Archaeology in VOLUME 15: 2005

MACLEAN PRESS Contents

Foreword ...... 1 Welcome ...... 1 Stop Press...... 1 ...Where the buffalo roam. Where the dear and the antelope play...... 2 The Conservation Team: protecting the County’s Heritage ...... 3 Viaduct: the new parapet ...... 3 Recent Archaeology in the Otterburn Training Area ...... 4 AS 90 (Self Propelled Artillery) mitigation works ...... 4 The Raw Bastle...... 4 Branshaw Bastle and Settlement ...... 5 OTA Archaeological and Historic Environment Management Plan ...... 5 Discovering our Hillfort Heritage ...... 5 Hadrian’s Wall Cycleway ...... 6 From Blanchland to Australia: correspondence 1859-1883 ...... 7 The living Rock Art landscape of Northumberland and Durham...... 8 Rock Art: a personal perspective ...... 9 The Bamburgh Research Project ...... 10 Community Archaeology in Coquetdale ...... 11 From Shildon to Shildon: letters of a lead mining family ...... 12 Spotlight: CORBRIDGE. A tale of two towns ...... 14 The Roman Bridge ...... 15 A new footpath to the Roman Fort ...... 16 Bishops Garage ...... 16 Eastfield House ...... 17 Hidden Treasures: Hartburn Vicarage ...... 18 Flint Assemblage found at Akeld ...... 18 Agriculture Aids Archaeology...... 19 Maelmin - A pocket guide to archaeological walks ...... 19 Morpeth Market Place ...... 19 The Breamish Valley Project ...... 20 Hidden Treasures: The Royal Tweed Bridge ...... 20 Excavating Cup and Ring Marks ...... 21 Fitting in ...... 21 Terrace, Berwick ...... 22 Pictures of the Past ...... 22 Duddo Stones ...... 23 Excavations at Salters Nick, Shaftoe Crags 2001-2004 ...... 24 A Tale of Two Morpeth Bridges ...... 25 Blyth Battery: Defending Elswick ...... 26 Castle Face Lift ...... 27 Hidden Treasures: Ford Moss...... 27 The . Unique Conservation ...... 28 Castle Gardens ...... 30 Ad Gefrin: A new way forward for conservation management...... 32 Hidden Treasures: The Union Chain Bridge, Horncliffe ...... 33 The National Trust Acquires Rothley Castle...... 34 Hareshaw Iron Works ...... 35 Adding to the Record ...... 35 A Prehistoric Site at Milfield Village ...... 36 Weetwood Bridge (is falling down) ...... 36 Falstone Tea Rooms ...... 37 Flint Arrowhead from Callaly ...... 37 The Tweeddale Press Building ...... 38 National Park Boundary Survey ...... 38 Blakehope Roman Fort ...... 39 Recording Lesbury Mill ...... 40 Landlines: The Pinwell Project ...... 42 The Great North Museum ...... 43 Lesbury Old Bridge ...... 43 Portable Antiquities ...... 43 Assessing the Past ...... 44 Hidden Treasures: Wether Hill ...... 46 Medieval Cornhill-on-Tweed ...... 47 Hidden Treasures: Monday Cleugh ...... 47 http://rockart.ncl.ac.uk ...... 48 An Unusual Exhibition ...... 49 A New Inscription From Chester ...... 50 Hidden Treasures: Berwick Walls ...... 51 Wylam Waggonway ...... 51 Index 1990-2005 ...... 51 List of Contributors ...... Back Cover

Cover: Duddo Stones. Photo: CB This Page: Anti-tank blocks, Alnmouth. Photo: CB Welcome to our fifteenth edition Stop Press elcome to the biggest and, we 15th anniversary by including, for the Historic Landscape Whope, the best edition of first time, an index of the entire Characterisation Archaeology in Northumberland. To series of Archaeology in The Conservation Team has been celebrate our 15th edition we have Northumberland. This index has successful in securing funding from produced a bumper issue which been created for us by Roger Miket English Heritage to undertake demonstrates the vitality of the of the Maclean Press, who donated Historic Landscape Characterisation historic environment in their services and took considerable of the County. The grant of £82,000 Northumberland. With articles trouble to make it as comprehensive will allow us to move beyond our covering topics from prehistoric as possible, for which we are understanding of individual buildings, stone circles, and the Chillingham extremely grateful. designed landscapes or Cattle conservation project, to the archaeological sites and gain a better reminiscences of emigrant Archaeology in Northumberland is understanding of the whole historic leadminers in the 19th century, this produced primarily to report on work landscape. Working with our edition reflects the diversity and resulting from the activities of the colleagues in the National Park, the breadth of interest to be found in the Conservation Team (see page 3) but Conservation Team will manage a history of Northumberland. it also acts as a show case for the project that will produce interactive great range and number of GIS-based descriptions of the historic Several of the projects reported individuals and organisations dimension that characterises our rural demonstrate just how relevant the involved in understanding and landscape. The project will not only past is to people living in the protecting the historic environment. broaden our understanding of the Northumberland of today. In landscape we live in today but will create a context for our knowledge of particular, the extremely successful We would like to thank all those who the rest of the historic environment. start of the Northumberland and have taken the time and trouble to The results will feed into many areas Durham Rock Art Project (page 8), provide articles for us. We hope you of land planning, from development and the inception of the National enjoy this edition but, as ever, if you control to agri-environment schemes. Park Upper Coquetdale Community have any comments or suggestions A more detailed description of the Archaeology Project (page 11), show please do contact us. scheme and its progress will appear how strong is the desire of people in next year’s Archaeology in from all walks of life to engage with Sara Rushton & Chris Burgess, Northumberland. and understand the past. Conservation Team Managers We also felt it was timely to mark our Awards be of great help to those of you, who Recent repair and improvement work FOREWORD like me, have enjoyed the magazine undertaken by the County Council, since its inception to have an index with funding from the Historic to all articles published since 1990. Environment Regeneration Scheme partners, on the Chantry Bridge at Fifteen years ago the original Morpeth has been shortlisted for one newsletter was a slim production. of the prestigious International Green The growing interest in archaeology Apple Awards for the Built in the County and the expanding Environment. Projects at Morpeth range of projects being undertaken Market Place and Falstone Tea has resulted in this substantial 2005 Rooms in the National Park, both of production. Inevitably, costs have which the Conservation Team have also increased and I appreciate the advised on, have also gained Civic contribution of our partners and Trust Awards. advertisers in making publication possible. I would also ask you to Coastal Research Project read the flyer enclosed about the The Conservation Team in t is a great pleasure to be asked cost of producing Archaeology in partnership with Archaeological Ionce again to introduce Northumberland and consider Research Services Ltd, Durham Archaeology in Northumberland. donating towards next year’s County Council and the five Tyne and This, the 15th edition of the production to ensure that these high Wear Councils are preparing a newsletter is the most standards are continued. community based project to address comprehensive yet published. the issues of coastal erosion, and Within the following 58 pages you Alan Cutter conservation outreach and will find articles ranging from Executive Member management. Funding applications investigation into Neolithic rock art For the Environment will be made to English Heritage and near Alnwick to the discovery of a Northumberland County Council. Heritage Lottery Fund in the next Victorian zoo near Berwick. It will year SR

1 …Where the buffalo roam. Where the deer and the antelope play… ew people may know that map of the 1920s, although FNorthumberland was once home some of the boundaries to a zoo, albeit a private one. remained for a few more , the ancient home decades. Yet, by the of the Haggerston family, was rebuilt 1960s, the boundaries too in 1893 by the then owners the have been swept away. Leyland family. However, this seems to have been just the beginning of However, not all trace of their plans for the Castle and its the zoo has been lost on grounds. Thomas Leyland is credited the ground. Interestingly, with building a chapel, an Italian some of the boundaries garden, and a windmill, as well as of the southern group of establishing a private zoo. enclosures appear to have survived as slight Leyland seems to have built a series earthworks as they can be of enclosures with shelters or animal traced on aerial houses in them. A “Zoological photographs Garden” first appears on the second taken in 2000. In edition Ordnance Survey map of addition, three of 1897. Two groups of fenced the zoo enclosures are shown along the buildings are western edge of the castle grounds, still standing, separated by a track or path that runs including an towards Haggerston Barns. The Antelope House in northern group are relatively small the southern and have small buildings standing in enclosure, which is a them. The southern group of Grade II listed building, enclosures are larger and most of the and the two animal buildings have been built in pairs on houses in the deer park each side of a common boundary. reputedly built for buffalo. Further east is another area of Leyland may have been parkland called a “Deer Park”, which inspired by the legendary is divided by a series of boundaries William F Cody (Buffalo Bill) and has two rectangular buildings on who took his Wild West show the north side. to in 1883 and toured Europe from 1889-1893. Unfortunately, the zoo was not much of a success. The Leyland family EW, based on a report by fortunes declined in the early 20th Ray Connell century and the estate was (With apologies to Home eventually sold off in parcels on the Range. Anon. 1911) in 1933. The zoo did not appear on the third edition Ordnance Survey

The Buffalo House. Photo: Ray Connell 1st Ed. OS Map, ca. 1866 2 The Conservation Team: protecting the County’s Heritage he Conservation Team is a small archaeological remains and we funding and improved management Tspecialist team based in provide historic building and that they can ensure (see page 19). Countryside Services in the newly Conservation Area advice to the formed Environment and Community National Park and the districts of The Conservation Team is heavily Services Directorate. The Team is South East Northumberland. involved in outreach, educational and multi-disciplinary; it employs research projects. In addition to archaeologists, an historic buildings If a proposed development will providing a valuable service to expert and an ecologist and can offer damage or destroy an historic site or planners and developers, the Sites advice and undertake work on almost building we advise on an appropriate and Monuments Record is a resource every aspect of conservation and response, which can include refusal, available to members of the public, environmental management. In full scale excavation of a site, students and researchers. As part of addition to its core staff, it is highly building recording or a watching brief. a commitment to make this successful in securing external grant The Sites and Monuments Record information more accessible we aid for projects which protect and (see page 35) contains a record of secured funding from the Heritage promote the environment. This archaeological sites and other Lottery Fund to develop the highly includes employing a marine biologist historic features and is the first port successful Keys to the Past website to help with the management of the of call when assessing these (www.keystothepast.info) which has County's internationally important impacts. This information also made all our historic records and marine environment, a Local Nature underpins the advice we offer to a other supporting information freely Reserves Officer to manage and wide range of other organisations, available over the internet. As part of promote the County's publicly such as public utilities (eg this educational role we also bring out accessible wildlife areas, and project Northumbrian Water, Transco and publications (such as Archaeology in officers for 'one off' high profile Northern Electric) or Forest Northumberland and Tides of Time), projects such as Past Perfect and Enterprise. This ensures that organise events and fundays and try, Keys to the Past. schemes can be planned to cause as wherever possible, to allow public little damage as possible. Where involvement in research projects (see The work of the Conservation Team damage is unavoidable, we advise the Northumberland and Durham forms the basis of much of on the most appropriate method of Rock Art Project on page 8-9). The Archaeology in Northumberland. recording information that would Conservation Team represents a Although the Team carries out a wide otherwise be lost. We are also resource for the whole County, if you range of functions, by far the greatest consulted by organisations such as have a view on what we do, or what part of what we do is related to the DEFRA, who administer you think we should do, please planning system. We provide environmental improvement schemes contact us. planning advice on the probable to ensure that the historic impact of proposed developments on environment benefits from the SR Kielder Viaduct: the new parapet ielder Viaduct was designed for When the railway closed in 1965 the touch of local distinctiveness it was Kthe in viaduct was regarded as a liability decided that six of the grilles should 1862 by a local man, J F Tone. It is a rather than an asset. With no local be replaced with decorative metal fine long bridge of skew with a purchaser coming forward, the panels designed by local children and castellated parapet and Gothic Northumberland and Newcastle based on themes associated with the touches in the spandrels. Society acted to secure its railway. In April 2004 several artist preservation, taking over ownership blacksmiths descended on Kielder Located close to Kielder Village it is a and carrying out essential repairs. with their mobile forges for a popular notable example of Victorian public event at which they constructed engineering and a scheduled ancient Today the former track bed is a the panels and demonstrated their monument. It is also considered to be popular footpath well used by walkers skills. The project was instigated at the finest example of the skew and cyclists. However, this presented the suggestion of the Conservation form of construction, which required the Society with a new problem of Team, designed by the Chairman of that each stone in the arches should how to meet current safety standards the Northumberland and Newcastle be individually shaped in accordance regarding the height of the parapet. Society, Robin Dower and coordinated with the method evolved by Peter Over most of its length this was by the Kielder Access Project Officer. Nicholson of , a carried out in a simple utilitarian It was funded with a grant of £22,000 pioneer geometrician in this field. industrial fashion with mesh panels from the Heritage Lottery Fund's Local and a raised tubular rail. To add a Heritage Initiative. PR

3 Recent Archaeology in the Otterburn Training Area tterburn Training Area (OTA) measures. The project included evidence for a roof structure was Ooccupies over 23,000 hectares excavations at Bellshiel Roman found nor were any artefacts. Little of moorland and rough hill country Camp, Bellshiel Layby, Bellshiel environmental information was within the Northumberland National Road (north and south), Potts recovered as it appears that the kiln Park. It is the largest single live firing Durtrees, Todlaw Pike, Dere Street was thoroughly cleaned out after its area in the UK and has been used for and Outer Golden Pot; topographical last use. military training since 1911. It is also surveys at Yatesfield East a working estate with 31 tenanted Settlement, Watty Bell's Cairn and The stonework is to be preserved in farms practising traditional hill Bellshiel Law Long Cairn and situ, in an open area within the tree- livestock farming. cairnfield; and building recording at screen belt. The site will prove an Ironhouse bastle, Craig bastle and interesting comparison for other It has been a busy year on the OTA Raw bastle. excavated corn-dryers, such as with longstanding projects drawing to Loaning Burn 4km to the east. a close, on-going work producing A corn-drying kiln adjacent to the excellent results and new projects medieval/post-medieval Davyshiel being initiated. settlement was excavated before The Raw Bastle; murder, hanging tree-planting to screen the new and conservation AS90 Mitigation works Central Maintenance Facility. The kiln he Raw Bastle, on the south-east he AS90 (Self-propelled 155mm is likely to date to the early post- Tside of OTA, some three miles TArtillery) proposals included medieval period. north of Elsdon, is an excellent example of this most evocative of Border structures - a fortified farm building. Standing two storeys high, the insertion of later doors and an outside staircase reflect its 19th century use as a farm building. Inside, however, the massively thick stone walls, the single original door with twin draw bar holes, and the stone vaulted ground floor roof with its tiny ladder hole stair, all tell a different tale when this was a refuge for cattle and family against . Unusually for such structures there is a carved feature described as "a woman's head with a sort of halo, and something like a portcullis" on the jamb of the only original window.

The Raw Bastle also has a murderous association. One of its occupants, Mary Crozier, was murdered here in 1792 and a local criminal, William Winter, was hanged for the crime. His remains were hung within sight of the bastle at what Corn-drying kiln at Davyshiel. Photo: ASUD became known as Winter's Gibbet, now on National Trust land and a widening approximately 50km of The stone-lined bowl of the corn- local landmark. existing roads, laying 10km of new dryer was built into a natural slope road and creating gun spurs to and survived with between four and Detailed building recording has been enable training with the AS90 guns. eight courses of stone; each course undertaken by ASUD and, as a part Archaeological Services, University was slightly stepped back to form the of ongoing stewardship, a scheme of of Durham (ASUD) were bowl. Two small stoke-holes or flues consolidation works has been commissioned by Mowlem to were found, one in the north-east wall prepared by Defence Estates with undertake watching briefs and and one in the south-west wall next assistance from the Northumberland excavation as part of the mitigation to an annexe or fuel store. No 4 National Park and Northumberland OTA Archaeological and Historic County Council. This will see the Environment Management Plan Discovering our building re-pointed, structural cracks or the past five years a and problems repaired and the roof Fmanagement plan has provided Hillfort Heritage replaced by natural materials. To the framework for the conservation complement the repairs there will be his major five-year project, and management of the largely funded through the interpretation, and public access will archaeological resource on the OTA T be encouraged. generous grants from the HLF and and it will continue to be updated and LEADER +, effectively came to a guide future work. In 2005 a close in December 2004. Under the Branshaw Bastle and settlement condition survey of archaeological management of Project Officer, Iain ranshaw Bastle, together with monuments will be undertaken and Hedley, the project has undertaken Bthe wider settlement and related the information fed into a new action research, conservation and field systems, has recently been plan which will provide a framework interpretation work relating to the surveyed by Northern Archaeological for the continued, successful hillforts and associated ancient Associates (NAA). management of the archaeology on landscapes of the Northumberland the OTA. Cheviots. This work has involved partnerships between many Further initiatives different groups, and hundreds of arising out of the people including professional current plan archaeologists, amateurs and include: the students have taken part. intention to offer each farm The project has included: tenancy advice and guidance on ! Opening up of 16 hillforts to the the management general public as part of waymarked of archaeological heritage trails, and the provision of sites on their interpretive material (panels, leaflets holdings; a and booklets) for these sites. detailed survey ! Completion of management of Linbrig agreements with landowners to Deserted ensure the long term conservation Medieval Village; of extensive archaeological works to improve landscapes, including 13 hillforts. Branshaw Bastle from the air. drainage of the ! Photograph: Tim Gates. Copyright Reserved In partnership with English Silloans Burn to Heritage, the detailed survey of 13 Branshaw has been farmed for prevent flood damage to the north- hillforts within their landscape nearly 700 years, from medieval west corner of Silloans Roman settings. This work demonstrates times to its abandonment in the Camp; evaluation of the World War I that many hillforts are complex, 1940s. Today there are the remains practice trenches at Silloans by a multiperiod sites. of at least six buildings, ranging from volunteer group called No-Mans ! Completion of a detailed air medieval building platforms to 17th Land working with Defence Estates photographic archaeological survey and 18th century buildings. The archaeologist Martin Brown. of the 4900ha College Valley estate. settlement had reached its present ! Completion of the Breamish Valley form by the mid 19th century and … look out for next year’s Archaeology Project (see page 20). appears to have changed very little Archaeology in Northumberland to ! Setting up of the People of the until the 1940s, after which the see the results of all this work. buildings fell rapidly into decline. Breamish Valley exhibition at Ingram. Surrounding the settlement are Acknowledgements extensive areas of ridge and furrow The author is grateful for cultivation, together with sod-cast The project has achieved a great contributions provided by Duncan dykes and stock enclosures. The deal, but has also laid the Hale (ASUD), Niall Hammond survey has shown how upland foundations for more work in future. (Defence Estates) and Penny agriculture developed over this The National Park Authority will be Middleton (NAA). The support and period from mixed arable and pleased to talk with anyone who assistance of the staff of Otterburn pastoral, with crops on the in-field may have suggestions regarding Training Area, Colonel Rennie, ridge and furrow and livestock on the possible follow-up projects, and will Duncan Glen and Mike Bell and the open upland beyond, to the rearing be delighted to forge new OTA Archaeology and Historic of sheep and cattle with the fields partnerships to enable such projects Environment Management Group is subdivided, stock enclosures and to take place. gratefully appreciated. temporary structures such as shielings. This shift has been put Paul Frodsham down to local climate change. Phil Abramson Northumberland National Park Defence Estates

5 Hadrian’s Wall Cycleway

ustainable transport charity Bank. While clearly benefiting cycle I insertion of a 'Terram' SSustrans has been working on tourists, these links would also be geotextile sheet beneath the establishing its 'Hadrian's Cycleway' very useful for local residents, and base layer route for several years. Part of the also provide a safe route for I replacement of embedded successful 10,000-mile National schoolchildren wishing to travel under fence posts with a surface- Cycle Network, Hadrian's Cycleway, their own steam to one of the schools mounted gabion structure runs from Ravenglass to Tynemouth, in Gilsland or Greenhead. Sustrans across the sensitive Maiden passing many of the most important believe that lifelong improved fitness Way path archaeological and historical sites of and a sense of independence are I meetings with tenants and the region on the way, and amongst the most important agreement for alterations to paralleling the Wall itself as far as outcomes of promoting car-free travel the path design, to take into possible. amongst the younger generation. account agricultural needs.

Similar to the now well-established This whole area is of course At the time of writing, negotiations 'C2C' route further to the south, it is archaeologically very sensitive and with landowners were still ongoing, hoped that Hadrian's Cycleway will the route will involve crossing the line but it is hoped that the Greenhead bring many of the benefits of that of Hadrian's Wall itself near Thirlwall Bank path will be under construction route, to the new alignment. These Castle, and running through Carvoran by March 2005, lasting about 6 to 7 include significant increases in Roman Fort up Greenhead Bank. weeks. The section from Gilsland to tourism income, decreases in the Greenhead is at an earlier stage but tourist vehicular traffic which often Through early involvement, positive we hope that this will proceed in due clogs rural areas, and of course co-operation and good course. provision of a safe route for cyclists communications with the relevant (and walkers) amongst the local archaeological authorities, Sustrans Acknowledgements population. was able to make successful Sustrans are very grateful to the County planning applications for a Council for funding the construction of Thanks to the efforts of the local walking/cycling path up Greenhead the Greenhead Bank path, and to authorities through which the route Bank, and receive Scheduled archaeologists Mike Collins, Chris passes, most of Hadrian's Cycleway Monument Consent from the DCMS, Burgess, Karen Derham and Rob Young is already open and signed. Much of in just 6 weeks over the Christmas for their support in getting the necessary the cycle route uses minor roads and period of 2004. Particular features of permissions. Other supporters include lanes, with traffic-free routes being this project included: the local Parish Councils, District and pursued where appropriate. County Councillors, the Hadrians Wall I Tourism Partnership, and One North a digging depth of 180mm East. Of course we are also grateful to In the far west of Northumberland, maximum, with careful the landowners involved, for granting Sustrans has been negotiating for attention to drainage pipes permission to cross their land. some time to establish a traffic-free I a full-time 'watching brief' by a route between Gilsland, Greenhead, qualified archaeologist For further details on Hadrian's and the Wrytree junction of the I specific methods for erecting Cycleway, or any other aspect of Military Road, as it is felt that the the posts for a boundary promoting cycling and walking, please highway on this sector is not fence contact Sustrans on 0191 2616160, attractive or very safe for many I a base layer of quarry [email protected] , or visit cyclists. This route involves two chippings rather than the our website at: sections: one following the northern more typical reused road edge of the railway line between 'planings', thus reducing any www.sustrans.org.uk. Gilsland and Greenhead, and the possible long-term other a traffic-free path on the north contamination by bituminous Stephen Psallidas side of the very steep Greenhead materials Sustrans

6 From Blanchland to Australia: correspondence 1859-1883 he late 19th century was a period of week. At the same period the price of The leadminers in this district … cherish Tgreat hardship and social disruption flour is recorded to have risen to 2s per extraordinary attachment to the place of in the North Pennines lead mining field. stone (10p) and lamb to 1s (5p) per their birth, occupation and habits … With the majority of lead mines pound. Conditions in the hamlet resulted (The depressed state of the lead approaching final closure the large in a scarlet fever epidemic of which 'lots industry) throwing up on the surface of population of the lead mining dales of little children have died' and the soil a population which had faced stark realisation that their native conditions in the mines result in the previously drawn sustenance from its area no longer offered the means for death of William's brother. In 1868 a bowels, it would seem must end in a their survival. strong revival of primitive Methodism is state of things unparalleled in recorded in Shildon as a new young wretchedness, amongst a people Experiences of a disintegrating way of travelling preacher comes to the hamlet obstinately clinging to their native place, life are brought vividly to life in the but in 1870 spiritual hope is matched by and in a tract of country quite unable to remarkable correspondence between material decay as the James family feed its own inhabitants. two North Pennine families and their house is 'getting so bad' and is relatives in Australia which is described abandoned. William's sister Thomasin By the mid 19th century this historic on page 12 and 13 by Dorothy Soulsby. leaves Shildon as her husband, also bond between people and place was Part of the correspondence is from the engaged in the poverty work of lead ore clearly breaking. Within an apparently hamlet of Shildon near Blanchland, a washing, dies in his early 50s. From poor lead mining family with roots in a community which was almost wholly Weardale are reports that the condition small mining hamlet a son was to seek dependent on the local mines and of the mines is such that the half-yearly work in both America and Australia and whose population crashed from 158 to pays result in no income for William a daughter to establish a new life in 40 during the period in which the letters Gibson working at the Killhope Mine and Australia. Always an astute observer of were written. Working as a master physical attacks and rape are recorded his workforce, the Chief Agent of the as the Dale goes Beaumont mining estate, Thomas from 'worse to Sopwith, noted in 1866 worse.' The old and infirm must linger. The As a descendent young and active depart. … (The) of the railway works afford demand for labour correspondents, when they are in construction, and when Dorothy however finished will give facilities for movement brings out a and for interchange of opinions rather different respecting wages such have not hitherto and more been known in these secluded dales. optimistic theme from these It seems as well that the fervour for letters. This was education within the mining communities the end period of had brought rewards in terms of the the North ability of the young to adapt to new Pennine lead work. The 1871 Census reveals that mining industry Thomasin's 13 year old son was and a time of employed as a lead washer, yet a letter many personal from her in the same year shows that he tragedies, it was has attained an educational scholarship. also a time when In 1881 he has moved with his mother to previously closed the burgeoning railway town of Shildon communities near 'New Shildon', began to open where he was employed as a and younger draughtsman in the locomotive works. members sought The apparent movement of a new opportunities considerable part of the mining outside the area. population of 'Old' Shildon to industrial Shildon in the early 20th century. The James During previous opportunities in 'New' Shildon seems a family had a room in one of these houses. depressions in metaphor for hope. the lead industry washerman, preparing the lead ore for outside observers were astonished at With the permission of surviving family smelting, William James records that he the behaviour of mining families who members it is intended that this is earning 3d (a little over 1p) per day in remained rooted to the area despite correspondence from two North Pennine 1860. Within one of the small terrace relentless hardship. In 1834 for example families during a period of radical houses in Shildon, William's mother is the Poor Law Commissioners were told change may be made publicly available. taking in three lodgers to supplement a that, meagre parish relief of 2s 6d (12.5p) per CAC 7 The living Rock Art landscape of Northumberland and Durham

Chatton Park. Photo: CB rehistoric rock art is arguably the rock art to the public (see page fantastic resource that for the first Pone of the more neglected types 48-49). The website was launched in time puts British rock art into a global of archaeological monument in January 2005 and received over 2 context. Britain. The engravings, generally million visitors in its first week, a know as 'cup and ring marks' graphic illustration of the how eager Recruitment of volunteers started in because the majority of them we all are to learn about this October 2004 and, despite using a comprise cup-shaped carvings (often fascinating and obscure part of our low-key approach, the response was with one or more concentric rings heritage. The Northumberland and overwhelming. Over 50 people have around them) are prolific features of Durham Rock Art Project is now signed up as field work volunteers, the landscape in certain parts of the taking these developments a stage with a further 30 people wanting to country. The distribution of recorded further and actively bringing rock art contribute to data entry and rock art sites is particularly dense in into the public domain. associated aspects of the project. Northumberland, southern County The first task of the project has been Durham, Yorkshire and parts of The project, launched in August to train the field work volunteers in , with more limited clusters 2004 for two years, is funded by recording and survey techniques. Up in Derbyshire, Cumbria, Wales and English Heritage and run to 20 experts from English Heritage, the Isle of Man. collaboratively by Northumberland Durham and Northumberland County and Durham County Councils. Its Councils, and the University of Although rock art sites have been key aim is to recruit and train Durham have come together to documented for over 200 years, volunteers who will then record all provide a thorough training there has been little public known engravings in programme. The programme was awareness of their existence until Northumberland and completed in January 2005 and the now. The study of rock art has been using a standardised methodology. volunteers have been co-ordinated gathering momentum over the past The information will then be entered into five teams, each of which has 30 years or so, first with the into a specially designed database. been fully equipped for field work. extensive work of a handful of This database which, it is hoped, will The volunteers have so far put up dedicated amateurs collecting build on the work undertaken by the with driving rain, freezing winds and information on the sites, then with a Beckensall Archive project, will form full-on day-long lectures. After being trickle of academic interest in the the basis of a new national rock art systematically drenched, frozen and 1990s, followed by the English archive that will be accessible to overloaded with information, they Heritage Rock Art Pilot Project everyone through the internet. This have responded with boundless (RAPP) in 1999, and from 2002 until will enable anyone from anywhere in enthusiasm and eagerness to get to the start of 2005, the Newcastle the world to interrogate information work. As the success of this work University project to digitise Stan on British rock art, be it for research, depends largely on the volunteers, Beckensall's archive of rock art sites for conservation and management, the commitment and goodwill they in Northumberland. This latter project or for general interest. This national have shown so far is a very positive has been the first attempt to bring rock art archive will provide a indicator for a great project.

