Vol.LXIV No.1 May, June, July - 2021 Pages-40 Price: Rs.6

YUMMY ! CRUNCHY ! CHIPS

Mixed cropping of spices in coconut garden

Strategies to protect coconut palm from rhinoceros beetle attack during monsoon INDIAN COCONUT Coconut Development Board JOURNAL The Coconut Development Board is a statutory body established Vol. LXIV No.1 by the Government of India for the integrated development of coconut cultivation and industry in the country. The Board which May, June, July - 2021 came into existence on 12th January, 1981, functions under the Kochi - 11 administrative control of the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Advisory Board Welfare, Government of India, with its headquarters at Kochi in Kerala State and Regional Offi ces at Bangalore, Chennai, Guwahati Chairman and Patna. There are fi ve State Centres situated in the states of Shri. Rajbir Singh IFS Orissa, West Bengal, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh and in the Union Territory of Andaman & Nicobar Islands. DSP Farms are Members Shri. B. Venkatesh IFS located at Neriyamangalam (Kerala), Vegiwada (Andhra Pradesh), Shri. Chiranjiv Choudhari IFS Kondagaon (Chhattisgarh), Madehpura (Bihar), Abhayapuri Shri. Devendra Kumar Singh IAS (Assam), Pitapalli (Orissa), Mandya (Karnataka), Palghar Director, CPCRI (Maharashtra), Dhali (Tamil Nadu), South Hichachara (Tripura) Dr. N. Kumar and Fulia (West Bengal) besides a Market Development cum Dr. Biswanath Rath Information Centre at Delhi. The Board has set up a Technology Editorial Board Development Centre at Vazhakulam near Aluva in Kerala. Functions Members Dr. Ravi Bhat  Adopting measures for the development of coconut industry. Dr.Venkatesh N.Hubballi  Recommending measures for improving marketing of coconut and its products.  Imparting technical advice to those engaged in Chief Editor (i/c) Shri. Rajeev Bhushan Prasad coconut cultivation and industry.  Providing fi nancial and other assistance for expansion of area under coconut.  Encouraging Editor adoption of modern technologies for processing of coconut and its Smt. Deepthi Nair S products.  Adopting measures to get incentive prices for coconut and its products.  Recommending measures for regulating Publicity Offi cer Smt. Mini Mathew imports and exports of coconut and its products.  Fixing grades, specifi cations and standards for coconut and its products.  Sub Editor Financing suitable schemes to increase the production of coconut Smt. Sona John and to improve the quality and yield of coconut. Publisher  Assisting, encouraging, promoting and fi nancing agricultural, COCONUT DEVELOPMENT BOARD technological, industrial or economic research on coconut and its Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer’s Welfare, products.  Financing suitable schemes where coconut is grown Department of Agriculture and Co-operation, on large scale so as to increase the production of coconut and Government of India Kera Bhavan, Kochi - 682 011, India to improve its quality and yield and for this purpose evolving Phone : 0484- 2377266, 2377267, schemes for award of prizes or grant of incentives to growers of 2376553, 2375266, 2376265 coconut and the manufacturers of its products and for providing Fax : 91 - 0484-2377902, marketing facilities for coconut and its products.  Collecting Grams : KERABOARD statistics on production, processing and marketing of coconut E-mail : [email protected] [email protected] and its products and publishing them.  Undertaking publicity Website : www.coconutboard.gov.in activities and publishing books and periodicals on coconut and SUBSCRIPTION its products. Annual Rs. 60.00 The development programmes implemented by the Board under Single Copy Rs. 6.00 Institutes / Libraries the project Integrated Development of Coconut Industry in India Annual Rs. 200.00 are- production and distribution of planting material, expansion Single Copy Rs. 20.00 of area under coconut, integrated farming for productivity improvement, technology demonstration, market promotion and Articles, research papers and letters on di erent Information and Information Technology. Under the Technology aspects of coconut cultivation and industry are Mission on Coconut, the programmes implemented by the Board invited for publication in this Journal. All accepted material will be paid for.  e Board does not accept are development, demonstration and adoption of technologies for responsibility for views expressed by contributors management of pest and disease aff ected coconut gardens, in this Journal. All remittances and correspondence development and adoption of technologies for processing and should be addressed to the Chairman, Coconut product diversifi cation and market research and promotion. Development Board, Kochi - 682 011. Article

Index

04 Message from the Chairman’s desk

New distributional record of Neotropical Coconut 05 Selvaraj, K and Sumalatha, B.V

Strategies to protect coconut palm from rhinoceros beetle attack during monsoon 08 Sujithra M, Rajkumar and Sachin Pai

Pink Husked Coconut types and its Biochemical Properties 11 Regi J. Thomas, M. Shareefa, Harsha H. and J. S. Sreelekshmi

Mixed cropping of spices in coconut garden 13 V. V. Shinde, S.L. Ghavale, S. M. Wankhede, H.P. Maheswarappa & P. M. Haldankar

