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Ficha Técnica DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE SANIDAD VEGETAL DIRECCIÓN DEL CENTRO NACIONAL DE REFERENCIA FITOSANITARIA FICHA TÉCNICA Roya de la hoja Créditos: Wegulo y Byamukama, 2012 Puccinia triticina DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE SANIDAD VEGETAL DIRECCIÓN DEL CENTRO NACIONAL DE REFERENCIA FITOSANITARIA CONTENIDO IDENTIDAD .................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Nombre científico ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Clasificación taxonómica ......................................................................................................................... 1 Sinónimos ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 Nombres comunes .................................................................................................................................... 1 IMPORTANCIA ECONÓMICA DE LA PLAGA .................................................................................................................. 1 SITUACIÓN FITOSANITARIA EN MÉXICO ..................................................................................................................... 2 HOSPEDANTES ........................................................................................................................................................................ 2 DISTRIBUCIÓN MUNDIAL..................................................................................................................................................... 2 DESCRIPCIÓN MORFOLÓGICA .......................................................................................................................................... 2 ASPECTOS BIOLÓGICOS ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 SÍNTOMAS .................................................................................................................................................................................. 7 ASPECTOS EPIDEMIOLÓGICOS ........................................................................................................................................ 7 METODOS DE DETECCIÓN/DIAGNÓSTICO .................................................................................................................. 9 MUESTRO ................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 MANEJO FITOSANITARIO ................................................................................................................................................. 10 Preventivo ................................................................................................................................................... 10 Genético ...................................................................................................................................................... 11 Químico ....................................................................................................................................................... 12 Inductores de resistencia ....................................................................................................................... 13 LITERATURA CITADA .......................................................................................................................................................... 15 DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE SANIDAD VEGETAL DIRECCIÓN DEL CENTRO NACIONAL DE REFERENCIA FITOSANITARIA IDENTIDAD IMPORTANCIA ECONÓMICA DE LA PLAGA Nombre científico Sus daños pueden causar pérdidas hasta de Puccinia triticina Eriksson 84% del rendimiento ya que sus infecciones tempranas provocan una disminución Clasificación taxonómica significativa en el número de granos por Reino: Hongos espiga, el peso hectolítrico y la calidad del Filo: Basidiomycota grano (Singh y Huerta-Espino, 1997). Clase: Pucciniomycetes Orden: Pucciniales En 2007, la roya causó una pérdida del 14% en Familia: Pucciniaceae el rendimiento del trigo de invierno en Kansas Género: Puccinia (Departamento de Agricultura de Kansas, Especie: Puccinia triticina 2007), el estado líder en producción de trigo (EPPO, 2002). en los Estados Unidos (Bolton et al., 2008) Sinónimos Por otro lado, Huerta-Espino et al. (2011), y Puccinia dispersa f. sp. tritici Eriksson & Muhammad et al. (2015) mencionaron que las Henning pérdidas de rendimiento ocasionadas por la Puccinia perplexans var. triticina enfermedad pueden alcanzar el 50%., De (Eriksson) Z.Urban acuerdo a Campos (2014), en Argentina se Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici (Eriksson) estimaron pérdidas superiores al 30% en Johnston cultivares