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6-1-2015
In Search of Ordenamiento Ambiental Territorial in the Peasant Reserve Zones of Colombia
Manuela Ruiz Reyes Syracuse University
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Recommended Citation Ruiz Reyes, Manuela, "In Search of Ordenamiento Ambiental Territorial in the Peasant Reserve Zones of Colombia" (2015). Dissertations - ALL. 292. https://surface.syr.edu/etd/292
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Abstract
This thesis is an intersection between political ecology, rural development and agrarian studies. It examines the Peasant Reserve Zone (ZRC) as a land planning designation in Colombia created reform, and the expressions of Ordenamiento Ambiental Territorial (glossed as environmental land use planning), by the state and the peasants as ways of constructing territory. Beginning by situating the emergence of the ZRC as part of the classic agrarian question of the fate of the peasantry in capitalism, it then intersects that political-economy perspective with a geographic approach to the concept of territory. The establishment of the political technology of Ordenamiento territorial and its environmental version, Ordenamiento Ambiental Territorial are analyzed together with arrival of neoliberalism in the 1990s in Colombia. Using a political ecology lens, Ordenamiento Ambiental Territorial is dissected by searching the current meaning of environment from its roots in the meanings of nature and particularly with the production of nature under capitalism. Finally, through three perspectives on development, this thesis analyzes diverse forms of development planning in the ZRC (Sustainable Development Plans of each ZRC, results of the ZRC pilot project financed by the World Bank, and fieldwork results) to examine cross-cutting issues of environmental governance in the ZRC including participation, expectations and imaginaries of peasants are not only claiming land rights but are demanding a recognition of territory through their engagements with Ordenamiento Territorial, their uses of Ordenamiento Ambiental Territorial and their participation in development planning.
IN SEARCH OF ORDENAMIENTO AMBIENTAL TERRITORIAL IN THE PEASANT RESERVE ZONES OF COLOMBIA
by
Manuela Ruiz Reyes
B.A. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, 2007
Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Geography
Syracuse University June, 2015
Copyright © Manuela Ruiz Reyes 2015 All Rights Reserved
Table of Contents
Chapters: 1. Introduction. 1
2. The Agrarian Question and Territory. The Conceptual Basis for the Emergence of the Peasant Reserve Zones. 22
3. Beyond Poor Soils: Dispossession, Ordenamiento Territorial and Environment. 71
4. Planning in the Peasant Reserve Zones and for Ordenamiento Ambiental Territorial: Encountering, Countering or Reencountering Development? 105
5. Conclusions. 144
6. Bibliography 155
iv
List of Illustrative materials
Figure I: Map of Colombia with the ZRC legalized to date. 14
Table I: peasants. 44
Table II. Territorial planning instruments and designations in the Colombian amazon. 130
v
List of acronyms
ANUC: Asociación Nacional de Usuarios Campesinos ANZORC: Asociación Nacional de Zonas de Reserva Campesina CAR: Corporación Autónoma Regional CDA: Corporación para el Desarrollo Sostenible del Norte y el Oriente Amazónico CONPES: Consejo Nacional de Política Económica y Social DMI: Distrito de Manejo Integrado EGAL: Encuentro de Geógrafos de América Latina EOT: Esquema de Ordenamiento Territorial FARC-EP: Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia Ejército del Pueblo IGAC: Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi ILSA: Insttuto Lationoamericano para una Sociedad y un Derecho Alternativos INCODER: Instituto Colombiano de Desarrollo Rural INCORA: Instituto Colombiano de la Reforma Agraria INDERENA: Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature JAC: Junta de Acción Comunal LIL: Learning and Innovation Loan M-19: Movimiento 19 de Abril MOG: Manual Operativo General MOZ: Manual Operativo Zonal NGO: Non-Governmental Organization NP: National Parks OA: Ordenamiento Ambiental OAT: Ordenamiento Ambiental del Territorio (or Territorial) OT: Ordenamiento Territorial PNN: Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia POA: Plan Operativo Anual POMCA: Plan de Manejo y Ordenamiento de una Cuenca POT: Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial REDD+: Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation SDP: Sustainable Development Plan SDP-C: Sustainable Development Plan of Cabrera SINAP: Sistema Nacional de Areas Protegidas SINPEAGRICUN: Sindicato de Pequeños Agricultores de Cundinamarca UACA: Unidades Ambientales Campesinas UAF: Unidad Agrícola Familiar UMATA: Unidad Municipal de Asistencia Técnica UP: Unión Patriótica UPRA: Unidad de Planificación Rural Agropecuaria WB: World Bank WBPP: World Bank Pilot Project of Peasant Reserve Zones ZRC: Zona de Reserva Campesina
vi CHAPTER 1.
The agreement acknowledges that the Peasant Reserve Zones are a figure [sic] that the State has to promote peasant economy and contribute to close the agricultural boundary and the production of food supplies. For that reason, it was determined that the National Government will bring into effect the support for development plans for the already constituted zones and those to be constituted, in response to the initiatives of the communities and of the agrarian organizations they may consider representative, following the provisions set forth in the current regulations, and promoting active community participation in the execution of these plans1.
This fragment is part of the first agreement in the peace dialogues between the government of
Colombia and the guerrilla of the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia-Ejército del
Pueblo (FARC-EP). The content of this agreement is part of their first broad discussion point:
Comprehensive Agricultural Development Policy negotiated during 2013. The agreements on this first point have not been approved because the participants of the dialogue have said