SPECIES ACTION PLAN

SULAWESI CRESTED BLACK MACAQUE

Macaca nigra

Compiled by: Harry Hilser, Helen Sampson, Vicky Melfi, Johny S Tasirin, Victoria Grigg and Caspian Johnson. Published by: Yayasan Selamatkan Yaki Indonesia. All rights reserved. Front cover & photographs throughout: Courtesy of Andrew Walmsley Photography © SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION A Species Action Plan (SAP) aims to provide an authoritative source While M. nigra is protected by law there is a lack of active of species-related conservation information available to natural enforcement of this law and the hunting and trading of M. nigra as resource managers, conservationists and decision makers. This bushmeat is still commonly found in North Sulawesi markets. Coupled action plan is developed with a single species focus; the Sulawesi within this, North Sulawesi’s forests are targeted for increased space, crested black macaque (M. nigra). building materials and fertile areas for agriculture and M. nigra’s habitat is being cleared to meet these demands and pressures. As a flagship species, conservation of the Critically Endangered M. nigra is important for the target species, and will also make a CONSERVATION AND PROTECTED AREAS significant and positive contribution to biodiversity conservation in Properly managed, PAs hold the potential to enhance local an area of high endemism. Through extensive consultation, the economy and community welfare. The long-term solution to framework for action within this SAP has been developed as a key conserving Sulawesi’s biodiversity is an improved PA system that is tool to guide effective conservation of the species and its habitat. well integrated into its surrounding landscape, with the capacities and financial resources to safeguard biodiversity from existing and CURRENT STATUS AND ECOLOGY OF M. NIGRA future threats. The native range of the critically endangered M. nigra species extends across North Sulawesi, with an introduced population on the FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION island of Bacan (outside of their native range). Further research The framework for action details what action is needed for effective related to the distribution and status of the species is urgently conservation to address the threats, which party should be either needed. The charismatic M. nigra are semi-terrestrial and live in responsible or involved at a supportive level in the implementation large social groups. Their diet is largely fruit-based. of these actions, and over what time period. Five distinct categories address the threats through a multi-disciplinary approach, ranging THREATS from improving law enforcement, improving land stewardship, Human activities form the greatest threats to M. nigra and a threat raising awareness of the species and biodiversity, enhancing assessment carried out within this document demonstrates the sustainable development and building capacity. greatest risk to M. nigra’s survival is both hunting for consumption and the destruction of its habitat through timber harvesting. SPECIES CONTENTS ACTION PLAN - MACACA INTRODUCTION 1: CHAPTER M. CURRENTOF STATUS 2: CHAPTER . THREATS 3: CHAPTER NIGRA NIGRA – TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 . . 3 3 3 . . . . . 2 1 1 5 4 3 2 . . . 3 2 1 MACAQUES VISION, DEVELOPMENT CONSERVATION POPULATION BEHAVIORAL NATIVE THREAT THREAT THREAT RANGE MISSION SYNOPSIS RATING RATING IN STATUS ECOLOGY AND SULAWESI OF STATUS EXERCISE INTRODUCTION AND M SCOPE OF . NIGRA GOALS M OF OF . NIGRA M M . . NIGRA NIGRA SPECIES ONTENTS ACROSS 4 C OPPORTUNITIES, 4 4 . . . ACTION 3 2 1 5.3 FRAMEWORKFOR FULL ACTION 5.2OF RECOMMENDATIONS SUMMARY 5.1 FOR FRAMEWORKACTION INTRODUCTION M CURRENT . OVERVIEW NIGRA M PLAN . NIGRA’S PROTECTED AND - MACACA THE THREATS OF RANGE PROTECTED AREA STRENGTHS, NIGRA OF MANAGEMENT AREA – PROTECTED TABLE SYSTEM WEAKNESSES, OF CONTENTS AREAS PROTECTED AREAS CONSERVATION AND 4: CHAPTER ACTION FRAMEWORK FOR AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5: CHAPTER SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – GLOSSARY

BAPPEDA Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah (Development Planning Agency at Sub-National Level)

BIMP-EGA Brunei Indonesia Malaysia Philippines East Asian Growth Area

BKSDA Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam (Natural resources conservation agency)

BPS Badan Pusat Statistik (Statistics for North Sulawesi) CITES Convention for International Trade in Endangered Species IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

IUCN-CMP Conservation Measures Partnership

GDP Gross Domestic Product

ISIS International Species Information System KEK Kawasan Ekonomi Khusus(Special Economic Zone)

KPHK Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan Konservasi (Forest Conservation Management Unit) METT Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool

KLHK Kementarian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan (Ministry of Forestry and Environment)

GLOSSARY NGO Non-Governmental Organisation

NHP Non-Human Primate

PVA Population Viability Analysis

PPS Pusat Penyelamatan Satwa (Wildlife Rescue Center)

SAP Species Action Plan

SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats Analysis

TANGKOKO Tangkoko Duasudara Nature Reserve

WCS Wildlife Conservation Society CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION

1.1 DEVELOPMENT AND SCOPE OF THE SAP

AIMS A LIVING DOCUMENT This document aims to provide an authoritative source of species- A fundamental component of an SAP is to review the current related conservation information available to natural resource information available as a foundation for further research and managers, conservationists and decision makers. It is hoped that it conservation activities. This may then be utilised to assess the will inform and guide future conservation activities for M. nigra, and situation facing the species and develop an appropriate strategy contribute to sympatric biodiversity conservation. Chapter Five for its conservation. This SAP is intended to be a ‘living document’, provides a time-bound guide to the recommended conservation the information within which should be updated regularly to reflect action required to reach the desired vision as proposed in this updated conditions. The current draft has been revised since its document, and thus serves as the central tool for the action plan. inception in 2013 with several iterations based on stakeholder The targeted groups and institutions for whom which this information consultation, promoting broad ownership and responsibility for the is aimed at are defined in the framework for action, divided into conservation of M. nigra and its habitat. Stakeholders relevant to responsible parties and partners. the process of updating the SAP include local village representatives, local and national government agencies, research MACACA NIGRA: A FLAGSHIP SPECIES and conservation NGOs. A technical committee will assess priorities This action plan is developed with a single species focus; the of each action point and monitor progress annually. Sulawesi crested black macaque (M. nigra). As a flagship species, conservation of the Critically Endangered M. nigra will also make a SCOPE OF THE SAP significant and positive contribution to biodiversity conservation in The scope of this SAP covers the native range of M. nigra, including an area of high endemism (Wilson et al., 2006). Sulawesi is regarded areas where they have been historically relocated to; Minahasa for its remarkable species biodiversity and boasts the highest level of and Bolaang Mongondow (North Sulawesi) and Bacan Island in endemism within Indonesia1. Other species of note in Sulawesi are South Halmehera (Moluccas). As identified in the threat analysis in anoa (Bubalus depressicournis), babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa), chapter 3 gaps remain in our understanding of the distribution of maleo (Macrocephalon maleo), Minahasa masked-owl (Tytoinex the specifies, therefore it is recommended that comprehensive spectata) and the satanic nightjar (Eurostopodus diabolicus). census records are attained as a priority. This will help inform pragmatic conservation decisions as recommended in the framework for action. 1. Data compiled by Holmes and Philips (1996) identified 88 out of 328 (27%) bird species and 79 out of 127 (62%) mammal species to be endemics to Sulawesi; the latter rises to 98% if only flightless mammals are considered. SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION

1.2 VISION, MISSION AND GOALS

The vision for the species describes the desired future state of the species, based upon an assessment of its current status and a detailed consideration of its conservation needs. It is a long-term and range-wide outlook. The mission sets out the processes needed to realise the vision. The goals represent the key areas for which are required to focus conservation attention.

VISION

M. nigra flourish as self-sustaining populations in their native habitat within healthy , balanced and well- protected ecosystems and are recognised as a symbol of local GOALS and national pride. 1. Effective law enforcement

2. Positive land stewardship MISSION 3. Sustainable and To ensure self-sustaining environmentally sensitive populations of M. nigra continue project development in their native habitat through reduction of threats, protection of 4. Widespread recognition their habitat and connectivity of value for M. nigra between populations. 5. Sufficient resource People throughout Indonesia, capacity particularly in Sulawesi, are made aware of the ecological and cultural importance of M. nigra. CHAPTER 2 CURRENT STATUS OF M. NIGRA SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – CHAPTER 2 – CURRENT STATUS OF M. NIGRA

2.1 THE SULAWESI MACAQUES

SEVEN MACAQUE SPECIES Currently seven macaque species are recognised on the island of Sulawesi (Fig 1.), which represents rapid diversification due to range restriction and fragmentation (Riley, 2010). It is plausible there are is greater diversity, for example M. togeanus proposed on the Togean islands. The macaque social system is Vulnerable expected to have also affected dispersal and genetic variation (Evans, 2003). The origin of Sulawesi macaques has Vulnerable Critically long been debated, however some researchers suggest that Endangered Sulawesi macaques originated from two colonisation events of pigtail macaques (M. nemestrina) originally from Kalimantan (Fooden, 1967; Evans, 1999; 2003). M. nigra are distinct from the other macaques due to their full black colouration, tall crest of hair on their heads and pink ischial callosities; hairless skin pads on the rump which appear heart-shaped in males and Vulnerable immature females. M. nigra have a very short, hairless tail Vulnerable about 20mm long (Bynum, 1999).