8 The first recording phase will run between February and May 2005, during which any wrinkles in the Rock Art: recording procedure will be ironed out and the field work teams will grow in experience. The second main field a personal work phase will be completed during the autumn and winter 2005-6. Rock art sites have been recorded in perspective different ways by different people over the years, with the record for y interest in rock art was some engravings more complete rekindled 2-3 years ago with than for others. The first task of the M the publication of two more of Stan field work teams is to visit all known Beckensall’s books and, having a sites and ensure that they are all bit more free time on my hands, documented to the same level of visiting more of the sites. Often I detail in the same way. For some would go to an area and have the sites, the volunteers may only need The Horseshoe Rock, creepy feeling of deja vu. Had I to gather data on the condition of the Lordenshaw. Photo: CB been there 15 years before or was engravings and assess to what how we document and visualise our it some hidden memory from extent they might be at risk - past. Rock art is an ideal candidate prehistory? After all, my ancestors information which is crucial for future for piloting digital innovation in a had carved these rocks. The conservation and management heritage context because it is very carvings provide more questions programmes. For other sites, visual but can be difficult to access than answers. What do the strange particularly many of the engravings in and can present severe conservation cup and ring motifs mean? Are County Durham, a detailed written and management challenges. there more out there to find? Has and visual record will need to be Techniques such as 3D laser Stan looked at every rock in compiled. Once we have a full record scanning, remote sensing and Northumberland? of all know sites, the teams will start photogrammetry are being used to to work in areas where no engravings capture precise, digital information Having now got involved with the are currently known but might expect from selected rock art sites which Rock Art project there is the to be found - areas that turn up blank can then be manipulated and opportunity to perhaps answer are interesting also for our explored in different ways. These some of these questions. Of understanding of rock art distribution digital data can form the basis of primary importance is making sure and the factors that may have research and conservation we have a complete record of the influenced it. programmes and can provide new location and condition of all the ways of presenting the engravings to marked rocks. New sites need to In addition to developing community- the public. be found to get a clear view of their led recording and archiving, the overall distribution. New project is exploring new approaches The project is providing an exciting, technologies can be used (now or to data capture, conservation and unprecedented opportunity both to in the future) as a means of interpretation of rock art. For involve the community in a hands-on, visualising and analysing the example, as new digital technology ground breaking study of rock art and motifs. Preservation and becomes applied to the heritage to test out an array of new conservation for the future are of sector, there are exciting techniques and ideas from which we the utmost importance as this is an changes taking can make recommendations for irreplaceable resource and record place in future rock art projects. from the distant past.

TB Andy Curtis

Rock Art Training Day, Huntersheugh. January 2005. 9 The Bamburgh Research Project

The Castle, West Ward from the south. Photo: Bamburgh Research Project he 2004 season at Bamburgh rectangular building 9m by 4.5m spring of 2006. As part of the first Twas memorable for many would fit neatly into this space and phase of this work we have reasons, not just for the poor summer we can speculate that it may have commissioned a geophysical survey that we had to work through. Despite been related to the gate, by TimeScape Surveys. Seven areas this it was easily our best season yet, representing a guard chamber or the around the village have been with discoveries in , base of a defensive tower. identified for survey. They were the Bowl Hole burial ground and also selected to investigate three potential new insights into the archaeology of The second excavation area finally burial barrows, the field to the west of the village area. reached the bottom of a massive St Aidan's Church and the south-west medieval midden layer that we have edge of the village to see if we can Further work in Bamburgh Castle been patiently excavating identify the location of a medieval ur work within the west ward of for a number of seasons. leper hospital known from Othe castle has continued in two At the base of the midden records. Six of the proposed open area excavations. A trench at we have discovered the seven areas of investigation the northern end of the ward, near to foundations for timber have so far been St Oswald's Gate, has been ongoing walls, for a number of seasons now and has reached what we believe to be relatively early deposits. Numerous pits and post-holes have been revealed, concentrated adjacent to the castle wall. These features, which are clearly not all from the same 13-14th Century Jet probably period, have produced very little Cross Fragment (width 31 mm) storerooms or other ancillary pottery. We believe that they buildings, which we believe to have represent timber post-settings for a surveyed and the results have been in use during the 13th century. number of phases of defensive surpassed our most optimistic ramparts to the fortress dating back expectations. A clear candidate for to the 12th century and earlier. It was also a good season for finds the hospital site has emerged and and by far the most remarkable of many other potentially fascinating these was the discovery of the upper On the south side of the trench two features as well. part of a jet crucifix recovered from sides of a robber trench were seen; the medieval midden. the robber trench represents the slot Excavation in the castle chapel left when the stone from a wall is he Your Heritage grant has also removed. Most of this building lay Our “Your Heritage” grant Tallowed us to excavate two beyond the limit of excavation but, e were fortunate during the trenches in the castle chapel to despite this, some idea of its possible Wsummer to be awarded a Your investigate the resistivity and radar size can be worked out from the area Heritage grant from the Heritage surveys previously undertaken there. available between the corner of the Lottery Fund. The grant is to fund a A trench was sited in the west end of building and the rock cleft that led project researching burial practice at the chapel on the site of a radar down to St Oswald's Gate. A Bamburgh through the ages and will anomaly that, in 3D projection, had run for two years concluding in the the form of an underground vaulted

10 chamber. We believed that this it must have been no later than feature could represent a partly the 12th century in date. It was cut Community collapsed crypt. However, the into a dark soil layer that excavation has proved that this contained a single sherd of Archaeology in was sadly not the case. Part of Roman pottery. This leaves us the radar signal that fooled us with a long period during which Coquetdale seems to have been it could have been constructed. generated by the end of a he Northumberland National We know from the work of Park Authority, in partnership substantial stone wall which Brian Hope-Taylor that the T extended into the eastern with the and Coquetdale castle was occupied in the History Society, has obtained part of the chapel. This wall Roman period but it is very lay on a very different funding (from the HLF and Leader unlikely that stone buildings +) for an exciting new venture to alignment to the chapel were constructed at that time. above it, but did appear to enable professional archaeologists Stone construction was not to work alongside amateurs to be parallel to the external re-introduced into boundary to the inner ward. complete a programme of Northumbria until the later archaeological work in Upper seventh century, which means It has been proposed since Coquetdale. Over a two year th that we may have a middle or period, starting in spring 2005, a the 19 century that the late Saxon building or part of the Project Officer will train local people Basilica of St Peter, an Anglo- Norman castle, demolished in to undertake programmes of survey, Saxon church recorded by th the later 12 century to make fieldwalking and excavation, and Bede, lay beneath the castle room for the chapel. events will be organised including chapel. It seems unlikely that pottery-making and flint-knapping this early stone wall One thing that the 2004 season classes. Training opportunities will represents part of the has clearly shown us is that the be open to all, although priority will basilica as it deviates too far archaeology of Bamburgh is be given to residents of Upper from an east-west 2 cm even more exciting than Coquetdale. The NNPA welcomes alignment. Since our we had expected. We enquiries from local people who excavation within the still have very much to might like to take part in the project chapel identified no other Iron spear point learn and can confidently (for information please contact structural features it from Trench 3 expect further surprises [email protected] after would appear that the in future seasons. May 2005). Anglo-Saxon church lay Paul Frodsham elsewhere within the inner ward. Graeme Young Northumberland National Park Bamburgh Research Project This leaves us looking for an explanation for the wall. We know that a 12th -century chapel was constructed on top of it, so

The Castle Chapel in the Inner Ward looking south-east, showing the two excavation trenches. Photo: Bamburgh Research Project

11 From Shildon to Shildon: letters of a lead mining family

Tamar Lucas and Family. The Author’s grandfather is far left ollowing on from two articles in in two generations. with candour and freshness. Certain Flast year's newsletter about lead names become real, rounded mining in the North Pennines, After his death, my mother began characters - above all Susanna, Dorothy Soulsby has written a corresponding with aunts and Mary's widowed mother. She had contribution from a much more cousins in Australia. My grandfather's married William James in 1823, and personal perspective. Born and sister was a tremendous source of at that time neither of them could brought up close to Shildon in family history and put my mother in write their own name. On their County Durham, through her touch with a cousin in Melbourne. He marriage certificate it simply shows research she discovered that her had found, and this is the exciting bit, "their mark" in place of signatures. family's origins actually lay in another bundles of letters in his grandfather's Yet by April 1859 Susanna was able Shildon, that near Blanchland in home that had been sent from to write fluently to her son William, Northumberland, and that she had . They dated from 1859 Mary's brother, in Australia with lots first hand accounts of life in the lead through to the beginning of the of family and local news. mining industry. Here Dorothy Second World War. recounts some of her family history. In their recent book Blanchland's My mother never divulged that she Lead Mining Heritage, Clive Crossley …My grandfather had been born in had been sent typed transcripts of all and Kevin Patrick talk about Victoria, Australia, and had arrived in the letters. However, we were told Methodism in the North Pennines Shildon via the sugarcane that the Shildon of origin was in fact and the burgeoning literacy among plantations of Queensland, the a small village in Northumberland. the lead miners in the 19th century. gambling gangs on the docks in The connection between the two Clearly, it was not just the children Sydney, and then round Cape Horn Shildons was not explained, nor was who were learning; there must have aboard a sailing ship - the real stuff the extent of the social and family been a Sunday School attended by of Boys' Own Annuals! His history contained in the letters ever the miners and their wives. grandparents, Ralph Gibson and revealed. Mary James, had eloped to Australia Susanna's strong Christian faith from Shildon in the Ballarat Goldrush After my mother died in 1996, I must have helped her through the in 1858. They raised a family and discovered the transcripts among her difficult financial situation she found kept in touch with those in England papers. I could not have been more herself in as her family departed from through an address in Shildon, excited if I had discovered buried their home in Shildon, near County Durham, which was what my treasure, and I desperately wanted to Blanchland. Her daughter Mary had grandfather successfully sought out see the originals. This I achieved last eloped, and her son, William, single in 1908. He met my grandmother October during a trip to Australia and and clearly a staple breadwinner, there, and until his death in 1954 it was a very emotional moment had emigrated with them. Susanna was happily confident that it had indeed. The daily joys and sorrows, tells him not to worry about her: been Shildon to Shildon (like clogs!) even tragedies, of family life are told

12 I have 3 lodgers at present. They leaving his family. Yet William Atlantic to seek their fortunes. Sister bring me 4 shillings per week and I returned to Shildon and to work in Ann wrote that some friends have 2s.6d parish money so you see the mines, his letter recounting, After went to America I am not taking any hurt as yet... a pleasant voyage of 88 days we and were only landed at Liverpool about 12 o'clock away three What fascinates me is how she of the day and next night about months managed to house three lodgers. I eleven o'clock I got home… but it until had originally thought that the was a meeting!. … So after I got cottages in Shildon had two rooms home I commenced work in Derwent each, one up and one down, but I mines where I intend to stay with my was amazed to discover that each mother. Brother George and I are family had just one room, either working together masters work at 3d upstairs or down, with a fireplace, or per day each and he and my Mother range, in each. The 1851 census and I are living together very returns for Shildon lists all the comfortable at the old house at members of the James family in their home. one room: father, mother, six children they and a lodger. It was clearly emotionally satisfying arrived for him, but the situation still caused home Add to all that the harsh weather him to have mixed feelings. The again. conditions of the North Pennines and summer of 1860 was wet and They soon the hellish conditions in the lead miserable, with the corn still green in tired of America. mines. Is there any wonder that so October, and the potato crop They no sooner Ralph Gibson many emigrated to the USA or blighted. Meat and flour prices were land in America than they were only Australia? at an all-time high, and William given nine days notice either to take thought wistfully of the sunny shores up arms and fight or quit the place so There is a Company of Gentlemen of Victoria where he might feel the they turned right round and came who have taken a lease of Readin hot winds blowing and smell the home to Old England. The Civil War and Beldon Veins, writes Susanna. peppermint bush. held no attractions for them. Operation is expected to commence shortly....but the prospects under the Susanna obviously enjoyed having What about the other Shildon, near old Company are only very dull. her son home again. She writes, He Bishop Auckland in County Durham? Wages are not allowed to be more is very kind to me and tells me many It is certainly referred to in a number than 15 shillings per week... a droll story about a foreign land. of letters as New Shildon and, with William was also at pains to update its flourishing railway works, it was I have no doubt at all that when son his brother-in-law Ralph's parents attracting more and more friends and William read that, he felt lucky to be with details from "down-under” I can relatives as the lead mines declined. out of it and prospecting for gold, see your father and mother a good So it was that William James, my despite the guilt and sadness at deal failed since I last seen them but great-great-uncle, left the Blanchland by all appearances they area after his mother Susanna's fret a good deal about death. He bought a four-roomed you a wandering son. house in New Shildon after finding a position at the railway works. He And he really had been a married, had a daughter, and was wanderer. Before followed to New Shildon by sister sweeping Mary off her Thomasin and her family. It was their feet and whisking her off children in New Shildon that my to Victoria, Ralph had grandfather located when he arrived already been to the USA. fresh from Australia. Indeed, there appear to have been quite a So did he complete the full circle? number of comings and Well, no. So close, but not quite the goings round the globe to whole way. It took another judge from references in generation to close the gap when my the letters. But the real Australian cousin and I visited pull, for William at least, Shildon near Blanchland to read the was Shildon, near names of the James family in the Blanchland, 1851 census and realised we were Northumberland, Old sitting only feet away from where England (sweet home). Susanna and her family had lived and loved. Others too were glad to Mary Gibson (né e James) be back after crossing the Dorothy Soulsby

13 Spotlight: CORBRIDGE a tale of two towns

Photo: Copyright Bluesky Ltd here has been a settlement in unclear, documentary sources refer subsequently been lost, although Tthe area around Corbridge since to a monastery at Corbridge in AD their location appears to be reflected at least Roman times when the 786 and some surviving architectural in modern street names. The Chapel Roman fort and garrison town of features within the Church of St of St Helen and the manorial hall it Corstopitum was constructed to the Andrew appear to be late seventh was built to serve are thought to west of the modern town. The fort century in date. The reference to the have been located on St Helen's was served by the two principal monastic origin of the church is not Street, while Trinity Church, which lay Roman roads of and Dere supported either by the surviving to the north-west of the medieval Street. Dere Street was carried over architecture or by excavations in the town, probably stood in the area the by means of a 19th century. around Trinity Terrace. bridge, the stone remains of which are still visible in the river banks Documentary sources indicate that Documentary and map evidence give today. A significant civilian the town developed from the Anglo- us a broad understanding of the settlement, or vicus, grew up around Saxon period onwards, being at its location and development of the town the military site which appears to most prosperous in the 13th century, and a tantalising insight into the the have become a defended market when it was the second largest range of establishments and town by the mid-second century AD borough town in the region, next to activities which once took place. In and continued to be occupied until at Newcastle. addition, archaeological least the late fifth century. investigations help to enhance our The medieval town layout, which is understanding of the extent, nature The relationship between the thought to have been established in and development of the settlement collapse of the Roman infrastructure the 13th or 14th century, is still and the finer details of land-use and and post-Roman settlement is still reflected in many of the roads and the day to day life and diet of the not clearly understood. Traditionally properties boundaries in the centre of people living in Corbridge throughout it is thought that following the modern-day Corbridge. It shows a the different periods of settlement. abandonment of the Roman town, town centred on the market place the Anglo-Saxon settlement was set with houses along the street With the exception of the Roman up to the east, using the fort as a frontages and narrow property or bridge excavation, the archaeological source of building stone. burgage plots to the rear. It is also investigations carried out in and Archaeological investigations and likely that the early medieval town around Corbridge in 2004 have chance finds across both the fort and was focused around the church and resulted from planning conditions the modern town are increasingly market place although no definite requested by the Conservation Team showing that the story is not quite as settlement evidence from that period and carried out in accordance with clear cut and it is anticipated that has yet been uncovered. briefs supplied by the Team. They further archaeological work will add have added greatly to our knowledge to our understanding of this While the medieval layout of the town of the range and location of activity in interesting interim period. is reflected in the modern town, Roman and medieval times. many of the buildings referred to in Although the finer details concerning documentary sources have KD the shift in settlement to the east is

14 and water conditions are clear. The the ramp. Eventually, a scour pit The Roman Bridge present project began when, formed along the face of the eastern following damage caused to the retaining wall and the resulting ieldwork to record and display southern riverbank by flooding in instability caused much of the the remains of the southern 1994, trial excavations uncovered structure to collapse into the river. access ramp leading up to the F several large blocks that were Part of the remains had shifted out of Roman bridge at Corbridge began in interpreted as being part of the road position, and five upper courses had July 2004. The project, funded by a ramp leading up to the bridge. slid en masse into the scour pit from grant of £303,500 from the Heritage their original Lottery Fund, commissioned and The excavations were carried positions and supported by English Heritage, and out by staff from Tyne were carried out by and Wear Museums, uncovered Museums, was urgently needed with the invaluable still because of the threat to the remains help of enthusiastic lying in from the encroaching River Tyne. teams of volunteers their and trainees. Following individual The ramp and bridge took the major the removal of the modern rows. Roman road of Dere Street across overburden, the the river on this part of its long construction of a sandbag The ramp itself journey from London to Scotland. wall began along the riverbank. was not The whole structure was constructed This defence was added to constructed with with large stone blocks (measuring continuously throughout the mortar. Instead approximately 1m by 0.5m and 0.3m project and, with the aid of the blocks were in depth), using techniques Octagonal capital, pumps, allowed us to excavate to carefully shaped developed in Greek architecture and first noted in 1994 a depth below the adjacent river and positioned so adapted by the Romans. In addition level. As the excavation progressed it that the weight of the masonry itself to the functional nature of the bridge, soon became apparent that far more worked to hold the revetment walls in the structure also served to act as a of the road ramp survived than had place. Laying-out lines carved into monument to the grandeur and previously been expected. Measuring some of the blocks, as well as extent of imperial power. As one of nearly 12m in width, the ramp was crowbar slots for their final precise the few formal crossing points of the composed of a rubble core held placement, were recorded as the river it would have carried a large between massive retaining walls. The ramp was excavated. A small number amount of traffic, north and south, eastern retaining wall of the ramp of the blocks towards the northern thereby ensuring that many travellers survived for a length of 22m and had end of the ramp were tied together would have seen the architecture and been cut into the contemporary with metal clamps. associated sculptures or inscriptions. riverbank (though the changing course of the river through time Also recovered from the excavation The eventual (probably post-Roman) meant that this area was now were several clues as to the collapse and robbing of the structure partially inland). This wall was three elaborate decoration of the ramp and had resulted in the archaeology blocks in width (approximately 1.5m) bridge. A large octagonal stone, first being largely hidden beneath the and survived in-situ to a height of partially recorded in 1994, seems to modern landscape. For those who four courses (averaging 1.5m in have formed the decorated capital of have known where to look, however, total). an octagonal pillar, and several the southern abutment and several of carved cornice blocks had slots in the piers that once held the massive At some point in the late Roman their upper surface which would have structure of the bridge are still visible period, the river began to undermine held upright stone slabs forming a during times when the river is low

Excavations of the Roman Bridge Abutment at Corbridge. Photo:TWM

15 parapet along the edge of the ramp. A June since 1944, the wettest August artefacts were found in association block with a decorated finial probably since records began, and the biggest with this feature, the form of its also came from the parapet. floods in living memory at the turn of construction, location and orientation the New Year. Yet, through all suggest a likely Roman origin. Re-used blocks were found in the developments, team spirits remained revetting wall of the ramp, and a high and there was a steady flow of KD based on a report by fragment of a cornice block came inquisitive visitors to the site, where a The Archaeological Practice Ltd from the core of the road ramp. combination of an information tent, Stratified Roman pottery showed that illustrated notice boards, and the ramp was built no earlier than the explanations by staff helped to pass Bishops Garage end of the second century. It almost on the enthusiasm for the project and certainly replaced an original ramp the significance of the findings. that had been destroyed by the action n archaeological evaluation was of the river. Analysis of the results of the Aundertaken by North Pennines excavation will be carried on Archaeology on land behind Main Over time, some of the stones of the throughout 2005. We will also be Street, Corbridge, within a car park collapsed ramp were robbed and carrying out our research in the crypt owned by Bishops Garages. The site taken off-site for inclusion in in , along with a survey of the lies within the medieval town, on the structures elsewhere. The lead ties piers on the riverbed. The excavation site of a burgage plot. Map evidence originally set in some blocks were report will be published in 2006. since 1841 revealed the site had not also robbed, leaving characteristic been significantly built on and as a extraction holes in the blocks Terry Frain result the potential for discovering themselves. Research suggests that Tyne and Wear Museums previously undisturbed masonry from the bridge was used in archaeological remains was high. the construction of the crypt of St Wilfrid in Hexham in AD 674, and this A new footpath to Three initial trial trenches were element will be further researched as excavated, trench 1 was located part of this project. the Roman Fort within the car park and trenches 2 and 3 on land at the rear of the site. The course of the river has changed orks to build a new footpath The latter trenches revealed no since Roman times, and continues to Walong the southern edge of significant archaeological remains, change now. Because the river was Corchester Lane, between Corbridge the former, however, revealed an threatening to wash away the and the English Heritage visitor interesting large, sub-circular, stone remains of the road ramp, a centre at the Roman fort, were built feature at the north end of the significant part of the project involved watched by The Archaeological trench. The structure has a radius of the individual cataloguing, recording, Practice. The line of the footpath 0.80m and consists of a drystone and removal of the blocks crossed the Roman vicus, or civil superstructure around a flagged floor. themselves. This phase of the project settlement, as well as the line of Dere A homogenous black, silty loam was no small undertaking given the Street Roman road. deposit was contained within.The sheer size of the blocks involved, and structure appears consistent with that through it those involved gained a Two trenches were excavated to build of a corn-drying kiln. Environmental deeper respect for the abilities of the the footpath: one 0.15m deep by sampling of the residue within the original builders. The removal between 1m and 1.5m wide along its 'kiln' produced a considerable process involved the careful use of a length, and the other 0.3m wide and amount of both and charred winch and straps and resulted in 0.3m deep for curbing adjacent to the material, as would be expected with a approximately 260 blocks being road. The groundworks did not deposit recovered from inside a stored adjacent to the excavation exceed the depth of ploughsoil along hearth or kiln. The fact that the area. As a result of the detailed much of the area, however two areas sample produced an appreciable recording of these blocks both before of archaeological significance were amount of grain as well as the and after their removal, it will possible recorded at the eastern and western magnetic material seems to verify its for a substantial portion of the ends of the watching brief. multipurpose use. This site is masonry to be put back together. probably part of a larger complex, Tyne and Wear Museums are At the western end of the footpath an which may be industrial in context or presently in discussion with various area of cobbles was revealed, a combination of industrial and agencies as to how a permanent thought to represent an area of field domestic. display could be created on the site. clearance or levelling of uncertain This would provide a rare and date. At the eastern end of the Two further trenches were then valuable opportunity for visitors to watching brief area, four courses of excavated within the car park area appreciate this monumental example an east-west orientated unmortared (trenches 4 and 5). Cut linear of classical architecture. stone wall were uncovered laid on a features were observed within both cobble base. Although the south face trenches, each oriented It was most certainly a test of of the wall had been removed by later approximately north-west to south- determination to excavate beside the services running parallel to the road, east. A number of fragments of 13th- banks of the Tyne during the course it was evident that this had been a 15th century pottery and small- of this project, which saw the wettest substantial wall. Although no datable medium fragments of animal bone

16 were recovered from the fill of one of these features. Nine sherds of 13th/14th century pottery were recovered from all The pottery assemblage was contexts, consisting of partially made up of nine sherds of reduced wares with a white buff medieval pottery, which surface and traces of a pale yellow dated to the 12th-15th glaze. centuries. Although small in quantity, the In addition to the finds a number of assemblage confirmed environmental samples were taken the presence of and analysed by NPA Environmental medieval activity on Archaeologist Patricia Crompton, the site, which under guidance from Jacqui Huntley, corresponded to English Heritage Regional Scientific the current Adviser. According to the analysis of state of these samples, evidence for human knowledge activity in the area is demonstrated regarding by the presence of charred grain, the charcoal and charred wood. medieval Uncharred seeds may have entered settlement of the soil matrix by natural means, with Corbridge. The the charred grain deposited through majority of the soil improvement with ash spread on pottery came from Remains of the kiln at the soil to improve fertility. Trench 5, from within the fill a ditch, Bishops Garage comprising oxidised red gritty ware heart of the site. The natural subsoil It is difficult to interpret the results of and partially reduced green glazed was observed at a depth of 1.10m the evaluation from such a small greyware. Traditionally, the red gritty and consisted of mixed postglacial till. sample. However, it is clear that a wares originated in the 12th century Archaeological features number of cut features of likely and are the earliest of the ceramic were cut into this medieval date were present within wares found on the site, although postglacial till, and the trench, probably comprising the they were used throughout the later were sealed by a remains of one or more timber medieval period. Green glazed layer of garden soil structures. greyware fabrics date from the mid- approximately late 13th century and span to the 0.50m thick, and Chris Jones 15th century. were North Pennines Archaeology Ltd consequently Chris Jones difficult to North Penines Archaeology Ltd observe. Other work

These urther archaeological evaluations Eastfield House features Fwere also carried out within the consisted of a medieval and later settlement of second archaeological series of linear Corbridge in 2004. Aevaluation was undertaken by and circular features North Pennines Archaeology Ltd on of medieval date. North Pennines Archaeology Ltd land to the rear of the Smiths Gore They included a executed a watching brief on Trinity Offices at Eastfield House, Main narrow gully 0.20m Church while The Archaeological Street, Corbridge, immediately south wide and Practice Ltd carried out an of the Bishops Garage evaluation. oriented north- Iron arrow point evaluation to the rear of Anchor The site is situated at NY 9908 6435 west to south- found at Cottage, 30 Princes Street, and also lies within the medieval east, a second Eastfield House immediately to the north of Bishops town, on the site of a burgage plot. gully was also Garage. This revealed that modern As with the Bishops Garage car park observed at the opposite end of the land-use and disturbance had site, map evidence since 1841 trench and running in a north-east to removed all trace of earlier post- revealed the site had not been south-west orientation. Two large medieval or medieval activity. significantly built on and as a result circular postholes of a similar size Archaeological Services University of the potential that the development were also observed. A single sherd of Durham carried out an evaluation in would impact upon previously later medieval pottery and an iron the terraced burgage plot to the rear undisturbed archaeological remains arrowhead were recovered from of the Hotel and found was also high. within the fill of the easternmost modern build up and garden soils posthole. In addition to these features forming a series of terraces down the A single evaluation trench was a series of small, undated pits were slope to the river. excavated, oriented east-west at the also observed. KD

17 Hidden Treasures: Hartburn Vicarage Flint Assemblage Found at Akeld ieldwalking over a large area of pieces can be ascribed to the Fland near Akeld Steads was Neolithic-Early Bronze Age and undertaken by Archaeological comprise one of the best-preserved Research Services Ltd in advance of caches of Neolithic flint material so far planned gravel extraction on the site. discovered in the county. Part of a This work was kindly funded by buried archaeological feature was Tarmac who were keen to visible in the base of the test-pit cut understand the archaeological into the sand and gravel substratum importance of this area particularly demonstrating the presence of buried as it lies close to two henge archaeological features. sites, pit alignments and ring ditches. It is likely that the spread of flints indicate an area where prehistoric Flints typical of the Mesolithic and settlements may have existed. The Neolithic-Early Bronze Age periods dates associated with the various were recovered from the main area, types of flint suggest occupation may with a significant cluster of Neolithic material in one portion of the field. Occasional clusters of Mesolithic material were observed further away from this principal concentration. The flint assemblage includes many fine, diagnostic pieces such r Sharp, vicar of Hartburn, as a leaf- D'improved' his vicarage shaped grounds in about 1760. A splendid arrowhead, lancet-arched footbridge can be chisel seen en route to his grotto next to arrowhead, the Hart Burn. It consists of a barbed and chamber partly cut into a cliff, with tanged a fireplace and “a covered arrowhead, passageway for bathers along Neolithic and which they may pass unperceived Mesolithic by the impertinent eye of vulgar scrapers, knives persons.” The path continues and cores. through a delightful wood owned by the Woodland Trust before The most interesting emerging at the west end of the discovery was a cache of village. flint blades found on the field surface in the north part of the main National Grid Reference: area indicating where a sub-surface NZ 0875 8646. feature had been clipped by the have taken place over a considerable plough and archaeological remains period from at least the Early Neolithic Directions: brought to the surface. The cache through to the Later Neolithic and Start at the village car park, cross comprised ten large blade and flake Early Bronze Age. As work the road and walk through the tools. It was decided that a small progresses at this site, our village. Shortly after passing Dr one metre square test pit should be understanding of the first farming Sharp's Old Schoolhouse of 1762 opened above the cache and a groups in should be with its castellated tower and further 48 large flints were found in a greatly enhanced. external steps follow the marked cone directly beneath. This included James Brightman scrapers, utilised and retouched footpath to the river. and Clive Waddington blades and a spear point. All these PR Archaeological Research Services