Coconut Technology day celebrated at AICRP centre Ratnagiri 16 V.V. Shinde, S.L. Ghavale, S.M.Wankhede, H.P. Maheswarappa

Winter vegetable- profitable combination with coconut 20 Arun Kumar Sit and Sandip Shil

22 News

27 Cultivation Practices for Coconut

33 Market Review

Indian Coconut Journal 5 May, June, July 2021 C Message from the Chairman’s desk

Dear Readers, During this quarter of the year, we will be celebrating the World Coconut Day. The celebration of World Coconut Day during 2021 has gained more prominence with the advent of coconut as a wonder crop especially during the pandemic. The properties of coconut products in increasing the human immunity have been discussed globally with countries like Philippines and Indonesia initiating clinical trials with the use of Virgin Coconut Oil as adjuvant therapy for Covid – 19 patients. The Ministry of Ayush, Government of India has also recommended use of coconut oil for oil pulling therapy as an immunity boosting measure. The coconut industry has indeed risen as a Sunrise industry and we have to orient our efforts to capitalize on the potentials and diverse uses of this multifaceted crop to the advantage of farming community. Coconut Development Board has been celebrating Septembernd 2 as ‘World Coconut Day’ in commemoration of the foundation day of the International Coconut Community (ICC). India is a founder member of ICC and leads in production and productivity of coconut among the major coconut growing countries. Coconut is rightly called the Kalpavriksha, the most useful tree to human being in the plant kingdom providing food, nutrition, drink, health and aesthetic value. During World Coconut day, the crop is celebrated by the coconut community across the globe in unison, bringing a harmony among the coconut growers. The theme announced by ICC for this year’s Coconut Day is “Building a safe, inclusive resilient and sustainable coconut community amid covid 19 pandemic and beyond”. The objective of observing coconut day is to create increased awareness on the goodness of coconut and focus national and international attention to this crop and to enhance its potential to alleviate poverty, encourage investment in the sector and promote the total development of coconut industry in the coconut producing countries. Coconut is a crop well suited to accomplish the Sustainable Development Goals and this day helps in increasing awareness about the significance of coconut in human life and its relationship with the social, cultural and economic wellbeing of humans. The World Coconut Day celebrations during 2021 has an added privilege of being part ofthe celebrations in commemoration of the 75 years of Independence of our country. It has been included in the Proposed Action Plan of celebrations of "Azadi ka Amrut Mahotsav”. The event will be organized virtually with participation of progressive farmer groups, processors, exporters, researchers and other stakeholders. Let us join together to celebrate the World Coconut Day and beyond to empower our coconut farmers through all round development of the sector.

Rajbir Singh IFS Chairman

4 Indian Coconut Journal C May, June, July 2021 Pest

New distributional record of Neotropical Coconut Whitefly Aleurotrachelus atratus (: Aleyrodidae) in Tamil Nadu

Selvaraj, K and Sumalatha, B.V Division of Germplasm Conservation and Utilization, ICAR- National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru-560024, Karnataka

Abstract Introduction Occurrence of Neotropical palm Invasive viz., rugose infesting whitefly, Aleurotrachelus spiralling whitefly Aleurodicus atratus (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on rugioperculatus during 2016, Bondar’s coconut (Cocos nucifera) was recorded nesting whitefly, Paraleyrodes bondari, for the first time in Dharmapuri and nesting whitefly, Paraleyrodes minei Krishnagiri districts of Tamil Nadu. during 2018 and palm infesting Aleurotrachelus atratus is a highly whitefly, Aleurotrachelus atratus invasive, oligophagous pest which during 2019 were invaded on coconut prefer to feed on palm plants and palms and raised biosecurity concerns mostly distributed in tropical and in India (Selvaraj et al., 2020). They subtropical regions. The observed prefer to colonize on palm plants infestation level was low (less than belonging to family. Origin 10 live colony or adults /leaflet) to of these invasive species was believed moderate (11-20 live colony or adults to be Neotropical regions and their /leaflet). This study also revealed interception was likely through the co-existence of A. atratus with importation of plant materials for the earlier invaded whiteflies viz., rugose trade. Both nymphs and adult whitefly spiralling whitefly Aleurodicus inflict direct feeding injury on the host rugioperculatus, Bondar’s nesting plants while sucking sap which leads whitefly, Paraleyrodes bondari and to excessive drains of the sap, necrosis nesting whitefly Paraleyrodes minei and premature drying. Indirectly, they on coconut. This quick dispersal are producing a significant amount of was believed to occur through honeydew which deposit on the upper transportation of infested seedlings even some times on lower surface from pest affected areas. Strict of the infested plants leading to the domestic quarantine and sensitization growth of black sooty mould (Fig.1). of farmers and other stakeholders This is the secondary infection arising need to be advocated to avoid spread out of the whiteflies infestation which of this pest to other coconut and other is believed to interfere on plant normal palms growing areas in the country. photosynthesis and yield parameters.

