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IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2016 326 Strategics Sectors | Culture & Society Panorama 1 All over the news we see cultural property, cultural we see news over the All Kulturgüterschutz, Universityof Vienna Kompetenzzentrum Kulturelles Erbeund Senior Researcher Adviser,Cultural Hague The PhD Kila, Joris Region Mediterranean Heritage Destruction in the Strategics Sectors |Culture &Society tional and international a law absent, are virtually gency operations under activities mandatory na as institutionalized Since gious emer identities. CPP reli or national local, with connected often is which issues, heritage of sensitivity potential the and acter char interests,with its unbalanced multidisciplinary and serious issue due to the variety of stakeholders flicts protection cultural property (CPP) is a complex con asymmetric modern In threat. under are or lost have been memory, and identity of containers also but artworks just not are which resources, cultural world’s the of parts substantial ongoing, are which of some upheavals, and conflicts recent of Because and Deficiencies Problems long-term solutions. and short towards approach pro-active amore and willamples hopefully stimulate research discussion, ex These property. cultural safeguarding regarding solutions possible and causes problems, some cate indi Iwill article this of limitations size the Within Egypt. and Libya Iraq, Syria, e.g. area, terranean Medi the specifically more region, (MENA) Africa North and East Middle the in place taking is astation aged, smuggled and Currently abused. much dev dam being civilization, of cradles to the connected The legal term widely used for cultural heritage. cultural for used widely term legal The

1 often often ------Kila, Zeidler 2013). Zeidler to (over) relates politi latter Kila, The and risk-avoiding behaviour (Wilson 1989, Kila 2012. to lack pro-activity and tend towards bureaucratic event institutions Most seem of is conflict insufficient. the in CPP with tasked by institutions implemented the effectiveness of policies and strategies (to be) that illustrates clearly areas conflict in property tural 1998), Statute 1954, Rome the today’s cul of state Hague The (e.g. place in appear protection heritage and cultural Althoughframeworks diplomats. legal for organizations, tourism crime experts, organizations is also dependent on new stakeholders like cooperation Worldwide attention. need resources ural nat and cultural between overlap the and velopment de local for a resource as heritage flows, finance al including its relatedand illicit transnation trafficking, counterinsurgency, transnational the links withand Furthermore, organization. identity, of old and new stakeholders need structural research interests conflicting and culture) of destroyers or tors security, strategic communication as protec (parties flicts, and , aspects, military CPP global con to finance property cultural using like nomena Phe people. concerned of group small this of view pur by the solely of care taken be longer no should CPPs 2014.). this, &Herndon Kila Notwithstanding 2013, &Zeidler (Kila planning operational military for 2011in doctrines CPP of development the and Libya in used was as lists, no-strike cultural in stance, gagements with stakeholders military resulting, for in dercover on-site emergency and assessments en un like activities innovative and relevant of number amodest in resulted This institutions. CPP official for example to agood give hands own into their ters privatecerned without individuals funding, took mat con as acting often experts, cultural of number small ------09/09/2016 12:24:12 05_PANORAMA_Geographical_Anuari_2016_EN.indd 327 petent in the field of cultural goods (EU CULTNET). (EU goods cultural of field the in petent 3 2 compe EU of areas several within fall does it but treaties, the in se per stated not is it Certainly EU. the of capability specific the not is artefacts in trade illicit combating including CPP that say could One and CPP Europe humanitarian disasters when heritage is protected. to allocated monies from withdrawn are funds No tarian aid are substantively and financially separate. humani and other. the CPP exclude not does one water because hold not does argument of line This have priority. should disasters natural and conflicts of because need in to those aid important, is age herit of protection although that is misconception arecurring context this In misspent. or lacking ther ei is funding, necessary the as well as endeavours, drive transdisciplinary, interagency and emergency cooperation, coordination and that research should devastation the international whereas continues, meantime the In indolence. their for reason major a as funding of lack claim themselves Organizations event of conflict isinsufficient strategies (to be) implemented in the the of effectiveness policies and illustrates clearly conflict areas that today’s state in of cultural property heritage protection in place, appear frameworks for legal Although context. studied in a coherent transdisciplinary law, not are criminal international in property cultural against offenses of criminalzation the e.g. opments, devel legal and aconflict to prolong means financial an instrument in counter-terrorism denying the enemy as protection heritage value, economic its heritage, of sential developments concerning the changing status tity, Consequently, religion es issues. and economic cising heritage of because by caused sensitivity - iden operational planning doctrines. Council Resolution 14232/12 of 4 October 2012 on the creation of an informal network of law enforcement authorities and expertise com expertise and authorities enforcement law of network informal an of 2012 creation 14232/12 the on 4 October of Resolution Council Military organizations especially NATO do not have CPP expertise nor are they hiring experts to educate the military and to bring CPP into into CPP bring to and military the educate to experts hiring they are nor expertise CPP have not NATO do especially organizations Military ------under threat. Moreover, we should consider that, still part, most the for is, heritage Libyan and fected occur simultaneously; Syria is already seriously af phenomena these all Syria and Libya In looting. and croachment of as development, part iconoclasm amples include collateral damage, vandalism, en Typical ex to conflict. related offences and damage of types multiple from suffer can heritage Cultural Region Mediterranean The conflicts. of context the in CPP for responsibility taking in follows rope Eu when change will this topic; maybe this on them with cooperation little is there unfortunately and Europe, than more do States United the Currently property. cultural to safeguard instruments (legal) ucation regarding and the CPP implementation of coordination,Europe shouldand research ed start advice forexpert all stakeholders. Simultaneously to provide notice at short created be can entity an andcords strong networks Such is highly advisable. re track proven with experts cultural including force delay, atask without act to really attempt an in and institutions, re-active usual the calling just of Instead areas. from goods cultural in trade illicit against fight the in institutions cultural and bodies search re to universities, involve steps necessary to take States Member on 2015, called Parliament EU the In funding. of lack over its rumours usual the are there and modus asleeping in is initiative this far so Alas, sharing. knowledge and expertise networking, this. Stakeholders like NATO on knowledge provide can that experts are there but capability expertise CPP no has probably EU The (CFSP). policy security and foreign common with anddom, justice and security culture (AFSJ) along free market, internal the are this of Examples tence. creating the EU CULTNET, EU the creating by made was forward step apotential example: An efficient. more and costly less it making shared be can burden this potentially so funding), and pertise ex cultural of (lack problems identical share rope, Eu in based all Court, Criminal International the 3 in theory a platform for for aplatform theory in 2 , Europol, Interpol and and Interpol , Europol, ------09/09/2016 12:24:12