18 Agriculture aids Archaeology the funding that DEFRA can provide has made a significant difference to the future of our archaeological heritage. Acting with the advice of the County Council and English Heritage, a Including five walks, each with an number of successful itinerary and a detailed Ordnance schemes allowing Survey map, Clive Waddington’s improved public access new book Maelmin a pocket guide and/or better to archaeological walks will lead you management of to some of the most interesting archaeological sites have archaeology in the north of the been undertaken since county. The book concentrates on the scheme was started routes around the Milfield Plain and over 10 years ago. the north-eastern fringes of the . Available for £2.95 Recent examples of this from www.designdesk.co.uk , it is a include open access to must for anybody, new to the area the Iron Age hillfort and or otherwise, wishing to see some earlier prehistoric rock art of the best archaeological on Chattonpark Hill (grid landscapes of the county. ref NU 075 295), and CB vegetation clearance and open access on the Iron Morpeth Age hillfort at Westhills, Rothbury (grid ref NU 038 021). Formal public Market Place access has also been he high standards achieved in the permitted for the first time Trefurbishment of Morpeth's at Duddo Stone Circle historic Market Place have been and, in addition, an area recognised in two prestigious award of permanent grassland schemes run by the Civic Trust and has been established the Royal Town Planning Institute. around the site to protect Over £600,000 has been spent it from the damage which making the Market Place more can be caused by pedestrian friendly with an enlarged cultivation. area of stone paving, a new home for the repaired Hollon Fountain and DEFRA have also teamed improved lighting. The installation of up with English Heritage the Lumsden's Lane Arch, a metal sculpture to celebrate the 800th Duddo Tower to help fund other, more ambitious, projects, including the anniversary of the Market Place, by he DEFRA-funded agri- repair of Doddington Bastle (in local artist blacksmith Stephen Lunn, Tenvironment scheme Countryside reality a 16th century strong house) completed the project. Stewardship (relaunched in March and Duddo Tower. Repairs to both 2005 as Environmental Stewardship) sites are expected to begin early in Civic Trust Awards assessors has become a major player in the 2005. These projects are great commented, it requires a long hard conservation and promotion of the examples of what can be achieved look at the photographs of the Market historic environment. Under this when different organisations Place pre improvement, to scheme, farmers are paid to manage undertake joined-up working and we understand the breadth of their land in an environmentally look forward to what can be enhancement this scheme has given sensitive way and the scheme can achieved under the new to Morpeth town centre. It simply provide benefits to the archaeology, Environmental Stewardship scheme. looks “right” and yet has addressed a ecology and landscape of the region. multitude of problems that plague In a period of diminishing resources SR most small towns. PR

19 Hidden Treasures: The Breamish Valley The Royal Tweed Bridge Project esigned by LG Mouchel and DPartners between 1925 and 1928, the Royal Tweed Bridge was the first new road crossing of the Tweed at Berwick since 1626. Constructed of concrete it is typical of designs in Europe during the interwar years. Consisting of four arches, each with four ribs. The ummer 2004 saw the eleventh constructed during the late Iron Age. bridge was famous for a short while Sand final season of the Breamish During Roman times, this enclosure before World War 2 as one of the Valley Archaeology (BVA) project, a seems to have been substantially arches was the longest concrete collaborative venture between the remodelled and a second, adjacent span in the world when it was built. Northumberland National Park enclosure of similar size was The importance and beauty of Royal Authority, the University of Durham constructed. Speculation as to Tweed Bridge has long been and the Northumberland exactly why these enclosures were overlooked, not least because Archaeological Group (NAG). The built here must await the completion Pevsner is scathing of its design in his assessment of Berwick. project, which has included the of post-excavation work. excavation of Early Bronze Age It does, however, have much going burials, Iron Age and Roman period In August 2004 a new visitor centre for it, and though perhaps best settlements, and multi-period field exhibition entitled People of the viewed at night when it is frequently systems, represents the first long Breamish Valley: a decade of lit up, it now also forms a vital part of term excavation project of its kind in discovery was opened at the Ingram the Berwick townscape, resting the Northumberland Cheviots. The National Park Centre. This proved easily between the lower Old Bridge results have provided a suite of about popular during the few months that it and higher Royal Border Bridge (the 50 radiocarbon dates which have was open last year, and will be open rail viaduct) when viewed from the helped to create an informed to the public from mid-March until the overview of the development of the east from vantage points such as end of October 2005. Admission is the Life Boat Station. landscape from the Stone Age free. The exhibition includes many through until post-medieval times. artefacts found during the BVA Post excavation work is now largely excavations, including five complete National Grid Reference: complete, and full academic Early Bronze Age pots. The NT 9950 5278 publication of the work will be exhibition also features a 20-minute prepared over the next few years. video about the project which Directions: For those who want to find out more includes archive footage of the By car it is best to park in in advance of the full publication, two excavations in progress, and Tweedmouth and walk to see the chapters specifically about the BVA computerised interactive displays as structure’s underside. By foot the project are included within the book well as conventional interpretive bridge can be viewed both from the Archaeology in Northumberland panels. The exhibition now Quayside in Berwick and from the National Park. represents a fundamental element of Old Bridge. the local archaeological landscape, CB The NAG excavations, focusing on and can be visited along with many the hillfort and surrounding of the nearby sites which featured in multiperiod landscape of Wether Hill, the project. A self-guided trail and were completed during 2003. The accompanying leaflet entitled The University's 2004 excavations were Breamish Valley: walk in a focused on a parchmark site known landscape of ancestors, has been set as Ingram South, in a field up for visitors who wish to experience overlooking the village hall. Although some of the splendid hillforts and no surface traces of this site survive, other monuments for themselves. A and the field has been regularly 48-page full-colour souvenir guide, ploughed in modern times, many which discusses the BVA project features survived beneath the topsoil. excavations and provides an The site seems to have begun life as overview of the archaeology of the an unenclosed settlement, possibly valley, will be available from Easter during the Iron Age, around which a 2005. large rectilinear enclosure was Paul Frodsham Northumberland National Park 20 Excavating Cup and Ring Marks

n excavation at Hunterheugh Age into the Neolithic. This direct found below the cairn. Although no ACrags in Spring 2004 dating of a rock art panel human remains survived, no doubt investigated a remote site on the Fell corresponds with the implied dates due to the acidic soil conditions, a Sandstone escarpment 7km north- from Neolithic long mounds and plano-convex knife segment was west of Alnwick, where a small stone dolmens where cup marked rocks recovered from the collapsed cist cairn overlay a carved rock outcrop. have been deposited. material - an artefact commonly The principle aim was to date the associated with Early Bronze Age cairn and obtain a terminus post The carvings at Hunterheugh showed burials. quem, before which the rock art must two distinct phases, with the earliest date. In the event the investigations on the natural rock surface displaying Other sites in Northumberland show proved more complex and heavy weathering. The second evidence for secondary phases of informative than could have been phase, of much fresher carvings, had carving such as those at Dod Law anticipated, demonstrating the been applied to new rock surfaces main rock, the North Plantation site at potential of excavation at rock art formed by quarrying, which in some Fowberry and West Horton 1b. As sites. cases had broken the earlier research continues in other regions of carvings. The difference in condition the British Isles it will be interesting to A persisting view is that rock art is a between the two phases was so see if they too show evidence of phenomenon of the Early Bronze dramatic that the inescapable secondary episodes of rock carving Age, despite the absence of any conclusion is that their construction and whether that too manifests itself clear dating for this period. The was separated by a substantial as a pre-occupation with cairns and Hunterheugh excavation has period of time. Two large quarried burial in the Early Bronze Age. revealed a fascinating sequence of boulders, one of which had been activity which demonstrates that the broken across a phase one panel of James Brightman first carvings on the rock must date rock art, had been moved together to and Clive Waddington back well before the Early Bronze form a cavity where a small cist was Archaeological Research Services

At Pottergate in Alnwick there is a A multi award winning scheme like Fitting In splendid example of redevelopment this does not happen by accident. that fits like a glove. In place of a 20th Credit is due to Northumberland he redevelopment of sensitive century concrete garage complex, Estates which owned the site and Tsites in conservation areas often itself an example of failed produced a development brief for the leaves much to be desired. Quite redevelopment, is a new housing architects, Jane Darbyshire & David simply many new buildings do not 'fit scheme, recognisably of the 21st Kendall. Council was in' due to problems with scale, century yet embracing local responsible for planning permission massing, materials or poor design. distinctiveness. This is an innovative and Rivergreen Developments Contemporary design is to be development which has significantly delivered the scheme. It also welcomed but it needs to respect improved the medieval heart of demonstrates that good design and and add to the quality of its Alnwick and should be an object commercial success are compatible surroundings. lesson to others. when the right development team is brought together. PR 21 Castle Terrace, Berwick n the outskirts of Berwick-upon- century, presented the opportunity to suggesting that medieval settlement OTweed lies the suspected site of investigate whether further remains on the site is clustered around the St Lawrence's Church. It was of the church and cemetery, or site of the church. discovered when Cheviot House was indeed Bondington itself, survived built on the north side of the road to below ground. The archaeological In the trench immediately to the north Duns in the mid-19th century. Not evaluation was undertaken by of Cheviot House, excavation only were foundations of the church Headland Archaeology on behalf of revealed a stratified sequence of exposed but also several graves. It the Berwick-upon-Tweed Corporation demolition deposits, including mortar has been interpreted as the parish (Freemen) Trustees in advance of and rubble deposits and layers rich in church of the deserted medieval proposals to develop the site for charcoal, bone and medieval pottery. village of Bondington, one of the housing. Meanwhile, fragmentary dry stone burgh's medieval suburbs, which is walls and ditches, possibly plot believed to have been abandoned in Some 17 trial trenches were boundaries, were identified in a the 14th century during the Anglo- excavated across the site. In two handful of the trenches in the field Scottish wars. long trenches immediately to the behind Cheviot House; however, west of Cheviot House were found a most were archaeologically sterile. Excavations in 2000, in the north- series of rubble spreads, possible east corner of the Cheviot House paved surfaces, as well as un- Although the evaluation has plot, revealed two articulated mortared stone wall foundations, up successfully identified the nature and skeletons and some disarticulated to 0.8m wide. One was aligned east extent of the archaeology at the site, human bone. An ornate grave slab, to west; fragments of others were further work will be required in thought to be of 12th century date aligned roughly north to south and advance of development. If (Cambridge et al 2001), has also NE to SW although no coherent excavation cannot be avoided, the been found in the grounds. A new structures were identified. site will offer a very real opportunity proposal in 2004 to develop the gap Significantly, however, these deposits of examining the medieval expansion site immediately to the north and and features, associated with of the burgh as well as its subsequent west of Cheviot House, which map medieval pottery and a piece of lead decline in the 14th century. evidence shows has been open window, came did not continue into a Dr Chris Lowe ground since at least the 17th third long trench to the west, Headland Archaeology Pictures of the Past nyone who has taken One of the main uses that the slides and some can already be seen Aphotographs of the sights and Conservation Team is putting the online. landscapes of Northumberland is images to is illustrating many more of bound to have some stunning images the records on our online Sites and Amongst the many hundreds of in their collection as well slides, some of the most as a priceless historic important are of old record of the changing excavations for which we face of the county. This is previously had no visual exactly what local historian record. These include a Harry Rowland has medieval iron working site amassed during his years near Longframlington (SMR of touring Northumberland. 4290), the chapel of St Mary Magdalene at In 2004, Harry decided to Warkworth (SMR 5410), donate much of his West Whelpington (SMR collection of slides and 9556), and a prehistoric photographs to several settlement at Hartburn local bodies, including (SMR 10449). and Northumberland County The Conservation Team is Council. The slides and extremely grateful to Harry photographs are in various St Mary Magdalene Chapel at Warkworth. for donating part of his different formats and Photo: Harry Rowland collection to us. Many of the condition and it is hoped that by Monuments Record: Keys to the Past slides are still to be catalogued and passing them on to such organisations we will continue to add images to our they can be preserved and made (www.keystothepast.info ). So far we have scanned over 100 of Harry's website for some time to come. more widely available. EW 22 Duddo Stones

round a thousand years after the Tape survey of Dudo Stones. 1999 Aintroduction of farming, and a thousand years before the first use of metal, new forms of large public monuments began to appear across the British landscape. Erected by collective endeavour, these included the large ditched enclosures known as henges, and settings of stone and timber uprights, arranged in circles, set singly, or running in linear fashion across the landscape.

The stone circles range in size from the great rings of Stonehenge and Avebury to quite small settings just a few metres in diameter: the presence of associated burials indicate a clear expression of religious belief and, perhaps, an interest in the heavens. An analysis of size, shape (not all circles are indeed circular), disposition and number of the stones deployed, demonstrate not only considerable regional variation, but also possible chronological differences.

Among the Northumbrian examples, although those at Hethpool and The Threestone Burn may impress by their size, undoubtedly the most complete and dramatically situated is that at Duddo (NT 9305 4370). one broke. The other was re-erected Stewardship scheme and is freely There is no trace today of the outer in the 1890s, following excavation accessible by foot from the gates at circle of stones reportedly discovered that revealed a central pit containing NT 9322 4259 and NT 9284 4457. in the 19th century, and all interest a single fragment of pottery and, Discussions are currently underway now focuses upon those that encircle 'much charcoal and bone'. with DEFRA and the landowner to the summit of the small knoll arrange the preparation of a new overlooking the Tweed Basin. Time-sculpted by wind and rain into interpretation panel. Originally the circle was formed of six fantastical shapes, the east-facing sandstone uprights, but sometime stone bears a row of cup-markings. Roger Miket before 1852 two stones standing in The site is now subject of a the south-west quadrant toppled Countryside over, and

Duddo Stone Circle from the west. Photo: CB

23 Excavations at Salters Nick Shaftoe Crags 2001-2004

Salters Nick rock shelter from the south. Photo: J Davies Background Archaeological Group members: Spigot mortar bombs a legacy of alters Nick is a south-facing rock Chris Bond, Sheila Day, Barbara Home Guard training. A small Sshelter lying close to a seasonal Esselmont, Jacqui Hutton, Jill Inglis, collection of 30 lithic artefacts was stream and a permanent spring, at Gordon Moir, and Steve Tams. The recovered from these disturbed an altitude of 188 metres above site was excavated entirely by hand upper deposits. A barbed-and-tanged Ordnance Datum. It is one of a with deposits and features recorded arrowhead and Early Mesolithic number of known or suspected rock on plans and a north-south section. A truncated blade being the most shelters in this area that have photographic record was maintained diagnostic artefacts. The second evidence of occupation. in black and white print and colour season removed layers of probable transparency. All finds were three hill-wash that contained only The site has been known for 20 dimensionally recorded and the spoil prehistoric artefacts. Some 150 flint years and is under significant threat was dry-sieved through a 4mm tools and burnt stones were from livestock, walkers, quad bikes mesh. recovered. and off-road motorcycles. The collection of unstratified Early Excavation The third and final season, in 2004, Mesolithic and Late Mesolithic tools he area of excavation was recovered 1250 flint artefacts, burnt from eroding surfaces around the Testablished in 2002. It covered stones, and fragments of ochre. site over a number of years 29 square metres of which 4 square Much of the assemblage came from eventually lead to the decision to metres lay below the surviving roof material redeposited in antiquity excavate. slab of the shelter. The remainder either by hillwash or possibly periodic extended southwards across the clearance within the rock shelter. The excavations were funded by the platform and down the natural slope. However, concentrations of artefacts Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle were noted in sandy soil amongst upon Tyne and Morpeth Antiquarian The latest deposits were the first to loose sandstone rubble in the north- Society and ran over three seasons be removed and produced a range of east corner of the site (close to a from 2002 to 2004. The site was late 19th - 20th century material, modern dry stone wall) and, at the directed and supervised by John including sherds from glass bottles, entrance to the shelter, there was Nolan and John Davies and all the stoneware jars and other ceramics, evidence of a fragmentary hearth excavators were Northumberland as well as fragments of World War II deposit and a Bronze Age scraper.

24 Post excavation oil samples from the site are Sbeing processed at and a sample of charcoal, from the hearth, will be submitted for radiocarbon dating. It is hoped to submit a short report to Archaeologia Aeliana in 2006.

Conclusions he site, though disturbed, has Tproduced a substantial assemblage of worked flint from the Early Mesolithic to the Bronze Age. There is no evidence for use of the shelter between the Bronze Age and the post-medieval period when there may have been some quarrying of the outcrop for building field walls. Finds of late 19th - 20th century material, however, suggest that the shelter was then being used by picnickers and as a target for wartime 2 cm training.

Barbed-and-tanged flint arrow head John Davies and John Nolan

A tale of two Morpeth Bridges

orpeth's Chantry Bridge is an repair and improvement of the Munusual case of two bridges in Chantry Bridge as one of its main one. Basic support is provided by objectives. In a £100,000 project the central pier and abutments of the the stonework of the Old Bridge medieval Morpeth Old Bridge. has been consolidated while the Resting on this structure is a footbridge has benefited from a Victorian iron footbridge originally new colour scheme, additional known as the Mayor's Bridge. It was lighting on overthrows designed and manufactured by the manufactured in real wrought local firm of Swinney Brothers in iron, and a sealed gravel 1869. surface to the bridge deck. During 2005 an Hodgson's History of Morpeth, interpretive board will written in 1831, commented of the be placed at the Old Bridge, For the present rapid north end of the mode of travelling it is inconvenient bridge. and dangerous the Mail and Wonder coaches having each, within the last PR 3 years, once carried away the south end of its west , and been thrown with their passengers and horses into the river - fortunately without loss of life. In the same year the new Telford Bridge became the principal crossing of the , but the Old Bridge survived for a further three years before its arches were blown up.

Morpeth's Heritage Economic Regeneration Scheme identified the

25 Defending Elswick: the Blyth Battery

Searchlight emplacements, North Fort

he strategic and tactical value of Blyth Hartlepool with impunity during December of recommissioned with two 6-inch naval guns. Thas been recognised since at least the that year. Now, however, Blyth's strategic These guns proved to be unsuitable for end of the 18th century when, as a port, the importance had increased immeasurably as mounting in the original structures and were town was rapidly expanding, mostly due to not only was it a major coal port, but its sited temporarily in the dunes. Early in 1940 the trade in coal. During the war with France beaches were clearly suitable for an invasion work commenced on re-opening the original that started in 1793 and rumbled around north of the Tyne. The true significance of battery structure which had been filled with Europe and Russia until Napoleon was finally this related to the small community of concrete in the mid 1920s. Once this was defeated at Waterloo in 1814, a battery was Elswick, on the west side of Newcastle, 15 complete two new 6-inch Mark 7 guns were established in Blyth. Thirteen regiments of miles inland, where Armstrong was now mounted on the site and the temporary infantry were also stationed along the producing much of the country's heavy battery was removed. By June of that year Northumberland coast to prevent French artillery pieces, and would later build the first the site had been renamed Blyth Battery to invasion of the strategically important tanks. avoid confusion with other Seaton Batteries coalfields. As is often the case, once the on the Tees and in Devon. The site now perceived threat was removed in 1814 these The need for modern defences was formed part of a wider defensive landscape defensive measures were abandoned. recognised and 18 months later, in the that included the Gloucester Battery about a summer of 1916, work was commenced by mile to the south and the Gloucester heavy It was not until after the Crimean War (1854- Durham Fortress Engineers Battalion R.E. on Anti-Aircraft Artillery site just inland. 56) that the fear of a resurgent France as a the two installations, the Search Lights and true European power led to a re-assessment the Gun Battery, that can be seen today at The defences remained operational until of Blyth's defences. By this time the port was South Beach, Blyth. The process took two shortly after D-Day, when they were placed exporting 145,000 tons of goods, mostly years to complete, with the defences going in “Care and Maintenance” and effectively coal, every year. It was of major strategic operational in February 1918, manned by 4 mothballed against a potential future threat. importance to a country that was coming to officers and 75 men. Its career was short They remained in that state until April 1949 rely on coal to drive its industrial expansion lived however, as within twelve months the when, after almost 150 years of intermittent and to power the Navy's newest ships. As war had ended and the need for the battery military presence, they were finally part of Lord Palmerston's assessment of had dissipated again. The searchlights were decommissioned for good. Coastal Defences it was decided to re- the first to go, in January 1919, and although establish the Napoleonic period battery and the guns remained operational for a further Today visitors can park on the quiet road build a new battery on the Snook consisting five years, they too were eventually behind the site and walk around all of the of three 68-pound guns. decommissioned and the site was returned buildings. The gun emplacements to the local council. themselves survive pretty much as they were It is not clear from surviving records whether abandoned, with the notable addition of a this battery was ever built but, by the turn of Thus it remained until just a few weeks wall on their south side to prevent people the century, a considerable military presence before the outbreak of the Second World falling off a high edge. The toilet block is still is recorded on the 2nd Edition Ordnance War when perhaps the strategic value of in use, as is the magazine building and the Survey map in the area of the current battery Elswick and the dockyards at Wallsend was Second World War fire control tower which is (NZ 321 793) This consisted of a hutted a greater concern than the defence of Blyth now used as a life guard station. The First camp, where the modern road now lies, and itself. The Battery (then known World War rangefinder building (with its two earthwork (or sand-work) forts, as the Seaton circular iron cupola) is a rare survival and one where the searchlight Battery) was attracts international visitors interested in emplacements now stand, and the researching the buildings of the period. other to the south where the Battery itself is To the north of the playground located. The remains of (where the Second World War these large glacis forts barracks stood) the searchlight can be seen on the buildings also survive intact ground underneath the and can be viewed from the later concrete structures. outside. Finally, the Gloucester AAA battery, about a mile to Whatever the situation, at south can also be seen and is the outbreak of the First a very rare survival. It is visible World War it was patently from the road and from a clear that Blyth was bridle path that runs along its grossly under defended; a southern side. The field itself point driven home when WW1 (left) and WW2 (right) is privately owned and there the German High Seas are no access arrangements Fleet bombarded Rangefinder and Fire-control Towers to it. CB 26 Face Lift or the second time in fifty years, areas and is colloquially referred to as materials and techniques. During the Fmajor conservation repairs have “Scotch Pointing”. It appears from course of this project and to slow down been carried out at Norham Castle, widespread evidence here and at other the decay process, the contractor one of the strongest of the Border monuments that its use has, quite removed as much as possible of the with a massive 30 metre high unintentionally, contributed to an cementious mortar without damaging 12th century Keep towering over the accelerated stone decay by preventing the stone and repointed using a . the natural movement of moisture hydraulic lime based recipe which is through the stone and creating pockets sympathetic to the stone and should Mortar samples were taken from both where trapped water could freeze and not cause further decay. the original lime mortar core and the destroy the sandstone bonding. modern pointing material and sent to Included in the work was the selective the Scottish Lime Centre for analysis. To compound the problem, during first replacement of a number of stones so Their reports concluded, from visual time conservation work it was also far decayed that their structural and chemical interpretation, that the common practice, where deep open integrity was in doubt. English original mortar may have been made cavities existed, to pour a liquid neat Heritage was helped by a local and used as a Hotlime mix (where the cement grout into the structure in order quarrymaster to find a Northumbrian sand and quicklime were slaked to re-consolidate the core of the wall. stone of good colour and texture to together and allowed to mature). The Today, Heritage Grout is used for void match the original stone. A stone from modern mortar used in the post- filling where low strength grout and his own quarry in Scotland was Guardianship consolidation was absence of Portland cement hydrates declined because it seemed unlikely composed of one part cement to three are desirable. Hydraulic lime is used that the original builders of the castle parts sand (with quite heavy aggregate as the key binder. The product has would have sourced their material from mixed in). This hard, dense and been designed for World Heritage site hostile territory. impermeable material was very projects and in particular, church, Ray Stockdale commonly used in conservation in the cathedral and other ancient structures English Heritage 20th century in Northern and Scottish that require repair using traditional is widespread. The most impressive market within an area extending as far Hidden Treasures: features date from the 19th century as Kelso, the mine had become when coal seams were exploited uncompetitive in the 20th century and Ford Moss beneath the peat bog which forms the did not reopen after the First World War. oal mining in Northumberland is Moss. A fine boiler house chimney made Some of the miners found alternative Ctraditionally associated with the of curved bricks, a beam engine house, work in the sandstone quarry to the south-east of the County and the Tyne and a small explosives store are south-east, within which there is still valley and it is in these areas indeed prominent amongst the remains. At one discarded equipment including the that the most important mines were to time this mine supported its own quarry crane. develop. Beyond the Cheviot Hills, community and the foundations of about accessible coal seams are to be found thirty small houses can be found in rows National Grid Reference widely within the sedimentary rock around the Moss. The most distinct NT 965 375 strata. Poor roads, which hindered the remains (the last occupied) are the row of six dwellings at the east of the site import of fuel, made it worthwhile Directions which form Blue Row. These small exploiting coal measures in the most A public right of way provides access rural of locations. houses, which have good quality surviving stonework and evidence of around Ford Moss. Access at the west long gardens, each with a pigsty, may end (at NT 963 377) is via a small road While the depressions of long have been model houses built to a to the east of Ford Village, the footpath abandoned bell pits are all that remain design reflecting Lady Waterford's can be followed past the remains of the of many small rural coal fields, at architecture within Ford Village. old quarry on to the sandstone Ford Moss there are far more Although once prosperous, escarpment of Goats Crag and impressive remains. This mine dates supplying both the major local lime westwards past the defended settlement back at least to the 17th century and burning industry and domestic at Routing Linn. evidence of workings CAC

Chimney, Ford Moss. Photo: CB

27 The Chillingham Cattle. Unique Conservation.

A Juvenile Bull, solitary from the herd. Photo: CB he Chillingham Wild Cattle, sole would not only have eased the local In recent years, it has been possible Tsurvivors of their species to food situation, but would also have to obtain live blood samples from remain pure breeding and made it impossible for raiders to take several of the wild cattle just prior to uncrossed with any domestic cattle, such cattle back with them across the their deaths. Dr J G Hall of the still roam in their natural border since, being wild and Edinburgh Animal Breeding Research surroundings over about 300 acres extremely fierce, they could not have Organisation has analysed these of Chillingham Park in been driven like their domestic samples from the genetic point of Northumberland. cousins. view and has found the blood grouping to be unique amongst Though their origin is uncertain, the As to their ancestors, the shape of western European cattle. Their origin existing herd is thought to have the skull and the manner in which the therefore still remains a mystery. been at Chillingham for at least the horns grow out from it are similar to past 700 years. Before that, it is the Aurochs (bos primogenius) and Scientific Importance probable that they roamed the quite different from the skull of the The genetic aspect is also of interest. great forest which extended from Roman importation (bos lonifrons). It For the past 700 years they have the North Sea coast to the Clyde is thought by many therefore that the been inbreeding and, as far as one estuary; and it is presumed that Chillingham Wild Cattle are the direct can tell for records of their distant when, some time in the 13th descendants of the original ox which past are scant, the only effect has Century, the King of England gave roamed these islands before the been that they are now somewhat permission for dawn of history. How they came to smaller than they used to be. Old to be “castellated and crenulated” be white is another interesting matter skulls found in the park have shown and for a park wall to be built, the for speculation. They invariably this. Their remarkable survival may herd was corralled for purposes of breed true to type and have never be due to the fact that the fittest and food. The successful capture of a been known to throw a coloured, or strongest bull becomes “King” and number of wild cattle in those days even partially coloured, calf. the leader of the herd. He remains