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Indian Coconut Journal 7 May, June, July 2021 C Pest

Fig.1. Symptoms of damage of palm infesting whitefly on coconut

Among these whiteflies, Neotropical palm infesting whitefly, Aleurotrachelus atratus was recorded for the first time from India during 2019 in Mandya district of Karnataka on coconut and areca palm (Dypsis lutescens) (Selvaraj et al., 2019). Subsequently it spread rapidly to adjoining districts viz., Ramanagara, Mysore, Bengaluru rural, Bengaluru Urban, Hassan, Chamrajnagar and Tumkur and extended its host ranges on areca nut (Areca catechu) and oil palm () spirals or adults/leaflet (moderate) and > 21% live (Selvaraj and Sumalatha, communicated). So far, this egg spirals or adults/leaflet (severe). To assess this, species is distributed in various coconut growing randomly 10 leaves/palm were selected consisting areas in Karnataka state only. Its rapid spread and of upper, medium and lower strata at each location. establishment could affect high fecundity, high dispersal and survival ability, voracious feeder, ability Field collected infested plants were sorted out to withstand many environmental conditions and as the prevailing whitefly species-wise and placed benefits from mutual interaction with other . in rearing jar (21×10 cm) separately and observed for the emergence of parasitoid adult/ predators. This paper analyses the occurrence and spread The emerged adult parasitoids were collected using of this species in Tamil Nadu for the first time, and aspirator and preserved in vials containing 70% its natural enemies and their interaction with other ethanol for further identification. Assessment of invasive whiteflies infesting coconut. parasitism (%) was determined based on the number Materials and Methods of puparium parasitized as against un-parasitized pupae in the host leaves. Identification of natural Survey: Feld survey was conducted in enemies of other natural enemies such as predators Dharmapuri, Krishnagiri, Tirupathur, Tiruvannamalai was confirmed by morphological means. and Viluppuram districts of Tamil Nadu to assess the incidence and infestation of these invasive Results and Discussion whiteflies on coconut and other host plants. Besides, New distributional record: Present study an infested coconut leaf sample was received for revealed the presence of rugose spiralling whitefly identification from a farmer from Marandahalli Aleurodicus rugioperculatus, Bondar’s nesting village of Dharmapuri district. Whiteflies sample whitefly, Paraleyrodes bondari, nesting whitefly, along with coconut leaves were collected in paper Paraleyrodes minei and palm infesting whitefly, for further species confirmation. Whitefly species Aleurotrachelus atratus on coconut. Occurrence of confirmation based on morphological characteristic A. rugioperculatus (Sundararaj and Selvaraj, 2017), P. was achieved by permanent mounts of the puparium bondari and P. minei (Josephrajkumar et al., 2020) and the best mounts were obtained from puparial in the state was reported earlier. The present study cases from which adults emerged. During survey, revealed the presence of Neotropical palm infesting the level of infestation was assessed by visual whitefly, A. atratus in Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri inspection using a qualitative scale as follows, 0-10= districts of Tamil Nadu. The infestation of A. atratus live egg spirals or adults/leaflet (Low); 11-20 live egg was low (0-10= live egg spirals or adults/leaflet) to