altamente susceptibles. Puccinia recondita f. sp. triticina (Eriksson) D.M.Henderson El consenso general es que la mayoría de las Puccinia rubigo-vera f. sp. tritici (Eriksson) pérdidas de rendimiento de grano atribuidas Carleton a la roya de la hoja se deben a la infección de Puccinia rubigo-vera tritici (Eriksson) la hoja bandera, que se cree es responsable Carleton de más del 70% del llenado del grano. Si la (EPPO, 2002). hoja bandera está muy infectada antes de la floración, se pueden esperar pérdidas Nombres comunes significativas de rendimiento. Las variedades Roya de la hoja altamente susceptibles pueden tener una reducción del rendimiento de hasta un 75% si la hoja bandera está muy infectada desde el principio (Marsalis y Goldberg, 2016). 1 DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE SANIDAD VEGETAL DIRECCIÓN DEL CENTRO NACIONAL DE REFERENCIA FITOSANITARIA SITUACIÓN FITOSANITARIA EN MÉXICO la hoja se encuentra en casi todos los lugares En México, la roya de la hoja es la más donde se cultiva trigo, rara vez se encuentran importante en trigos duros o cristalinos los hospedantes alternativos adecuados para (Triticum turgidum var. durum) y la población que el hongo complete el ciclo sexual. de P. triticina es muy variable, compuesta por Thalictrum e Isopyrum spp., que son nativos muchas razas, con distinta combinación de de América del Norte son relativamente genes de avirulencia/virulencia (Huerta- resistentes a la infección por basidiosporas Espino et al., 2011). En el año 2008 se (Jackson y Mains, 1921; Saari et al., 1968). La identificaron las razas BBG/BPC y CBG/BPC, falta de hospedantes alternativos adecuados, producto de la evolución de la raza BBG/BNC junto con los datos de genotipado molecular (Huerta-Espino et al., 2009), virulentas sobre de P. triticina, sugiere que el ciclo sexual no las variedades de trigo Jupare C2001 y contribuye epidemiológicamente a la Banamichi C2004. Como producto de la propagación de la enfermedad y es una evolución de la raza existente antes del año fuente insignificante de variación genética 2001 (Raza BBB/BNG) se identificó a la raza para P. triticina tanto en América del Norte BBB/BNJ con virulencia para el gen Lr61 como en la mayoría de las demás áreas de (Herrera-Foessel et al., 2008). producción de trigo del mundo (Kolmer, 2005). No obstante, cada año se detectan HOSPEDANTES más de 70 razas del patógeno en La fase telial y uredinal se desarrollan en: trigo Norteamérica (Kolmer et al., 2007), donde el (Triticum aestivum L.), trigo duro (T. turgidum hongo persiste mediante la reproducción a L. var. durum), trigo emmer cultivado (T. partir de urediniosporas asexuales. dicoccon) y trigo emmer silvestre (T. dicoccoides), Aegilops speltoides, pasto de DESCRIPCIÓN MORFOLÓGICA cabra (Ae. cylindrica) y triticale (X Las urediniosporas de P. triticina son de color Triticosecale). La fase picnidial y aecial se rojo naranja a café rojizo, equinuladas, desarrollan en: Thalictrum speciosissimum (= esféricas, y generalmente miden de 15-30 µm T. flavum glaucum) e Isopyrum fumaroides de diámetro (Figura 1). Las teliosporas son de (Roelfs et al., 1992). color café oscuro a negro, tienen dos células con paredes gruesas y son redondeadas o DISTRIBUCIÓN MUNDIAL aplanadas en el ápice o corona. Es una enfermedad ampliamente distribuida y devastadora en México y en el mundo (Huerta-Espino et al., 2011). Aunque la roya de 2 DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE SANIDAD VEGETAL DIRECCIÓN DEL CENTRO NACIONAL DE REFERENCIA FITOSANITARIA A B C D Figura 1. Signos de Puccinia triticina. A) Uredia. B) Sección transversal de hoja de trigo con uredia en ambas superficies. C) Uredia con urediniosporas. D) Urediniosporas. Créditos: Watt, 2013. ASPECTOS BIOLÓGICOS cortos (8 a 10 días), por lo que su desarrollo Requerimientos para su desarrollo epidémico se hace exponencial en forma El proceso de infección requiere condiciones rápida (Roelfs et al., 1992). climáticas particulares, siendo favorables para su desarrollo temperaturas de 15 a 22 °C, con En estas condiciones las urediniosporas una óptima de 20 °C y un período de inician la germinación, y el tubo germinal se humedad de hoja o rocío no menor a 6 horas desarrolla a lo largo de la superficie foliar (Prescott et al., 1986). El patógeno puede hasta que llega a un estoma, se forma completar su ciclo de infección a formación entonces el apresorio, seguido de nuevas pústulas en períodos relativamente inmediatamente por el desarrollo de un 1 DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE SANIDAD VEGETAL DIRECCIÓN DEL CENTRO NACIONAL DE REFERENCIA FITOSANITARIA gancho de penetración
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