28 King for just as long as no other bull the Chillingham Wild Cattle, in their wild behaviour patterns. can successfully challenge him in many countries. All over the Visitors ask the Warden to point combat, and during his world specialists in veterinary out the reigning King Bull, or term of kingship, he will and zoological sciences the latest new born calf, or sire all the calves that study the herd and everyone to explain the are born. Nature enjoys the pleasure and astonishing rituals of the seems thus to have pure fascination of herd under threat. ensured the carrying watching forward of only the The present herd at best available blood. Chillingham remains at Alone among the about 50 animals. An 1,200 million cattle Appeal is underway to in the world today, help maintain the they live without Park in such a way human interference. that herd numbers Bulls fight in are sustained at competition for this healthy level ~ mating opportunities; never again must calves grow up in numbers be allowed companionship with to fall to the all time low each other and live out of 8 cows and 5 bulls, a natural lifespan. The caused by the disastrous social life of the herd winter snowdrifts of 1947. goes on as of eternity. Recorded in Chillingham Park since Research published in the world's AD 1250, the cattle graze an area of leading scientific journal Nature, unimproved natural grassland January 2001, confirmed that the surrounded by woods. This is one of cattle are genetically identical. This the few areas of historic parkland reflects their long history of anywhere in England to have inbreeding. Yet no two adult animals escaped agricultural 'improvement'. are the same; the differences being This is because past owners wished purely due to the environment. The to preserve the Wild Cattle and their fertility and viability of the herd have terrain as much for security and not deteriorated since herd records defence reasons as for sympathy began, at Charles Darwin's with nature. insistence in 1862, suggesting that long inbreeding has purged harmful Philip Deakin and genes. Speckled faces, curving horns and red ears are characteristic. Austin Widdows Photo: CB Many scientific papers have been published on

Cow and Calf with the herd. Photo: CB 29 Gardens

he initial results of archaeological could only be dated broadly to before have given the garden symmetry. Twork at the site of The Alnwick the creation of a garden in this area, Historic sources suggest that the 2nd Garden, at Alnwick Castle, appeared about 1860. Duke promoted the cultivation of exotic in Archaeology in Northumberland fruits and indeed such activity appears 2000-2001. Since then, Pre-Construct The Formal Gardens of the 1st and to have been a major preoccupation Archaeology has been working on a 2nd Dukes throughout the garden's history. It is post-excavation assessment of the he earliest evidence for known that the 2nd Duke invested in findings which has revealed some Tdevelopment of the land as a new hothouses, two vineries, a interesting results and helped fill in formal garden was found in the mushroom house and a fruiting pine more details about the development of northern excavation area, where the stove. These buildings were designed the Castle Gardens. remains of a central ornamental pond by John Hay of Edinburgh and built with brick and sandstone surround between 1808 and 1811 by local lies on the site of were recorded. Traces of paths and masons Nesbitt and Shepherd. The the historic walled Castle Gardens, garden soils were recorded and these earliest phases of hothouse occupying about 4 hectares to the probably derive from the garden of the construction at Alnwick may have south-east of employed 'hot wall' Alnwick Castle. technology, a Walled gardens technique that were initially set became popular in out in this area by the mid 18th century the 1st Duke of and increased in Northumberland complexity around 1760, and throughout the 19th saw major re- century. This was development by primarily used to the 4th Duke extend fruiting around 1860. In seasons, force fruit recent years the and protect fruit site had fallen into blossoms from frost. disrepair, before the Duchess of The 3rd Duke's Northumberland's Garden visionary he 3rd Duke redevelopment Tbegan from 2000. redevelopment of the gardens in 1817. The Map evidence archaeological shows that by 1826 work comprised the gardens had excavations in The Castle Gardens from the south. Photo: Northumberland Estates three central two areas structures along an 1st (1755- (northern and southern) of the central east-west axis. The middle structure, 1786). His influence may be reflected corridor of the site, where possibly a glasshouse, was indicated on a map of 1788 which shows a groundworks for the new 'Grand by much demolition debris identified garden apparently divided into a Cascade' were to impact upon buried towards the northern limit of the series of rectangular beds with a remains. In addition, building northern excavation area. To either central pond. recording was carried out on historic side were the existing two hothouses, standing structures. Earthwork survey and a metallic frame. A third hothouse was carried out on 19th century A second major phase of garden re- was constructed to the east of the earthworks, which were to remain in design was noted in the excavation areas. Water supplies were place. archaeological record in the northern extended to the garden from the castle area, following infilling of the pond and and evidence for the use of this new general levelling. Garden soils were Remains pre-dating the Castle water supply was recorded. There was developed or introduced across the Gardens also evidence for the resurfacing of excavation area. Drainage measures several paths and a substantial he northern excavation area were undertaken and some of the cobbled pathway appeared to revealed traces of medieval soils T water used to irrigate the site may surround a central feature, probably an with some evidence of medieval or have derived from a stone-lined well existing pond. The Duke's involvement later field systems. A pre-garden soil that was exposed. Parallel paths at Syon (also part of the with evidence of ploughing was recorded on a north-south axis would Northumberland Estates) resulted in identified in the southern area, but

30 many new plant varieties, from all over parterres defined by cobble borders Gardens after the 4th Duke's re- the world, being cultivated and this flanking a broad central path, with design, until the time of the current was no doubt reflected at Alnwick. smaller north-south paths to either project. A correspondent for The side. A central east-west path crossed Garden visited the head gardener at The archaeological evidence suggests the garden, and was identified at the Alnwick in August 1881 and when a formally laid out garden at this time, northern limit of excavation. shown 'the fruit room' reported: defined by paths with ornamental flowerbeds and a central pond in front The three hothouses remained and The fruits stored in this house in the of a conservatory and two hothouses. evidence for substantial modification, season include a great variety of The Duke also provided a water tower at least to Building 3, was recorded. Pines and Grapes and Melons (which to supply the gardens (and his new Some internal doorways were blocked average from 3lbs to 5lbs each, and pond). Reworking of the soils, up and the central portion appears to sometimes reach 6 and a half pounds restoration of borders and resurfacing have been converted for domestic weight). Bananas (which are in favour of paths were all dominant themes in habitation, presumably providing here), and passing from the stove to the archaeological record. gardeners' accommodation. out door fruits, such a variety of Pears, Apples, Plums, Peaches, The 4th Duke's Redesign In the southern excavation area, new Apricots and Nectarines as one would he 4th Duke succeeded his formal garden parterres, set on a hardly expect to find on the east Tbrother in 1847 and Coast, five or six miles only from the North Sea and 350 miles north of by 1859 had Building 3 North Area purchased land to the London. south of the existing walled garden and The garden was turned over to plans were drawn up intense vegetable growing during for a new, extended World War II and archaeological and largely decorative evidence was found for digging over garden. William of the parterres in the northern Andrews Nesfield excavation area. The garden (1794-1881) was subsequently declined further and the apparently remaining glasshouses were commissioned to draw dismantled in 1953. Later uses of the up designs in 1860 garden included as a tree nursery, although his proposals stone yard, car park and rubbish were probably not fully dump. carried out. In the end, a more Italianate Finds garden was he ceramic material from the site constructed, reflecting Twas principally horticultural pottery the Duke's taste and and only a very small quantity of current fashions. domestic pottery was recovered.

The creation of this The faunal remains that were new garden was a South Area recovered, including a peculiar substantial combination of cattle horn cores, undertaking. The new Ist ed. OS Map ca 1867 dismembered horse bones and sheep garden incorporated large raised slope to feet bones, suggests specialised mounds to the south, with associated maximise views out over the garden dumped debris from a knacker's yard terracing and the construction of a and beyond, are shown on the 1867 or tannery. The prevalence of large central pond. This entailed map. While very little of the original tanneries within the town of Alnwick is considerable excavation and level layout of the parterres survived in the indicated on a map of 1827. changes, reflected in the archaeological record, the remains archaeological record, especially in that did survive closely reflect the It had been hoped that examination of the southern area where a significant layout shown on the Ordnance Survey plant macrofossils from the site would depth of what appeared to be map of 1897. I be very informative with regard to imported sand was encountered planting schemes and plant varieties. below garden deposits. The Ordnance n 1862, a new conservatory was built Unfortunately, preservation of such Survey map of 1867 shows this adjacent to the northern wall of the remains in bulk samples was garden as originally laid out, with Castle Gardens. The surviving particularly poor. However, among the mounds to the south, a large sloping remains of this structure were small finds recovered from the site parterre, central ornamental pond, recorded, comprising a small, formal were 19 lead plant identification tags, terrace walls and parterre gardens, garden, surrounded by a stone of a type commonly found in 19th hothouses and a conservatory to the balustrade, with a small central pond. century gardens. north. Later usage Robin Taylor-Wilson In the northern area, a symmetrical, here were evidently few Pre-Construct Archaeology formal garden was laid out, with Tmodifications to the Castle 31 Ad Gefrin: A new way forward for conservation management

Ad Gefrin (foreground) and Yeavering Bell from the north. Photo: Mel Clarke. Copyright: AirFotos Ltd. d Gefrin (pronounced yefrin), or the pagan King of Northumbria, And so it remained until 1949 when Aliterally “at the Hill of the Goats”, Edwin and his Christian Queen, the site was rediscovered through is better known today as Yeavering. Aethelburga, came with their court to aerial photography. Since that time Located 5km west of , on the been seen by their northern subjects. there have been a number of northern edge of the Cheviots, the It was also here that Aethelburga's investigations “at the Hill of the site is famous for its towering dark priest, the Bishop Paulinus, Goats”, most notably the excavations hill, “Yeavering Bell”. The hill is converted and baptised large of Brian Hope-Taylor between 1953 crested by a stone rampart, forming numbers of Northumbrians. In and 1962. These were published in a one of the most impressive forts in AD627, Edwin himself became a comprehensive volume: Yeavering, Northumberland, and is home to a convert to the new religion. An Anglo-British centre of early herd of feral goats. Northumbria (HMSO 1977). It is Yet, as with all great centres of through Hope-Taylor's research and Less well-known is the field that power, Ad Gefrin's influence subsequent smaller interventions that stands at the foot of the “Bell”. Yet, eventually waned. For reasons that we know so much about Edwin and for a few short decades, from the mid today are unclear, during the last Aethelburga's palace on the southern sixth century AD until the last years decades of the seventh century AD a shore of the River Glen. Yet, despite of the seventh century, this new palace was built several the startling revelations, the site featureless meadow was an kilometres to the north-east at remains little-known by the public epicentre of power in northern Milfield. Over the next few years the and, with the exception of it being England and the scene of one of the buildings “at the Hill of the Goats” fell scheduled as an ancient monument, most important ministries of the into decay. Since that time, for almost it has remained vulnerable to its Christian world. It was here, at the 1300 years the field has lain silent agricultural regime and attendant junction of the main routes from the and empty, to be used for both erosion. north, south and west (Scotland, pastoral and arable farming and Yetholm and Kelso) overlooking the latterly only for grazing sheep. During the spring of 2003 the field “at fertile Milfield Plain to the east, that the Hill of the Goats” was offered for

32 sale. This opportunity led to theatre) within which Paulinus expressions of interest not only from preached to Edwin's subjects. Hidden Treasures: agricultural quarters, but also from various archaeological interests The Trust, now incorporated as a The Union Chain including, unbeknown to each other, company, exists beyond its current several private individuals as well as membership to manage the future of Bridge, Horncliffe Northumberland County Council and this nationally important site, not only Northumberland National Park. The ensuring that it is saved from any final successful bidder was Roger further deterioration, but finding Miket, a local archaeologist who had sympathetic ways to allow access himself, together with Colm O'Brien and understanding of this little-known of Newcastle University, excavated at national treasure. the nearby contemporary Anglo- British settlement at Thirlings. For those wishing to visit the site, Roger's aim for the site was to place take the A697 north through Wooler its management on an even footing towards Milfield, then turn left (west) before transferring its ownership into onto the B6351 at Akeld and follow the hands of an Independent the road for 3km. As the road rises Charitable Trust. over a low crest (and with Yeavering Bell on your left) the Gefrin So began a year-long process of Monument (erected after Hope- negotiations, including agreements Taylor's excavations) will be visible with the sitting tenant to reduce the on the right. There is parking at the levels of grazing and to allow public monument and 200 metres further on access. Having completed this where the road takes a sharp turn to delicate dialogue successfully Roger the right and a farm track turns off then turned to various interested the left. By the Summer of 2005 the experts including Professor access gates and interpretation Rosemary Cramp of Durham should be in place. University, the County Council and the Northumberland National Park to Further information about Ad Gefrin seek advice for the best way forward can be found on the Web at to establish the Trust. here can be no finer way to www.pastperfect.info Tcross the border into Scotland This trust would be constituted of www.gefrintrust.co.uk than over the Union Chain Bridge. representatives of not only local www.Gefrin.com Its deck seems to float over the government and English Heritage but dark waters of the Tweed. Closer also the local community and the The Gefrin Trust's contact details can inspection of the first suspension summit of the academic world (a full bridge in Europe to carry vehicular list of members can be seen at the be found on their site. While Hope- Taylor's site report is out of print traffic reveals its slender wrought end of this article). It would also have iron chain links, the technology the ability to co-opt other members to copies should be available in main and university libraries. which led to the development of address specific management long span suspension bridges. On issues. the Scottish side a freestanding Members of the Gefrin Trust support tower gives the impression In the spring of 2004 the proposed Chair: Professor Rosemary Cramp of a defensible structure guarding Trust members met for the first time Secretary: Roger Miket entry to the Country. Built in 1820, and since that date have been Northumberland County to the designs of Captain Samuel meeting every four months to Archaeologist (currently Chris Brown, it cost about a third of an discuss the future of the site, a Burgess and Sara Rushton) equivalent masonry bridge. management plan, and ongoing Northumberland National Park works there. Progress has been Archaeologist (currently Paul swift: an application to DEFRA for Frodsham) National Grid Reference: Countryside Stewardship has seen Glendale Gateway Trust representing NT 9340 5104. funding become available for the re- the local community (currently Tom fencing and stone walling of the site Jonstone) Directions: and for improvements to access. The bridge is located 4 miles west Plans have been made for new Co-opted members of Berwick-upon-Tweed close to the gates, a path that eventually will English Heritage Inspector (currently village of Horncliffe. Park on the allow full disabled access, and, as an Kate Wilson) roadside at the Scottish end of the interim measure, four interpretation Dr Chris Gerrard (University of bridge. panels that will allow visitors to Durham, Department of Archaeology) visualise the Great Hall and Palace of Edwin's reign and the Cuneus (the PR CB 33 The National Trust acquires Rothley Castle

Rothley Castle. Photo: Harry Rowland fter 126 years, a missing piece of building, was in a perilous state and The 242-acre acquisition is roughly AWallington's history has been one of the first tasks will be to carry the western half of the original area reunited with the rest of the estate. out substantial stabilisation work. of Rothley Deer Park, enclosed by Sir Walter in 1741. The surviving historic The “vast ruin'd Castle built of Black The purchase also brings other plantings reflect the original Moor Stone” on Rothley Crags important archaeological remains ornamental plantations in the deer appears on the skyline from a wide into the protection of the National park and include some good veteran area to the north of (grid Trust. On top of the Crag there is a trees. reference NZ 043887). The Castle is prehistoric hilltop enclosure. The actually a folly designed by Daniel inner area of this enclosure was The National Trust has entered the Garrett in the 1740s as an reused as a defensible nightfold to land into DEFRA's Countryside eyecatcher within Sir Walter protect livestock from Reiver attack. Stewardship Scheme which is Blackett's newly created deer park at Rothley Crag was also one of a chain contributing to the costs of Rothley. In its heyday the building of beacons maintained along the consolidating the Castle and was decorated with giant figures Border Watch Line to give warning of restoring the impressive parkland (including the fragments from the approaching danger. The land is walls. The scheme is also helping to City of London gates, now at crossed by old “cast” boundaries, fund the conservation management Wallington) and whalebones! In 1879 perhaps dating from the medieval of the heathland vegetation on the the Castle, Crags and surrounding period when Rothley was a Grange crags and the pastures to the south. land were sold off and remained in belonging to at This land management is being private ownership until earlier this Morpeth. There is also a fine rock-cut undertaken in partnership with a year when the land was put up for drinker, presumably from the deer tenant farmer who will graze the land sale. The National Trust quickly park era, which channels rainwater with sheep and cattle, including sought to secure its purchase and from a natural outcrop slab into a native breeds. The Trust is also was delighted when its offer, funded trough cut into the rock. Agricultural looking carefully at ways to improve by a generous donation, was use following the disparking of public access without losing the accepted. Rothley after Sir Walter's death in drama and solitude that makes visits 1777 is represented by fine stone to this historic site so special. The acquisition came at a critical walls and the stone posts of a late Harry Beamish time - the Castle, a Grade 2* listed 18th or early 19th century sheep pen. The National Trust

34 Hareshaw Iron Works Adding to the very year thousands of walkers together with a 120hp steam engine, Record Efollow the route of one of provided the air blast for the furnaces. ver the last year work on Northumberland National Park's most The dam wall appears to have been Oupdating and enhancing the popular walks from Bellingham to partly dismantled after the final Sites and Monuments Record has Hareshaw Linn. On the way to the closure of the works to a level below concentrated largely on the built waterfall, few will appreciate that they the sluice gate, though the lower heritage of the County. More than are passing through the site of a 19th courses survived until the late 1960s half of the 5500 listed buildings in century ironworks (grid reference NY when they were swept away in a Northumberland have been added 842836). A closer inspection will severe flood. The stress cracks on the to the SMR and the remainder will reveal some evidence of its remains inner wing walls and the sockets of hopefully be completed by the end including workers cottages, waste the dam wall are clearly visible. It is of 2005. As well as listed buildings, heaps and the ruins of a dam. The thought that the pressure of water, or a survey by John Grundy, in the latter is now a scheduled ancient impact damage on the dam wall, 1980s, of historic buildings of local monument in the ownership of forced out the wing walls and that the interest in the Northumberland Northumberland National Park subsequent loss of compression National Park has also been Authority and included in English resulted in the collapse of the dam included. Heritage's Buildings At Risk Register. wall. The stone blocks can be found in During the Autumn of 2004 it was the burn as far away as the repaired in a £40,000 scheme Redesdale Road Bridge. The SMR not only records sites and designed and project managed by the monuments, but archaeological events as well. Since 2000, all Conservation Team and Operational The ravages of time can exert a watching briefs, trial trenching, Services Directorate on behalf of the heavy toll and major structural geophysical surveys, etc, have been National Park Authority. problems led to English Heritage recorded on a database and on a designating the dam as being 'at risk'. geographic information system Hareshaw Ironworks and the nearby Collapsed masonry needed to be Ridsdale Ironworks (Archaeology in rebuilt, wall tops protected, and (GIS). In 2005 we are starting a Northumberland 1996-97, p38) were vegetation removed. Of further programme of plotting older 'events', part of the short-lived rural iron concern was the water flow in the from the 1990s, to make this industry in Northumberland which burn undermining the bedrock information more complete. sprang up in the early 19th century at supporting the east wing wall. sites where the raw materials were Draining of the pool below the dam The GIS system has been greatly available. Established in 1838 by revealed the extent of the problem enhanced this year with the addition Messrs Bigge and Partners, which was solved by the introduction of seamless digital aerial Hareshaw had two blast furnaces with of stainless steel rods to tie the photography. This layer of a further one added in 1840. At the unsupported rock to the bank side. information has already proved very peak of its operation the site also This 'invisible' repair has no impact on useful in identifying new contained 70 coke ovens, 24 large the appearance of the dam. Although archaeological sites and further roasting kilns for calcining the iron the structure is now in good condition study is likely to prove just as ore, a range of coal stores, a it will need to be regularly inspected rewarding. blacksmiths shop, wagon shed, and maintained. EW stables and stores. The works were in continuous production until 1848 and This year it is proposed to create a were maintained by the Union Bank of viewing platform on the east side of Newcastle upon Tyne for a further ten the burn together with an interpretive years in anticipation of the proposed panel. Borders Railway. By the time it arrived PR the bank was in financial difficulties and the limitations imposed by local sources of supply resulted in the plant being auctioned and many of the buildings demolished.

The dam, which can be found in the steep valley of the Hareshaw Burn, contained a sheet of water 30m by 200m. In the east wall is a large rectangular opening which would have contained a sluice gate to control the flow of water to a stone- lined channel or head race that connected to the ironworks. Here it powered a 70hp waterwheel which, Hareshaw Dam

35 that wheat was being grown in the A prehistoric site at Milfield Village vicinity of the site and that the surrounding landscape comprised mixed woodland of oak, hazel, birch and alder. Other plants identified included grasses, clover and nettle, the latter being an indicator of disturbed ground, possibly for agriculture or grazing. A flint flake and a chert flake were found on the site together with some struck agate, including one bladelet and a core that are indicative of earlier, Mesolithic, activity on the site.

These structural features are thought to represent the remains of a short- lived dwelling, and the date for the site shows that it was in use at the same time as the nearby henges. In fact the Milfield South henge lies just 500m south-east of the site and would have been in full view from the Diggers mark post holes on the site. Photo: ARS settlement. This site provides some small site in Milfield village, near structure, and pottery finds from two of the first evidence we have for AWooler, was fully excavated of the post holes indicated a Late where the henge builders lived, during summer 2004 in advance of a Neolithic-Early Bronze Age date however more data is necessary if house construction. An earlier (4000-2000 BC). The pottery can be we are to know whether these investigation of the site had indicated assigned to the 'Impressed Ware' nearby settlements were occupied that post holes existed in the area of style of pottery which is normally permanently, or for short stays only, the building plot, but their date and associated with the mid and later when gatherings took place at the form remained unknown. The Neolithic periods. Subsequent henges. excavations revealed a series of radiocarbon dating of a hazelnut eight archaeological features that shell from the same pit that James Brightman included six post holes, one contained most of the pottery and Clive Waddington stakehole and one pit. This triangular returned a date of about 2100BC. Archaeological Research Services arrangement of features suggested the presence of a fairly substantial Preserved organic material indicated Weetwood Bridge (is falling down) f Weetwood Bridge is restrictions and its inclusion on Ifalling down, falling down, English Heritage's Buildings At fill it with lightweight Risk Register. polystyrene. It might sound like a perverse nursery After a thorough archaeological rhyme but it's actually a investigation of the rubble fill structural engineer's material within the bridge, it was solution for the repair of a decided to remove and replace it scheduled ancient with polystyrene foam which is a monument. lightweight material, resistant to The narrow hump-backed rot and with a high compressive bridge over the River Till strength. The outer walls will then near Wooler dates from the be tied together with stainless 16th century and consists of steel anchors to provide additional an elegant single arch strength. Although it is regrettable flanked by pilasters, each of to loose the historic fill it will be which contains a niche. It fully recorded and the bridge will was partly rebuilt in the 18th benefit from an 'invisible' repair century but structural due to take place in 2005. problems have led to traffic PR

36 Falstone Tea Rooms

alstone Village near Kielder FWater is not the sort of place that you would expect to find leading edge building design. Yet Northumberland National Park Authority's Falstone Tearooms has been short listed for the prestigious Civic Trust Rural Design Award for the best development designed to enhance sensitive landscapes.

The former village school, which dates from the 1870s, is of local architectural and historic interest. It was purchased by the National Park Authority in 2002 with the intention of creating a modern tea room, shop, visitor and community facility featuring a number of energy saving measures. With assistance from the comfortable with this 'radical' glazed front wall helps to integrate Conservation Team, a challenging approach and the local community the interior with the external tea bar. development brief was agreed and and National Park Planning Close by, the grade II listed Jubilee internationally renowned architects Committee harboured some Drinking Fountain has been RMJM appointed. It was recognised reservations before the proposals incorporated into the scheme and that the original school room was of were finally approved. given a more dignified setting. The such importance that works should building work was undertaken by be restricted to careful repair and The new tearooms now has local contractors TK Builders and restoration. A series of 20th century photovoltaic cells on the roof to even the photovoltaics were extensions of no particular merit convert daylight into , the manufactured in Consett. But the offered the opportunity for first of its kind in the National Park; a salutary lesson is that there is an redevelopment to provide additional wood pellet boiler to heat important place for good modern facilities in a sustainable manner. the radiators and water, which is design in sensitive landscapes. It is Rather than copy the features of the publicly viewable; a tank to harness fitting that such an exemplary Victorian building it was decided that rainwater to use for flushing the scheme should come from the the clear application of contemporary toilets; and a log burning stove from a National Park Authority at a time design was the best way to site in Kielder similar to the one when it prepares to update its complement the old school. This which would have been used in the building design guidance. Even if should demonstrate that a modern old school. When the sun shines the modern design is not to your taste design approach is nothing to be play of light on the roof casts an ever the wonderful cakes and scones afraid of and can offer plenty to changing shadow pattern on the surely will be. delight. Not everyone was walls of the building and the fully PR Flint Arrowhead from Callaly ne of the more attractive slant. Whilst the arrowhead would Oartefacts to have been donated have functioned, despite these flaws, to the Museum of Antiquities this there may still be some suspicion that year is a fine barbed and tanged it was discarded before use. arrowhead, of typical Bronze Age type, which was found at The arrowhead was found at a field Callaly. The arrowhead has edge at NU 05182 09100 by a walker been knapped from a light and brought in to the Museum initially grey, almost white, flint with a for identification. Its accession number few darker grey inclusions. is now 2004.19. The craftsmanship is not of the finest as one nibbled edge has a Lindsay Allason-Jones nick in it, formed by a natural Museum of Antiquities inclusion, whilst the wide tang is at a

37 The Tweeddale Press Building orthumberland County Council listed, the least worthy of retention is The evaluation showed that Nand Berwick-upon-Tweed the block fronting Walkergate. Prior relatively little damage had occurred Borough Council are jointly to the mid 1930s, this was a to early deposits beneath the developing the Berwick Town substantial sandstone terrace standing structures; that the deposits Workspace Project aimed at incorporating a range of shops. In within the Walkergate block (seen facilitating the start-up and survival the middle of that decade, within test pits 6 and 7) included of small businesses in the area. The Walkergate was widened, the face of substantial structural remains, site of the now disused Tweeddale the building cut back and its internal probably relating to a late medieval Press Buildings, a mixed group of divisions removed. The standing or early post-medieval building; that structures lying between Walkergate structures to the south of thick bands of loam, seen within the and Marygate in the centre of Walkergate facing on trench and the six engineers' test the town, is the to Boarding School pits, will have formed within late favoured location for Yard, a large medieval gardens or yards, and that the project. commercial structural remains earlier than the building and a yards or gardens (also of medieval Northumberland smaller residential date) underlie these deposits in at County Council property, both of least some areas. commissioned an sandstone archaeological and construction, were The lack of damage to early historic buildings incorporated within archaeological deposits is a common assessment of the the Tweeddale Press theme in Berwick, largely because of site to establish the complex. the shallow, sometimes non-existent significance of the foundations of 18th and 19th century standing structures and Recommendations structures. One of the walls of a of the potential within the assessment building on the site was constructed archaeological deposits were for the directly over a pre-existing brick floor below them. The archaeological evaluation and then material backfilled against assessment noted that of the site to locate and it to floor level. the site lies within the characterise any centre of the 700-year old archaeological deposits. At the other end of things, the core of the town of 2 cm The evaluation deepest excavations during the Berwick-upon-Tweed and consisted of the evaluation went down to 1.8m in the showed it to be very likely excavation of one 5m- courtyard trench. Subsequent that it would contain Green glaze long trench within the engineering boreholes, monitored significant archaeological ceramic boss courtyard of the range, archaeologically, show that deposits from the the cutting of two new archaeological deposits over the site medieval period which test pits within the reach a minimum of 4m deep and up could be impacted by building along the Walkergate to 6m deep in one area. any ground works on the site. The frontage and the deepening of six assessment also noted that of the existing engineers' test pits in the Alan Williams standing buildings, none of which buildings along the eastern edge of Alan Williams Archaeology are likely to date from before the the courtyard. 18th century and none of which are