8 Indian Coconut Journal C May, June, July 2021 Pest

Fig 2: Co-occurring of palm infesting whitefly with rugose spiralling whitefly on coconut moderate (11-20= live egg spirals or adults/leaflet) entered into India without their natural enemy’s and it seems that pest was at initial stage of invasion. complex and this might have favoured for severe This pest population may increase during dry months outbreak situation in short span of time. Among (March to May) in the district based on interaction predators, only a generalist predator, Pseudomallada with other species. Spread might be from Karnataka astur (: Chrysopidae) was found to feed through transportation of infested seedling from on A. atratus, P. bondari and P. minei during survey. adjoining districts viz., Mandya and Ramanagara. This quick dispersal believed to occur through Study also revealed the co-occurring of transportation of infested seedlings from pest Aleurotrachelus atratus with other invasive species affected areas. Strict domestic quarantine and such as rugose spiralling whitefly Aleurodicus sensitization of farmers and other stakeholders rugioperculatus (Fig. 2), nesting whiteflies, P. bondari need to be advocated to avoid spread of this pest to and P. minei (Fig.3). Among the species, Aleurodicus other coconut and other palms growing areas in the rugioperculatus and Bondar’s nesting whitefly, country. Paraleyrodes bondari was found to be dominant with moderate (11-20= live egg spirals or adults/ Acknowledgements leaflet) to severe (30= live egg spirals or adults/ The authors thank the Director, ICAR-NBAIR, leaflet) infestation and major portion of leaves Bengaluru for providing facilities to carry out the infested in terms of number of colonies. These research and The Chairman, Coconut Development whiteflies colonizes on the under surface of the Board, Kochi for financial support through research leaflets in groups, A. rugioperculatus and A. atratus grant. has higher damage potential, produce of intense white wax which often cover entire immature stages References as compared to nesting whiteflies which produce Josephrajkumar, A., Mohan, C., Babu, M., Prathibha, P. S., Hegde, V and Krlshnakumar, V. (2020). Diagnosis of invasive moderate wax. On the other hand, the feeding whitefly species co-occurring on coconut. Current Science, 119 damage by the nesting whiteflies was not as intense (7): 1101-1105 as that of A. rugioperculatus and A. atratus with Selvaraj, K., Sumalatha, B.V., Poornesha, B., Ramanujam, B. and Shylesha A.N. (2020). Biological control of invasive minimum honey dew and sooty mould deposits rugose spiralling whitefly in coconut. Pp 88-100. In: Biocontrol observed on coconut. and Utilization of Insects for North East India (Eds: Haldhar, S.M., Dutta, P., Saha, R.K., Nagesh, M., Selvaraj, K. and Singh, Occurrence of parasitiod Encarsia guadeloupae M.P). Published by Directorate of Extension Education, Central Agricultural University, Imphal on 5th and 6th March 2020 Viggiani (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) on Aleurodicus by ICAR- National Bureau of Agricultural Insect resources, rugioperculatus was recorded with natural parasitism Bengaluru. ISBN: 978-81-938078-3-5. to the extent of 42-68% on coconut. Encarsia Selvaraj, K., Sundararaj, R and Sumalatha, B. V (2019). Invasion of the palm infesting whitefly, Aleurotrachelus atratus guadeloupae is the potential dominant parasitoid for Hempel (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in the Oriental region. A. rugioperculatus with 62-82% natural parasitism Phytoparasitica,47 (3): 327-332. Selvaraj, K., Sundararaj, R., Venkatesan, T., Chandish R. Ballal, on coconut and many other host plants (Selvaraj Jalali S.K, Gupta, A and Mrudula, H.K. (2016). Potential natural et al., 2016). In case of Bondar’s nesting whitefly, P. enemies of the invasive rugose spiralling whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin in India. Journal of Biological Control, bondari, nesting whitefly, P. minei and palm infesting 30(4), 236-239. whitefly, A. atratus, no parasitism was observed so Sundararaj, R. and Selvaraj, K. (2017) Invasion of rugose far under field conditions. Similar observation was spiraling whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae): a potential threat to coconut in India. also reported earlier in Karnataka (Selvaraj et al., Phytoparasitica, 45: 71-74. 2019). These show that these invasives might have

Indian Coconut Journal 9 May, June, July 2021 C Pest

Strategies to protect coconut palm from rhinoceros beetle attack during monsoon

Sujithra M, Rajkumar and Sachin Pai ICAR - Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), Kasaragod – 671 124, Kerala

oconut, Cocos nucifera (L.) is popularly known Cas “Tree of life” or “Kalpavrishka” because of the innumerable benefits it offers to mankind. The crop faces challenges from various biotic and abiotic factors at different phases of its growth and development. Among the biotic stresses, borers are the major constraint limiting the palm plantation productivity worldwide up to 30 %. The Coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB), Oryctes rhinoceros Linn. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is one of the major borer palm pest which is endemic to all the coconut growing regions. Besides coconut, it also infests oil palm, , areca palm, toddy palm and occasionally feeds on sugarcane, agave, pineapple, banana and taro. Damage Symptoms The robust adult black beetles damage the palms by boring into unopened spear leaves, spathes and inflorescences in contrast to the grubs which feed only on decaying organic matter. As the beetles bore deeper into the palm, the chewed fibers are seen extruding from the entry holes. The damaged fronds show characteristic V- or wedge-shaped cuts as they unfold, reducing the photosynthetic area. Seedlings and juveniles are highly susceptible to beetle attack than the grown up palms. Twisting of the spear leaves, stunted growth and improper establishment were observed in the CRB damaged seedlings and such damaged seedlings gets often disposed by farmers in huge numbers. Besides the damage injury by CRB, the bore holes made by this beetle serve as Removal of beetle using hook entry points for lethal pests and pathogens like red palm weevil and bud rot fungi, respectively. Corresponding author: [email protected]

