin in bowel disease. the Schilling test in the differential diagnosis of pernicious llodecakin (USAN, r/NN) anaemia (see Uses and Administration of Vitamin B 12, p. 2108.1). It is also included in some oral preparations Preparations liodeca klDum� _ _l_ht elletJk!n.-_10 ························· containing cyanocobalamin, presumably as an aid to Proprietary Preparations (details are given in Volume B) S�h-52000; VlJ1Ql1ei'\aKVIf!. absorption. Single-ingredient Preparations. Rus.: Betaleukin (Eemrrefuum). Difficulty in obtaining intrinsic factor and/or radio­ labelled cyanocobalamin for the original Schilling test NOTE. The names Prevascar and Tenovil have been used for prompted studies using a recombinant human intrinsic ilodecakin. factor in a new vitamin B 12 absorption test. Initial results with this recombinant form were promising. 1 Ahtagonista de Ia lnterleucina de: •. flec<;pto(. •. I. Hvas A-M, et al. The effect of recombinant human futrinsic factor on the lnterleuklrH .Inhibitors. evident vitamin B l2 deficiency. is one of several polypeptides known Profile collectively as interleukins (p. 2533.3). It regulates the differentiation and proliferation of several immune cells Preparations ...... Endogenous antagonists to interleukin -1 receptor block the including T -cells and B -cells. It is postulated that it has Proprietary Preparations (details. are. given in Volume. B) actions of interleukin-1 (p. 2533.3) and recombinant forms immunostimulant as well as immunosuppressive proper­ have been investigated in inflammatory and immune­ ties; it also has anti-inflammatory actions. Interleukin- 1 0 is Multi-ingredient Preparations. Indon.: Biosanbe; Habebiont; modulated disorders. under investigation for inflammatory bowel disease, Hemafort; Inbion; Nichobion; Sangofer; Philipp. : TriHEMIC; S. Anakinra (p. 21.2) is a human recombinant interleukin- malignant neoplasms, skin disorders including psoriasis Afr. : Autrint; Singapore: Hemacapst; USA: Chromagent; Con­ 1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of rheumatoid and reduction of scarring, rheumatoid arthritis, hepatitis C, trin; Ferotrinsic; Fetrin; Livitrinsic-ft; Pronemia Hematinic; TL arthritis. and organ transplantation. Icon; TriHEMIC; Trinsicont. Ilodecakin is a recombinant form of interleukin -10 under

Inulin (BANI I. Asadullah K, et al. Interleukin-10 therapy-review of a new approach. Phamwcol Rev 2003; 55: 241-69. 2. Braat et al. Interleukin-10-bascd therapy for inflammatory bowel R 3: Profile disease. Biol Ther 2003; 725-31. potential treatment of skin diseases. JAm Interleukin-2 fusion toxin is produced by replacing the 75. USP 36: (Inulin). A polysaccharide which, on hydrolysis, receptor binding domain of diphtheria toxin with sequences 4. Asadullah K. et al. Interleukin- 10: an important immunoregulatory cytokine with major impact on psoriasis. Curr Drug Targets Jnflamm yields mainly fructose. A white, friable, chalk-like, from interleukin-2, thus producing specific cytotoxicity in Allergy 2004; 3: 185-92. amorphous, odourless powder. Soluble in hot water; cells expressing the interleukin-2 receptor. The interleukin- 5. Vicari AP, Trinchieri G. Interleukin-10 in viral diseases and cancer: slightly soluble in cold water and in organic solvents. A 10% 2 fusion toxin denileukin diftitox (p. 780.2) is used in the exiting the labyrinth? Immunol Rev 2004; 202: 223-36. solution in water has a pH of 4.5 to 7.0. Store at a treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. The related 6. Mocellin S, et al. Interleukin-10 and the immune response against cancer: a counterpoint. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 78: 1043-51. temperature of 2 5 degrees, excursions permitted between compound DAB interleukin-2 has also been investigated 486 7. Mege JL, et al. The two faces of interleukin 10 in human infectious 15 degrees and 30 degrees. in a variety of disorders. diseases. Lancet Infect Dis 2006; 6: 557-69. Uses and Administration

lnterleukin-6 lnterleukin-12 Inulin is a fructan or fructose polymer. It is used intravenously as a diagnostic agent to measure the B�celt··•?t1mulatory J'aa-or•2;· • HepatEJtyte'?ttmal;;tirig tL 1 ViHTep:iieM�wH-·12. _ •. ssF.:;<; _ glomerular filtration rate. Although an accurate test, it is F�ctor: ll.-.6; lrrterferorr'i32; � 2;. H�ridpma Growth.Factm; !fN;��; complex to perform and is generally reserved for research VIH.Tepnei:\KVIH-6; UN/I .� 02(XP /(102U lirlt!or/eiJkirl' 12 purposes. Crystals of inulin may be deposited on storage of UNII ..