National Park Boundary Survey he Brigantia Archaeological long term training programme entitled 90% of the stock of hedges and TPractice has carried out a field 'Traditional Boundaries/Traditional hedge banks in the Park may be in and documentary survey of Skills'. The larger bid has just been need of serious repair work. The traditional boundaries (dry stone successful and the pilot survey has Traditional Boundaries/Traditional walls, hedges, banks etc.) in four provided a set of data which will allow Skills Project will attempt to arrest sample areas of the National Park. a fuller understanding of the nature the decline in fortunes of these The work was carried out to help in and development of traditional historic landscape features. the production of a Conservation/ boundaries in the National Park. Management Plan for Traditional Rob Young Boundaries within the Park area, as The survey indicated that over 50% Northumberland National Park part of a bid to secure funding for a of the walls and possibly as much as

38 Blakehope Roman Fort

Photo: Copyright, Bluesky Ltd he buildings of Blakehope Farm, of the fort, surveyed them, and uncertain as little large scale Tnear Otterburn, lie in the south- interpreted the site as 'a cohort fort archaeological excavation has been eastern corner of the scheduled site with single ditch, massive rampart, at carried out to clarify their military role. of Blakehope Roman Fort (and least two gates and an annexe to One 20m-long trench was excavated putative temporary camp) which was south'. Their survey shows the fort to within the intended footprint of the positioned on the line of Dere Street. measure 420 ft by 390 ft across the shed. Mr and Mrs Todd, the owners of the ramparts and to enclose an area of farm, applied in 2003 for the around 3.25 acres. In 1955, aerial The evaluation trench showed that construction of a livestock building reconnaissance by St Joseph led to the ridge and furrow cultivation had adjacent to the farm ranges, for the his interpreting the outer earthwork, cut down to subsoil in all areas, over-wintering of cattle and other already partly delineated by leaving no undisturbed floors or stock. As little is known about the MacLauchlan, as a large temporary occupation deposits from Roman site, an assessment and evaluation camp measuring approximately 720 x times. The depth of the ploughsoil (on of the proposed location of the 930 ft and possibly earlier than Dere average only about 0.3m), and the building was requested by English Street. lack of artefactual material within it, Heritage, the archaeological advisors did not suggest that there had been to the Department of Culture, Media The only archaeological excavation lengthy occupation. Archaeological and Sport, and by the County at Blakehope was carried out in the features did survive, however, below Conservation Team, acting as early 1960s by Eric Birley. This the level of subsoil. The surviving advisors to Tynedale District Council. amounted to one trench across the pattern of these features - one long This work was carried out in summer fort rampart, which showed that it slot with a large post hole at its 2004. had been constructed of turf and, at northern end, a slot at right angles to some stage, burnt. Pre-Hadrianic this, and a gully, possibly an eaves The earthworks of the Roman pottery was found, although drip, tracking along the western edge stations at Blakehope were first insufficient to be conclusive about of the first slot - suggested the described and surveyed by the whether it was Flavian or Trajanic in presence of at least one timber antiquarian MacLauchlan in the date. Walking the site today, the structure. No associated artefacts 1850s (map sheet 5). Although he ramparts of the fort are very reduced were found. thought the fort probably originally by medieval or early post-medieval had four entrances, he could identify ridge and furrow cultivation, and the Given the truncated nature of the only three. His plan shows an annexe plan is traceable only with some archaeological remains, only projecting from the south of the fort, difficulty. The interpretation of the surviving where cut below the surface along with an encompassing but outer earthwork, parts of which are of subsoil, a detailed archaeological ephemeral enclosure of quite marked, as a temporary camp, scheme to accompany the approximately 12 acres, of which he has remained problematic. construction work for the livestock could trace only the north, east and building has been approved and west sides. The proposed location of the scheduled monument consent livestock shed, up against the granted for the livestock shed. After no real interest in the site for 80 standing ranges of the farm, lies Alan Williams years, in 1938 Ian Richmond and J K within the area of the fort annexe. Alan Williams Archaeology St Joseph relocated the earthworks The function of these compounds is

39 Recording Lesbury Mill

Lesbury Mill in the 1950s programme of archaeological destruction as part of the of use. The mill that occupied the site Awork was undertaken by Pre- development scheme. until 1964 was probably built in about Construct Archaeology (PCA) on the 1770 and map evidence shows it was site of the former Lesbury Mill, Lesbury Mill is referred to in medieval added to over the next 70-80 years. Lesbury (grid reference NU 2330 documents, the earliest of which date During this period the overall plan of 1157). The project was from about 1350, when estimates of the mill altered considerably, and an commissioned by Northumberland its yield were listed. aqueduct was constructed County Council, on the Documentary records of which spanned the advice of the repair work river and fed the Conservation Team, in undertaken in the site from a dam advance of the 15th century also further upstream. construction of a new exist. While the bridge over the River precise location of In 2002 five trial Aln. The investigations the medieval mill is trenches were involved recording not identified, it is excavated, which archaeological traditionally believed revealed evidence of remains within the to lie beneath the later the late 18th century footprint of the mill. A 16th century mill complex and later bridge abutment, survey of the manor structures, demolition along with a does, however, imply in the 1960s, and watching brief on that Longhoughton later use of the various Plan, pre-1844 Mill may have served Tithe Map 1844 land. The structural groundworks. In as Lesbury Mill until the mill remains included sandstone walls addition, historic building recording of on the present site was constructed and footings from three phases, as the remaining standing elements of in 1523. Surveys of the 16th and 17th well as surfaces of a yard and a the former Lesbury Mill was centuries make reference to Lesbury flagstone floor (see photo opposite). undertaken. An earlier archaeological Mill. The mill appears to have gone They are probably the remains of mill evaluation, undertaken by PCA in out of use in the mid 17th century, buildings shown developing in form 2002, had indicated the high potential possibly because flood damage was on the Ordnance Survey map series, for the survival of important not repaired, although a map of 1624 including part of the wheelhouse of archaeological remains associated suggests that it had already gone out the watermill. A massive iron bracket/ with the former mill and their likely

Elevation of the northern section of the east wall of Lesbury Mill. Photo: PCA Ltd

40 /fixing associated with the flagstone the watching floor may be related to the mill wheel brief, may have itself. One trench contained a bridged a substantial feature second, that may be the eastern tailrace millrace itself; it during a later was further phase of use. investigated in 2003 and As well as appears to excavation, have been both elevations filled in during of the eastern the mid 19th wall of the mill century. When were recorded the Victorian using rectified aqueduct was photography; OS 1st Ed. 1868 built the only the millraces lowermost became obsolete, and so this feature parts of the may be associated with a relatively wall survived early phase of the mill after its demolition in reinstatement in the late 18th century. the 1960s. The wall can be Excavation also divided into discovered the three sections remains of a (north, middle tailrace (the portion and south). of a millrace The northern downstream of the section (see mill wheel) with below) substantial comprised a sandstone walls. portion of wall from a building It seems that the in the north of OS 3rd Ed. 1920 tailrace had the mill been extensively complex with a Wall and floor identified in Trench 2. Photo: PCA Ltd rebuilt or repaired during its lifetime partially blocked double arched photograph shows that the northern and there was also evidence to entranceway, two single doorways and middle buildings originally stood suggest that it may have been and two windows, all of which were three storeys high, whilst the extended or re-aligned before falling blocked. The mid section contained southern building was single storey. out of use and being the lower parts of four blocked abandoned. windows and an entranceway, and The investigations at Lesbury Mill Remains of was more eroded than the northern revealed substantial and significant another building section, suggesting it was earlier in archaeological remains associated were also found, date. The southern section survived with the complex of buildings or which appeared for a maximum length of 5.5m watercourses from the post-medieval to have been beyond which the line of the wall mill at Lesbury. It is anticipated that built after the continued as the modern roadside the results will be published in tailrace had wall. A photograph of Lesbury Mill appropriate journal. become obsolete. taken in about 1950 from the north A substantial shows the eastern face of the three Jennifer Proctor sandstone culvert mill buildings with its entrances and Plan ca 1966 Pre-Construct Archaeology recorded during windows as described above. This

41 LiFELAND SiGNS LINES THE PINWELL PROJECT 2003

he Land Lines project was It was this which caused Olivia, a organisations mentioned above. The Tconceived and initiated by Olivia professional artist, to conceive of a project was designed to re-introduce Gill in 2003, its realization made project for some of the local young the place to the younger residents of possible by funding from the Local people to help regenerate the area, Wooler through the mediums of text, Heritage Initiative. The focus of the using art and design to learn drawing and collage and their work project is a small valley, with no creatively about heritage. The stands as testimony to how proper name, located near Wooler success of the project has depended successful such initiatives can be. and just outside the boundary of on the vital support of Lilburn Whilst further funding will be required Northumberland National Park (NT Estates, Forest Enterprise (who own to mount what Olivia hopes could be 986 271). Called Horsdenside, or and manage the land), the National a touring exhibition of the young The Kettles, this valley contains Park, local community members - people's work, we will be looking for many of the elements for which most notably Matthew Fairnington a local and prestigious venue to Northumberland display the is rightly famed, centrepiece an 8 perhaps most feet by 8 feet notably, the drawn and Pinwell - a small painted map of wishing well the area where for concerned, generations intricately people have painted, stitched come to throw in and collaged by bent pins for luck the students to - particularly form an young ladies who illustrative wished to be artwork that married. would stand up in any Overshadowing professional the well is an Iron gallery. Age hillfort Old Postcard of Pin Well and Kings Chair which, along with As far as we the valley below became part of an MBE and James Redpath and, from know the area has never been 18-hole Victorian golf course. Whilst further afield, a distinguished explored archaeologically and we many such heritage assets might Australian Aboriginal poet and writer would welcome some professional normally be confined to the realms of Herb Wharton. Through visits from input or information from a National Park, or available with these individuals the young people archaeologists or researchers who only limited access, the Pinwell is were able to learn about the heritage might be interested. Whilst Phase I of located less than a mile from Wooler and environmental aspects of the the project is nearly complete, with a High Street, with a circular route area, its past and how it is managed report and booklet due to be running through the Valley from one today. The students also had the published this Spring, there is a lane to another. opportunity to collaborate with Forest possibility that further work may be Enterprise re-designing footpaths carried out in conjunction with the The Pinwell itself is a small spring and fencing plans. The National Park National Park and Forest Enterprise. surrounded by a small circle of has administered the project through stones, filled by a spring deep within their local Project Officer Suzanne For any further information or the hill. Whatever the significance of Wilson, as well as organising surveys enquiries please contact Suzanne the heritage aspects of this special and site visits by their Education Wilson, Bridging the Border, place, it has not prevented more Officers. Northumberland National Park recent invasions into the landscape. Authority, The Cheviot Centre, 12 In 2000 a pipeline was run through Over the last year Olivia has worked Padgepool Place, Wooler, NE71 6BL. the valley, bringing the site abruptly intensively with a small group of Tel: 01668 283 669, or contact Olivia into the 21st century with the extremely talented young people who Lomenech-Gill by e-mail: introduction of fibre-optic cables have produced a wealth of drawn underground. The valley is still and written material based on their [email protected] recovering from the diggers and site visits and the input from our uprooting of trees. various visiting experts from the Olivia Lomenech-Gill 42 The Great North Museum Lesbury n exciting new project to create a Tyne and the Natural History Society Anew 'super museum' in the of Northumbria has secured region has gained approval from the £496,000 development funding to Old Bridge Heritage Lottery Fund. The aim of the draw up detailed plans and a further ollowing the construction of the project is to bring together the £8.75 million of HLF money has been Fnew road bridge, Lesbury Old existing Hancock Museum, the set aside to help fund the agreed Bridge has been spared from the Museum of Antiquities, the Shefton project. ravages of heavy traffic. The Museum of Greek Art and handsome 15th century structure Archaeology, and the Hatton Gallery, The museum will provide a well over the is a scheduled all based at the University of designed and exciting space in which ancient monument and will now be Newcastle, within the redeveloped to display collections which will cover used as a footbridge. To enhance its and extended Hancock Museum everything from the Big Bang through setting the ground surface materials Building. to the present day. Additional have been improved and new lighting fundraising is continuing and it is introduced. Repairs have also been The project partnership of Newcastle hoped to submit detailed plans to the carried out to the nearby remains of University, Tyne and Wear Museums, HLF for approval in September. Lesbury Mill. Newcastle City Council, the Society Lindsay Allason-Jones PR of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Museum of Antiquities Portable Antiquities he Portable Antiquities Scheme is number of these late Saxon coins. The challenge for the PAS in the Ta voluntary recording scheme for The metal detectorists from North East for 2005 is to achieve archaeological objects found by Ashington and Metal better find spot details for finds. members of the public. Every year Detecting Club acted responsibly and Philippa is keen to stress that the many thousands of objects are reported their find quickly as the context in which an object is found is discovered, many of these by metal coins qualify as Treasure. The stycas extremely important and can give us detector users, but also by people are now being studied at the British interesting clues as to the whilst out walking, gardening or Museum but hopefully will return to archaeology of a particular area. At going about their daily work. Such the North East sometime in 2005. present, all records give details of discoveries offer an important source the parish in which the object was for understanding our past. Other interesting finds include a 12th- found, but only 50% have grid century lead papal bull references. The scheme is run by a found by a team of Finds Liaison If you have Officers (FLO) and anything you has recently would like secured funding identified or from the recorded, or government would like until 2008. Philippa to Here in the come and talk North East, to your club or some of you will society about the have met our FLO, scheme, you can Philippa Walton, at 2 cm contact her at meetings of local The Museum of clubs and societies. Since Antiquities, University of August 2003, she has recorded Lead Papal Bull from Berwick Newcastle, NE1 7RU (0191 222 200 finds from Northumberland. 5076), or at the Archaeology Section, Finders have included farmers, met Durham County Council, Durham, divers, school children, and of course al detectorist from Border Reivers DH1 5TY (0191 383 4212). Her metal detectorists. The range of finds Metal Detecting Club in Berwick- email address is has been equally varied: from upon-Tweed. The bull is very worn [email protected]. The Portable Neolithic barbed and tanged but would originally have been Antiquities Scheme website is at: arrowheads to clay pipes. One of the decorated with an impression of most interesting was the discovery of Saints Peter and Paul as well as the www.finds.org.uk another 150 Saxon stycas from a site Pope's name Honorius. Bullae were near Bamburgh in April 2004. This used to seal official documents Philippa Walton area has already yielded a significant issued by the papacy. Portable Antiquities Scheme 43 Assessing the Past The following list contains details of a Border Township, The Archaeological Stanks, Border Archaeological Society archaeological assessments, evaluations Practice Ltd for Northumberland for Edwardian Walls Project, Berwick- and related work carried out in National Park (2004) upon-Tweed (September 2002) Northumberland during the past year. Hedgeley: Low Hedgeley Quarry, $ Castle Terrace, Berwick. Results of an They mostly result from requests made Powburn. Geophysical survey, archaeological evaluation, Headland by the County Archaeologist for further Archaeological Services WYAS for Archaeology for Edwin Thompson on research to be carried out ahead of RMC Aggregates (UK) Ltd (May 2004) behalf of Berwick Freemen (March planning applications being determined. Lesbury: Land East of Church Cottage, 2004) Copies of these reports are available for Lesbury. Archaeological watching brief, $ Dewars Lane Granary, Berwick. consultation in the Archaeology Section Archaeological Services University of Geotechnical ground investigation at County Hall. Durham for Jane Darbyshire and David archaeological watching brief, Kendall Ltd (November 2004) Northern Archaeological Associates Longhoughton: 46-48 North End, for Berwick-upon-Tweed Preservation ALNWICK Longhoughton. Archaeological Trust (June 2004) Alnham: Alnham, Northumberland. An evaluation, Archaeological Services $ Land at Tweeddale Press Buildings, Archaeological and Historical Study of a University of Durham for Nomad Berwick-upon-Tweed. Archaeological Border Township, The Archaeological Housing Group Ltd (December 2003) and standing building assessment, Practice Ltd for Northumberland National $ 30-34 North End, Longhoughton. Alan Williams Archaeology for Park (2004) Archaeological evaluation, Northumberland County Council Alnwick: Archaeological investigations at Archaeological Services University of (March 2004) Lesbury Mill Bridge, Lesbury. Post- Durham for The Northumberland $ John Dewar's Granary, Dewars Lane, excavation assessment report, Pre- Estates (May 2004) Berwick-upon-Tweed. Results of an Construct Archaeology for Newton-by-the-Sea: Link House, archaeological evaluation, Headland Northumberland County Council Newton-by-the-Sea. Archaeological Archaeology for Berwick-upon-Tweed (November 2003) assessment, The Archaeological Preservation Trust (August 2004) $ Extension at Rear of 29 Bondgate Practice Ltd for Link House Farm Ltd $ Geophysical Survey Report 2004/51 Within, Alnwick. Archaeological Rothbury: Rothbury Motors site, North Road Industrial Estate, Berwick- evaluation, Alan Williams Archaeology Rothbury. Palaeoenvironmental upon-Tweed, GSB Prospection for on behalf of Ridley Properties investigations assessment report, Northern Archaeological Associates (November 2004) Archaeological Services University of (August 2004) $ Land at Clive Nurseries, Howling Durham for County Life Homes $ Love Lane, Berwick-upon-Tweed, Lane, Alnwick. Archaeological (December 2003) Tyne and Wear Museums for Transco evaluation, Alan Williams Archaeology Tosson: Great Tosson, Northumberland. (January September 2004) for Patrick Parsons Ltd (November An Archaeological and Historical Study $ Development of Night Club and 2004) of a Border Township, The Restaurant on Former Garage Site, $ 29 Fenkle Street, Alnwick. Watching Archaeological Practice Ltd for Golden Square, Berwick-upon-Tweed, brief, Archaeological Services Northumberland National Park (2004) Alan Williams Archaeology for Border University of Durham for Michael Warkworth: Proposed Access Road to Asset Management (August 2004) Drage (December 2004) Water Intake Works, Warkworth. $ Proposed Tesco Foodstore, Ord : Alwinton, Northumberland. An Archaeological watching brief, Tyne Road, Berwick-upon-Tweed. Archaeological and Historical Study of and Wear Museums for Northumbrian Archaeological desk based a Border Township, The Water (November 2004) assessment, CgMs Consulting for Archaeological Practice Ltd for Tesco Stores Ltd (October 2004) Northumberland National Park (2004) BERWICK-UPON-TWEED $ Proposed Tesco Site, Ord Road, Amble: Hauxley Links, Amble. Till-Tweed Fieldwalking, Archaeological Berwick-upon-Tweed. Geophysical Archaeological watching brief, Tyne Research Services and University of survey, Archaeological Services and Wear Museums for NEDL Newcastle (November 2003) University of Durham for CgMs (November 2004) Adderstone with Lucker: Air Photo Consulting (November 2004) : Watching Brief on Land Mapping and Interpretation for the A1 $ Watching Brief at 4 The Elms, Adjacent to the Tankerville Arms, Upgrade Scheme: Adderstone to Berwick-upon-Tweed, Biblioresearch Eglingham, Biblioresearch for Mr Belford, Alison Deegan for Ed for Dr Knight (November 2004) Swindle (September 2004) Dennison Archaeological Services Ltd $ Sanson Seal House, Berwick-upon- Embleton: Land at Station Road, (January 2005) Tweed. Data structure report, AOC Embleton. Archaeological evaluation, Akeld: Akeld, Northumberland. An Archaeology for Mr Marshall Archaeological Services University of Archaeological and Historical Study of (September 2004) Durham for Nomad Housing Group a Border Township, The Archaeological $ Land at 6 Eildon View, Tweedmouth. (February 2005) Practice Ltd for Northumberland Archaeological watching brief, Elsdon: Elsdon, Northumberland. An National Park (2004) Archaeological Services University of Archaeological and Historical Study of Bamburgh: 3 Friars Court, Bamburgh. Durham for T W Cockburn (November a Border Township, The Archaeological evaluation, data 2004) Archaeological Practice Ltd for structure report, AOC Archaeology $ Land at Tweeddale Press Buildings. Northumberland National Park (2004) Group for Design Workshop Ltd (April Interim archaeological evaluation, : Harbottle, Northumberland. An 2004) Alan Williams Archaeology for Archaeological and Historical Study of Beadnell: Coach House Inn, Beadnell. Northumberland County Council (May a Border Township, The Archaeological evaluation, 2004) Archaeological Practice Ltd for Archaeological Services University of $ Bankhill, Berwick-upon-Tweed. Northumberland National Park (2004) Durham for Reid Jubb Brown Archaeological evaluation, $ Holystone, Northumberland. An Partnership (June 2004) Archaeological Services University of Archaeological and Historical Study of Berwick: Geophysical Survey of The Durham for G M Craig (Building

44 Contractors) Ltd (February 2005) Stores Ltd (November 2004) during underground duct works, Alan Branxton: Outbuilding at Well House, $ Branxton. Archaeological watching Land Adjacent to Ord Road, Berwick- Williams Archaeology for British brief, Alan Williams Archaeology for upon-Tweed. Archaeological Telecom (June 2004) Mr and Mrs Shackleton (April 2004) evaluation, CFA Archaeology Ltd for Stannington: Proposed Pipeline Route, Cornhill-on-Tweed: An Archaeological GVA Grimley on behalf of Kilmartin Stannington Station. Archaeological Evaluation at Main Street, Cornhill- Property Group (November 2004) evaluation, Tyne and Wear Museums on-Tweed, Headland Archaeology for Wooler: Development at 27-33 High for Northumbrian Water Ltd (July Street, Wooler. Desk-based 2004) Cherrywood Investments Ltd $ (November 2004) archaeological assessment, Alan Land at Shotton, near Cramlington, Ewart: Woodbridge Quarry. Scheme of Williams Archaeology for Home Geophysical survey: magnetic archaeological work to discharge Housing and Glendale Gateway Trust scanning, Archaeological Services (January 2005) WYAS for H J Banks and Co Ltd condition 30, Wardell Armstrong for $ Tarmac Northern Ltd (June 2004) Land to the rear of Nos 5 and 6 Market (November 2004) incorporating reports by TimeScape Place, Wooler. Desk-based Whalton: East House, Whalton. A (June 2003) and Tyne and Wear archaeological assessment, Alan structural/archaeological investigation, Museums (October 2003) Williams Archaeology for Mr Close Peter Ryder (August 2004) (November 2004) Widdrington: Steadsburn Surface Mining Ilderton: Ilderton Lodge, West Lilburn. $ Archaeological watching brief, Tyne Land to the rear of Nos 5 and 6 Market Scheme, Steadsburn. Archaeological and Wear Museums for NEDL Place, Wooler. Archaeological assessment, Tyne and Wear (October 2004) evaluation, Alan Williams Archaeology Museums for UK Coal (November $ Ilderton House, West Lilburn. for Mr Close (December 2004) 2004) Archaeological watching brief, Tyne Widdrington Station and Stobswood: and Wear Museums for NEDL BLYTH VALLEY North Stobswood. Trial trenching (November 2004) Blyth: Archaeological Appraisal for Blyth report (DRAFT), Northern Holy Island: Gospel Garden, Links, Archaeo-Environment Ltd for Archaeological Associates for UK Marygate, Holy Island. Archaeological Insite Environments (December 2004) Coal Ltd (July 2004) evaluation, Archaeological Services Cramlington: Cramlington, University of Durham for Thomas Northumberland. Archaeological TYNEDALE Stewart - Architect (April 2004) evaluation, Tyne and Wear Museums Traditional Boundaries in the for Bellway Homes (January 2004) Northumberland National Park, The Ingram: Ingram, Northumberland. An $ Archaeological and Historical Study of Nelson West Industrial Estate, Brigantia Archaeological Practice for a Border Township, The Cramlington. Archaeological watching Northumberland National Park (March Archaeological Practice Ltd for brief, Northern Archaeological 2004) Northumberland National Park (2004) Associates for White Young Green Allendale: The Old Chapel, Sinderhope. Kilham: Kilham, Northumberland. An (November 2004) Photographic record, P Booth (June Seaton Delaval: Wheatridge. Plant 2004) Archaeological and Historical Study of $ a Border Township, The macrofossil assessment, An archaeological watching brief at Archaeological Practice Ltd for Archaeological Services University of Old Town Farm, Catton, Allendale, Northumberland National Park (2004) Durham (July 2004) North Pennines Archaeology Ltd for Kirknewton: Hethpool, Northumberland. Carroll Developments (November An Archaeological and Historical 2003) Study of a Border Township, The Capheaton: A Mesolithic Rock Shelter at Corbridge: Princes Street Garage, Archaeological Practice Ltd for Salter's Nick, near East Shaftoe Hall, Corbridge. Archaeological evaluation, Northumberland National Park (2004) first season of excavation, John Davies The Archaeological Practice Ltd for $ and John Nolan (June 2002) Martin Robinson (November 2003) Kirknewton and Westnewton, $ Northumberland. An Archaeological Heddon-on-the-Wall: An Archaeological Corbridge. Plant macrofossil and Historical Study of two Border Evaluation at Granville House, assessment, Archaeological Services Townships, The Archaeological Heddon-on-the-Wall, Pre-Construct University of Durham for The Practice Ltd for Northumberland Archaeology for Mr N Fagents (April Archaeological Practice Ltd 2004) (November 2003) National Park (2004) $ Milfield: Archaeological excavation Morpeth: Archaeological investigations in Anchor Cottage, 30 Princes Street, report for 3 Whitton Park, The Market Place, Morpeth, Pre- Corbridge. Archaeological Evaluation, Archaeological Research Services for Construct Archaeology for The Archaeological Practice Ltd for Mr J Darlington (July 2004) Northumberland County Council Simon Dronfield, IDN (February 2004) $ (August 2003, report February 2004) $ Corchester Lane, Corbridge. Watching Brief at 2 Whitton Park $ (Braemar), Milfield, Biblioresearch for Manchester Street Car Park, Morpeth. Archaeological watching brief, The Mr Madden (August 2004) Archaeological assessment, Tyne and Archaeological Practice Ltd for North Sunderland: Village Farm, North Wear Museums for Mermaid Design Northumberland County Council (April Company Ltd on behalf of Bowlem 2004) Sunderland. Archaeological $ evaluation and building recording, Avenue Properties Ltd (September An Archaeological Field Evaluation on 2004) Land at Bishops Garage Car Park, Archaeological Services University of $ Durham for Blue Reef Developments East Mill, Morpeth. Desk-top Corbridge, North Pennines Ltd (December 2004) assessment and building survey, Archaeology Ltd for Mr Bishop Archaeological Services University of (October 2004) Ord: Land Adjacent to Ord Road, $ Berwick-upon-Tweed. Archaeological Durham for Northcourt Developments An Archaeological Watching Brief on desk-based assessment and walk- Ltd (January 2005) Land at Sunnybrae, Stagshaw Road, over survey, CFA Archaeology Ltd for Netherwitton: The Mason's Shed, Corbridge, North Pennines GVA Grimley (April 2004) Netherwitton. Archaeological watching Archaeology Ltd for Mr and Mrs $ brief report, North East Archaeological Jepson (November 2004) Land Adjacent to Ord Road, Berwick- $ upon-Tweed. Archaeological Research Ltd for Stone Homes Ltd An Archaeological Field Evaluation on evaluation, CFA Archaeology Ltd for (November 2004) Land to the Rear of Eastfield House, GVA Grimley on behalf of ASDA Stamfordham: Hadrian's Wall at Harlow Corbridge, North Pennines Hill. Archaeological watching brief Archaeology Ltd for Smiths Gore