10 Indian Coconut Journal C May, June, July 2021 Pest

Leaf damage by rhinoceros beetle Perforated insecticide sachet

Bio – ecology our Integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for rhinoceros beetle emphasizes on phyto – sanitary, Although pest occurs throughout the year, peak preventive methods than the curative methods and adult emergence is noticed during June to September it should be deployed on a community basis to bring months. Adults of O. rhinoceros is a large stout black effective results. beetle, 35 – 50 mm long and 14 – 21 mm breadth, possess a characteristic cephalic horn which is longer XXPhyto – sanitary method in males. The pygedium is densely clothed with Maintenance of farm hygiene and sanitation reddish brown hairs on the ventral surface in the within and the surrounding coconut plantations females whereas males are devoid of pygidial hairs. forms the first line of pest defense. Since O. Adults are nocturnal active fliers (active at night) and rhinoceros profusely breed on the organic matter, remain hidden during most of the daytime either in potential breeding sites like dead palms and decaying the feeding site or in the breeding sites. Adult live for coconut logs from the coconut gardens must be about 3 – 6 months and average fecundity per female cleared off. Compost heaps, cow dung pits and vermi is 108 eggs. Freshly laid eggs are white in colour and -composting tanks have to be covered with mosquito globular in shape with incubation period of 8 - 12 / nylon nets and turned out frequently for collection days. Larvae are creamy white in colour, C - shaped of grubs. with well developed brown head capsule, mandibles XXProphylactic / preventive method: and thoracic legs. Larval period ranges from 82 to 207 days with three developmental instars followed • Placing of 250 g powdered oil cakes (neem/ by pupal period for 20 to 29 days. feeds on marotti/ pongamia) mixed with sand (1:1) in the the dead wood, dead palm logs and dead standing top three leaf axils of the palm thrice a year during coconut palms which are killed by pest /disease/ May, September and December is recommended as lightning and decaying organic materials like cow prophylactic measure. dung heaps, compost pits and sawdust heaps are • Placing of 3 - 4 naphthalene balls in the leaf their major breeding sites. Environmental factors axils at the base of the spindle leaf covered with sand like temperature of 27 - 29°C with relative humidity ensures protection for 45 - 60 days. of 85 – 95 % are highly suitable for the faster pest • Placement of two perforated sachets containing multiplication. chlorantraniliprole (3 g) or fipronil (3 g) in the leaf axils at the base of spindle leaf during monsoon Integrated Pest Management season was found effective. During dry period, 100 Oryctes rhinoceros is persistently active and ml of water may be poured over the sachet after reproductive throughout the year, its detection is placement to release the molecule. often difficult due to its nocturnal activity and cryptic • Placement of botanical cakes made out of nature of residence within the palms. According to extracts from Clerodendron infortunatum Linn. and the popular saying, prevention is better than cure, Chromolaena odorata Linn. on the topmost leaf axils

Indian Coconut Journal 11 May, June, July 2021 C Shri.Saradindu Das, Chief Coconut Development Officer, Coconut Development Board repatriated to parent department Shri.Saradindu Das, Chief Coconut Development Officer of Coconut Development Board repatriated to parent department on 1st July 2021. He was serving as Chief Coconut Development Officer of Coconut Development Board since 11th November 2016 on deputation. He has been holding the post of Director of Horticulture Department, Government of Tripura prior to his deputation basis at Coconut Development Board. Shri. Saradindu Das is a postgraduate in Agriculture from Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, West Bengal. Shri.Das started his official career in Coconut Development Board as Technical Assistant at State Centre Kolkata in 1985. Subsequently he joined as superintendent in Agriculture Department, Tripura in 1988 and later on served as Deputy Director and Joint Director in Agriculture Department, Government of Tripura.

and or smearing the spindle and adjoining petioles measure, loosely wrapping of unopened spear with botanical paste/oils @ 10 gm developed by leaf with adjacent leaf base with locally available CPCRI protects juvenile palms from rhinoceros fish net/ nylon nets can be followed to avoid CRB beetle attack. damage in crown region. This technique is very XXMechanical method effective in trapping adult beetles by entangling them in the nylon net mesh (Fig. 6). Periodic observation on the palm crown for any X damage symptoms and removal of the beetles using XBiological control metallic hook during the peak attack period (June- CRB can be effectively managed by utilizing September) can be followed (Fig. 5). As a prophylactic two microbial agents viz., green muscardine fungi (Metarhizium anisopliae) and Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV). These organisms are host specific, ecologically safe and they can be integrated with other management strategies. • Application of green muscardine fungus (Metarhizium anisopliae) @ 5×1011 m-3 to the breeding sites is effective in killing all the stages of the CRB larvae. • Field release of OrNV infected CRB adults @ 10-15 number/hectare is also effective. XXPheromone traps Installing specially designed PVC trap containing rhino lure or Oryctalure @ 1 trap per hectare are effective in trapping beetles in high numbers . The trapped adult beetles should be periodically collected and killed. However the traps are to be placed away from the seedlings Fig 6 : Wrapping crown por- Fig 7: PVC trap for rhinoceros and young palms. g tion with nylon net beetle