HYBRIDISATION Aside from the geographically isolated species M. brunnescens, hybridisation (mixing of species) occurs at the boundaries between all neighbouring Sulawesi macaque species (Groves, 1980; Supriatna, 1991; Watanabe & Endangered Matsumura, 1991; Bynum et al., 1997). Although the location Vulnerable of current contact zones of M. nigra with adjacent populations of M. nigrescens are uncertain, individuals with intermediate characteristics, presumably hybrids, have FIGURE 1. THE DIVERSITY & DISTRIBUTION OF THE SEVEN EXTANT SULAWESI MACAQUE SPECIES. historically been seen (Sugardjito et al., 1989). Genetic Source: Riley et al., (2010). Illustration courtesy of Stephen Nash and Erin Riley. assessment of this hybridisation is yet to be undertaken. Source of conservation status – IUCN. SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – CHAPTER 2 – CURRENT STATUS OF M. NIGRA

2.2 NATIVE RANGE OF M. NIGRA

NON-NATIVE RANGE NATIVE RANGE On the island of Bacan, 300km South East of North Sulawesi, among M. nigra’s native range extends across North Sulawesi province (Fig. the Maluku islands, there is a large introduced population of M. nigra 2). The area of North Sulawesi stretches 15.273km2 encompassing four (Hamada, Oi, & Watanabe, 1994; Hilser et al., 2013). This population large cities (BPS, 2016). The climate is tropical and relatively constant was not included within the IUCN threat assessments because it is at a temperature of around 26-30oC and there is a noticeable outside the native range. However, since its introduction in the mid increase in rainfall between November and June. 1800s, it has achieved a notable size (see section 2.4) and is therefore considered to be a necessary inclusion within the scope of this SAP. Within this region, the most up-to-date published information on the range of M. nigra states an approximate breadth of 5,690km2, extending from the Northern tip and some of the small surrounding islands (Lembeh, 61.7km2; Manadotua, 8.6km2; and Talise, 16.8km2) to the Onggak Dumoga River and Mount Padang where it meets the boundary (and possible hybrid zone) with M. nigrescens (Supriatna and Andayani, 2008).

However, recent un-published camera-trap data has recorded M. nigra occurrences 39km beyond this boundary (WCS, 2016 pers. comm.), which if correct could mean a range expansion of up to 2,114 km2. However, we are lacking information to be able to conclude on the location of remaining viable populations of the species. For this reason further research related to the distribution and status of the species is urgently needed. Figure 2 overleaf outlines M. nigra’s native range. SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – CHAPTER 2 – CURRENT STATUS OF M. NIGRA

2.2 NATIVE RANGE OF M. NIGRA CONTINUED

FIGURE 2. THE NATIVE RANGE OF M. NIGRA MAP ACROSS NORTH SULAWESI. SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – CHAPTER 2 – CURRENT STATUS OF M. NIGRA

2.3 BEHAVIOURAL ECOLOGY OF M. NIGRA

SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS FEEDING ECOLOGY M. nigra is considered semi-terrestrial (Rowe, 1996). They live in large, M. nigra individuals spend about 59% of their day foraging and multi-male multi-female groups, with an alpha male at the top of the consuming food, two thirds of which consists of fruit from over 145 fruit hierarchy (Kinnaird & O'Brien, 2000). Average group size is estimated species (Kinnaird & O’Brien, 1997). They supplement their diet with at 67 individuals and mean home range size of 2.16km2 (Riley, 2010) invertebrates, shoots, young leaves and the stems of flowering plants whilst the home ranges overlap between neighbouring groups. M. (MNP pers. comms.). Additionally, those bordering agricultural areas nigra are sexually dimorphic in their vocalisation range and function may opportunistically forage on food crops (Bynum et al., 1999; (Neumann et al., 2010) and are one of the few macaque species in Rosenbaum et al., 1998; Riley, 2007). In Tangkoko the fruit portion of which males utter loud calls (Wich & Nunn, 2002); these serve as a the diet of M. nigra is dominated by the families Anacardiaceae and signal of dominance and to prevent contests between males for Moraceae, with Ficus spp. being preferable during periods of mates (Neumann et al. 2010). availability (Rosenbaum, 1998). Daily movements and home range size is directly related with food availability. In areas where food is REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY scarce groups sizes are smaller and travel further than groups with Females sexually mature at about 4-5 years old, and males at about 7 abundant food availability (O’Brien & Kinnaird, 1997). years (MNP, pers. comms.). Females remain in their natal groups, whilst males disperse once mature, with all alpha male replacements by males from outside of the group (Marty et al., 2015). A single infant is born after a gestation period of 5.5 months, then females are fertile again after around 18 months after giving birth (Lang, 2006). At birth, infants have black hair and pink skin, which lasts for about 4-5 months before going black. It is thought that this colouring may act as a warning to other members to take care when interacting with the mother, so as not to injure the baby, which usually clings to her belly. Juveniles spend less time with their mothers once they reach 4 months old and are fully weaned at about a year. Infant mortality is quite high, with around 20% of infants not surviving to weaning age. SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – CHAPTER 2 – CURRENT STATUS OF M. NIGRA

2.3 BEHAVIOURAL ECOLOGY OF M. NIGRA CONTINUED

HABITAT PREFERENCE Primary Forest M. nigra is a forest dwelling primate, shown to be capable of inhabiting 9% a variety of forest habitats at all altitudes including montane primary, early and mature secondary and actively logged forests. Despite an Secondary Forest ability to exploit disturbed and even agricultural areas, they 18% demonstrate a preference for habitat with large canopy-sized trees Non-potential Bush/scrub (Rosenbaum et al., 1998; Palacios et al., 2012). habitat 7% 66%

HABITAT AVAILABILITY According to land cover maps provided by Directorate General of Forestry Planning and Environmental Management (KLHK, 2015), the total amount of potentially suitable habitat remaining across the known M. nigra range is approximately 2,901km2 (Fig. 3). This is comprised of primary and secondary forest with the possibility of bush and scrub also being habitable. Further research is required to determine the occupancy of M. nigra across these habitats.

Case Study

Tangkoko, a stronghold for the species, is characterised by lowland tropical forest, with partial sub-montane and cloud forest at altitudes up to 1,300m. M. nigra is found in all habitats and altitudes in the reserve and is considered a healthy and viable population.

FIGURE 3. THE LAND COVER OF NORTH SULAWESI. SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – CHAPTER 2 – CURRENT STATUS OF M. NIGRA

2.4 POPULATION STATUS 2.5 CONSERVATION STATUS

POPULATION STATUS ACROSS NATIVE RANGE CONSERVATION STATUS There has been an undisputed decline in M. nigra populations in their M. nigra is currently listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red native range since the first population surveys conducted in the 1970s. List following an assessment in 2008 (Supriatna & Andayani, 2008). Since this time numerous surveys have been conducted and The IUCN assessment concludes that the species has declined by subsequently discovered dramatic declines in drops in the populations more than 50% in the last 10 years or three generations and that the density (Fig. 4). Although predominantly conducted in Tangkoko, and decline in mature individuals has been caused by a decline in the therefore limited in its ability to make inferences, this research offers the quality of habitat as well as actual levels of exploitation. Prior to this only available picture of what is happening across the M. nigra range. classification, the species was designated as Endangered in 1996 and 2000 assessments. According to the biennial Primates In Peril report, in 2017 the species is been included on the World’s Top 25 SUMMARY OF CENSUS SURVEYS TANGKOKO Most Endangered Species List.

300 NON NATIVE STATUS – BACAN ISLAND The wild Bacan island population of M. nigra was not considered in 2 the IUCN assessment because it exists outside the natural range 200 (see Section 2.2). The latest estimates place this population at around 100,000 individuals/km2 (Rosenbaum et al., 1998). Consequently, it has long been considered a potential genetic 100 reservoir for re-stocking on the mainland and therefore noted for its

Individuals/km conservation significance.

0 EX-SITU STATUS 1978 1988 1994 2010 2011 There is a managed captive population of M. nigra, predominantly held in European zoos as part of three global endangered species Year FIGURE 4. ESTIMATED POPULATION DENSITIES (INDVIDUALS/KM2) OF M. NIGRA AT breeding programmes (see Chapter 4 Ex-situ Population KPHK TANGKOKO FROM 1978 TO 2011. 1978 DATA FROM MACKINNON & Management). MACKINNON (SEE WWF, 1980); 1988 DATA FROM SUGARDITO ET AL., 1989. 1994 DATTS FROM ROSENBAUM ET AL. 1988; 2010 DATA FROM KYES ET AL., 2012 CHAPTER 3 THREATS SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – CHAPTER 3 – THREATS

3.1 BACKGROUND AND THREAT RATING INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION THREAT ANALYSIS WITHIN THE SAP It is clear from many other threat assessments of endangered species The Conservation Measures Partnership (IUCN-CMP, 2008) published a that primate population declines are being driven at an list of threats which can be used to identify factors which are unprecedented rate by human activities such as forest conversion compromising the survival of M. nigra and its habitat. This document leading to habitat loss and hunting (Cowlishaw, 1999; Sodhi et al., includes two preliminary threat assessment exercises to determine 2004; Marshall et al., 2006). which IUCN-CMP threats posed the greatest risk to M. nigra and its habitats1. In line with this trend, it has been determined that the greatest risk to M. nigra’s survival is hunting and the destruction of its habitat through The first assessment rates each IUCN-CMP threats on three different timber harvesting. This section of the SAP presents the analysis that components: has allowed conclusive position on the importance of each threat and a full synopsis of the most pertinent threats facing the species Scope: the proportion of the target (M. nigra population or its habitat occurrence) that can reasonably be expected to be affected by the threat and its habitat. within 10yrs given the continuation of current circumstances and trends.

DEFINITIONS Severity: the level of damage to the target (M. nigra or its habitat) from the threat A threat is defined as a factor which causes either a substantial, that can reasonably be expected given the continuation of current circumstances and trends. population decline, or contraction of the species’ geographic range (Salafsky et al., 2003, 2008). Irreversibility: degree to which the effects of a threat can be reversed and the Threats are referred to in this document as direct threats or target affected by the threat restored. contributing factors based on the work of Salafsky, 2008: Ratings are carried out on these three components on a 4 part scale: 1. Direct threats: The proximate human activities or processes that have 1 = low, 2 = medium, 3 = high, 4 = very high. In some instances little or caused, are causing, or may cause the destruction, degradation, and/or no evidence was found to support these ratings. As such a impairment of biodiversity targets confidence level was ascribed to threat ratings to ensure 2. Contributing factors: The ultimate factors, usually social, economic, political, transparency; a subjective rank from 0 - 5 (0 = educated guess, 5 = institutional, or cultural, that enable or add to the occurrence or persistence good quality data available), this is the second assessment. Full results of direct threats of this are included in Appendices 3 and 4, though a summary is included overleaf.