45 (December 2004) Hexham, English Heritage Centre for Communities, The Archaeological $ Tynedale Hotel, Corbridge. Archaeology (2004) Practice Ltd for Northumberland National Archaeological evaluation, $ Land at Burn Lane, Hexham. Park (2004) Archaeological Services University of Archaeological excavation and Thirlwall: Report on an archaeological Durham for Nicholson Nairn Architects monitoring, Northern Archaeological watching brief on land at Eastwood Villa, (November 2004) Associates for W Kayley (Preston) Ltd Gilsland, North Pennines Archaeology Ltd Corsenside: High Nick Quarry, (September 2003) for Anglian Home Improvements (January Northumberland. Archaeological desk- $ Tree-Ring Analysis of Timbers from 17 2004) based assessment, Northern and 19 St Mary's Chare, Hexham, $ Proposed Football Field, Gilsland. Archaeological Associates for Heaton English Heritage Centre for Archaeology Archaeological evaluation, Oxford Planning Consultants (April 2004) (2004) Archaeology North for English Heritage Falstone: Falstone, Northumberland. An $ Hexham House, Hexham. (November 2004) Archaeological and Historical Study of a Archaeological watching brief, Tyne and Warden: Black Carts, Hadrian's Wall. Border Township, The Archaeological Wear Museums for Tynedale District Archaeological watching brief, The Practice Ltd for Northumberland Council (June 2004) Archaeological Practice Ltd for National Park (2004) Horsley: An Archaeological Watching Brief Northumberland County Council (March : Milestone House, Military (Phase 2) at South East Farm, Horsley, 2004) Road. Archaeological watching brief, Pre-Construct Archaeology for Anvil Wylam: Wylam Waggonway, Wylam, Tyne and Wear Museums for Construction Ltd (November 2004) Northumberland. Archaeological Northumbrian Water Ltd (May 2004) Otterburn: Branshaw Bastle and evaluation and watching brief, Tyne and $ Report on an Archaeological Field Settlement, Otterburn ATE. Historic Wear Museums for NEDL (March 2003) Evaluation on Land at The Grey Bull building and earthwork survey, Phase 1 Hotel, Haltwhistle, North Pennines report, Northern Archaeological WANSBECK Archaeology Ltd for Mr Hind (December Associates for Defence Estates (April Ashington: Geophysical Survey Report. 2004) 2004) North Seaton Business Park, GSB Haydon Bridge: Huntercrook Service $ Branshaw Bastle and Settlement, Prospection for Northern Archaeological Reservoir to Page Croft Service Otterburn ATE. Branshaw settlement Associates (February 2004) Reservoir. Archaeological and cultural wide area survey, Northern $ North Seaton Business Park. heritage assessment (Interim Report), Archaeological Associates for Defence Archaeological evaluation, Northern Tyne and Wear Museums for Estates (June 2004) Archaeological Associates for Bullen Northumbrian Water (March 2004) $ Blakehope Roman Fort and Temporary Consultants on behalf of One North East $ Mains Reinforcement from Huntercrook Camp, Blakehope Farm, Otterburn, Alan (May 2004) Service Reservoir to Page Croft Service Williams Archaeology for Mr and Mrs $ Ashington Attenuation Ponds, Reservoir. Archaeological watching brief Todd (September 2004) Geophysical Survey report, GSB and evaluation, Tyne and Wear Rochester: Byrness, Northumberland. An Prospection Ltd for Northern Museums for Northumbrian Water (April Archaeological and Historical Study of a Archaeological Associates (December to June 2004) Border Township, The Archaeological 2004) Henshaw: East Bog. Archaeological Practice Ltd for Northumberland $ Ashington Attenuation Ponds: evaluation report, Oxford Archaeology National Park (2004) Archaeological desk based assessment, North for English Heritage (February $ High Rochester, Northumberland. An Northern Archaeological Associates for 2004) Archaeological and Historical Study of a White Young Green (December 2004) $ Trial trenches around the West Gate Border Township, The Archaeological Bedlington: Spring Park, Bedlington. Admission Building, , The Practice Ltd for Northumberland Archaeological evaluation, Tyne and Vindolanda Trust for The Vindolanda National Park (2004) Wear Museums for Elvet Homes Trust (September 2004) : Tarset and Greenhaugh, (September 2004) Hexham: Tree-Ring Analysis of Timbers Northumberland. An Archaeological and from the Moot Hall, Market Place, Historical Study of two Border Hidden Treasures: Wether Hill

isit Wether Hill, not just visited one archaeological site, it Vfor the site itself with its spurs you on to visit the sites you impressive double ditched can see. ramparts, but also for the views of the surrounding National Grid Reference archaeological sites which NT 953 285 show some of the quality and density of the archaeology in Directions the area. On the A697 north of Powburn take the Ingram turn and follow There is a steepish climb to signs to the Ingram Visitors' the top of Wether Hill, but at centre. At the centre there are a the top there are tremendous number of leaflets recommending views of prehistoric, Romano- archaeological walks in the area. British and medieval Take the track to the south of the settlement and farming visitor's centre for the climb to remains spreading out across Wether Hill. the landscape. The beauty of KD Wether Hill is that having

46 Hidden Treasures: Medieval Monday Cleugh Cornhill-on-Tweed he village Cornhill-on-Tweed (NT several courses high. Unfortunately T8606 3936), in north there was no evidence of any floor Northumberland, is documented from surfaces or stratified deposits, but 1208/10 when it was part of the several pieces of medieval pottery 's estate of were found in association with them. Norham. Maps from the 17th century onwards show the existence of the The walls were first thought to be village, with Armstrong's 1769 map part of one long building, with an of Northumberland showing a main attached enclosure. However, it may street with houses on both sides. be more likely that there are at least The proposed development of an two, or possibly three, buildings open area of ground at the east end or sheer drama, the site of the present here. The nature of the Iron Age hillfort on Harehope Hill of the village provided an opportunity walls is such that they must F to investigate how far the medieval is hard to beat. The hillfort is perched belong to a relatively on the edge of the massively steep village extended and its survival in substantial building or this area. The archaeological cliff of Monday Cleugh, which buildings but, provides a very strong defence on the evaluation was undertaken by disappointingly, Headland Archaeology Ltd. eastern side. Peering down into the a small pit gloomy depths of Monday Cleugh on and a windy day is an exhilarating Of the seven trial trenches experience - but don't stand too close excavated across the site, three to the edge! revealed medieval walls relatively close to Main Street. Despite only the foundation level The hillfort is defended by up to three surviving in one substantial ramparts. Within the trench, the other interior are the foundations of the two contained round houses built by its prehistoric walls that occupants, as well as the rectangular stood foundations of later buildings which reused the site in the medieval period.

National Grid Reference: NT 953 285

Directions Monday Cleugh Hillfort is situated just south of Akeld, near Wooler. It can be ditch seen in accessed from the footpath which two of the leads westwards from Humbleton trenches gave no towards Akeld Hill or from the footpath other clues about which runs south from Akeld past their function. Akeld Bastle. The whole area is rich in archaeological remains, including With the discovery of another very impressive defended these medieval features site on the north slope of Harehope further work will be necessary Hill (NT 959289) and other more before the development elusive features such as round proceeds. This will allow a more houses and ancient trackways. The complete understanding of the site is a steepish climb and rough function of these buildings and how underfoot, so good footwear, warm they relate to the medieval village of clothes and emergency rations would Cornhill-on-Tweed as a whole. be sensible precautions. For more information on these sites check out Trench 4 and edge of knoll at Kirsty Dingwall www.keystothepast.info or consult the SMR. Main Street, Cornhill-on-Tweed. Headland Archaeology Photo: Headland Archaeology. SR

47 http://rockart.ncl.ac.uk

lready in the 19th century, famous and academically sound website with Accounting for growth in panel ANorthumberland antiquarians wide appeal that would act as a numbers was the rigorous such as Tate and Collingwood Bruce showcase for Northumberland rock interrogation of Stan Beckensall's appreciated that a rich storehouse of art. archive, the provision of additional site ancient rock carvings existed in the information by colleagues and county. A hundred years later, Stan To begin with, the focus was on farmers, and discoveries made during Beckensall, in his first gazetteer of establishing the extent of Beckensall's fieldwork. For example, information Northumberland rock art, commented, archive, developing a list of the provided by Philip Deakin and 'A glance at the map of the British known rock art panels and the types Manuella Walker (Border Isles shows that Northumberland is of data to be recorded during the Archaeological Society) led to the among the richest rock areas for rock- project, designing a panel reporting recording of 28 new panels at Chatton carvings.' The full extent of this form, and clarifying the target Sandyford and surrounding areas; we richness has come sharply into focus audiences for the website. Thereafter, were shown seven new panels at during the University of Newcastle's attention turned to the fieldwork Scrainwood by Thomas Snaith (who Arts and Humanities Research Board- programme. kindly transported Stan Beckensall funded Web Access to Rock Art: the and myself across his farm on the Beckensall Archive of Actively supported by Stan back of his quadbike); while in two Northumberland Rock Art project. At Beckensall, this involved first visits to days fieldwork, we increased the the beginning of the project there 720 panels, during which they were number of known panels at were estimated to be between 250 - photographed and had their locations Goatstones from three to 17! 450 rock panels in Northumberland, fixed with a Global Positioning but at its completion around 1060 System (GPS), and second visits to In tandem with the fieldwork panels were known. 560 panels to complete panel report programme, the office work involved forms, which included making the scanning and filing of thousands Established by Professor Geoff observations about environmental of drawings and photographic images; Bailey, Dr Clive Waddington and Glyn setting, surface of panel, panel type, double checking records with Stan Goodrick, the project, which ran from art, and management and Beckensall and other colleagues; July 2002 to December 2004, had the conservation. The success of the entering the data and images into the primary aim of making Stan fieldwork programme was highlighted purpose-built interactive database that Beckensall's extensive by the location and recording of some would underpin the website; Northumberland rock art archive, 90% of the panels known to exist in conceptualising how the website collected over 40 years, widely the countryside. would be arranged; developing an available on the internet. Key Interactive Zone; and the graphic objectives included: creating a user- One of the most gratifying aspects of design of the website. The database friendly, database-driven, interactive the project was the steady growth in was developed by Horacio Ayestaran, website that would be of interest to a panel numbers from a starting point of who was also responsible for the diverse range of users; encouraging 790 (at the completion of the first site implementation of the website, and further rock art recording and list in February 2003) to around 1060 Jess Kemp and Marc Johnstone research; ensuring a comprehensive panels at the end of the project. (Heritage Media) undertook the record of drawings and photographic graphic design. images; improving our understanding of the The different strands of the vulnerability of the rock art website were consolidated to damage, erosion or in December 2004 and being obscured by with some natural and artificial trepidation the processes; website, named developing an Northumberland appreciation of the rock art: web access requirements to the Beckensall for future archive, went live in management mid-January 2005. and The website is conservation; believed to be the and promoting most detailed educational regional rock art outreach and public website in the world understanding of boasting reports on over rock art. Ultimately, 1050 panels and close on the challenge was to 6000 images. produce an attractive Panel 6d at Snookbank. Photo: Aron Mazel 48 Highlights include: I panels having their own entries, An unusual exhibition with information relating to location and access, archaeology, environmental aspects, management and conservation I forty-four 360º bubbleworld photographs showing panels in their landscape settings I the ability to browse the website according to parish, map, panel type, location, access (including suitability for wheelchairs), image type, and art motifs I simple and advanced interactive search facilities, enabling searches on multiple criteria he Museum of Antiquities is symbols that we all take for granted. I an Interactive Zone, which includes Tdeveloping a reputation for Were the symbols on the rock art learning journeys covering various hosting rather quirky exhibitions - understandable to the prehistoric aspects of Northumberland rock remember Scraping the Bottom? people of Northumberland in the same way that traffic directions and art, a tribute to Stan Beckensall, a The display called Written in Stone street signs are intelligible to us conservation message, video and followed this trend whilst being today? audio clips, recommended visits to firmly in the Museum's tradition of panels, games, photo galleries and using its collection for educational more! projects. The group recorded their experiences I through drawings, paintings, interactive mapping facilities, photographs, maps and beach art, allowing users to see exactly This particular project began when a grant of £11,250 from the Heritage and then took part in a workshop with where panels are located in the glass artist Kathryn Hodgkinson at countryside, as well as to the ability Lottery Fund enabled a group of artistically gifted and talented 14- the National Glass Centre at to view the search and browse Sunderland. Here, their research and results on a map at different scales year old children at Greenfield School Community and Arts new ideas were turned into both cast I an extensive bibliography of and etched glass sculptures. Northumberland rock art. College, Newton Aycliffe, to explore the prehistoric rock art of I the ability to download data directly Northumberland under the guidance According to teacher Sharon from the website of Stan Beckensall, the Simpson, 'What was really interesting internationally known authority on was that none of the pupils simply The data from Stan Beckensall's the subject. created a two-dimensional replica of Northumberland rock art archive, the prehistoric rock art they saw. together with that gathered during the They each interpreted it differently, Stan first took the children to visit project probably constitutes the some affected by the location, others rock art sites at Roughting Linn and largest and most detailed body of by the circular markings. They were Chatton Park Hill. information assembled for a rock art intrigued that we no longer know what region in Britain. Placing this these marks mean, what they are information on the internet means 'We specifically asked the students meant to signify or why they were that it can now be enjoyed by and their teacher not to do any placed in specific locations.' Northumbrians as well as people previous research,' recalls Stan. elsewhere in Britain and other parts 'The whole idea of the project was to The Museum of Antiquities, with the of the world. It is our hope that the get the students' immediate pupils' help, put a selection of the website will also inspire the creation response to the landscape and the sculpture and paintings on display in of new knowledge and insights into rock art. The symbolism is very the Second Gallery from 28th Northumberland and British rock art powerful, and when you encounter October 2004 to 8th January 2005. and lays the basis for the effective rock art for the first time, there is a The display was a great success as, management and conservation of this great sense of discovery.' not only did it make the Museum look ancient heritage resource for future very colourful, but the reflections from generations. In doing this, we hope to The group then met cultural the glass impacted on the ancient have ensured that Northumberland geographer Dan Knox of the sculpture and pottery, giving them an rock art continues to play a key role University of Sunderland who took added dimension. Bringing modern art and ancient art together, in a way in the development of British rock art them on an exploratory visit of their which explored the meaning of both, studies for many years to come. own Newton Aycliffe. Leading them through their local shopping centre, was very exciting and, hopefully, will Dan helped the group take a fresh lead to similar projects in the future. Aron D Mazel Lindsay Allason-Jones University of Newcastle look at familiar surroundings, examining modern signs and Museum of Antiquities

49 A new inscription from Chesters

n 23 May 2004, an inscribed Line 1, but from the Ostone was discovered lying about content, it is likely that this six feet out from the western bank of was the original first line. the river North Tyne, just downstream from the bath house of Chesters The stone was examined Roman Fort. It lay face upwards, and by R S O Tomlin in was probably visible because of the Chesters Museum in extremely low level of the river. The September, with a view to landowner, Mr George Benson, has publication in Britannia for presented the stone to the Trustees of 2005. This work is still in the Clayton Collection, and it is now progress, but it can be on display in Chesters Museum. said that, although the text is very fragmentary, it The stone is a fragment of a buff appears to be a dedication sandstone slab, 0.32 m by 0.48 m, to Jupiter Dolichenus 0.21 m thick, and was intended for dated by the consuls insertion into a masonry structure. Maximus and Aquilinus to Only the bottom edge of the original AD 286, and there is a stone survives. The inscription was reference to the god's cut into a recessed panel defined by a temple. This is the latest plain moulding, part of which remains consular date to be at the bottom. Seven lines of text, now recorded in a Romano- quite badly worn, are present. Only British inscription. the lower halves survive of the letters in The Dolichenus cult is already attested at Chesters by another dedication slab (RIB 1452), and the base of a statue of the god (CSIR 118), both in Chesters Museum. The fine statue of Juno (CSIR 117) almost certainly portrays her as the consort of Jupiter Dolichenus, because of the statue's stylistic similarity to the Jupiter Dolichenus statue base. These two Statue of Juno life-size statues would Photo: Copyright English Heritage have been housed in an evidence suggesting that the cult of area of considerable Jupiter Dolichenus survived later than space, and it is no AD 252, when Doliche was sacked surprise that the new and the cult was eclipsed. stone confirms the existence of a temple to RSO Tomlin, Jupiter Dolichenus. However, and The new engraving. the late date is notable, as this G Plowright, English Heritage Photo: Copyright English Heritage stone joins the small body of

50 Hidden Treasures: Wylam Waggonway

Berwick Walls he first Wylam Waggonway was feet long cast-iron fish-bellied edge Tbuilt in the 18th century to carry rails that were attached to iron 'chairs' coal from Wylam Colliery to staithes at pinned to the sleepers. Lemington. A proposal by NEDL in 2003 to lay a high voltage electricity Through trial trenching and a watching cable along its route gave brief, the remains of the archaeologists an Wylam Waggonway appear opportunity to to be well preserved under assess its the present bridleway preservation embankment. The under the Wylam waggonway was revealed Railway as stone sleeper blocks set embankment into a track bed of compact between Wylam small-coal. Each sleeper and Street had holes drilled into its Houses. The A stone sleeper upper surface to affix the evaluation was Photo:TWM plate-way and/or a chair for carried out by the the fish-bellied rails. In two Archaeology Department of Tyne and of the trenches the full gauge of 5 feet Wear Museums. 0.5 inches was revealed by two rows of sleepers and one cast-iron fish- The waggonway, thought to date from bellied rail was retrieved out of 1748, was laid to a broad gauge of 5 context. feet 0.5 inches and has been attributed to Thomas Brown, Following the closure of Wylam consulting engineer to various Colliery in 1868 the waggonway saw Tyneside collieries. The rails were little use until it was incorporated, still replaced with iron plate-way rails in as a single line, into the Scotswood, aving spent a number of years 1808 and attached to stone sleepers. Newburn and Wylam Railway in 1876. Htravelling through Berwick- In 1815, as demand for coal increased The new railway embankment was upon-Tweed on the way to during the Napoleonic Wars, some of constructed out of colliery waste Scotland, the town defences came the first ever locomotives (the Wylam directly over the partially dismantled as an impressive surprise. While Dilly and the Puffing Billy) were waggonway remains and the track laid established on the line. Replacing the the walls along the quayside could to the standard railway gauge. The single wagon pulled by a horse-drawn almost be mistaken for quayside line was eventually closed in 1966 and team, each locomotive could pull ten walls, it soon becomes obvious as the track removed in 1972. coal wagons but needed a more stable Gary Brogan you walk around the town that they rail-system. So between 1827 to 1830 Tyne and Wear Museums form part of a massive system of the old plate-way was replaced by four medieval and post-medieval wall and earthwork defences. Even after centuries the town defences remain an imposing testament to the effort taken to defend this frontier town. Index 1990 -2005 A Hulne Park 00-01,34 Aboukir Bay of. Represented in layout of Swarland Park Lion Bridge repair 94-5,25 Directions 93-4,12 Market Place 96-7,18. 98-9,6. 00-01,25 Acklington Defence of Airfield 93-4,15 Pottergate 05, 21 As the town defences encircle and Ad Gefrin 97-8,40-1, 05, 32-33 Pottergate excavations 02-03,11-13 in places dominate the central part Aerial Photographs of Northumberland 90-1,20 St Mary's Chantry 02-03,4 93-4,33. 94-5,13. 95-6,14. 96-7,32-,3 98-99, 30 Tenantry Column. Lighting 00-01,31 of modern Berwick, it should be 02-03, 9 Town Walls 01-02,9-10 easy to access them from one of Thermal Imaging 94-5,12 Townscheme, Partnership 93-4,2. 95-6,3 Airfields Pillbox Defence of. 93-4,14-15 96-7,11. 97-8,5 the car parks in the town. The car Akeld Flint assemblages 05, 18 Alwinton park at the junction of Wallace Allason-Jones. L, Roman Altar, West Woodburn 93-4,4 Square enclosure 94-5,12 Allendale Alwinton Hearse House. Grant to Repair Green and Church Street allows Wesleyan Chapel 96-7,24-7 93-4,16 access to the walls, either past the Grant to Repair Chimneys 94-5,4 Amble Bronze Rapier 98-9,37 Alnham Tower 93-4,16 Ancroft Council Offices or to the rear of the Alnmouth St. Anne's Church & 13th C carved stone 93-4,4 parish church of the Holy Trinity, for Alnmouth Landscape. Study & Interpretation Excavation of Medieval Village 93-4,10 94-5,43 94-5,26. 95-6,17 Anglo-Saxon a picturesque circular walk around Guano Sheds 04,18-9 Ad Gefrin 97-8,40-1, 05, 32-33 the historic core of the town. For Petroglyphs 94-5,26 Bamburgh Castle. Pottery & finds 97-8,32-3. Alnwick 05, 10-11 more information on the sites Alnwick to Wooler Pillbox Defences 93-4,15 Bamburgh. Anglo-Saxon cemetery 98-9,6-7 around Berwick check out Bailiffgate 02-03,18 99-00,18-9 Castle Gardens 97-8,12. 00-01,7. 05, 30-31 Bamburgh Stycas 05, 43 www.keystothepast.info or consult Grants & Awards 98-9,4. 00-01,43 Corchester. Watermill 96-7,18 the SMR. KD Grannie's Café. Restoration of 18thC. Facade Green Shiel. Holy Island 95-6,10-1. 01-02,15 93-4,33 Milfield. Rectangular structure 99-00,27 51 A - Anglo-Saxon continued Golden Square 99-00,30 Pawston, Bowmont Valley. Cairn 94-5,48 Settlement in Milfield Plain 93-4,12 The Granary 91-2,28. 97-8,6 Petroglyphs, cist and flint. Huntersheugh Crags St. Ebba's Chapel, Beadnell 93-4,24 Guildhall 00-01,31 05, 21 St Mary's Church, Lesbury. Possible AS quoin- Maltings Garden 94-5,4 Pottery from Ingram 05, 20 Stone 98-9,31 Marygate 99-00,23 Pottery from Turf Knowe cairn 95-6,15. Scytlecaestre, possibly Halton 00-01,29 Old Shoe factory Conversion 94-5,25 96-7,16-7 Thirlings. Settlement 93-4,12 Palace Green 01-02,21-22. 02-03,24 Pottery from Wether Hill 99-00,24 Whitton Park, Milfield. Settlement 93-4,12 Palace Green Pavilion. Listed 04,32 Rapier. Amble 98-9,37 Anti-glider Defences in Northumberland & Tyne&Wear. Papal Bull 05, 43 Shaftoe Crags, rock shelter 05, 24 94-5,10-11 Quayside, Watching Brief & Excavation 93-4,21 Side-looped Spearhead 99-00,8 Appletree Shield. N. Pennines, Nonconformist Chapel 96-7,34 Socketed Axehead, Chantry Farm, Stagshaw 98-9,5. 99-00,32 Railway Station 00-01,40. 02-03,2-3 94-5,23 Ard marks, Milfield 97-8,30 Ravensdowne 01-02,25. 04,31 Brough Law, Removal of cairn in hilllfort 93-4,23 Artillery Royal Tweed Brige 05, 20 Brown. (Capability) L see 'Capability' Brown AS90 155mm Self-propelled Gun 05,4 St Leonard's Nunnery 04,10-1 Brown. Capt. S. Designer of the Union Chain Bridge at At Holy Island 94-5,8 St Mary's. Conversion to home 94-5,25 Horncliffe 05, 33 Gloucester Battery AAA 05, 26 Townscheme 93-4,2. 96-7,11 Brown. T. Collier Engineer, Wylam 05, 51 Hotchkiss Gun 93-4,4 Tweed Bridge. Award 00-01,25 Burials Ash and Roses Bower Countryside Stewardship Tweedale Press Buildings 05, 38 Bamburgh. Long Cist cemetery 98-9,6-7. Holy Well & RB Settlement 93-4,17 Biddlestone 99-00,18-9 Assessing the Past, index of archaeological interventions Chapel & Tower 99-00,20 Bellshiel Law, Long Cairn 05, 4 95-96, 51. 96-97, 42. 97-98, 26. 98-99, 38 Petroglyph 02-03,10 Berwick. Castle Terrace Cemetery 98-9,36-7 99-00, 34. 00-01, 42. 01- 02, 28. Bigg and Partners, Established Hareshaw Ironworks 05, 22 02-03, 30-32. 04, 32-33. 05, 35 Berwick. Brucegate Cemetery99-00,9. 00-01,40 05 44-46 Birkside Fell, North Pennines. Mesolithic flints and Bronze Birkside Fell. BA cemetery 98-9,32 Australia Emigrants from N. Pennines 05,7, 12-13 Age burial cairn 96-7,12-3. 97-8,30 Blawearie cairn 90-1,15 Axeheads Birling Carrs, Pillbox 93-4,14 Bolam Lake. Cremations 97-8,15 Bolam Lake. Polished stone axehead 97-8,14-5 Blawearie, Bronze Age Cairn with Cists 90-1,15 Chevington Chapel 97-8,10-12 Chathill. Polished stone axehead 98-9,37 Blagdon, Coal Mining 02-03, 6 Corbridge. St Andrew's vault 97-8,30 Chevington East. Polished stone axehead Blanchland Haw Hill, Morpeth. Uncertain 99-20,17 96-7,10. 97-8,12 Emigrants to Australia 05,7 Trinity Terrace, Corbridge 92-3,24-5. 96-7,37 . Polished stone axehead 95-6,24 Lord Crewe Estate Survey 91-2,11-2. 92-3,4-5 Low Hauxley burials 93-4,2 Felton. Polished stone axehead 93-4,4 Images of Lead Mining 04,20-1 Low Newton burial 92-3,15 Moor, Flint arrowhead 96-7,10 Turf Knowe 95-6,15. 96-7,16-7. 97-8,35-7 B Blakehope, Roman Fort. Excavations at 05, 39 Watty Bell’s Cairn 05,4 Blyth Burncliffe House, Bardon Mill 18th C Cruck Barn 92-3,18 Backworth, Anti-Glider Defences 94-5,10-11 Battery 05, 26 Buteland Farm, Bellingham Stewardship Land 93-4,17 Bamburgh Flanged axe/chisel, Blyth 93-4,4 Byker, Hadrian's Wall defences 01-02,23 Anglo-Saxon cemetery 98-9,6-7. 99-00,18-9 Historic sites in Blyth Valley 02-03,28-9 Bywell, St Peter's Watching brief 94-5,27,28 Anglo-Saxon settlement at 97-8,32-3 Power Station 04,7 Anglo-Saxon Stycas 05, 42 Section through Hadrian's Wall 99-00,7 Castle. Excavation & finds.00-01,11. 01-02,17-8 C Wallaw Cinema, Union St. Listed 97-8,6 04,17. 05, 10-11 Callaly, Flint Arrow Head 05, 37 Bolam Lake, Neolithic settlement, flint, axehead, pottery & Friary 92-3,14. 93-4,11 Cambo, ‘Capability' Brown at school at. 93-4,9 cairn 97-8,14-5, 02-03,10 Pillbox 93-4,14 Cat-Flaps (Portfelix) Found on Hadrian's Wall 95-6,36. Bone Comb, from Berwick Quayside 96-7,34 Barrasford, Quarry 93-4,3 96-7,13,38 Book Reviews Barrow Mill, Grant to Repair Corn-Drying Kiln 93-4,16 ‘Capability’ Brown, Work at Kirkharle and Little Harle Ancient Northumberland, C. Waddington & D. 93-4,8-9 Passmore 04,22 Bastles & Towers Carvoran, Geophysical Survey 00-01,41 Archaeology in Northumberland National Park, Bastles Survey, Recording & Excavation Castles P. Frodsham 04,22 93-4,2,13. 94-5,18. 95-6,28-9.95-6,49-50 Bamburgh Castle 00-01,11. 01-02,17-18. Blanchland’s Lead Mining Heritage, C. Crossley 90-1,17 00-01,11. 05, 10-11 04,23 Branshaw 96-7,8-9. 05,5 99-00,29 Lead Mining Landscapes in the North Pennines Craig Bastle 05, 4 Castle 98-9,14-5 C Crossley 04,22-3 Doddington 93-4,17. 05, 19 99-00,27. 02-3,2-3 Maelmin: A pocket Guide to Archaeological High Eals, Greystead 02-03,21 93-4,5 Walks. C Waddington 05,19 Ironhouse Bastle 05, 4 Corbie Castle 94-5,20 Prehistoric Rock Art in Northumberland. Lanehead Bastle 98-9,31 90-1,18. 95-6,45-6. 97-8,16 S. Beckensall 01-02,19 Low Cleughs 91-2,5. 93-4,13. 97-8,20 Decin Castle, Czech Republic 95-6,11 Tides of Time. Publication of 00-01,4-5. Newcastle redoubt, Nevis Island. 94-5,19 91-2,26-8 01-02,14. 04,3 Ottercops 94-5,20 04,25 Bradley Hall, Medieval & later house 91-2, 8 Quenching Holes 94-5,20 Edlingham Castle 93-4,8 Brandon, Hillfort 94-5,12 Red Lion, Haltwhistle 96-7,35 Haggertson Castle 05, 2 Branshaw,Bastle & Deserted Farmhouse 96-7,8-9. 05,5 Raw Bastle 05, 4 90-1,2. 93-4,17. 96-7,22 Breamish Valley, Survey, cairns , settlement & Millstone Ridge End Farmhouse 93-4,16 97-8,28-9.98-9,8-9. 99-00,33 quarries. 94-5,49. 96-7,16-7. 97-8,35-7. 98-9,12 Ridley Bastle, Bardon Mill 92-3,15 Haltwhistle Castle 92-3,15 99-20,24. 00-01,10-11. 05, 20 Slack's Tower, Jedburgh 94-5,20 93-4,8 Bridges Woodhouses 90-1,2,8-9. 93-4,13 Holy Island. Castle 91-2,17 Bridge 95-6,33 Battlefields, Register of Sites 94-5,28 93-4,8 Corbridge. Bridge works 92-3,18. 95-6,20 Battle of the Nile, Represented at Swarland Park 93-4,12 90-1,19. 91-2,6. 01-02,7-8 Chantry Bridge, Morpeth 05, 25 Beadnell Point, St. Ebba's Chapel, monastic site & limekiln Norham Castle 05, 27 Etal bridge 04,4-5 93-4,24. 94-5,6-7. 95-6,17 Ogle Castle 94-5,30-1 Haltwhistle Bridge 04,11 Farm Survey, cairns, settlement & millstone Rothley Castle 05, 34 Lesbury 05, 43 quarries. 94-5,40 93-4,8. 96-7,36. 97-8,26 Royal Tweed Bridge, Berwick 05, 20 Beckman, Martin, Architect of Clifford's Fort & Spanish 99-00,12. 02-03,18. 04,39 Survey of 92-3,23 Battery. 94-5,8 Wark-on-Tweed Castle 92-3,29. 96-7,43 18th C, at Weetwood 93-4,17, 05, 36 Bedlington 97-8,41-3. 01-02,12 Union Chain Bridge, Horncliffe 05, 33 Conservation on High St 97-8,5. 00-01,9 93-4,2 Brinkburn,Priory mill 91-2,10. 92-3,17 Iron & Engine Works 98-9,13 Catcleugh Reservoir, Workman's hut 94-5,18 British Coal Opencast, Chester House Extension 93-4,3 Medieval Bedlington 04,34 Cavendish, Sir William. and Ogle Castle 94-5,30-1 Bronze Age see also Petroglyphs Belford, Repair of cross 94-5,25 Chantry Farm, Stagshaw. Bronze Socketed Axehead Adze, Prudhoe 94-5,23 Bellister Castle, history of 99-00,29 94-5,23 Axe/chisel, Blyth 93-4,4 Bell Knowe, West Woodburn Tumulus? 91-2,14-5 Chathill Polished stone axehead 98-9,37 Beanley Plantation. Cist 94-5,40 Bell Shiel Chatton History of 99-20,20 Bell Know. Tumulus? 91-2,14-5 Long Cairn 05, 4 Cherryburn, Birthplace of T. Bewick 00-01,35 Birkside Fell. (?) Circular structure. 95-6,12-3 Redesdale Marching Camp 95-6,42-3. 05, 4 Chester House, Extension 93-4,3 Blawearie Cairn & cists 90-1,15 Road 05, 4 Chesters Burials at Howick 02-03,19-20 , Gardens 00-01,34 Roman Fort, Geophysical Survey 04,38 Callaly, Flint Arrowhead 05, 37 Bequier Island, Represented in layout of Swarland Park New inscription 05, 50 Crags 93-4,17 93-4,12 Chevington Cremations & Inhumation in cists & Beakers. , history of 98-9,14-5 Polished stone axehead 96-7,10 93-4,3,6-7 Berwick-upon-Tweed Iron Age Settlement & Chapel 92-3,8. Cremation cemetery at Kellah Burn 98-9,22-3 General & Excavations in 97-8,5. 97-8,8-9 97-8,10-12 Dryburn. Flint arrowhead 92-3,7 00-01,40. 05, 51 Chillingham, Cattle 05, 28-29 Enclosed Cremation Cemetery? Gibbs Hill Farm Brucegate 99-00,9 Chollerford Bridge, Bridge 95-6,33 93-4,9. 94-5,33 Castle 99-00,27. 02-3,2-3 Churches, Chantrys & Chapels Hadrian's Wall. Settlement & Fields 98-9,30 Castle Terrace. Church 98-9,36-7. 05, 22 Allendale Wesleyan Chapel 96-7,24-27 Milfield Plain, Ritual monuments 93-4,12. 05, 34 Franciscan Friary 93-4,24 Appletree Shield Chapel 98-9,5. 99-00,32