12 Indian Coconut Journal C May, June, July 2021 Innovation Pink Husked Coconut types and its Biochemical Properties Regi J. Thomas, M. Shareefa, Harsha H. and J. S. Sreelekshmi ICAR-CPCRI, Regional Station, Kayamkulam, Kerala

oconut palm, botanically improvement programmes. Cknown as Cocos nucifera, Therefore independently belongs to family Arecaceae, maintained populations at an important member of various localities are to be tested monocotyledons. India is the before going in for germplasm third largest producer of coconut multiplication and utilization. and has a rich diversity of coconut Pink husk is one such trait types. ICAR-CPCRI has a total which has already been reported in of 455 germplasm holdings in coconut by workers from different its genebanks maintained at countries. Sparse occurrence of Kasaragod and Kidu. pink husked types was reported with different traits are available from the West Coast Tall (WCT) in the germplasm collections population cultivated in the root available at ICAR-CPCRI. (wilt) disease affected tracts of Characterization of genetic Kerala, India (Thomas et al., 2016). resources in coconut is a pre- Such types were also observed requisite for crop improvement in Malayan Green Dwarf (MGD) initiatives in coconut as the population cultivated at CDB breeding efforts are cumbersome Farm, Ernakulam (Kerala) and also in coconut owing to its perennial from ICAR-CPCRI Regional Station, nature, long juvenile phase, large Kayamkulam (Kerala). Rarely such area requirement, lack of clonal trait specific palms are observed propagation technique, height of and hence systemic studies palm and longer time duration for using large samples become any evaluation trials. Germplasm a constraint. A coconut palm characterization has resulted bearing fruits with pink coloured in identification and utilization mesocarp was identified in San of varieties with different traits Ramon Tall population from ICAR- and economic uses. However, CPCRI, Kasaragod. Flowers and unexplored diversity still exists in fruits from all bunches exhibited the coconut gene pool. pink colour below the tepals and Scientific studies are lacking the husk fibred of tender fruits on certain specific traits which also exhibit pink colour (Jerard et have already been reported al, 2016). in coconut. Though wide Coconut palms with variability and diversity for many pink husked nuts are rarely traits have been reported reported in farmers’ fields also. in coconut, characterization Morphologically the palms are of individual accessions at similar to normal genotype except different localities is important for the conspicuous pinkish Inflorescence of pink husked type – to utilize them for further colouration observed on parts variety: MGD

Indian Coconut Journal 13 May, June, July 2021 C Innovation

Plumule of pink husked type- Pink husked types – WCT variety from Tendernut of pink husked type – variety: MGD farmers’ field near Kayamkulam variety: West Coast Tall

of nut between the calyx and the husk portion. The mg/100ml indicating nutritional superiority. pinkish colouration is also observed in plumular Free radicals are unstable molecules that are region of germinating nuts and in inflorescence made during normal cell metabolism (chemical immediately after its opening which will fade in the changes that take place in a cell). They accumulate subsequent days. In few palms roots and root tips in cells and cause damage to other molecules. This also exhibited pinkish colour. damage may increase the risk of cancer and other Farmers claim that this mutant coconut type with diseases. In humans, many diseases are associated pink husked nuts has some medicinal properties. It with the accumulation of free radicals. Antioxidants is being used in traditional system of medicines for can protect cells from the damage caused by free curing jaundice, for preparing a medicine known radicals and thereby minimize their impact (Rahman as ‘Elaneer kuzhambu’ and also for treating many et al., 2016). Therefore, the search for naturally eye infections including cataract. Because of these occurring antioxidants of plant origin is imperative. medicinal properties, the tender nut of ‘pink husked’ The antioxidant activity of tendernut water from pink genotype is being sold at premium price in the husked type was evaluated by DPPH assay. Radical market. In Kareelakulangara (near Kayamkulam), Mr. scavenging activity of DPPH was expressed as IC50, Soman, a vendor sells the tendernuts of Pink husked which represents the concentration of the extract coconut types at Rs.60/- to Rs. 65/- compared to Rs. required to inhibit 50% of the free radical scavenging 30/- to Rs. 35/- for normal tendernut. activity. Higher IC50 value indicates lower radical Systematic study was conducted for biochemical scavenging activity. Present studies revealed higher characterization of tendernut water from pink husked scavenging activity based on DPPH assay with pink types identified from Guam Tall population planted husked recording IC50 value of 266.67 as compared at ICAR-CPCRI, Regional Station, Kayamkulam for to normal type with IC50 value of 358.27. Similarly validating its nutraceutical properties. the Phosphomolybdate assay also revealed higher free radical scavenging activity of pink husked type Biochemical characterization: The studies revealed based on IC50 value of 415.17 s compared to 637.9 that a significantly higher total phenol content in the observed in normal husked type. Tender nut water tender nut water of pink husked types as compared can act as electron donors due to the presence of to control (Table 1). Higher phenol content is clearly phenolic compounds present in it. This may justify an indication of its ability to scavenge free radicals. its free radical scavenging activity. Significantly Antioxidative properties of the coconut water could higher content of anthocyanin (25.97mg/100 g) be attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds. was noted in the exocarp of pink husked types There was no significant difference with regard to and it was negligible in normal husked type (1.464 free amino acid content in both pink husked and mg/100g). The presence of higher anthocyanin normal husked types. Significantly higher protein content also can be correlated to higher antioxidant content of 86 mg/100 ml was noted in pink husked activity. g type as compared to normal husked type with 58.7