1: Assessments courtesy of Harry Hilser, Helen Sampson and Vicky Melfi (current and past Selamatkan Yaki programme managers and founder, respectively). SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – CHAPTER 3 – THREATS

3.2 THREAT RATING EXERCISE

M. NIGRA SPECIES AND HABITAT RATING: SECOND ASSESSMENT The table below shows a summary of IUCN-CMP threats rated as high risk according to their impact on both M. nigra species and its habitat. Threats were scored 1 – 4, where1 = low and 4 = very high, therefore the maximum summary threat rating was 24 for both species and habitat threat ratings. The table below is an extract of the full threat rating and only shows the risks rated 15 and above. These ratings are deemed to be the highest level facing the species and its habitat. The full threat rating exercise is included within Appendices 3 and 4. The remainder of this chapter addresses these specific threats and evidence describing the current situation affecting the species.

TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF IUCN-CMP THREATS RATED AS HIGH RISK ACCORDING TO THEIR IMPACT ON BOTH M. NIGRA SPECIES AND ITS HABITAT Overall Summary Threat Threat Threat type Confidence Level Direct/ Contributing Rating 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops Habitat 19 5 Direct

1.1 Housing & urban Habitat 17 4 Contributing

5.1 Hunting & collecting of terrestrial animals Species 16 5 Direct

2.3 Livestock farming Habitat 15 3 Contributing

5.3 Logging & wood harvesting Habitat 15 4 Direct

3.2 Mining Habitat 15 5 Contributing SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – CHAPTER 3 – THREATS

3.3 THREAT SYNOPSIS: M. NIGRA SPECIES

KEY POINTS • The key threat to M. nigra on a species level is hunting, primarily for consumption. • There also reported instances of M. nigra being held as pets. • There is evidence that M. nigra is being traded as bushmeat in markets, the occurrence of which may increase over festive periods. • While the species is protected by law, in reality there is little enforcement of this law.

THREAT INFORMATION

Consumption • Most hunting of M. nigra, is considered to be for consumption, either by the hunter or for sale at a locally-based commercial market. • Local markets supply bushmeat to the growing urban communities sometimes via a large number of traditional restaurants. • The predominantly Christian population in North Sulawesi1 is not food restricted due to religious doctrine unlike those following other religions and this has allowed many kinds of bushmeat, including M. nigra, to develop as a locally appreciated food source. • North Sulawesi is a well-developed and relatively affluent province within Indonesia, thus people are rarely dependent on M. nigra to satisfy their nutritional requirement. Instead, M. nigra is considered a delicacy and believed by some to have certain medicinal properties, e.g. enhancing physical strength or curing skin diseases. • Hunting therefore appears to be driven to meet the demands of ceremonial food consumption, rather than for subsistence.

1. Approximately 85% of people are Christian (KSPSU, 1994 cited by Lee, 2000) SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – CHAPTER 3 – THREATS

3.3 THREAT SYNOPSIS: M. NIGRA SPECIES

THREAT INFORMATION CONTINUED

Pet trade • M. nigra infants are kept as pets either through opportunistic capture or as a result of hunting and killing of the mother. Some infants are kept solely as pets, others are maintained for relatively short periods prior to consumption. • Confiscated individuals will often go to Tasikoki Wildlife Rescue and Education Centre in North Minahasa, which is residually at capacity. • It is common for villagers to voluntarily surrender pet M. nigra after they learn the illegality of ownership, or that the animal might be a source of potential zoonotic transmission to their families.

Legal protection • M. nigra has been protected by Indonesian Law Since 1977 making it illegal to hunt, kill, or trade in the species. • According to Act No. 5/1990 on the Conservation of Biological Resources and Ecosystems, trade of protected wildlife is a criminal offense punishable by five years imprisonment and a fine of 100 million rupiahs. • The species is listed under Appendix II of CITES of which Indonesia is a signatory by Presidential Decree No. 43/1978 and the Convention on Biological Diversity by Law No. 5/1994. This affords the species protection against unregulated international trade. • In North Sulawesi, few prosecutions for hunting or trade in M. nigra have occurred and enforcement of the law is considered poor. • It is likely that trade in M. nigra is maintained in North Sulawesi due to a lack of awareness about laws prohibiting the practice and lack of enforcement of these laws. SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – CHAPTER 3 – THREATS

3.3 THREAT SYNOPSIS: M. NIGRA SPECIES CONTINUED

THREAT INFORMATION CONTINUED

Evidence • A study carried out in 19 villages in Minahasa in 2007 (Melfi et al., in prep) shows that eating bushmeat and especially M. nigra is widespread throughout the region. Over 50% of respondents in seven villages reported consuming M. nigra, and most other villagers also reported consuming M. nigra. • Surveys were conducted of 5 markets over a 3 month period from October to December 2011. • Researchers observed and monitored bushmeat being sold from 0600 - 0830 on Saturdays. They recorded the total number of whole animals of each species, whether dead or alive, the cost of different species/kg and, when possible, the origin of the bushmeat being sold. Whole M. nigra carcases where found to be traded in Tomohon and Langowan. • Additionally, evidence of bushmeat frequency indicates that the trade in M. nigra increases around festive periods (Lee, 2005).

FIGURE 6. THE PERCENTAGE OF VILLAGERS (RESPONDENTS) IN MINAHASA, WHO REPROTED THAT THEY CONSUME M. NIGRA AND/OR OTHER BUSH MET (MELFI ET AL., IN PREP)

FIGURE 5. THE NUMBER OF WHOLE ANIMAL CARCASSES OF EACH TAXA IDENTIFIED FOUND FOR SALE IN FIVE MARKETS THROUGHOUT MINAHASA (SAMPSON ET AL., IN PREP) SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – CHAPTER 3 – THREATS

3.3 THREAT SYNOPSIS: HABITAT

KEY POINTS • The growing population of North Sulawesi is driving increased commercial and subsistence agriculture, housing developments and transport links. • North Sulawesi’s forests are targeted for increased space, building materials and fertile areas for agriculture and M. nigra’s habitat is being cleared to meet these demands and pressures. • The majority of areas where M. nigra should be found are being degraded at a fast rate (Bynum et al., 1999). • Increased human encroachment leads to fragmentation of existing M. nigra populations and therefore reduced genetic viability.

THREAT INFORMATION

Logging • Commercial-scale developments including logging and plantations are fundamental drivers of tropical rainforest destruction (Rudel, 2005; Butler & Laurance, 2008). Beginning in the 1970s the provincial government began supporting large-scale logging and large agricultural projects to cope with a growing population: > In 2015, 2.4 million people resided in North Sulawesi. > Population growth estimated to be 10.7% p.a. (BPS 2016, based on 2010 census data). • Since the 1970’s migrants from urban areas to the countryside have converted large tracks of forest into cash crops such as coffee and cacao (BPS 2010). • Cannon et al., (2007) undertook a comprehensive review of forests throughout Sulawesi, noting that across the region about 30% of the forest was in good condition (only scattered signs of human activity), whereas over 50% was considered to be in poor condition (highly fragmented, largely dominated by human activity, including converted forest ). They note that there is a significant positive correlation between altitude and forest condition, as most of the forest in good condition occupies the highlands above 1500 meters (see Fig. 6.)

FIGURE 7. SULAWESI FOREST CONDITION AS SCORED BY CANON ET AL., (2007) SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – CHAPTER 3 – THREATS

3.3 THREAT SYNOPSIS: HABITAT CONTINUED

THREAT INFORMATION Agriculture Logging continued • To meet the demands of a growing population including their • Between 1980 and 2008, some 3.5 million ha of forest were lost, nutritional needs, agricultural output must increase. Unavoidable representing a roughly 30% decline in forest area (UNDP, 2015). impacts from the increase in agriculture include widespread land • Levels of deforestation are lower than those reported in other conversion and degradation. areas of Indonesia, due to accessibility issues at altitude with the • Bitung city exemplifies this trend, whereby it increased agricultural many volcanic slopes within the region; however the majority of crop production from 6016 tons in 2008 to 15,089 tons in areas where M. nigra should be found are being destroyed at a 2009 (BPS, 2010). fast rate (Bynum et al., 1999). • Sulawesi contributed 4.2 % of national GDP of Indonesia in • Consequences of selective logging on the survival of frugivore 2008 and a third of this contribution (1.4%) was generated from species may also be severe (Johns, 1988). agriculture • North Sulawesi maintains relatively large numbers of livestock; numbering 106,598 cattle, 42,814 goats, 320,136 pigs and 7,676 Fires: a result of logging horses in 2009 (BPS, 2010). Production of livestock is associated • Through increased logging, there is an additional risk that a with various potential negative ramifications, for example waste tropical forest, such as one that would support M. nigra management, habitat conversion for grazing and other populations, are at high risk of destruction by wildfires (Siegert et contributing factors. Furthermore, livestock farming is land and al., 2001). resource intensive; further contributing to land change and • Severe drought has been associated with periods of El Niño, degradation. Livestock farming is likely to increase with during which time the logged forests can be particularly sensitive population increases. to fire activity which can become uncontrollable; in these • Livestock farming may also indirectly pose a risk to wild M. nigra circumstances fires started by people can lead to significant populations, as domesticated animals such as cats, dogs, birds damage (Siegert et al., 2001). and livestock animals, may act as potential reservoirs for • The use of fire is widely employed as a tool to clear land for infectious disease and cause potential population crashes commercial and subsistence agriculture as well as hunting in (Contacos, 1970; Sapolsky, 1987; Fayer et al., 2000; Lewis et al., some areas of Indonesia. 2002). • In addition, increased commercial agriculture is associated with increased human encroachment into habitat occupied by M. nigra, causing fragmentation in the population and reduced contiguous forest available to the species. SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – CHAPTER 3 – THREATS

3.3 THREAT SYNOPSIS: HABITAT CONTINUED

THREAT INFORMATION CONTINUED

Smallholder agriculture Smallholder agriculture and coconut plantations: a case study