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IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2016 328 Strategics Sectors | Culture & Society Panorama 4 garding cultural property’s protected status under intentionallydestruction or by accident while disre of guilty are parties today’s of warring majority The itage making manuscripts and books equally at risk. her at written also but heritage at immovable rected di only not is Iconoclasm Temple Bel. of destroyed the or Castle al-Ma’ani Palmyra’s Fakhr-al-Din aliers, Chev de Krak like defence, for built originally ments monu antique of ‘recycling’ the as well as heresy of perceptions eliminating for excuse an as legitimized and driven iconoclasm of return the we see Syria, In future willThese enter the market in the region hidden are in secret depots. smuggled out of the Mediterranean ofnumbers artefacts looted and to several substantial sources, We should that, consider according down.” dies stash ancient artefacts in warehouses until scrutiny to enough patient and to them, for pay willing ple to peo goods the getting in practiced are zations smuggling put organi Times it: “Long-established NY the As future. the in market the enter will These terranean region are hidden in secret depots. Medi the of out smuggled and looted artefacts of according to several substantial sources, numbers gust 2015. of Palmyrian in al-Asaad archaeologist Au- Khaled execution the to not mention by IS, up blown being Palmyra in graves and temples of images member We re all attention. most the drew IS but trade, warring are parties guilty of devastation and illicit 2015. in destroyed were All Syria in mosques and Many sites, important libraries, archives, churches Syria Examples Case Some Source www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/world/europe/iraq-syria-antiquities-islamic-state.html?_r=0 4