52 C - Churches, Chantrys and Chapels continued Vault at Kirknewton 96-7,15 Ford Moss, Colliery and Quarry 05,27 Bamburgh Friary 92-3,14. 93-4,11 Davyshiel , Stanegate 94-5,41 Bamburgh Castle Chapel 05, 10-11 Corn-drying Kiln 05, 4 Fowberry, Petroglyphs 05, 21 Berwick. Castle Terrace 98-9,36-7. 05, 22 Redesdale. Landscape survey 95-6,43 Biddlestone Chapel 99-00,21 Decin Castle, Czech Republic 95-6,11 G 91-2,10. 92-3,17 Dere St, Survey & Excavation of Roman Road 91-2,24 Gateshead, Lunatic Asylum & Garden 00-01,34 Chevington Chapel. 92-3,8. 97-8,10-12 92-3,13-4. 94-5,42-3. 95-6,41-3. 05, 4 Gefrin Trust (the) 05, 32-33 Corbridge Methodist Chapel 93-4,17 Devil's Causeway Germany, Visit & Achaeological preservation in Germany Hebron Chapel, Hexham 02-03,7 Berryburn Crossing 98-9,32 90-1,16-7. 91-2,3-4 Kirknewton Church. Davison vault 96-7,15 Knee-brooch at Weldon Bridge 95-6,26 Gibb's Hill,Enclosed Cremation Cemetery? Gibbs Hill Farm Kirkwhelpington Church 99-00,32. 02-03,3 Roman Camp near Edlingham, brooch 95-6,14 93-4,9. 94-5,33 Low Chibburn 95-6,6-7 at Wooperton 97-8,25. 98-9,29 Gibson, R and M. Emigrants from Shildon 05, 7, 12-13 Nonconformist Chapels 96-7,24-27. 97-8,24 Devil's Water, N. Pennines Arch. Purpose uncertain Glantlees, Farm Survey 95-6,18-9 St Aidan’s, Bamburgh Castle 05, 10 99-00,10 Gloucester Battery, AAA 05, 26 St Andrew's, Corbridge 97-8,30 Dick,C. Polished Stone Axehead from Felton 93-4,4 Goodman, I. Conservation Assistant 93-4,2 St Anne's, Ancroft & Carved Stone 93-4,4 Dilston Castle 91-2,26-8 Grandy's Knowe, Farm Steading 98-9,34-5 St Bartholemew's, Newbiggin-by-the-Sea Doddington, Bastle 93-4,17. 05, 19 Grant Aid 97-8,4 99-00,16 Dodgson, Rev. Rector of Elsdon Tower 94-5,15 Ad Gefrin 05, 32-33 St Cuthbert's Chapel, Farne Island 99-00,11 Dod Law Allendale Chimneys 94-5,4. 96-7,34 St Ebba's Chapel, Beadnell 93-4,24 Palisaded settlement 95-6,14 Alnham Tower 93-4,16 St Helen's Church, Corbridge 92-3,22. 93-4,27 Petroglyphs 05, 21 Alwinton Hearse House 93-4,16 St Lawrence’s, Berwick 05, 22 Dour Hill, Long Cairn 94-5,26 Alnwick Town-Scheme grants 92-3,3. 94-5,9 St Lawrence's, Warkworth 02-03,8 Duddo 98-9,4. 00-01,43 St Leonard's Nunnery. Berwick 04,10-1 Stone Circle 05, 19, 23 Barrow Mill Corn-Drying Kiln 93-4,16 St Mary Magdalene Chapel, Warkworth 05, 22 Tower 05, 19 Bastles Project 90-91,2. 93-4,2 St Mary the Virgin. Ovingham 99-00,12 Druridge Bay Bedlington 00-01,19 St Mary's Chantry, Alnwick 02-03,4 Pillboxes 93-4,14 Berwick 94-5,4. 98-9,4 St Mary's, Berwick. Conversion to home94-5,25 Stone structures 92-3,3 Branton & Glanton United Reform Church St Mary's, Hexham 92-3,7. 97-8,21. 97-8,21 Dryburn, Flint arrowhead 92-3,7 96-7,34 St Mary's, Lesbury 98-9,31 Dukes of Northumberland Chattonpark Hill 05, 19 St Mary's, Wooler 99-00,16 Garden Designs 05, 30-31 Doddington Bastle 05, 19 St Peter’s, Bamburgh Castle 05, 11 Purchase of Elsdon Tower c1760 94-5,15 Duddo Stone Circle 05, 19, 23 Clifford's Fort, North Shields. Architect William Beckman Duddo Tower 05, 19 94-5,8 Dunstanburgh Castle, Field Survey 04,25 Elsdon Tower 94-5,15 Clovencrag Sike, Iron Bloomery 94-5,45 Durham University, Partner in Ingram & Breamish Valley Greystead Rectory 93-4,16 Coastal Strategy, Northumberland County Council 91-2,20 Project 93-4,22-3 Haltwhistle Town-Scheme grants 94-5,9. 93-4,3. 94-5,4. 05, 1 Dutens. Rev. Rector of Elsdon Tower 94-5,15 Harbottle Castle 91-2,2 Coates. J.I, Drawings of Hadrian's Wall 99-00,6 Haydon Bridge 00-01,19 Cocklawburn, Interpretation 95-6,17 E Kirkharle plan 93-4,2 Cody, W.F. (Buffalo Bill) 05, 02 East Woodburn, Ballista Ball? 98-9,39 Lambley Viaduct 94-5,4 Coins Ebba, sister of Oswald. Association with Beadnell Low Alwinton Lime Kiln 93-4,16 Nerva, from Mc 40 93-4,3 93-4,24 Low Chibburn Preceptory 91-2,2. 93-4,2 James III from Holy Island 96-7,7 Edlingham Low Hauxley burials 93-4,2 Roman Hoard from Longhorsley 02-03,14 Edlingham Castle 93-4,8 Morpeth 00-01,19 College Valley, Survey for National Park 93-4,23 Roman Temporary Camp & native settlements Netherton Fish Pass & Dam 96-7,34 Collingwood, Major Daniel. Builder of the fort on the 95-6,14 Newbiggin Salvation Army Chapel 94-5,4 Heugh, Holy Island. 94-5,8 Polished stone axe-head 95-6,26 Newbiggin St Bartholemew's church 96-7,34 Conservation Team, The. Northumberland County Edwards. J. Enclosed Cremation Cemetery? Gibbs Hall Ridge End Farmhouse 93-4,16 Council. 05, 3 Farm 93-4,9 Rothbury 98-9,4-5. 00-01,19 Sites and Monuments Record 05, 35 Elsdon Tower, Medieval and later tower94-5,15. 95-6,38-8 Seaton Delaval Gas Lamps 94-5,4 Coquet Elswick Tank Works 05, 26 Seaton Sluice Gas Lamps 94-5,4 Community Archaeology Project 05,11 Eltringham, nr Prudhoe, Palaeolithic flint tool 93-4,3 Swarland plan 93-4,2 Pillboxes 93-4,15 Embleton, Hall-House at Old Vicarage 93-4,17 Thorneyburn Church 93-4,16 Corbie Castle, Quenching hole 94-5,20 English Heritage, Grant Aid 93-4,2,13 castle 96-7,34 Corbridge Etal, Medieval bridge 04,4-5 Warkworth Town-Scheme grants 93-4, 2 Archaeology of 05, 14-17 Ewesley, Stewardship Land 93-4,17 Westhills Hillfort 05, 19 Bishop’s Garage 05, 16-17 Woodhouses bastle 91-2,2 Bridge works 92-3,18. 95-6,20 Wylam forge 94-5,4 Roman & medieval pottery 93-4,21,27 F Grassless, Coquetdale Corn Mill 94-5,46-7 Roman temporary camp 94-5,13 Fair, Local History Fair 91-2,9 Graveslabs, Medieval from St Peter's, Bywell 94-5,28 Methodist Chapel 94-5,17 Falstone, Tea Rooms 05,37 Green Shiels, Holy Island. Settlement 95-6,10-1. 01-02,15 St Andrew's, 97-8,30. 02-03,5 Farne Island Greystead Rectory, Grant to Repair 93-4,16 St Helen's Church 92-3,22 St Cuthbert's Chapel 99-00,11 Grieve. D.R. Built Swarland Hall in 1765 93-4,12 Trinity Terrace. Burials 92-3,24-5. 96-7,37 Tower 98-9,28-9 Groundwork North East Ltd, Survey of Kirkharle & Little Corchester, Watermill 96-7,18 Felton Polished Stone Axehead 93-4,4 Harle 93-4,8-9 Corn-Drying Kilns Fenwick Tower. Medieval 02-03,8 Gubeon, Morpeth. Prehistoric (?) & Medieval enclosures Barrow Mills 93-4,16 First World War 91-2,21-2 Corbridge 05, 16-17 Blyth Battery 05, 26 Guided Walks in Northumberland Davyshiel, Redesdale 95-6,43. 05, 4 Early use of Pillboxes 93-4,14 91-2,13-14. 92-3,9-11. 93-4,18-20. 96-7,30-1 Cornhill-on-Tweed, Medieval Settlement 05, 47 Practice Trenches OTA 05,5 97-8,18-9. 98-9,20-1. 04,37 Cotton, A. Flanged axe/chisel, Blyth 93-4,4 Training 04,24 Coulson. J.C.N. Roman Altar, Chipchase Castle 93-4,5 Flint Countryside Stewardship Scheme Akeld 05, 18 H Archaeological Sites Under the Scheme93-4,17 Bolam Lake 97-8,14-5 Haggerston Castle 05,2 95-6,17 Birkside Fell. Mesolithic flint 96-7,12-3 Halton Castle 00-01,29 Agriculture Aids Archaeology 05, 19 Blanchland Moor. Arrowhead 96-7,10 Haltwhistle Coupland, Coupland Henge 97-8,35 Broomhaugh. Flints 94-5,23 Bridge 04, 11 Cousins. S.M. Palaeolithic flint tool 93-4,3 Callaly, Arrowhead 05, 37 Proposed Bypass 93-4,3. 96-7,4-5 , Early Domestic Services 04,14-5 Chevington. Flint 97-8,12 Castle 92-3,15 Craig, Bastle 05, 4 Dryburn. Arrowhead 92-3,7 Conservation Scheme 96-7,11 Cranstone Consultancy, (Adv) Industrial Archaeology Eltringham, nr Prudhoe. Flints 93-4,3 Red Lion 96-7,35 Specialists 93-4,4 The Haugh, R. Derwent. Flints 91-2,24 Harbottle Craster, Pillboxes 93-4,14 Howick. Flints 92-3,3. 02-03,19-20 Consolidation of Castle 90-1,2,10. 96-7,22 Crawley Tower Farm, Farm Survey 94-5,40 Huntersheugh 05, 21 97-8,28-9 Cresswell, Tower 99-20,2. 00-01,39 Kellah Burn. N. Pennines. Flint & Structure Excavation at Castle 98-9, 8-9. 99-00,33 Crindledykes, Iron Age & Romano-British farmsteads & 96-7,20-1 Stewardship Scheme. Castle 93-4,17 fields. 94-5,29 Low Shilford. Flints 94-5,23 Hareshaw,Ironworks dam 00-01,17. 05, 35 Cup & Ring Marked Stones See Petroglyphs Low Hauxley. Mesolithic Midden 93-4,6-7 Hartburn Cushat Wood, Howick. Rectilinear Settlement 99-00,31 Milfield 97-9,34-5. 05, 36 Roman temporary camp 94-5,13 Cycleway, Hadrian’s Wal 05,6 Pawston. Mesolithic flints ? 94-5,48 Romano British settlement 05, 22 Pegswood 02-03,15 Vicarage gardens and grotto 05, 18 D Peepy Farm, Stocksfield. Flint 94-5,23 Hartford Hall, Blyth Valley. History of 04,19 Shaftoe Crags 05, 24-35 Haughton Castle, Similarity to Thirlwall Castle 93-4,8 Dally Tynedale. Prehistoric flint 92-3,3 Haw Hill, Morpeth. Castle site? 99-00,17 Castle, Folklore & Conservation93-4,8. Upper . 93-4, 3 Haydon Bridge, Planning Initiative 00-01,19 95-6,45-6. 97-8,16 Wether Hill. Flint flakes & knife 96-7,40-1 Healey, nr Rothbury. Trumpet Brooch 94-5,24 Mill 97-8,16-7 Fitzroger, Robert, Built manor house at Corbridge 93-4,27 Hemscott Hill, Northumberland. Pillbox 04,15 Davison. A. Flodden, Reputed association with BA Spearhead99-00,8 Henges Coupland 97-8,35 of Lanton. Purchased Swarland Hall 93-4,12 53 H -Henges continued Woodhorn Colliery 02-03,22 Holy Island 01-02,15 Reconstruction at Milfield 99-00,27 Wylam Waggonway 05, 51 Low Alwinton. Grant to Repair 93-4,16 Hepscott, Morpeth. The Smithy. Listed 04,32 Ingram In North Pennines 00-01,8-9 Hexham Centre. Exhibition Opening 04,39 Ouston, N. Pennine 00-01,14-5 Abbey 91-2,8. 92-3,6. 96-7,36 South. Iron Age and Roman 05, 20 St. Ebba's, Beadnell Point 93-4,24. 94-5,6-7 Abbey House 04,12-3 Inscriptions Lime-mortar 05, 27 Hebron Nonconformist chapel 02-03,6 Chesters, to Jupiter Dolichenus 05, 50 Linbrig, Deserted Medieval Village (DMV) 05,5 Leather Tannery 01-02,5 Cohort. Stone from 99-00,23 Lindisfarne See Holy Island Moot Hall 92-3,7. 93-4,8 Iron Age Lindow Low Cave, nr Morecambe Bay. Palaeolithic flint tool No.1 Old Church 92-3,7 Nr Bellister Castle. Settlement 96-7,4-5 93-4,3 11-13 Market Place 00-01,30 Brandon. Hillfort 94-5,12 Linnels Mill, Hexham. Corn Mill 00-01,35 15 Market Place 92-3,7. 97-8,21 Brough Law. Removal of cairn 93-4,23 Little Harle, Medieval Village 93-4,9 27 & 28 Market Place, Georgian House 94-5,7 Chevington. Settlement 97-8,10-12 Longframlington, Ropery 97-8,24 Crindledykes. Settlement & fields 94-5,29 Petroglyphs, Snook Bank-Caller Crag 98-9,11 Parks. Listed 04,32 Cushat Wood, Howick. Rectilinear settlement Medieval Ironworks 05, 22 St Wilfrid's Gateway 92-3,7 99-00,31 Longhorsley, Coin Hoard 02-03,14 Townscheme 93-4,2 Nr. Hadrian's Wall. Settlement & Field systems Lord Crewe Estate see also Blanchland High Buston, Alnmouth Award for Farm conversion96-7,18 98-9,30 91-2,11-2. 92-3,4-5 High Eals, Greystead bastles 02-03,21 Harehaugh Camp. Description 93-4,32 Lordenshaw High Rochester Roman Fort, Survey, Recording, Hillfort Survey 96-7,14-5. 05, 5 Management Agreement 92-3,30 Excavation & Demolition 91-2,8. 92-3,12-4 Ingram South, rectilinear enclosure 05, 20 Petroglyph 97-8,7 93-4,29. 94-5, 34-6. 96-7,29. 97-8, 22-3. 98-9,39 High Rochester Roman for, pssoible enclosuret Removal of cairn in hillfort 93-4,26 Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) 05,1 96-7,29 Low Alwinton, Grant to repair Lime Kilns 93-4,16 Historic Village Atlas Project, in National Park 04,9 Lordenshaw. Removal of a cairn 93-4,26 Low Chibburn, Preceptory 90-1,2,6. 93-4,2. 95-6,6-8 Holywell, Anti-Glider Defences 94-5,10-11 Monday Cleugh, hillfort 05, 47 Low Cleughs, Bastle 93-4,13. 97-8,20 97-8,22-3. 98-9,39 Pawston Camp 94-5,48 Low Hauxley, burials. Cremations & Inhumation in cists & Holy Island Pegswood. Settlement, pottery & quern Beakers. 92-3,3. 93-4, 3, 6-7. 94-5, 5 General 95-6,10-11. 97-8,5. 98-9,4. 00-01,19 00-01,36-7. 02-03,15-17 Low Hedgeley Farm, Farm survey 94-5, 40 Greenshiel settlement 95-6,10-11. 01-02,15 Rothley Castle, Hilltop enclosure 05, 34 Low Learchild, Roman Fort 95-6,44 Jenny Bell's Well 95-6,8-9 ? Seaton Delaval. Settlement, & quern 01-02,6 Low Newton, Burial 92-3,15 Land encroachment at Castle 91-2,17-8 Westhills, Rothbury. Hillfort 05, 19 Low Roses Bower, Stonehaugh. Toilet restoration 94-5, 21 Medieval grave-slab 01-02,15 Wether Hill. Settlement 96-7,40-1. 97-8,38-9 Low Shilford, Mesolithic Flints 94-5,23 Fort on the Heugh 94-5,8-9 98-9,24-5. 00-01,8, 05, 46 Low Fotherley, Farm survey 02-03,20 The Palace 93-4,33. 00-01,20-21 Yeavering Bell 97-8,40-41 Lucker, Mill 98-9,16 Village. Prehistoric & Medieval 96-7,6-7 Ironhouse, Bastle. 05, 4 Lynemouth, Pillbox 93-4,14 00-01, 22-3 Iron-Working Hope-Taylor, B. Bedlington. Medieval and later 98-9,13. 04,34 Ad Gefrin 05, 32 Berwick. Medieval 01-02,22 M Bamburgh 05, 11 Hareshaw Ironworks 00-01,17. 05, 35 Malting, In Northumberland 01-02,11-12 Obituary 00-01,19 Longframlington, medieval 05, 22 Marleyknowe, Public Enquiry 97-8,29. 98-9,33 Horncliffe, Union Chain Bridge 05, 33 Morpeth. Medieval 98-9,19 Martello Tower, Predecessor of pillboxes 93-4, 14 Horsley In Northumberland 94-5,44 Matfen Conversion of NE Water Laboratory 94-5,25 Ridsdale Ironworks 96-7,39. 05, 35 Matfen Hall 02-03,24 Horsley Tower. Award 00-01,25 Repair of cottages 94-5, 25 Medieval Hotchkiss Gun, Use in Pillboxes 93-4,4 J Housesteads, Repair of Track to Site 93-4,9 Alnwick St Mary's Chantry 02-03,4 Jet. 14thC crucifix 05, 10 Howick Alnwick. Pottergate 02-03,12-4 Juno, statue of. Chesters 05, 50 Cliff erosion & Flints 92-3,3 Alnwick Town Walls 01-02,9-10 Jupiter Dolichenus, inscription to. Chesters 05, 50 Mesoliithic settlement, flints, Bronze Age burials Alnham Tower 93-4,16 00-01,6. 02-03,19-20 Ancroft Excavation 93-4, 2. 94-5, 43 Http://rockart.ncl.ac.uk 05, 48-49 K Ash & Roses Bower Holy Well 93-4,17 Hulne Park, Alnwick. Conversion 94-5,25 Kellah burn, North Pennines. Neolithic structure & flints; Bamburgh Castle 00-01,11. 01-02,17-8. 04,17 Huntersheugh Crags Bronze Age cremation cemetery. 96-7,20-1 05, 10-11 Excavations at 05, 21 98-9,22-3 Bamburgh Friary 92-3,14. 93-4,11 Petroglyph, cist and flint 05, 21 Kennel Park. Kielder Deer Park 97-8,15 Bastles Project 93-4,10 Keys to the Past. Council's Web Page Bedlington 04,34 Bellister Castle 99-00,29 I ('www.keystothepast.info') 04,39 Kielder Viaduct 05,03 Berwick. Brucegate 99-00,8 Ilderton, Station conversion. Award 96-7,18 Killop, Mine. Leadworking 05,7 Berwick Castle 99-20,27. 02-03,2-3 Industrial Kimmer Crags, BA Cairns 93-4,17 Berwick. Castle Terrace. Church 98-9,36-7 see also North Pennines Management Plan Kirkharle, Kirkharle plan 93-4,2 05, 22 92-3,20-1 Kirkhead Cave, nr Moecambe Bay. Palaeolithic flint tool Berwick. Franciscan Friary 93-4,24 Protection & Recording. (see The Iris Initiative) 93-4,3 Berwick. Golden Square 99-00,30 95-6,16-7 Kirknewton Church, Davison vault 96-7,15 Berwick. Palace Green 01-02,21-2 Alnmouth Guano Sheds 04,18-9 Kirkwhelpington, Church 99-00,32. 02-03,3 Berwick. Papal Bull 05, 43 Bedlington. Medieval Ironworking? 04,34 Knarburn, N. Pennines. Hand-milling stone 99-00,35 Berwick Quayside 96-7,34 Bedlington Iron & Engine Works 98-9,13 Berwick Railway Station 04,28-9 99-00,30 Berwick. Ravensdowne 01-02,25 Berwick. Medieval Ironworking 01-02,21-22 L Berwick, Tweeddale press Building 05, 38 Blagdon. Coal mining 02-03,6 Lambley Viaduct, Grant Aid 94-5,4 Blanchland (?)mullion fragment 91-2,12 Ford Moss, Colliery and Quarry 05, 27 Landlines, The Pinwell Project, Wooler 05, 42 Bradley Hall 91-2, 8 Glantlees. Bloomery 95-6,19 Langermark, Battle of. First use of pillboxes. 93-4,14 Brinkburn Priory 91-2,10. 92-3,17 Hareshaw Ironworks 00-01,17. 05, 35 Langley Chevington. Chapel 97-8,10-12 Hexham. Leather Tannery 01-02,5 Brick Works. History of 04,16-7 Chillingham, Cattle 05, 28-29 Hexham Ropery 97-8,23 Castle 93-4,8 Corbridge, Medieval Settlement 05,14-17 Kielder Viaduct 05, 03 Lanton Corbridge. Watermill 95-6,20-1 Killop Lead 05,7 D.R.Grieve of. Built Swarland Hall 93-4,12 Cornhill on Tweed, settlement 05, 47 Langley Brick Works 04,16-7 Monument at. Built by A. Davison 93-4,12 Cresswell Tower 99-20,4. 00-01,39 Leadgate. Coal Extraction93-4 ,3 Demolition of the New Hall in 1947 93-4,12 Dally Castle. Similarities to Thirlwall Castle Lesbury Mill 05, 40-41, 43, 44 Leadgate, Proposed Coal Extraction 93-4,3 93-4,8 Longframlington. Medieval iron working 05, 22 Lead Mining Davyshiel, Redesdale. Landscape survey Low Alwinton. Lime Kiln 93-4,16 In N. Pennines. 19th C Leadmining Illustrations 95-6,43 Malting in Northumberland 01-02,11-12 04,20-1 Dilston Castle 91-2,26-8 Morpeth. Medieval ironworking 98-9,19 Killhope Mine 05,7 Doddington Bastle 05, 19 Northumberland 94-5,44 Shildon. Lead Mining 91-2,11-12. 93-4,4. Duddo Tower 05, 19 North Pennines. 19th C Lead mining 05,7, 12-13 Edlingham Castle. Similarities to Thirlwall Castle Illustrations 04,20-1 Soulsby, D. Correspondence on 05,7, 12-13 93-4,8 North Pennines. Limekilns 00-01,8-9,14-5 Book. 'Blanchland’s Lead Mining Heritage,...' Elsdon Tower 94-5,15 North Pennines. Silver 04,30-1 04,23 Etal Bridge 04,4-5 Pegswood. Iron smelting 02-03, 15-17 Book. 'Lead Mining Landscapes in the North Farne 98-9,28-9 Penchford, Redesdale. Coal Extraction 95-6,43 Pennines' 04,22-3 Fenwick tower 02-03,8 Prudhoe. Bell Pit 91-2,20 Leather, Shoes from Berwick 96-7,34. 99-00,23 Glantlees. Earthworks 95-6,19 Ridsdale Ironworks 94-5,36. 96-7,39, 05, 35 Lemington, Petroglyph & Runes 91-2,20 Gubeon, Morpeth. Enclosure & Pottery Shildon. Lead Mining 91-2,11-12. 93-4,4 Lesbury 91-2,21-2 05,7, 12-13 Mill. Recording of 05, 40-41, 43, 44 Haltwhistle Castle 92-3,15 Soulsby, D. Correspondence on lead mining Old Bridge 05, 43 Halton Castle 00-01,29 05, 7, 12-13 Leyland, T. Owner of Haggerston Castle 05,2 Harbottle Castle 94-5,17 St Ebb's. Limekiln 93-4,24. 94-5,6-7 Lime Kilns Haughton Castle. Similarities to Thirlwall Castle 93-4,8 54 M - medieval continued Pegswood. IA & RB hand-milling stones Archaeology of 95-6,40-3. 96-7,32-3. 97-8,17 Hexham Abbey 91-2,8. 92-3,6. 92-3,6. 96-7,36 00-01,36-7 02-03,2. 05, 4-5 Hexham. Abbey House 04,12-3 Seaton Burn 01-02,6 Military Training in WWI & WWII 04,24 Hexham Moot Hall 93-4,8 Mindrum, Newly discovered Roman temporary camp Otterburn Mill, Family. Owners of Weetwood Hall Holy Island 95-6,10-11. 96-7,6-7. 00-01,20-3 94-5,13 93-4,17 01-02,15 Mitford Ousten, Defence of Airfield 93-4,15 Ironworking 94-5,44 Native enclosure 95-6,14 Ouston, N. Pennines. Limekiln 00-01,14-5 Kirkharle Plan 93-4,2 Conservatory of Hall. Listed 97-8,6 Outer Golden Pot, Excavation at 05, 4 Kirkwhelpington Church 99-00, 32. 02-03, 3 Mithras, Sculpture in Museum of Antiquities 97-8,25 Ovingham, Grant Aid 98-9,5 Kirkharle Village 93-4,8-9 Monday Cleugh, Iron Age Hillfort 05, 47 Ovington Langley Castle 93-4,8 Morpeth Conversion of old Brewery 94-5,25 Lesbury Mill 05, 40-41 General 97-8,5. 98-9,4 St Mary the Virgin. Groundplan 99-00,12 Lesbury Old Bridge 05, 43 Castle 91-2,6. 01-02,7-8 Linbrig (DMV) 05,5 Cenotaph, the. Listed 04,32 P 91-2,17-8 Clock Tower 00-01,16,19 Palaeolithic Flint tool 93-4,3 Little Harle Tower 93-4,9 Chantry Bridge 05, 25 Papal Bull 05, 43 Longframlington, Medieval Ironworks 05, 22 Market Place 02-03,21. 05, 19 Park House & Garden House, Rothley. Stewardship Low Chibburn Preceptory 93-4,2. 95-6,6-7 Medieval Morpeth 95-6,4-5. 98-9,19 Land 93-4,16-7 Low Cleughs Bastle 93-4,13 Pillboxes 93-4,15 Pawston, Mesolithic flints (?), cairn & Iron Age Fort Morpeth 95-6,4-5. 98-9,19. 01-02,7-8 Mouchel, L.G. Designer of the Royal Tweed Bridge. 94-5,48 Morpeth Chantry Bridge 05, 25 05, 20 Pegswood, Iron Age & RB settlement, fields, pottery & Nafferton Castle 94-5,16 Museum of Antiquities quern 00-01, 30-1. 02-03,15-17 Norham Castle 05, 27 Aemilia Ring 90-01,13. 91-2,24 Peel Gap, Restoration of Roman Wall 91-2,16 The Palace, Holy Island 93-4,33 Arrowhead from Callaly 05, 37 Peepy Farm, Stocksfield. Mesolithic Flints 94-5,23 Penchford, Redesdale. Landscape survey Arrowhead from Dryburn 92-3,7 Penchford, Redesdale. Landscape survey. Medieval & 95-6,43 Flanged axe/chisel, Blyth. Accn. 1994.7 93-4,4 Post-medieval 95-6,43 Ponteland, Vicar's Pele 02-03,18, 02-03, 17,23 Great North Museum Project 05, 43 Percy's Cross, Palisaded settlement 95-6,14 Ridge End Farmhouse Bastle 93-4,16 Mithras Sculpture 97-8,25 Petroglyphs Rothley Castle 05, 34 Roman Knee-brooch 95-6,26 General in Northumberland 91-2,8. 92-3,26-7 St Andrew's Corbridge 02-03,4 Polished Stone Axehead from Felton 93-4,4 05,8-9 St Anne's, Ancroft & Carved Stone 93-4,4 Roman Altar & Panel , West Woodburn 93-4,4 Alnmouth 94-5,26 St Bartholomew's, Kirkwhelpington 99-00, 32 Roman Altar, Chipchase Castle 93-4,5 Biddlestone 02-03,10 02-03, 3 “Written in Stone” Exhibition 05, 49 Chatton Park 05,8 St Bartholemew's, Newbiggin-by-the-Sea Chesters East Bridge Abutment 94-5,25 99-00,16 N Dod Law 05, 21 St Cuthberts Cave. Kyloe. Chapel? 91-2,18 Nafferton Castle, Hall. 16thC House & 19thC farm Duddo Stone Circle 05, 23 St Ebba's Chapel, Beadnell 92-3,3. 93-4,24 94-5, 16 Fowberry North Plantation 05, 21 95-6,17 National Mapping Programme, In Northumberland 04,8 Glantlees 95-6,18-9 St Helen's Church, Corbridge 93-4,27 Nelson. H. Viscount. Association with A. Davison of High Staward 92-3,15 St Lawrence's, Warkworth. Grave-slabs 02-03,8 Lanton 93-4,12 Holy Island. The Palace 00-01,20-1 St Mary's Chantry 02-03,4 Neolithic see also Petroglyphs Huntersheugh Crags 05, 21 St Peter's, Bywell 94-5,27-8 Akeld 05, 18 Kettley Crag 01-02,16 Silver Mining 04,30-1 Flint assemblages 05, 18 Lemington Wood 91-2,20 Swarland plan 93-4,2 Bolam Lake. Settlement & artifacts 97-8,14-5 Longframlington (Snook Bank to Caller Crag). Thirlwall Castle. History & Conservation 93-4,8 Duddo Stone Circle 05, 19, 23 New finds 98-9,11 96-7,36. 97-8,26. 99-00,12. 02-03,18. 04,39 Kellah burn. N. Pennines. Settlement & Flints Lordenshaw, Horseshoe Rock 05,9 Town Farm Field, Corbridge 93-4,21 96-7,20-1 Lordenshaw, Survey at 93-4, 26 Tweedmouth in middle ages 99-00,12 Long Cairn at Dour Hill 94-5,26 Northumberland Rock Art Archive 05, 48-49 Tyne-Solway Survey 93-4,25 Milfield Plain. Ritual Monuments, pottery and Old Bewick 02-03,7 Warkworth 01-02, 13 Lithics in. 93-4,12. 97-8,34-5. 00-01,24. Powburn Quarry 93-4,5 West Hartford. Settlement & Field systems 05, 18, 36 Ravensheugh Crags 98-9,12 04,26-7 Petroglyphs, Hunterheugh Crags 05, 21 Rock Art Project 98-9,10-11. 00-01,33. 02-03,7 West Welpington, Photographs 05, 22 Polished stone axehead from Chathill 98-9,37 05, 1. 05, 8-9 Woodhouses Bastle 93-4,8 Polished stone axehead from Chevington Seaton Delaval 01-02,6 Mermaids, In the Western Isles 94-5,22 96-7,10. 97-8,12 West Horton 1b 05, 21 Mesolithic Polished Stone Axehead from Felton 93-4,4 “Written in Stone” Exhibition 05, 49 Akeld Flint assemblages 05, 18 Polished stone axehead from Edlingham Pillboxes, Type and Distribution within Northumberland Birkside Fell. Flint 96-7,12-3 95-6,24 93-4,14-15. 04,15 Broomhaugh. Flints 94-5,23 Powburn Quarry 93-4,5 Phone Masts, On archaeological sites 96-7,21 The Haugh, R. Derwent 91-2,24 Structure. Holy Island 96-7,6-7. 00-01,22 Pinwell (the). Sacred Well 05, 42 Holy Island 96-7,7 Tynedale. Flints 92-3,31-2 Pit-Alignment, Wooperton 97-8,25. 98-9,29 Low Hauxley. Mesolithic Midden 93-4,6-7 Wooden stake from Lordenshaw 93-4,26 Ponteland Low Shilford. Flints, 94-5,23 Netherton, Fish Pass & Dam 96-7,5. 97-8,21 Blackbird Inn 94-5,37 Milfield. Flint distribution 97-8,34-5 Newbiggin By the Sea Vicar's Tower 94-5,47. 02-03,18, 23 Pawston. Mesolithic flints ? 94-5,48 Grant Aid 94-5,4 Portable Antiquities Scheme, Recent Finds 04, 36. 05, 43 Peepy Farm, Stocksfield 94-5,23 St Bartholomew's Church 99-00,16 Ports & Harbours, History of 91-2,18 Shaftoe Crags, rock shelter 05, 24 Newbrough, Sitgate Lane Housing Development 93-4,2 Pottery Tynedale 92-3,31-2 Newton Underwood, Arches. Purpose uncertain 99-00,22 Anglo-Saxon, from Bamburgh 04,17 Wallington Estate. Settlement & Fields 02-03,9 Nicholson, P. Pioneer Geometrician, for Kielder Viaduct Medieval from Alnwick 02-03,12-4 Metal-detecting, Impact upon archaeology 94-5,32-3 05,3 Medieval from Ancroft 93-4,10 , Excavation at 92-3,17. 99-00,7 Nonconformist Chapels see Churches & Chapels Medieval & Later from Berwick 96-7,34 Milfield Plain Norham 05, 27 97-8,8-9. 99-00,23,30. 04,28. 05, 22, 38 General & Excavation 91-2, 7. 92-3,28 North Pennines, Management Plan 92-3,20-1 Medieval from Corbridge 94-5,17. 96-7,37 93-4,12. 95-6,24-5. 00-01,24. 05, 18, 36 Northumberland National Park 05, 17 Maelmin Heritage Trail 00-01,13. 05,19 Bastle Survey 93-4,9 Medieval from Cornhill-on-Tweed 05, 47 Ard marks 97-8,31 Boundary Survey 05, 38 Medieval from Gubeon, Morpeth 91-2,22 Exhibition of, at Milfield Café 94-5,21 Discovering our Hillfort Heritage 04,12 .05,5 Medieval from Haltwhistle Castle 92-3,15 Mills & Milling Falstone Tea Rooms 05, 37 Medieval from the Haugh, R. Derwent 91-2,24 Brinkburn Priory. Mill 92-3,17 Grant Aid to Listed Building Restoration Medieval from Holy Island 95-6.10-11. 96-7,6-7 Corbridge watermill 95-6,20-1 Projects 93-4,16 Medieval from Morpeth 95-6,5. 98-9,19 Corchester Mill 96-7,18 Guided Walks in Northumberland 93-4,18-20 Prehistoric from Birkside Fell 97-8,30 Dally Mill 97-8,16-7 Ingram & Breamish Valley Project 93-4,22-23 Prehistoric from Cushat Wood, Howick Grasslees Corn Mill 94-5,46-7 05, 20 99-00,31 Knarburn, N. Pennines. Hand-milling stone Pinwell Project 05, 42 Prehistoric from Ingram 05, 20 99-00,35 Removal of cairn at Brough Law & Lordenshaw Prehistoric from Kellah burn 98-9,22-3 Lesbury Mill 05, 40-41, 43, 44 93-4,23,26 Prehistoric from Milfield Plain 97-8,34-5 Linnels Mill, Hexham 00-01,35 Repair of Track to Housesteads 93-4,9 00-01, 24. 05, 36 Lucker Mill 98-9,16 Survey in College Valley 93-4,23 Prehistoric from Pegswood 00-01,36-7 Malting in Northumberland 01-02,11-12 Survey at High Rochester Roman Fort 93-4,29 Prehistoric from Turf Knowe 95-6,15 Otterburn Hall 93-4,34-6 Wether Hill 05, 46 96-7,16-7. 97-8,35-7 Pegswood. IA & RB hand-milling stones Prehistoric & medieval from Wether Hill 00-01,36-7 96-7,40-1. 98-9,24-7 Waren Mill 01-02,11-12 O Roman from Corbridge 93-4,21 Weetwood Hall 93-4,17 Obituaries, Brian Hope-Taylor 00-01,19 Roman from High Rochester 96-7,29 Milling Stones Ogle Castle, History of 94-5,30-1 Roman Pottery from 17 99-20,7 Ancroft. Hand-milling-stones 93-4,4 Old Beblowe, Lindisfarne Castle 94-5,8 Roman from Wooperton 97-8,25. 98-9,29 Beanley quarries 94-5,40 Old Bewick, Petroglyph 02-03,7 Potts Durtrees, Excavations at 05,4 Glantlees. Millstone quarry 95-6,19 Old Deanham, Nr Wallington. Stewardship Land 93-4,17 Powburn, Proposed Quarrying 93-4,3 Knarburn, N. Pennines. Hand-milling stone Ord, Description of. 93-4,34-6 Power Station, Blyth 04,7 99-00,35 Otterburn Training Area (Ranges) 55 Q Rothley, Castle, prehistoriuc hilltop enclosure and RB Settlement 93-4,17 beacons Todlaw Pike, Otterburn. Cairnfield, settlement & Field Quarries & Quarrying 05, 34 System 95-6,41. 05, 4 Barrasford Quarry 93-4,3 Rudchester, Roman Fort 91-2,7. 00-01,30 Town Farm Field, Corbridge. Watching Brief 93-4,21 Glantlees Millstone Quarry 95-6,19 Rudd. A. Pillboxes in Northumberland 93-4,14-5 Tone, J.F. Architect of Kielder Viaduct 05, 3 Milfield Quarry 92-3,28 . 93-4,12 Runes, Lemington Wood 91-2,20 Treasure Trove Legislation, Treasure Act 1996 96-7,13 Powburn. Petroglyphs & Proposed Quarrying Rye, Cereal grains from the Fort on the Heugh 01-02,20 93-4,3,5 94-5,8-9 Trollope, Robert. Architect of the Fort on the Heugh, The Crag Quarry, West Woodburn 91-2,14-5 Holy Island 94-5,8 Quernstone See Milling Stones S Turf House Farmhouse, Hexhamshire. Structural analysis 93-4,30-1. 94-5,49 St Andrew's, Corbridge. Refurbishment 97-8,30 R Turf Knowe, Cairn 95-6,15. 96-7,16-7. 97-8,34-7 02-03,5 Radiocarbon Dates Tweedmouth St Anne's, Ancroft. Parish church & Carved Stone 93-4,4 Birkside Fell. Collared Urn 98-9,32 Bridge Lighting Grant 00-01,19 St Bartholemew's, Kirkwhelpington 99-00, 32. 02-03, 3 Breamish Valley 00-01,10. 05, 20 Medieval Tweedmouth 99-00,12 St Bartholemew's, Newbiggin-by-the-Sea 99-00,16 Coupland henge 97-8,35 Native enclosures 95-6,14 St Cuthberts Cave, Kyloe. Possible chapel 91-2,18 Howick 02-03,19-20 Tyne-Solway Survey 93-4, 25 St Ebba's Chapel, Beadnell. History of. 93-4,24 Kirkhead Cave. Nr Morecambe Bay 93-4,3 94-5,6-7. 95-6,17 Milfield 05, 36 St Helen's Church, Corbridge. Grant to Repair 94-5,4 U Victoria Cave. N. Yorkshire 93-4,3 St Mary's Chantry, Alnwick. 02-03,4 Upper Tees Valley, Palaeolithic flint tools 93-4,3 Wether Hill 97-8,36-9. 98-9,25-7 St Peter's, Bywell. Watching brief 94-5,27-28 Railways Sacred Wells, Pinwell, Wooler 05, 42 Borders Railway 05, 35 V Salters Nick, see Shaftoe Crags Ilderton station. Conversion 96-7,18 Vaggs. V. Research on Swarland 93-4,12 Scald Hill, Harthope Burn. Cairn 04,35 Kielder Viaduct 05,03 Vicar's Tower, Ponteland. Account of 94-5,47 Sculpture Wylam Waggonway 05, 51 Victoria Caves, N. Yorkshire. Palaeolithic flint tool Ancroft Excavation 94-5, 43 Ravensheugh Crags, Petroglyphs 98-9,12 93-4,3 Berwick. Medieval Slab 93-4,24 Raw Bastle 05, 4 Vindolanda, Roman fort 91-2,10. 00-01,42 Blanchland (?)mullion fragment 91-2,12 Ridge End Farm, Farmhouse. Grant to Repair 93-4,3 Vyner. Commander. Established Swarland Estate Chesters, new inscription 05, 50 Ridge & Furrow, 93-4,12 Corbridge. Medieval Fragments 93-4,21 Blakehope, Roman Fort 05, 39 Hexham. Cross fragment 92-3,6 Branshaw 05, 5 Holy Island. Medieval grave-slab 01-02,15 W In Northumberland 00-01,27 St Lawrence's, Warkworth. Medieval Wade. General. Military Road. Excavation of 01-02,24 Riding Mill, Dere St 94-5,42-3 grave-slabs 02-03, 8 Wallington Ridsdale, Ironworks 94-5,36. 96-7,38-9. 05, 35 St Leonard's nunnery, Berwick 04,11 Aerial Photographs. Medieval & Later Rock Hall, Northumberland, Hall-House at 93-4,17 St Mary's, Lesbury. Carved panels 98-9,31 settlement & fields 02-03,9 Rock Art see Petroglyphs Seahouses, The Powder House. Listed 97-8,6 Watching Brief 91-2,17 Rock Carvings see Petroglyphs and Sculpture Seaton Delaval, Grant Aid 98-9,5 Wansbeck Roland, H. Photographic Collection 05, 22 Seaton Sluice, Excavation & Survey 93-4,27 Heritage of 99-00,14-5 Roman Second World War Pillboxes 93-4,15 Aemilia Ring 90-91,13. 91-92,24 Anti-glider Defences 94-5,10-11 Wark Castle, Survey 92-3,29. 96-7,43. 97-8,41-3 Altar & Panel, West Woodburn 93-4,4 Blyth Battery 05, 26 00-01,12 Bellshiel Marching Camp 95-6,42-. 05, 4 Conversion of Alnmouth Guano Sheds 04,19 Warks Burn, Interpretation 95-6,17 Blakehope, Roman Fort 05, 39 Gloucester Battery AAA 05, 26 Warkworth Brooch, Healey, Nr Rothbury 94-5,24 NAAFI Canteen, Corbridge 93-4,27 Castle 93-4,2 Brooch. Weldon Bridge 95-6,26 Otterburn. Military training 04,24 St Mary Magdalene Chapel 05, 22 Bowl, bronze with fort names. Staffordshire04,6 Pillboxes 93-4,14-15. 04,15 St Lawrence's Church. Grave-slabs 02-03,8 Brooch. Thornbrough High Barns 96-7,10 Shaftoe Crags, Home Guard Training 05, 24 Village 01-02,13-14 Button & Loop Fastener. Morpeth 95-6,25 Sites, general 92-3,3 Waren Mill, Malting Mill 01-02,11-12 Byker. Hadrian's Wall defences 01-02,23 Seward.H.H. Architect of Thorneyburn Church 93-4,16 Waterford, Lady. Designs for house at Ford Moss Carvoran. Geophysical Survey 00-01,41 Shaftoe Crags. Rock Shelter, prehistoric activity 05, 24-25 05, 27 Chesters Fort. Geophysical Survey 04,38 Sharp. Dr. Vicar of Hartburn 05,18 Watty Bell’s Cairn. Excavations at 05, 4 Chesters, new inscription 05, 50 Shawdonwood House, Beanley 94-5, 40 Weetwood Coin of Nerva. Mc 40, Winshields 93-4,9 Shepherd's Law, Beanley. Farm Survey 94-5,40 Bridge, repairs to 05, 36 Coin Hoard. Longhorsley 02-03,14 Shildon, Lead Mining 91-2,11-12. 05, 7, 12-13 Hall, Origin and Description of 93-4,17 Corbridge 93-4, 21. 05,14-16 Silloans, Roman Camp 05,5 Weldon Bridge, Roman Knee-brooch 95-6,26 Corbridge Roman Bridge Silver, Mining in N. Pennines 04,30-1 Wesley. John, Methodism & chapels in N. Pennines 92-3, 18. 95-6,20. 05, 15-16 Simonside Hills, Survey, and sacrosanctity of 98-9,17 96-7,24-7 Devil's Causeway 95-6,14,26. 97-8,25 Singleton. Rev. T. Rector of Elsdon Tower 94-5,15 West Chevington see Chevington 98-9,29,32 Slacks Tower, Jedburgh. Bastle Quenching Hole 94-5,20 West Hartford, Medieval settlement & fields 04,26-7 Dere St 91-2,24. 92-3,13-4. 94-5,42-3 Sobell, E. Turf House, Hexhamshire 93-4,30-1 Westhills, Hillfort. Rothbury 05, 19 95-6,41-3. 05, 4 Sopwith, T. Agent of Beaumont Mining estate 05,7 West Horton 1b, Petroglyphs 05, 21 Hadrian's Wall Archive Project 91-2,19. 99-00,7 Soulsby, D. 19thC Correspondence on lead mining West Whelpington, Photographs 05, 22 Hadrian's Wall. Coates Archive 99-00,6 05,7. 12-13 West Woodburn, Hadrian’s Wall Cycleway 05,6 Spanish Battery, Tynemouth. Architect William Beckman Stone Quarry 91-2,14-5 High Rochester Roman Fort 91-2,8. 92-3,13-4 94-5,8 The Crag. Stone Quarry 91-2,14-5 93-4,29. 94-5,34-6. 96-7,29. 97-8,22-3. 98-9,39 Spittal, 19th C Gold Dentures 01-02,4 Roman Altar & Panel 93-4,4 Low Learchild Roman Fort 95-6,44 Staffordshire, Roman Bronze bearing fort names 04,6 Western Isles, Highland. Mermaid Hunting 94-5,22 Milecastle 17 99-00,7 Stagshaw, Proposed Opencast 93-4,3 Wether Hill, Breamish Valley Cairn, Palisade, hillfort, & Milecastle 19 99-00,7 Stewardship Land settlement 96-7,40-1. 97-8,38-9.98-9,24-7 Milecastle 20 92-3,17 The Ash & Roses Bower,Stonehaugh 93-4,17 99-00,24. 00-01,8. 05, 46 Peel Gap. Restoration 91-2,16-7 Buteland Farm,Nr Bellingham 93-4,17 Whitton Park, Excavation at 93-4,12 Pottery from Town Farm Field, Corbridge Ewesley 93-4,17 Wild West Show (William Cody) 05, 2 93-4,21 Harbottle 93-4,17 William Loraine, Bart. ‘Capability’ Brown’s work for Rudchester Roman Fort 91-2,7. 00-01,30 Old Deanham, Nr Wallington 93-4,17 . 93-4,9 Silloans Roman Camp 05,5 Park House & Garden, Rothley 93-4,17 Woodhorn, Colliery Museum 02-03,22. 04,12 Stanegate at Fourstones 94-5,41 Titlington 93-4,17 Woodhouses, Bastle Conservation 90-1,2,8-9. 93-4,13 Temporary Camps 94-5,13. 95-6,41-3 Sustrans, National Cycle Network 05,6 Wooler Throckley. Hadrian's Wall defences 01-02,23 Swarland St Mary's Church 99-00,16 Tyne-Solway Survey 93-4,25 Plan of 93-4,2 Wooler to Alnwick and Belford Pillboxes Vindolanda 91-2,10. 00-01,40 Park & Hall 93-4,12 93-4,15 Wall Trail & Management Plan 95-6,27,32-3 Estate 93-4,12 Wooperton, Possible pit-alignment 97-8,25. 98-9,28-9 Romano-British Swinney Bros. Designers of Victorian Chantry Bridge, WWI see First World War Ash & Roses Bower. Settlement 93-4,17 Morpeth 05, 25 WWII see Second World War Beanley Moor. Scooped settlement 93-4,40 Wylam Nr Bellister Castle. Settlement 96-7,4-5 Forge, Grant Aid 94-5,4 Crindledykes. Steading & fields 94-5,28 T Waggonway 05, 51 Cushat Wood, Howick. Settlement 99-00,31 Tanks, Impact upon archaeology 04,29 Hartburn settlement 05, 22 Tarmac, Barrasford Quarry Extension 93-4,3 Hunterheugh. Settlement 93-4,17 The Tenement, Steel, Hexhamshire. Late medieval and Y Ingram South. Rectilinear enclosures 05, 20 later buildings 99-20,26 Yatesfield, Otterburn. Scooped settlement Kirkharle. Enclosed Hut-circles & Field 93-4,8 Thirlings, Anglo-Saxon Settlement 93-4,12 95-6,41. 05, 4 Pegswood settlement 02-03,15-7 Thirlwall Castle, History & Conservation 93-4,8. 96-7,36 Yeavering Seaton Burn. Settlement, quern 01-02,6 97-8,26. 99-00,12. 02-03,18. 04,39 Management of 97-8,40-1.98-9,18-9 Tyne -Solway Survey 93-4,25 Thorneyburn, Grant to Repair 19th C Church 93-4,12 Palisaded settlement 95-6,14 Wether Hill, settlement 05, 46 Throckley, Hadrian's Wall. Defensive pits 01-02,23-24 Rothbury, Grant Aid 98-9,4-5. 00-01,19 Tides of Time, Publication of 00-01,4-5. 01-02,14. 04,3 Z Titlington, Stewardship Scheme. Bronze Age Cairns & Zoo, Haggerston Castle. 05,2 56 Advertisements