• Farming in North Sulawesi largely remains in the hands of small • Smallholder agriculture is significant in terms of human holders earning a living for themselves and their families. This is encroachment on PAs. An example of this is the coconut industry. partly due to the lack of agricultural export infrastructure on the Now dominating much M. nigra native habitat, coconut island farming (UNDP, 2016). plantations represent a serious threat to the survival of the species • Many individuals and communities neighboring forests and PAs rely and the integrity of it’s native habitats. on the resources they can obtain from these forests for subsistence, • Coconut trees are widely distributed throughout Northern fuelwood and building supplies. As many generations will have Sulawesi, growing in coastal areas from sea level to mountainous previously lived on this land, harvested from it and managed it areas at elevations more than 600 meters above sea level. carefully, there is a perceived expectation for younger generations • The total registered area set aside for coconut plantations was to follow the same path (UNDP, 2015). 274,917 hectares in 2009 (Plantation Agency of North Sulawesi, 2009). • Around 93% of these plantations are operated by smallholders, the remainder are owned by private companies. As with many areas, coconut dominates the crop grown in plantations; in the city of Bitung coconut represents the majority of the 10,986 tonnes plantation production. • In the future, it is anticipated that land conversion to coconut may rise significantly, to meet the demands of European and American ‘health food’ markets; where production does not currently meet demand (Sutherland et al., 2012). SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – CHAPTER 3 – THREATS

3.3 THREAT SYNOPSIS: HABITAT CONTINUED

THREAT INFORMATION CONTINUED

Housing and urban development Crop raiding, a result of human encroachment and increased • Rises in human population necessitates increased infrastructure agriculture and therefore the loss of habitat to facilitate this in terms of space • An increase in human-dominated ecosystems, fragmentation of and increased demand for natural resources in the local area. primate populations and overlap between human agriculture and • Growing human population and expansion of urban areas primate habitats, leads to a reduction in food availability for NHPs requires growth of transportation links, exacerbating habitat loss, and the subsequent opportunistic raiding of crops. disturbance, fragmentation of populations and greater exposure • Crop-raiding by NHPs and other animals can become an integral to other threats such as hunting through increased accessibility. aspect of their behavioural ecology (Naughton-Treves et al., 1998; • Bitung City, which is situated directly below Tangkoko, is an Priston, 2005; Strum, 2010). industrial area of the Special Economic Zones (KEK) in North • The antagonistic human-animal relationship is likely to be detrimental Sulawesi. The population of Bitung City amounted to 205,146 to the local community, in terms of economic losses, but also result in inhabitants in 2009, there has been a yearly average population reduction in primate numbers as a result of pest control and the growth of 3% since 2000 as per the last population census. greater accessibility for hunting and acquisition of pets. • Appendix 5. illustrates planned urban developments in North • Though data are not available which show the level of crop-raiding Sulawesi up to 2030. behaviour currently expressed by M. nigra across its range, anecdotal reports suggest there is little tolerance for this behaviour Transportation and infrastructure development and villagers often set traps and snares on the borders of their • As road networks increase and become more extensive native M. gardens to catch offending M. nigra (Rosenbaum et al., 1998; nigra forest habitat has to be cleared, and people have easier Bynum et al., 1999). access to previously wild spaces. • Preventing crop-raiding through opportunistic hunting of M. nigra is • The most extensive transport development is a 45km toll road in an emerging concern in North Sulawesi. construction at the time of writing this document, which will run • Collaborative management with local communities including between the two major cities in Minahasa, Manado and Bitung. sustainable livelihoods and campaigns to improve tolerance and Amongst the benefits the road is anticipated to yield, the perception are essential to resolve the issue and reduce conflict. development agency also hopes it will facilitate the growth of Bitung as a major dock and hub for tourism. • Several other road developments have been proposed in the North Sulawesi Transportation Systems Development Programme. • Plans include construction of two large ring-roads which will encircle the cities of Tondano and Tomohon, both adjacent to known M. nigra habitat. SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – CHAPTER 3 – THREATS

3.3 THREAT SYNOPSIS: HABITAT CONTINUED

THREAT INFORMATION CONTINUED

Mining • The provincial government rank the mining and energy sector third in their priority for development in North Sulawesi (including the development of hydro and geothermal plants ). • Mining operates in both a legal and illegal capacity. British- based Archipelago Resources and Austindo have invested about US$300 million in Indonesia. The firm controls over 741,000 hectares of mining concessions in Minahasa that is estimated to produce 162,000 ounces of gold every year. • Mining concessions in North Sulawesi are illustrated in the diagram opposite. • Extensive illegal open area mining occurs across North Sulawesi, and is particularly detrimental, where mercury is used to find gold; an activity which even takes place in protected areas, causing habitat destruction through direct clear-cutting of forest accompanied by pollution from mercury run off (Aspinall, 2011). • Although not directly measured empirically, it is likely that remaining M. nigra habitat would be further degraded through environmental impacts as a result of mining operations, especially if more concessions are likely to be established in proximity to populations of M. nigra. • The graph overleaf shows the distribution of registered minies through North Sulawesi SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – CHAPTER 3 – THREATS

3.3 THREAT SYNOPSIS: HABITAT CONTINUED

THREAT INFORMATION CONTINUED

FIGURE 8. DISTRIBUTION OF REGISTERED MINIES THROUGHOUT NORTH SULAWESI (ASPINALL, 2011). CHAPTER 4 THE ROLE OF PROTECTED AREAS FOR M. NIGRA CONSERVATION SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – CHAPTER 4 – CONSERVATION AND PROTECTED AREAS

4.1 CURRENT PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT IN NORTH SULAWESI

BACKGROUND TO PROTECTED AREAS IN NORTH SULAWESI THE ROLE OF NGO’S IN SUPPORTING PA’S About 10% of the total land mass of Indonesia has been allocated There are several local NGOs operating within the native range of M. Protected Area (PA) status. This includes a network of 495 terrestrial nigra, with the goal of reducing threats to wildlife while supporting PAs covering 22.7 million hectares and 40 marine PAs covering 11.6 institutional capacity to enhance the protection of natural areas. million hectares. Indonesia’s 1999 Forestry Law divides forested areas These NGOs include Selamatkan Yaki, Wildlife Conservation Society, into three broad categories, based on function: Conservation Tasikoki Wildlife Rescue Centre, Macaca Nigra Project and Tangkoko Forests, Protected Forests and Production Forests. The main purpose Conservation Education among others. Work includes community of Conservation Forest is to conserve the ecosystem and diversity of outreach and awareness campaigns, formalised conservation plants and animals within it (Article 1 (9) of the Forestry Law). education and collaborative governance strategies all working to Conservation Forests are forest areas with special features, and support threat reduction activities in the area. include National Parks. Additionally, the province has received greater attention in recent Decentralisation laws (No. 22 and No. 25, both passed in 2001) and years with international support, evidenced by the establishment of other changes in government policies have had major impacts on the United Nations Development Programme’s EPASS project. nature protection and conservation in Indonesia. Indonesia has more Supported by GEF and implemented through the KLHK, the project than 150 national laws and regulations to protect its wildlife species aims to address enhance the systemic and institutional capacity of and natural areas. Sulawesi’s PA system, ensure financial sustainability and reduce threats through collaborative governance. With long-term Forest governance and management in Indonesia, which is collaboration between all stakeholders, with future investment and governed by Law No. 41/1999, explicitly includes provisions for attention paid to North Sulawesi’s PAs, the longevity of the remaining decentralisation and local people empowerment. Protection of M. nigra populations should be more secure. natural resources in Indonesia is now implemented through a participation between local governments, non-governmental organisations and local communities. This consequently requires careful coordination between government and non-government sectors, and between national and local government agencies, to enforce laws.

The management of PAs in Indonesia comes under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, within which the Natural Resource Conservation Agency is responsible for management of all nature reserves and national parks. SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – CHAPTER 4 – CONSERVATION AND PROTECTED AREAS

4.2 M. NIGRA AND THE PA SYSTEM

M. NIGRA AND THE PA SYSTEM M. nigra depend on forest habitat relatively free from disturbance, In particular, ecotourism can bring many benefits, including local with sufficient ecological integrity to support their populations. income through guiding and providing for tourists’ needs proving Protection and management of existing PAs has not been that natural areas and their wildlife such as M. nigra are more adequate to prevent extensive encroachment and damage within valuable intact. PA boundaries, whilst natural areas beyond PA boundaries have been even more rapidly degraded as a result of logging, It is also noteworthy that many of the PAs across the species range conversion, mining, fires and hunting. additionally provide great value in both direct economic and indirect provisions through ecosystem services, particularly as water Today M. nigra is found in the following PA’s: KPHK Tangkoko, Gn. sources and prevention of natural disasters. Ambang Nature Reserve, Manembo-nembo Wildlife Sanctuary, Gungun Lokon Nature Reserve, Boganinani Wartabone National The long-term solution to conserving Sulawesi’s biodiversity is an Park. improved PA system that is well integrated into its surrounding landscape, with the capacities and financial resources to Properly managed, PAs hold the potential to enhance local safeguard biodiversity from existing and future threats. economy and community welfare. SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – CHAPTER 4 – CONSERVATION AND PROTECTED AREAS

4.3 OVERVIEW ANALYSIS OF STRENGTHS, OPPORTUNITIES, WEAKNESSES AND THREATS OF PAS COVERING M. NIGRA’S RANGE

INTRODUCTION The table below summarises the current strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT analysis) of the PAs across the M. nigra range. It is clear that the survival of the species, as well as a host of others inhabiting the same range as M. nigra, depends on PAs and their effective management. The next chapter includes solutions as part of the framework for action. These action points build on from the information below.

STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES OPPORTUNITIES THREATS

•Large % of land allocated to •Lack of financial stability. •Increased international •Growing population and PAs (358,757ha) N. Sulawesi. •Insufficient law enforcement support and outside increasing pressures •Legal basis and capacity for capacity for effective investment eg. UNDP’s EPASS associated with this growth potential effective protection of the reserve Project allocated over $6m eg. need for building space, management is in place. •Incomplete systems to to strengthen the agricultural land and •Current NGO presence promote collaborative effectiveness and financial transport links. across M. nigra native range management between sustainability of Sulawesi’s PA •Persistence of bushmeat system. •Substantial additional stakeholders in PAs and trapping and hunting, and potential PA habitat for M. buffer zones. •Increasing NGO presence habitat loss through logging. nigra. •Ineffective distribution of leading to increased •Expansion of small scale resources, personnel and •Relatively lower resources. agricultural farms. capacity building of local deforestation rates within PAs •No system to evaluate •Lack of alternative professionals. vs outside PAs. appropriate management opportunities for locals in PA •Strong existing tourism base •Resources in place for action. zones and buffer zones (largely Tangkoko) that can response to forest fires. •Lack of demarcated leading to the continuation be built on to extend the physical boundaries of Pas. of unsustainable activities. capacity for sustainable •Fragmentation of existing •Lack of on-the-ground tourism and associated patrols. habitat undermines ability for employment prospects for viable populations to locals. prosper. SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – CHAPTER 4 – CONSERVATION AND PROTECTED AREAS

FIGURE 9. KPHK TANGKOKO - A USEFUL CASE STUDY FOR PAS OFFERING LESSONS IN MANAGEMENT EFECTIVENEESS, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY AND COLLABORATIVE GOVERNANCE. CHAPTER 5 FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – CHAPTER 5 – FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION

5.1 FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION - INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION The framework for action is based on the following principles from the many of these actions, such as raising awareness of community IUCN Primate Specialist Group: members about laws whilst effectively enforcing laws and following up on prosecutions, will act synergistically to reduce the threat at a 1. Setting aside protected areas for endangered and vulnerable greater speed. species; 2. creating large national parks and reserves in areas of high primate A summary of the action plan is included on the following pages, diversity and/or abundance; followed by the full framework. 3. maintaining or increasing the effectiveness of parks and reserves that already exist; and 4. creating or increasing public awareness of the need for primate conservation and the importance of primates both as part of the natural heritage of the countries in which they occur, and as important components in the environmental systems whose proper functioning is vital for human well-being.

The framework details what action is needed, which party should be either responsible or involved at a supportive level in the implementation of these actions, and over what time period. It should be kept in mind that the actions have been derived from a broad participatory process and are generally all-encompassing, addressing each of the goals outlined in Chapter 1.

Several of the suggested actions are beyond current operating and resource capacity of the involved parties; this helps to ensure that the procurement of financial longevity is sought as part of an action plan formation. It is further suggested that priorities are made for these suggested actions.

Many actions are relevant to two or more threats identified in Chapter 3, and are thus repeated, so should not be viewed as exclusive to reducing one threat only. Additionally, if implemented together, SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – CHAPTER 5 – FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION

5.2 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS FROM FRAMEWORK

OBJECTIVE 1: EFFECTIVE LAW ENFORCEMENT AND PA Recommendation action to reach objective MANAGEMENT 1 Improve coordination between authority, institutions and society to maximise effective use of resources and so that regulations are more likely BACKGROUND to be enforced • The enforcement of law is considered high on the agenda for 2 Perform integrated patrols regularly across key habitat for M. nigra means to reduce the threats to M. nigra. • General management systems across all stages of planning, 3 Upgrade capacity and extent of patrol team to ensure active surveillance implementation and evaluation require sufficient and create disincentives for people to exploit natural resources improvement. 4 Optimize intelligence activities to monitor and track illegal wildlife trade networks 5 Training for all law enforcement officers including police officers regarding RECOMMENDATIONS how to identify protected species including M. nigra, for effective capture • We recommend improved coordination between authorities, of wildlife traders agencies and communities as the basis for improving 6 Make PERDA (‘Peraturan Daerah’ – local bylaw) for the effective local likelihood of enhancing regulations and the enforcement of protection of M. nigra them. 7 Firm legal action against anyone who consumes, trades and hunts M. • Raids of establishments keeping or trading in the species, nigra and ensure prosecutions are followed up especially in line with PERDA including restaurants would complement an official notification of the protected status of M. nigra alongside the 8 Create an evaluation tool to measure the effectiveness of PA management to identify challenges and requirements for long-term campaign of new local regulations. progress • An external evaluation of the current status of management 9 Unannounced inspections of establishments keeping or trading the for protected areas and forest habitat would help to prioritise species to enable law enforcement efforts whilst identifying strengths and challenges to focus on. 10 Notification of M. nigra's protected status to the wider community and stakeholders through campaigns via multiple media channels

11 Award informants for reporting cases of illegal activities on M. nigra to encourage likelihood of reports

12 Create hotlines to handle reported cases of illegal activities to M. nigra SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – CHAPTER 5 – FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION

5.2 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS FROM FRAMEWORK CONTINUED

OBJECTIVE 2: SUSTAINABLE LAND STEWARDSHIP

BACKGROUND Recommendation action to reach objective • Ineffective utilisation of agricultural and urban planning land 1 Sustainable economic development of local communities ensuring can be seriously detrimental to wildlife and habitats. livelihoods are not pressuring environment to point beyond replenishment • Technological and social innovation for optimising productivity 2 Create clear regional boundaries (create buffer zone) between PA and and strategic land use is essential for ensuring PAs are not buffer zone disturbed, while potentially benefitting community welfare. 3 Provide technical training and technological practice in sustainable agriculture RECOMMENDATIONS 4 Encourage community-based conservation and collaborative governance, • Identifying key viable habitat for the species through a satellite including community forums and community conservation agreements to and ground survey research project would be a first step in increase involvement and coordination between these key stakeholders

understanding where problems are most prevalent and where 5 Instill patrols held by local communities for greater scope of patrols, stronger opportunities for habitat stewardship may be maximised. sense of responsibility and enhanced protection of key M. nigra habitat • Changes in agricultural methods are required, as well as 6 Investigation into the condition of M. nigra habitat and the potential for demarcation of boundaries, reforestation projects for suitable linking M. nigra habitat to enhance genetic flow and viability of species in land and investigation into habitat connectivity schemes. the future • It is suggested that communities are given greater 7 Create a wildlife habitat corridor to connect populations of M. nigra communication and empowerment to amend land rights issues, and have more input into land management such as providing 8 Restoration and rehabilitation projects on suitable land patrols conducted by local community members. 9 Increase the total number of PA coverage and zones

10 Provide training in techniques and technology practices in sustainable agriculture to reduce pressures on habitat M. nigra SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – CHAPTER 5 – FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION

5.2 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS FROM FRAMEWORK CONTINUED

OBJECTIVE 3: PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

BACKGROUND Recommendation action to reach objective • At current fast development rates in the region, planning of urban and rural development projects requires careful considerations of 1 To increase awareness to all people locally, nationally and internationally about the importance of M. nigra and their threats and decline in numbers environmental impacts. • Results of research provides useful insight to inform best practice 2 Increase the population of M. nigra through collaborative programs with government and other stakeholders development. 3 Conduct surveys on socio-economic, attitudes and utilization of community natural resources around M. nigra habitat to monitor changes in threat pressures 4 Distribution of results from studies of flora and fauna to appropriate RECOMMENDATIONS agencies to enable evidence-based management decisions • Suggested that governmental development plans include close dialogue with other stakeholders to ensure minimum impact on 5 Development of the "Essential Ecosystem Program, BKSDA-led initiative to M. nigra habitat or populations. prioritise areas of high ecosystem services value and important ecological function • Dissemination of results from research of flora and fauna to appropriate agencies will aid in this, in addition to the adoption of 6 Create greater capacity for stakeholder communications to expand contact networks, media and resource sharing sustainable policies for companies affecting plants and animals in particular M. nigra. 7 Evaluate current and potential ex-situ management and sanctuaries in • Advised that the Bitung and Kekewang Zoos are investigated for North Sulawesi following high standards of quality future viability for nature preservation, including M. nigra. 8 Ex-situ management outside North Sulawesi including European Breeding Program to ensure genetic stock and potential for population restocking 9 The creation of sustainable policies for companies affecting crops and animals (especially M. nigra SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – CHAPTER 5 – FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION

5.2 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS FROM FRAMEWORK CONTINUED

OBJECTIVE 4: INCREASE AWARENESS OF THE M. NIGRA Recommendation action to reach objective SPECIES 1 Official declaration of M. nigra as a key priority species that needs protecting to enable increased priority setting of funding and resources for implementing conservation activities BACKGROUND 2 Development and socialization of ecotourism principles that support conservation of protected wildlife, with a net overall positive social, economic and environmental impact; • Social norms and collective attitudes an cultural tends to reduce any threats to M. nigra from tourism and increase benefits provided dictate relationships with natural places. 3 Socialization for forest management companies and SKPD (related government offices) to • Raising the species’ profile is key to fostering greater support ensure clear limitations and impacts of commercial logging in surrounding areas and creating advocates of sustainable development plans, 4 Continue comprehensive research to better understand and protect the species, extend policies or conservation efforts. to other areas including threat, human-wildlife interaction and population monitoring 5 The regional recognition of M. nigra as an important tourist icon to ensure its protection and benefits of ecotourism

RECOMMENDATIONS 6 Implement an environmental Pride Campaign for the local population • The official declaration of M. nigra as a key species in North 7 Create educational materials (leaflets, magazines, films etc.) & electronic materials and Sulawesi that needs protecting simultaneously with a pride share locally, nationally and internationally to increase the species profile and protection campaign would enhance local recognition. This requires 8 Collaborate with religious and community leaders for increased conservation efforts, especially on the principles of conservation within religion complementary use of available media channels. • Recognition of the species both locally and internationally is 9 Identify location and causes of any conflict between M. nigra and people around protected areas and develop a conflict mitigation strategy to reduce negative outcomes important. of the interaction

• Adoption of stringent ecotourism principles to lower tourism 10 Conduct research on primate health and human interaction impacts whilst maximising the benefits that sustainable 11 Develop and trial sustainable livelihood strategy to reduce threats from hunting and tourism can bring. destruction of habitat while enhancing local welfare and economy • We suggest local leaders or inspiring individuals such as 12 Develop long-term biodiversity monitoring project including a comprehensive population religious, societal or traditional leaders are approached to survey of M. nigra across its native range, including genetic analyses to better understand raise support population status and monitoring of any changes to inform conservation priority setting 13 Explore status and conservation potential of non-native M. nigra population SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – CHAPTER 5 – FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION

5.2 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS FROM FRAMEWORK CONTINUED

OBJECTIVE 5: ENSURE FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY, EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT AND CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT

BACKGROUND Recommendation action to reach objective • All recommendations will only be attainable if increased resources 1 Dissemination of information to the community about the impact of forest are allocated and more effective management of these resources. degradation with the aim to reduce motivation to exploit natural resources, and build capacity to mitigate forest destruction • Long-term visions are far more effective than short term action. 2 Addition of additional security officers to maximise effective use of resources and ensure regulations are more likely to be enforced • Adaptive management will aid as capacity increases across all stakeholders. 3 Conduct teacher training and incorporate into the local curriculum for school and informal education to nurture a culture of care in local society

4 Procurement of long-term funding for rejuvenation projects in Tangkoko and other important habitats of M. nigra, essential for continuation of RECOMMENDATIONS conservation action • Teacher training and incorporation of environmental education into 5 Creation of a sustainable source of income through marketing the area as local curriculum to schools and informal education would bring a eco-tourism attraction farther reaching scope of impact beyond singular school visits, as would empowering protected area management for more 6 Improve communication between policy makers to incorporate protection of M. nigra and other biodiversity into environmental and developmental frequent and more efficient, better equipped patrols of M. nigra priorities and allocate resources accordingly habitat. 7 Addition and maintenance of supporting facilities and infrastructure to • Revenue generation systems could bring economic benefits coordinate conservation activities and disseminate up to date information through marketing areas as tourism attractions and creating village cooperatives. • Improvements in communication at all stakeholder levels will enhance the efforts of all for implementation of any threat reduction activity aimed at protecting M. nigra. • Ecotourism approaches bring large potential for environmental, social and economic benefits. APPENDICES

1. REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY CONTINUED 2. FURTHER INFORMATION ON THREAT RATINGS 3. MORE DETAIL ON M. NIGRA SPECIES AND HABITAT THREAT RATINGS 4. COMPLETE OUTCOME OF THREAT ANALYSIS SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – APPENDIX

APPENDIX 1: FURTHER INFORMATION ON BEHAVIOURAL ECOLOGY OF M. NIGRA

REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY CONTINUED

M. nigra are promiscuous, or polygynandrous; both male and female have multiple mates. They breed year-round, although periods of high ovarian activity among adult females occur from August to June, and birthing peaks between January and May (Engelhardt & Farajallah, 2008); this peak reflects fluctuations in food availability.

As with other macaque species, the anogenital area of female M. nigra becomes swollen to indicate ovarian activity and sexual receptivity, roughly every 33-36 days; immature females will often show smaller sexual swellings. Males will further investigate female reproductive status by sniffing female genitalia (Engelhardt & Farajallah, 2008).

Sexual swellings have also been observed when females are not ovulating (Thomson et al., 1992), which has been observed at times of high tension in captive M. nigra groups (pers. comm. Melfi). Adult males have been observed to copulate at roughly similar frequencies, although adult females approach high-ranking males for sex more often than they do low-ranking males (Reed et al., 1997). SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – APPENDIX

APPENDIX 2: FURTHER INFORMATION ON THREAT RATINGS

Scope - Most commonly defined spatially as the proportion of the target that can reasonably be expected to be affected by the threat within ten years given the continuation of current circumstances and trends. For ecosystems and ecological communities, measured as the proportion of the target's occurrence. For species, measured as the proportion of the target's population. • Very High: The threat is likely to be pervasive in its scope, affecting the target across all or most (71-100%) of its occurrence/population. • High: The threat is likely to be widespread in its scope, affecting the target across much (31-70%) of its occurrence/population. • Medium: The threat is likely to be restricted in its scope, affecting the target across some (11-30%) of its occurrence/population. • Low: The threat is likely to be very narrow in its scope, affecting the target across a small proportion (1-10%) of its occurrence/population.

Severity - Within the scope, the level of damage to the target from the threat that can reasonably be expected given the continuation of current circumstances and trends. For ecosystems and ecological communities, typically measured as the degree of destruction or degradation of the target within the scope. For species, usually measured as the degree of reduction of the target population within the scope. • Very High: Within the scope, the threat is likely to destroy or eliminate the target, or reduce its population by 71-100% within ten years or three generations. • High: Within the scope, the threat is likely to seriously degrade/reduce the target or reduce its population by 31-70% within ten years or three generations. • Medium: Within the scope, the threat is likely to moderately degrade/reduce the target or reduce its population by 11-30% within ten years or three generations. • Low: Within the scope, the threat is likely to only slightly degrade/reduce the target or reduce its population by 1-10% within ten years or three generations.

Irreversibility (Permanence) - The degree to which the effects of a threat can be reversed and the target affected by the threat restored. • Very High: The effects of the threat cannot be reversed and it is very unlikely the target can be restored, and/or it would take more than 100 years to achieve this (e.g., wetlands converted to a shopping center). • High: The effects of the threat can technically be reversed and the target restored, but it is not practically affordable and/or it would take 21-100 years to achieve this (e.g., wetland converted to agriculture). • Medium: The effects of the threat can be reversed and the target restored with a reasonable commitment of resources and/or within 6-20 years (e.g., ditching and draining of wetland). • Low: The effects of the threat are easily reversible and the target can be easily restored at a relatively low cost and/or within 0-5 years (e.g., off-road vehicles trespassing in wetland). SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – APPENDIX

APPENDIX 3: MORE DETAIL ON M. NIGRA SPECIES AND HABITAT THREAT RATINGS

INTRODUCTION The tables below show a summary of IUCN-CMP threats rated as high risk according to their impact on a) M. nigra, b) their habitats, or c) both of these factors. Threats were scored 1 – 4, where1 = low and 4 = very high, therefore the maximum summary threat rating was 12 for a and b, and 24 for c. The tables below are an extract of the full threat rating and shows the risks rated 7 and above for a and b and 15 and above for c. These ratings are deemed to be the highest level facing the species and its habitat. The full threat rating exercise is included within Appendix 3. A) M. NIGRA SPECIES RATING: FIRST ASSESSMENT

M. nigra Population Rating Summary Threat Threat Scope Severity Irreversibility Rating

5.1 Hunting & collecting of terrestrial animals Very High (4) Very High (4) Medium (2) 10 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops High (3) High (3) High (3) 9 1.1 Housing & urban Medium (2) Medium (2) Very High (4) 8 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting High (3) High (3) Medium (2) 8 1.3 Tourism & recreation Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 B) HABITAT RATING: FIRST ASSESSMENT M. nigra Habitat Rating Summary Threat Threat Scope Severity Irreversibility Rating 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops High (3) High (3) Very High (4) 10 1.1 Housing & urban Medium (2) High (3) Very High (4) 9 2.3 Livestock farming High (3) High (3) High (3) 9 3.2 Mining Medium (2) Very High (4) High (3) 9 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting High (3) High (3) High (3) 9 7.1 Fire & fire suppression High (3) High (3) Medium (2) 8 4.1 Roads & Railroads Medium (2) High (3) High (3) 8 1.3 Tourism & recreation Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – APPENDIX

APPENDIX 4: COMPLETE OUTCOME OF THREAT ANALYSIS

M. nigra Habitat Overall Macaca nigra Population Rating Summary M. nigra Habitat Rating Summary Confidence Direct/ Threat Summary Threat Threat Threat Level Contributing Scope Severity Irreversibility Scope Severity Irreversibility Rating Rating Rating 1. Residential & Commercial Development 1.1 Housing & urban Medium (2) Medium (2) Very High (4) 8 Medium (2) High (3) Very High (4) 9 17 4 Contributing 1.2 Commercial & Industrial Areas Low (1) Medium (2) High (3) 6 Low (1) Medium (2) High (3) 6 12 3 Contributing 1.3 Tourism & recreation Medium (2) High (3) Medium (2) 7 Medium (2) High (3) Medium (2) 7 14 4 Contributing 2. Agriculture & Aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perrenial non-timber crops High (3) High (3) High (3) 9 High (3) High (3) Very High (4) 10 19 5 Direct 2.2 Wood and pulp plantations Low (1) Medium (2) Medium (2) 5 Low (2) Low (1) Medium (2) 5 10 3 Contributing 2.3 Livestock farming Low (1) High (3) Medium (2) 6 High (3) High (3) High (3) 9 15 3 Contributing 2.4 Marine & Freshwater Aquaculture Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 6 4 Contributing 3. Energy Production & Mining 3.1 Oil & Gas Drilling Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 6 5 none 3.2 Mining Medium (2) Medium (2) Medium (2) 6 Medium (2) Very High (4) High (3) 9 15 5 Contributing 3.3 Renewable Energy Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 6 2 Contributing 4. Transportation & Service Corridors 4.1 Roads and Railroads Medium (2) Medium (2) Medium (2) 6 Medium (2) High (3) High (3) 8 14 5 Contributing 4.2 Utility & Service Lines Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 6 2 Contributing 4.3 Shipping Lanes Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 6 4 none 4.4 Flight Paths Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 6 4 none 5. Biological Resource Use 5.1 Hunting and collecting of terrestrial animals Very High (4) Very High (4) Medium (2) 10 Medium (2) Medium (2) Medium (2) 6 16 5 Direct 5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants Medium (2) Medium (2) Medium (2) 6 Medium (2) Medium (2) Medium (2) 6 6 2 contributing 5.3 Logging and wood harvesting High (3) High (3) Medium (2) 8 High (3) High (3) High (3) 9 15 4 Direct 5.4 Fishing & Harvesting Aquatic Resources Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 6 4 none 6. Human Intrusions & Disturbance 6.1 Recreational Activities Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 Medium (2) Medium (2) Low (1) 5 8 2 Contributing 6.2 War, Civil Unrest & Military Exercises Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 6 4 none 6.3 Work & Other Activities Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 6 4 none 7. Natural System Modifications 7.1 Fire & fire suppression Medium (2) Medium (2) Medium (2) 6 High (3) High (3) Medium (2) 8 14 4 contributing 7.2 Dams & Water Management/Use Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 Low (1) Medium (2) Medium (2) 5 8 3 contributing 7.3 Other Ecosystem Modifications Low (1) Low (1) Medium (2) 4 Low (1) Medium (2) Medium (2) 5 9 2 contributing 8. Invasive & Other Problematic Species & Genes 8.1 Invasive Non-Native/Alien Species Low (1) Medium (2) Low (1) 4 Low (1) Medium (2) Low (1) 4 8 2 contributing 8.2 Problematic Native Species Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 6 2 contributing 8.3 Introduced Genetic Material Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 6 3 contributing 9. Pollution 9.1 Household Sewage & Urban Waste Water Medium (2) Low (1) Low (1) 4 Medium (2) Medium (2) Medium (2) 6 10 3 Contributing 9.2 Industrial & Military Effluents Low (1) Medium (2) Low (1) 4 Medium (2) Medium (2) Medium (2) 6 10 4 Contributing 9.3 Agricultural & Forestry Effluents Low (1) Medium (2) Low (1) 4 Medium (2) Medium (2) Medium (2) 6 10 4 Contributing 9.4 Garbage & Solid Waste Medium (2) Medium (2) Low (1) 5 Medium (2) Medium (2) Medium (2) 6 11 4 Contributing 9.5 Air-Borne Pollutants Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 6 4 none 9.6 Excess Energy Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 6 4 none 10. Geological Events 10.1 Volcanoes Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 Low (1) High (3) Low (1) 5 8 4 none 10.2 Earthquakes,tsunamis Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 6 4 none 10.3 Avalanches,landslides Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 Medium (2) Medium (2) Medium (2) 6 9 4 none 11. Climate Change & Severe Weather 11.1 Habitat Shifting & Alteration Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 6 4 none 11.2 Droughts Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 6 4 none 11.3 Temperature Excess Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 6 4 none 11.4 Storms & Flooding Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 3 6 4 none SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – APPENDIX