14 Indian Coconut Journal C May, June, July 2021 Success story Mixed cropping of spices in coconut garden- A Success story of rising Rural women

V. V. Shinde, S.L. Ghavale, S. M. Wankhede, H.P. Maheswarappa & P. M. Haldankar AICRP on Palms, Regional Coconut Research Station, Bhatye Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist Ratnagiri

Background knowledge and skill, availing capital was the main challenge before her for establishing mixed cropping Small holdings and family system in coconut along with vermicomposting unit. farming are two predominant modes of agricultural Training and motivational support production in the Konkan region of Maharashtra. Priyanka attended a five days vocational training Family farming is a means of on coconut and spice cultivation technology and undertaking agricultural and vermicompst production at Regional Coconut allied sector activities which Research Station, Bhatye, Ratnagiri. The Regional are generally managed by a Coconut Research Station scientists motivated her family which is predominantly for taking up coconut and spices mixed cropping reliant on family labour. and vermicompost production. Regional Coconut Twelve years before, Mrs. Priyanka Nagwekar (34), a Research Station, Bhatye, Ratnagiri provided her resident of Hatis village in Ratnagiri Tahsil of Ratnagiri different spice crops and vermiculture of Eisenia District ventured into family farming. Both Priyanka foetida spp. for demonstration. She also attended and her husband are graduates and her husband was six days vocational training programmme on coconut working in a private company in Ratnagiri. She was tree climbing, FOCT' programme organized at cultivating subsistence crops like rice, finger millet, Regional Coconut Research Station, Bhatye, Ratnagiri vegetables, etc. in the traditional way in her 22 ha in collaboration with CDB, Kochi. Afterwards she farm. Her farm income was very limited due to lack became a master trainer of 'FOCT Programme at of knowledge and skill about improved agricultural Regional Coconut Research Station, Bhatye, Ratnagiri technologies especially coconut and spices crops? She and also in the Konkan region. was very ambitious to harvest the full productivity and to make maximum income from the crop. One Output day she came across the leaflet prepared by Regional On realizing the financial benefits , she decided Coconut Research Station, Bhatye, Ratnagiri on the to start a commercial mixed cropping of spices in role of vermicompost in enhance crop productivity her old coconut orchard alongwith a vericompost and mixed cropping of spices in coconut garden production unit. She felt that there was huge ‘Lakhibaug' concept to enhancing farm income. demand for organic coconut and that spice farming She was interested about mixed cropping of spices is trending among the farming community. She in coconut garden and vermicompost production realized that people prefer organic food especially technology. She started to cultivate spice as mixed tender coconut and spices including black pepper, crops in coconut garden and successfully planted nutmeg, kokum and banana. Therefore, she decided the spices Nutmeg, and Arecanut as mixed crop in to expand her small-scale activity into a commercial their coconut garden which could get her additional business venture. The earnings of her husband was income. She started preparing vermicompost in insufficient to run the family hence she insisted him their farm, which is being used for mixed crops to join her in her mixed cropping and nursery activity. along with coconut crop. This initial step increased Thus he joined her in farming and eventually they her confidence and mooted her interest to start expanded their activity by producing root stock mixed cropping system and vermicomposting as an plants for spice grafting. They purchased a four income generating activity. After acquiring adequate wheeler for farming purposes. During the covid-19

Indian Coconut Journal 15 May, June, July 2021 C Success story

Table 1 : Economic status of Agribusiness starting Name of Production Selling rate Turnover /Year Production Net Profit startup capacity (Rs) (Rs.) cost. (Rs.) (Rs.) Nuts 6000 Coconut & @22/- 132000/- 46000/- 86000/- Cinnamon Spices 6 kg @500/- 3000/- 1140/- 1860/- @ 15/- kg Vermicompost 225000/- 68000/- 156000/- 12.0 tonnes Vermiculture unit @ 800 /- 8000/- 3600/- 4400/- Black pepper 5000 15/- 75000/- 28000/- 47000/- Nursery Bushpepper 60/- 60000/- 18000/- 42000/- Management 1000 70/- 70000/- 19000/- 51000/- Coconut 1200 Grant total 573000/- 184740/- 388260/-

pandemic, this vehicle was used for delivering Impact - She is grateful and not stressful agricultural produces to market and also for home Mrs. Priyanka Nagwekar through her innovative delivery of produces. agriculture practices could ensure economic stability Nursery Management :A Jump Toward to her family. Every year, her financial turnover is around Rs. 5.73 lakh from mixed cropping, Next Agriculture based startup vermicompost unit and spice nursery. She is gaining After establishing herself in mixed cropping net profit of Rs. 3. 82 lakh from farming alone. of coconut and spices, Mrs. Priyanka Nagwekar Though her annual income is limited at present, she mooted the idea of setting up a spice nursery with is planning to go for virgin coconut oil production to black pepper cuttings/seedlings. Vermi compost is make better return in future. She is a beginner in the media for growing spice plants and she has it in agribusiness startup. enough quantity. Another reason for starting spice The motivation, inspiration and contribution that nursery was the demand for spice plants especially she receives from her husband is also commendable. ‘Bush pepper’ plants in Ratnagiri and as pot plants She has not only made her family self- reliant but is also in urban areas. She also had a sales outlet in able to provide assured employment for her family Ratnagiri. She attended another training in Nursery members. Management at Regional Coconut Research Station, Bhatye, Ratnagiri. According to her, production of Contributing and enabling factors vermicompost and vermiculture is the best option While sharing her experience in agribusiness for rural women which can be set up with minimum enterprises, she told that merely subsistence farming input cost and time. is not a solution to the resource poor farmers but Outcome secondary agriculture and agribusiness need to be promoted. g Economic status of Agribusiness starting (Table 1)