------victim to iconoclasm and looting. Iconoclastic at Iconoclastic looting. and to iconoclasm victim fall will fear people which Sabratha, of roundings sur the in active are and IS with have aligned itants mil Islamic Libya’s anti-government . by arival seized members to free town Sabratha of the of part of control temporary took militants 2015, pro-ISIL of end At the heritage. precious destroying ments looting, but also by (illegal) develop commercial by threatened only not is Cyrene and security, of croachment. from The area Benghazi suffers a lack en urban and especially threats, of kinds to all exposed and open the in out are Magna Leptis like Sites city. oasis an Ghadamès, old and sert; De Sahara the in Mountains Acacus the of sites art rock- the Sabratha; of port Phoenician the Magna; Leptis of ruins Roman the Cyrene; of sites logical World Heritage sites: the ancient Greek archaeo UNESCO five has Libya solutions. cheap and against Libyan heritage in situ and to find simple threats the of nature the to assess order in help and made has urgent for demands international Antiquities in Tripoli is still active 2016) (January of Tunis. Department in The based temporarily cord ac national of government anew of announcement the is news latest The again. country to the unite Nations United the of supervision under place ing nized internationally) Tobruk. Negotiations are tak Tripoli (recog in and ‘governments,’ rival by two controlled parts two in divided is Libya Present-day Libya place. in to be has organizations like therefore, and, funding the ICC for needed is expertise Cultural Libya. in jurisdiction ICC the give that treaties certain and law criminal cultural war in Syria crimes through international should investigateICC possibilities of prosecuting The States. to Member models planning doctrine CPP by supplying experts, by cultural helped this, in (OPP). NATO arole play could processes planning operational military of part be therefore should CPP aconflict. to prolong means the enemy the nying de multiplier) (force incentive amilitary be can CPP that implies conflicts, to finance used are which from revenues the property, cultural of traffic licit (inter)national in laws. looting Theincrease and il accessed on 20 January 2016. January 20 on accessed ------09/09/2016 12:24:12 05_PANORAMA_Geographical_Anuari_2016_EN.indd 329 tity of groups and individuals. If you want to hurt a to you hurt want If individuals. and groups of tity iden the for stand objects cultural and Monuments tions, war crimes or even crimes against humanity. Na United by the acknowledged as and, genocide cultural of elements show also heritage cultural on Attacks warfare. psychological of form amodern as used to be seems region Mediterranean the in age herit of objects cultural and antiquities of struction de the motives, by religious driven being from Apart statues in Catholic churches and monasteries. of psychological warfare toseems form amodern as used be heritage in the Mediterranean region antiquities and cultural objects of motives, the destruction of from being driven byApart religious destroyed 1566 of Calvinists rage which in clastic icono the in Europe in arose Iconoclasm strength. in back are iconoclasm like phenomena Old pant. Cultural heritage abuse and destruction are ram Conclusions to possible political implications. due governments, own by their often restricted feel) (or are they because (effectively) so doing not are they but Libya in CPP with deal should and could international structures and organizations exist that amongstand in others, mosques, Tripoli. Several tombs Sufi against place taken have already tacks ------K W K K References References tity and become pro-active. iden shared our of dismantling the ever,than resist now, more should Europe, say, especially we, but to hard is area? This Mediterranean the in heritage cultural shared our of destruction the we stop Can Court. Criminal International by the prosecuted be – forced sanctions are not implemented sufficiently and en eration and obligations coordination. Legal and being implemented based on international coop system protection operational no presently is there that is concern main prey. The agrateful is heritage cultural their then memory, historical from ence exist their erase or heart at its anation or society ila ila ila il s cies Do and Why They Do It Why Do They and Do cies 351-353. Pp. and 9-50 Pp. ibid. Zeidler A. James and den-Boston 2013. Joris Conclusion, D. Kila ing Conflict ing dur Property Cultural Protecting Crosshairs: Cultural Heritage in In the Conservation.” tive Preven of part as Protection Property Cultural 2012. Leiden-Boston 1954the Convention Hague following Protection Property Cultural of tion Quarterly and Christopher Herndon”Kila in by Joris Overview An Protection: Property tural

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“Military Involvement in“Military Z ei , New York,, New 1989. d ler (Eds),, J. Lei

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IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2016 329 Strategics Sectors | Culture & Society Panorama