APPENDIX 5: COMPLETE FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION

Period Organisations Activities Responsible (R) or Short-term Mid-term Long-term 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 6 18 20 Partners (P) Priority 2013 2017 2018 2028 2033 Progress 1. Effective law enforcement 1.1 Improve coordination GAKKUM(R); BKSDA (P); between authority, institutions Kepolisian (P); BAPPEDA and society to maximise Kelurahan (P); NGOs (P)

effective use of resources High

and so that regulations are Medium more likely to be enforced 1.2 Upgrade capacity and BKSDA-Polhut (R); extent of patrol team to GAKKUM(R), Kepolisian/TNI ensure active surveillance (P); Kejaksaan (P); and create disincentives for Kelurahan (P); Satpol PP (P);

people to exploit natural SY (P) WCS (P), NGO High resources Medium

1.3 Perform integrated patrols BKSDA-Polhut (R); DISHUT (P); regularly across key habitat POLDA (P); Masyarakat for M. nigra local, FMKH, LKK (P);

Manggala agni (P), TNI - High Kejaksaan (P), media (P) Medium 1.4 Optimize intelligence BKSDA-Polhut (R); activities to monitor and track Kepolisian/TNI (P); illegal wildlife trade networks Kejaksaan (P); Improve coordination Kelurahan-(LKK) (P);

Satpol PP (P); DPRD (P); Medium SY-FMKH (P), NGO-WCS Medium (P), BIN, BABINSA (P) 1.5 Training for all law BKSDA (R); NGO (P); enforcement officers Instansi Penegak Hukum including police officers lain - POLRI , Penyidik (P), regarding how to identify Pegawai Negeri Sipil (P) protected species including High M. nigra, for effective Medium capture of wildlife traders 1.6 Make PERDA (‘Peraturan Pemprov/Pemda (R) Daerah’ – local bylaw) for the effective local protection of

M. nigra Low Medium SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – APPENDIX

APPENDIX 5: COMPLETE FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION

Period Organisations Activities Responsible (R) or Short-term Mid-term Long-term 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 6 18 20 Partners (P) Priority 2013 2017 2018 2028 2033 Progress 1. Effective law enforcement 1.7. Firm legal action POLDA (R); Kejaksaan (R),PD against anyone who Pasar (P); Pol PP (P), consumes, trades and Pengadilan (R), Pers (P),

hunts M. nigra and ensure LaPas PNS (P) High

prosecutions are followed Medium up, in line with PERDA

1.8. Create an evaluation KSDAE (R),SY(P); BKSDA (P); tool to measure the UNDP (P), NGO-WCS (P), effectiveness of PA Dishut Provinsi (P), management to identify perusahaan swasta (P)

challenges and High requirements for long- Medium term progress

1.9. Unannounced GAKKUM (R) BKSDA (P); PPST inspections of (P), Satpol PP,(P) WCS-WCU establishments keeping or (P)

trading the species to Medium enable law enforcement Medium

1.10. Notification of M. BKSDA (R); Dispar (P); Asita nigra's protected status to (P); SY (P) ;Pers (P), NGO the wider community and (P)Pemprov (P); Kepolisian

stakeholders through (P) High

campaigns via multiple Medium media channels

1.11. Award informants for BKSDA-Polhut (R); GAKKUM reporting cases of illegal (R) Kepolisian/TNI (P);

activities on M. nigra to Kejaksaan (P); Kelurahan Low encourage likelihood of (P); Satpol PP (P); DPRD (P) High reports

1.12. Create hotlines to PPST (R); SY (P); POLDA (P); handle reported cases of BKSDA (P), Masyarakat (P) illegal activities to M. NGO. Pemda, TNI, Semua

Pihak (P). Polhut (P) Medium nigra Medium SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – APPENDIX

Period Organisations Short-term Mid-term Long-term Activities Responsible (R) or 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 6 18 20 Partners (P) Priority 2013 2017 2018 2028 2033 Progress 2. Sustainable land stewardship 2.1. Sustainable economic Pemda/Pemprov (R); development of local DisparEK (R) BKSDA (P); communities ensuring EPASS (P) Koperasi (P);

livelihoods are not pressuring NGOs (P) Low

environment to point beyond Medium replenishment 2.2. Create clear regional BPKH (R) , BAPPEDA (R) , boundaries between PA & BKSDA (P)

buffer zone

High Medium 2.3. Provide training in Distan-Pemda (R); BP4K (P); techniques and technology UNSRAT (P); Perguruan practices in sustainable Tinggi (P), NGO'S (P)

agriculture to reduce Medium pressures on habitat M. nigra Medium 2.4. Encourage community- NGOs (R); Kelurahan / based conservation and Desa (R); BKSDA (P) collaborative governance, including community forums

and community conservation High agreements to increase High involvement and coordination between these key stakeholders 2.5. Instil patrols held by local Kelurahan / Desa (R); communities for greater BKSDA (P), Dinas scope of patrols, stronger Kehutanan (P) sense of responsibility and

enhanced protection of key High M. nigra habitat Medium

2.6. Investigation into the WCS (R); SY (R); BKSDA (P); condition of M. nigra habitat PPST (P); Perguruan Tinggi and the potential for linking (P), EPASS (P) Dinas M. nigra habitat to enhance Kehutanan Prov (P) genetic flow and viability of High species in the future Medium SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – APPENDIX

Period Organisations Short-term Mid-term Long-term Activities Responsible (R) or 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 6 18 20 Partners (P) Priority 2013 2017 2018 2028 2033 Progress 2. Sustainable land stewardship 2.7. Create a wildlife habitat BKSDA (R); Pemda (P); corridor to connect Pemprov (P)

populations of M. nigra

High Medium

2.8. Restoration and BPDAS (R); NGOs (P); rehabilitation projects on Swasta (P)

suitable land

Medium Medium 2.9. Increase the total number BKSDA (R); BPKH (P); Dinas of PA coverage and zones Kehutanan (P); BPN (P);

Bappeda (P), Masyrakat

Low Medium

3. Promote sustainable and environmentally sensitive project development 3.1. Increase awareness to all SY (R); BKSDA (P); people locally, nationally and Pemprov-Dishut (P); internationally about the Pemda-Dispar (P); NGOs importance of M. nigra and (P); Desa/Kelurahan (P);

their threats and decline in High Organisasi adat (P); High numbers Institusi Keagamaan (P); Perguruan Tinggi(P); Diknas (P); 3.2. Increase the population SY (R); BKSDA (R); of M. nigra through Pemprov-Dishut (P); KPHK collaborative programs with Tangkoko (P); Perguruan

government and other High tinggi (P); Litbang (P); High stakeholders BP2LHK (P); NGOs (P) 3.3. Conduct surveys on SY (R); WCS (R); Other socio-economic, attitudes NGOs (P); UNSRAT (P); and utilization of community Perguruan Tinggi(P);

natural resources around M. BP2LHK (P) Low nigra habitat to monitor High changes in threat pressures SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – APPENDIX

Period Organisations Activities Responsible (R) or Short-term Mid-term Long-term 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 6 18 20 Partners (P) Priority 2013 2017 2018 2028 2033 Progress 3. Promote sustainable and environmentally sensitive project development 3.4. Distribution of results from BKSDA (R); SY (P); Perguruan studies of flora and fauna to Tinggi (P); MNP (P); BPK (P); appropriate agencies to NGOs (P); Litbang (P); enable evidence-based BP2LHK (P); Kominfo (P)

management decisions Low Medium

3.5. Development of the BKSDA (R); Pemprov-Dishut "Essential Ecosystem Program, (P); Pemda-Dishut (P); TN BKSDA-led initiative to Bunaken (P); DKP (P) prioritise areas of high

ecosystem services value and Medium important ecological function Medium

3.6. Create greater capacity BKSDA (R); SY (P) Pemprov- for stakeholder Dishut (P); Pemda-Dispar communications to expand (P); Other NGOs (P)

contact networks, media and

High High resource sharing

3.7. Evaluate current and BKSDA (R); WWCT (R); PPST potential ex-situ (P); Kepolisian (P); Taman management and Satwa Nyaimundung,/ TS sanctuaries in North Sulawesi Gn. Kekewang; TS following high standards of Tandurusa Low quality Medium