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£9.99 (+ £1.30PP) NENTHEAD MINES HERITAGE CENTRE NENTHEAD, ALSTON, CUMBRIA, CA9 3PD Call 01670 534060 TEL: (01434) 382045 FAX: (01434) 382294 EMAIL: [email protected]

6 Contributors Conservation Team Contributors: Chris Burgess, Sara Rushton, Peter Rogers, Karen Derham, Liz Williams, Tertia Barnett.

Other Contributors: Phil Abramson, Defence Estates. Lindsay Allason-Jones, Museum of Antiquities Harry Beamish, The National Trust James Brightman, Archaeological Research Services Gary Brogan, Tyne and Wear Museums Clive Crossley, Northumberland County Council Andy Curtis John Davies and John Nolan, Northumberland Archaeology Group Philip Deakin and Austin Widdows, Chillingham Cattle Trust Kirsty Dingwall, Headland Archaeology Terry Frain, Tyne and Wear Museums Paul Frodsham, Northumberland National Park Chris Jones, North Pennines Archaeology Olivia Lomenech-Gill Chris Lowe, Headland Archaeology Aron Mazel, University of Newcastle Roger Miket Georgina Plowright, English Heritage. Jennifer Proctor, Pre-Construct Archaeology Stephen Psallidas, Sustrans Dorothy Soulsby Ray Stockdale, English Heritage Robin Taylor-Wilson, Pre-Construct Archaeology RSO Tomlin, University of Oxford Clive Waddington, Archaeological Research Services Philippa Walton, Portable Antiquities Scheme Alan Williams, Alan Williams Archaeology Graeme Young, Bamburgh Research Project Rob Young, Northumberland National Park

The Conservation Team can be contacted on the following telephone numbers and e-mail addresses:

Chris Burgess & Sara Rushton: County Archaeologists and Conservation Team Managers (Job Share) Development Control, Conservation Advice, Strategic Planning and Projects Tel: (01670) 534058 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected]

Peter Rogers: Historic Building Officer Listed Buildings, Conservation Areas & Grant Schemes Tel: (01670) 534059 E-mail: [email protected]

Karen Derham: Assistant County Archaeologist Development Control & Planning Matters Tel: (01670) 534057 e-mail: [email protected]

Liz Williams: Historic Record Officer Sites and Monuments Record & Aerial Photographs Tel: (01670) 534060 e-mail: [email protected]

Teria Barnett: Rock Art Officer Northumberland and Durhm Rock Art Project Tel: (01670) 533076 e-mail:[email protected]

For further information contact: Conservation Team, Environment and Community Services Directorate, Northumberland County Council, County Hall, Morpeth, Northumberland, NE61 2EF. Tel: (01670) 534166 Fax: (01670) 533086 E-mail: [email protected] Design: Conservation Team Printing: Keyline Batwatch

Published by Northumberland County Council : ISSN 1357 7255 Provided Free: contributory value £2.50 MACLEAN PRESS