-:- 920VC90811Y. Edodekin Alfa (USAN. r!NNJ the injection; they should be dissolved by heating lor not NOTE. The name Sigosix has been used as a trade mark for more than 15 minutes before use and the injection cooled to Edodekina alfa; tdodekine Edodekinum atexakin alfa (human recombinant interleukin-6). Aifa; a suitable temperature before use. Polyfructosan, an inulin analogue of lower average Profile 747;2/00p; ::JI\O,t\eKf1f1 A!1b¢a. CAS -'· 187348- 17�0. molecular weight, has been used similarly. Inulin and related fructans, such as fructo-oligosacchar­ Interleukin-6 is one of several polypeptides known UNII -'�.JIZ82G$MEI. Description. recombinant human interleukin-12. ides (p. 2508.1), are a form of dietary fibre and have been collectively as interleukins (p. 2533.3). It is produced by A used as dietary supplements, particularly for their prebiotic many cell types and induces differentiation of B­ effects. lymphocytes and activation of T -cells. It has proinflamma­ Profile tory and pyrogenic properties and is involved in the Interleukin-12 is one of several polypeptides known Pharmacokinetics regulation of immune responses and inflammation. collectively as interleukins (p. 2533.3). It is produced by Interleukin-6 has also been implicated in haematopoiesis. macrophages and dendritic cells and enhances cellular Inulin is rapidly removed from the circulation after Atexakin alfa is human recombinant interleukin-6 that immunity through induction of the activity of interferon·y intravenous doses but is not metabolised. A trace may be has been investigated. and cytotoxic T -lymphocytes. It has been investigated for found in the bile and may cross the placenta, but it is mainly Since overproduction of interleukin-6 plays a crucial role the treatment of severe infections such as mycobacterial eliminated in the urine by glomerular filtration without in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases, infections; it is worthy of note that children with a rare secretion or reabsorption in the renal tubule. interleukin-6 antibodies (below) and interleukin-6 receptor inherited susceptibility to fatal mycobacterial infections antagonists (p. 77.3) are being investigated or used as have mutations the interleukin-12 gene. Interleukin-12 b1 Preparati..ons...... therapeutic agents. is also under study for the treatment of various cancers, . . Proprietary Preparations...... (details are given in Volume B) including as adenovirus-mediated gene therapy. Edodekin alfa is human recombinant interleukin-12 Single-ingredient Preparations. Philipp.: Fibersweet. under investigation for the treatment of renal cell MultHngredient Preparations. Arg.: Invisifiber; XLS; Chile: carcinoma. Reduc-Te; Reducform-F; Fr.: Actyfilus; Arkolevure; Cebrolux; References. Effadiane relipidantes; Maxi-Flore; Ger.: Laxatan M; Hong Mazzolini G, et al. Gene therapy of cancer with interleukin-12. Curr J(ong: LactoGG; Lepicol; Indon.: Becombion Grow Syrup; Ital. : l. Elsilimomab lriNNI Pharm Des 9: 1981-91. Cistefi; Entcrolactis Duo; Enteroseven; Fibrovit; Floragermina 2. Kikuchi T, Vaccination of glioma patients with fusions of dendritic 6; Lactolas; Naturalass; Plurilac; Serilact; Snell'it; Valcap; and glioma cells and recombinant human interleukin 12. J Immunother Malaysia: Probio Lact Active Formula; Philipp.: Culturelle 2004; 27: 452-9. 3. Trudeau C, et a!. A administration of recombinant human With Lactobacillus GGt: Ukr.: Zacofalk (3aKoljlarrbK); USA: Pre­ interleukin- 12 is with increased expression levels of orbotic. interferon-gamma and signal transducer and activator of transcription in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacal 2005; 45: 649-58. Homoeopathic Preparations. Neth.: Drosinula. 4. Sangro B, et al. Gene therapy of cancer based on interleukin 12. Curr Gene Ther 2005; 5: 573-81. Pharmacopoeial Preparations Profile 5. Little RF, et al. Activity of subcutaneous interleukin-12 in AIDS-related USP 36: Inulin in Sodium Chloride Injection. Kaposi sarcoma. Blood 2006; 107: 4650-7. Monoclonal antibodies to interleukin-6 (above) are under investigation for the treatment of disorders including post­ Iris Versicolor transplant lymphoproliferative disorders and renal cell Intrinsic Factor i'JiueF!ag; Virginica; Uric azul; KacaT!il\< Pa3f10I.\BeTHbH;: carcinoma. Ins (Iris ArrtiiJf1e!f\i,: Castle's _Intrinsic . Gastric intrinsic �pV!c Pa3HOf.1BeTHbl·JYrpeHHe OriS. versicolor); . flpwcym>1t\ QJ<31'fQP. UN!/ -- Py(571247P X4 3D4L3DQC �.ris ve rsicolqr C4S 9008·12·2. foo t!. lnterleukin-1 0 Profile Profile C:Sif; ,C)IJ:qkih€ synthesis Intrinsic factor, a glycoprotein secreted by the parietal The rhizomes of Iris versicolor (lridaceae) are used in herbal H€MKVIW10. glands in the stomach, is required for absorption of vitamin preparations for skin and gastrointestinal disorders. All cross-references refer to entries in Volume A