3.8. Ex-situ management WWCT (R); asosiasi kebun outside North Sulawesi binatang di Europa (P); SY including European Breeding (P); PPST (P) Program to ensure genetic

stock and potential for High population restocking Medium

3.9. The creation of SY (R); BKSDA (P); Pemprov- sustainable policies for Dishut (P); Pemda-Dishut companies affecting crops (P); Other NGOs (P)

and animals (especially M. Medium nigra Medium SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – APPENDIX

Organisations Period Activities Responsible (R) or Short-term Mid-term Long-term 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 6 18 20 Partners (P) Priority 2013 2017 2018 2028 2033 Progress 4. Increase awareness of the M. nigra species 4.1. Official declaration of M. SY (R); BKSDA (P); Pemprov- nigra as a key priority species Dishut (P) Perguruan that needs protecting to Tinggi(P); LIPI (P); Pemda- enable increased priority Dishut (P); Pemda-Dispar setting of funding and

(P); ASITA (P); HPI (P); PHRI High

resources for implementing (P); GAHAWISRI (P); PKT (P); Medium conservation activities NSTB (P)

4.2. Development and SY (R); ASITA (P); HPI (P); socialization of ecotourism PHRI (P); MNP (P); BIMP- principles that support EAGA (P); NSTB (P);Pemda- conservation of protected Dispar (P); LKK (P) wildlife, with a net overall positive social, economic and

environmental impact; to Medium reduce any threats to M. Medium nigra from tourism and increase benefits provided

4.3. Socialization for forest BP4K (R); Dishut (P); BLH (P); management companies Kecamatan/ Kelurahan (P); and SKPD (related BKSDA (P); SY (P); MNP (P) government offices) to

ensure clear limitations and High

impacts of commercial Medium logging in surrounding areas

4.4. Continue comprehensive MNP (R); SY (R); UNSRAT (P); research to better BKSDA (P); Other NGOs (P) understand and protect the species, extend to other

areas including threat, High

human-wildlife interaction Medium and population monitoring

4.5. The regional recognition SY (R); HPI (P); PHRI (P); MNP of M. nigra as an important (P); BIMP-EAGA (P); ASITA tourist icon to ensure its (P); NSTB (P); Pemda-Dispar

protection and benefits of (P); LKK (P); Medium ecotourism Medium SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – APPENDIX

Organisations Period Activities Responsible (R) or Short-term Mid-term Long-term 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 6 18 20 Partners (P) Priority 2013 2017 2018 2028 2033 Progress 4. Increase awareness of the M. nigra species 4.6. Implement an SY (R); BKSDA (P); Pemprov- environmental Pride Dishut (P); Pemda-Dispar Campaign for the local (P); NGOs (P);

population Desa/Kelurahan (P); High Organisasi adat (P); Institusi High Keagamaan (P); Perguruan Tinggi(P); Diknas (P);

4.7. Create educational SY (R); NGOs (P); BKSDA (P); materials (leaflets, Dispar (P); BAPPEDA (P); Dis magazines, films etc.) & Kominfo (P); Diknas (P); electronic materials and Media Massa (P) share locally, nationally and internationally to increase the

species profile and protection Low Medium

4.8. Collaborate with religious SY (R); Instansi keagamaan and community leaders for (P); NGOs (P); increased conservation Desa/Kelurahan (P); efforts, especially on the Organisasi adat (P);

principles of conservation KeMenAg (P) Medium within religion Medium

4.9. Identify location and BKSDA (R);SY (R); MNP (P); causes of any conflict Desa/ Kelurahan (P); Dishut between M. nigra and (P); POLRI (P) people around protected areas and develop a conflict

mitigation strategy to reduce Medium negative outcomes of the Medium interaction

4.10. Conduct research on MNP (R); Other NGOs (P); primate health and human Perguruan Tinggi(P); PDHI

interaction (P); IDI (P); Lembaga Low Konservasi (P) Low SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – APPENDIX

Organisations Period Activities Responsible (R) or Short-term Mid-term Long-term 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 6 18 20 Partners (P) Priority 2013 2017 2018 2028 2033 Progress 4. Increase awareness of the M. nigra species 4.11. Develop and trial SY (R); WCS (P); Other sustainable livelihood strategy NGOs; Kelurahan (P); to reduce threats from Pemda (P); Perguruan hunting and destruction of Tinggi(P)

habitat while enhancing Medium local welfare and economy Medium

4.12. Develop long-term SY (R); WCS (P); MNP (P); biodiversity monitoring BPPLHK (P); KKH (P); project including a UNSRAT(P) comprehensive population survey of M. nigra across its native range, including

genetic analyses to better High understand population status High and monitoring of any changes to inform conservation priority setting

4.13. Explore status and SY (R); MNP (P); BPPLHK (P); conservation potential of UNSRAT(P) non-native M. nigra

population

Low Medium SPECIES ACTION PLAN - MACACA NIGRA – APPENDIX

Organisations Period Activities Responsible (R) or Short-term Mid-term Long-term 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 6 18 20 Partners (P) Priority 2013 2017 2018 2028 2033 Progress 5. Ensure financial sustainability, effective management and capacity development 5.1. Dissemination of information PKT (R); SY(P); to the community about the Kelurahanan, LKK (P); impact of forest degradation BKSDA-Penyuluh with the aim to reduce Kehutanan (R)

motivation to exploit natural High resources, & build capacity to Medium mitigate forest destruction 5.2. Addition of additional BKSDA (R); GAKKUM (R), security officers to maximise Polhut (P); KPHK effective use of resources and Tangkoko (R), LKK (P); ensure regulations are more POLRI (P); POLAIRUD (P); High likely to be enforced Medium 5.3. Conduct teacher training PKT (P); SY(P); PPST (P); and incorporate into the local KeKelurahanan (P); curriculum for school and Dinas Pendidikan (R)

informal education to nurture a Medium culture of care in local society Medium 5.4. Procurement of long-term BKSDA (R); KPHK funding for rejuvenation projects Tangkoko (R); Pemkot in Tangkoko and other important (P);Pemda (P); Pemprov habitats of M. nigra, essential for (P); Bappeda (P);

continuation of conservation BAPPENAS (P); NGO High Nasional & International Medium (P); 5.5. Creation of a sustainable Dispar (R); BKSDA (R); source of income through KPHK Tangkoko (R); Asita marketing the area as a eco- (P); HPI (P); Tour

tourism attraction operators (P); NGOs (P);

Medium Medium 5.6. Improve communication BKSDA (R); KPHK between policy makers to Tangkoko ®; Pemda (P); incorporate protection of M. Pemprov (P); Bappeda nigra and other biodiversity into (P) GAKKUM (P) Polda

environmental and SULUT (P) DPRD /DPR-RI; High

developmental priorities and (BPKH (R); LITBANG (P); Medium allocate resources accordingly BP2hLHK Wilayah Sulawesi (P); 5.7. Addition and maintenance BKSDA (R); Pemprov (P); of supporting facilities and Pemkab/kota (P) NGO's infrastructure to coordinate (P)

conservation activities and

Low Low disseminate up to date information ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SPECIES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ACTION who macaques protection Finally, and Forestry Many conservation the We the for substantial highly Great government instrumental tale endless First There your dedicated are and facilitation collaboration, care of are thanks PLAN thanks knowledgeable we streams eternally (KLHK) some time foremost a for ; contributions feel of huge thus - of the in programme to and MACACA to wildlife forest partners and North of the providing all of generating precious the grateful number contribution we useful of the and a greatest Sulawesi the Indonesian adventure special wish in action support for and to NIGRA knowledge, . staff North for of biodiversity data, the to the the collaborators people all appreciation . thank send at continual Many plan to document information of of Sulawesi Paignton – contacts or State the ACKNOWLEDGMENTS the Dr the you whom process newly thanks of and data Amy generous utmost Ministry this to backing . whom who always Zoo have all Also, should and collection discovered Plowman presented also region and the enable and thanks of to to facilities made donations have of knows Conservation facilitation be of Research Ibu all Whitley nature high and and the sent to this in Shelley the put species where this Dr with assistant to endemism general protection development Dr to Wildlife and John tireless document be and of Sondakh all Andy which . to and a financial the Dr the Tasirin region Technology find Conservation researchers support hours Noldy Bowkett Natural . workshop, researchers, programmes to the . for . We John with of carry support into advice answers of Tuerah this lastly Resources who so the has and (RISTEK), investigating out Species much in Trust, extend from and programme conservationists provided ; have in addition and volunteers, the often the but potential unfaltering our Authority Action the action the guided our region accompanied particularly sponsors Ministry endless to sincere or Bappeda . Plan (and Thank . the plan, for protecting (BKDSA) the support and nature possible which development gratitude support, of new process the you in Environment supporters staff addition by . staff continuous staff protection dearly have . the a advice have and to for marvellous members) beautiful enabled all to support to of of made those been all . and and and the the our of REFERENCES REFERENCES SPECIES IUCN Holmes, Hilser, Groves, Fooden Fayer Evans, Evans, Engelhardt Cowlishaw Contacos Clayton, CITES Cannon, Bynum Butler, BPS Aspinall ACTION Endangered Parasitology and mitochondrial Medicine tropical a Utara, Development : Badan . : Poorly , ( Convention H R 2012 B R B E , , . . Autosomal . C . D, . , . J , A L C C J L . Indonesia , Bowkett, . J . Morgan, . . . , , . ( . ( , Phillips . , P & forest ) , 1969 & 2001 Known G Pusat A . H Kohlhaas Supriatna . ( PLAN Morales, and Milner Red 2001 . . . 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M P Journal conservation . . & ( 1992 Sterck three follicle of ) . , The Primatology E species . H - efforts stimulating . Sulawesi M . ( 2003 . of Nature . macaques, 24 crested ) . hormone, : Life 1251 . 440 - phase – : 1265 black 337 M and related – . . 340 nigra, macaque luteinizing . changes M . nigriscens ( hormone Macaca in male , and levels nigra loud M ) . . Compiled by: Harry Hilser, Helen Sampson, Vicky Melfi and Johny S Tasirin Published by: YSYI. All rights reserved Front cover & photographs throughout: Courtesy of Andrew Walmsley Photography ©