16 Indian Coconut Journal C May, June, July 2021 Article

Indian Coconut Journal 17 May, June, July 2021 C Coconut Technology Day Coconut Technology Day celebrated at AICRP centre Ratnagiri V.V. Shinde1*, S.L. Ghavale2, S.M.Wankhede3 H.P. Maheswarappa4 Coconut sector in Maharashtra Coconut is a major irrigated horticultural crop of Konkan region of Maharashtra. The agro-climatic conditions are very much congenial for its cultivation in Konkan and Western Maharashtra. Maharashtra Government has launched an ambitious Employment Guarantee Scheme (EGS) for fruit crop cultivation in 1990, because of which the total area has been increased to 43320 ha with productivity of 4885 nuts/ha. Maharashtra occupies the 7th place in area and the 9th place in production of coconut with the annual production of 209.87 million nuts. Over a period of 33 years from 1986-87 to 2020-21, the area under coconut has increased from 6900 ha to 43320 ha and production from 76.32 million nuts to 209.87 million nuts. The maximum area under coconut is in Sindhudurg district followed by Ratnagiri. District wise Area, Production and Productivity of Coconut in Maharashtra State

Production Productiv- Sr. Districts Area (ha) (Lakh ity (Nuts/ No nuts) ha)

1 Sindhudurg 17929 1457.0

2 Ratnagiri 5556.0 406.0

3 Raigad 2248 107.0

4 Thane 1161.7 8.0 4845.0

5 Palghar 1473.9 16.0

6 Other 14852 96.0

7 Total 43320 2098

(Source;Joint Director of Agriculture report.2019)

1Agronomist, 2 Research Officer and Jr.Entomologist3 ICAR-AICRP on Palms, Regional Coconut Research Station, Bhatye, Ratnagiri, Dr. B.S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, (M.S.), India 4Project coordinator, ICAR-AICRP on Palms, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod, Kerala,

18 Indian Coconut Journal C May, June, July 2021 Coconut Technology Day

Celebration of one day coconut technology day Modified ground pollination for hybrid coconut production

Regional Coconut Research Station, Bhatye, in confronted with challenges which is resulting in to Ratnagiri district of Dr. Balasheb Sawant Konkan abating yield. This down fall needs to be checked and Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli is catering to the needs of management of garden be improved with standard coconut growers in this region through the network operating practice and recommended package of of All India Coordinated Research Project on Palm practices advocated by the AICRP on palms, Bhatye since its establishment in the year 1955. centre,Ratnagiri. (M.S.) This research station has contributed to develop one hybrid variety and seven varieties of coconut Mitigation strategies which are popularly planted by coconut growers in Our aim for mitigation strategies should be this region. The technology of coconut developed long term and short term planning to achieve at this station is helpful for coconut growers. The fully developed and globally competitive coconut coconut based multistoried cropping system studied industry to meet the ever growing demand under a under AICRP on palms and recommended by Dr. changing climate and dwindling natural resources. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli The marginal and small holding farmers may be and developed at this station is popular as “Lakhi trained to mitigate the climate change threats, it is Baug” among the farmers which generates income felt necessary to give them training and awareness of Rs. One lakh from one acre per year. for economic, efficient and eco-friendly technologies since from planting to end use of coconut. Tracking Repercussions of Nisarga Cyclone of challenges in a systematic and holistic way by Severe Cyclonic Storm Nisarga was the strongest utilizing the natural resources efficiently can also be tropical cyclone to strike the Indian state of done. The key strategies are, Maharashtra since 1891. It was also the first cyclone • Raising and supply of quality improved and impact to Mumbai since cyclone phyan of 2009. hybrid seedlings prepared by SAU, DSP farms and Nisarga strongly hitted on 3rd June and dissipated registered nursery to nisarg affected farmers and to on 4th June 2020, making landfall in Maharashtra newly planters. with winds of 110-120 km/h (70 mph), Though the • Proper planting, after care and soil health coconut crop was performing well in Konkan region management. of Maharashtra the cyclone observed during June. • Enhancing the yield with sustainable and 2020 caused major loss to the coconut estate. The recommended package of practice. cyclone hit about 3373 ha area loosing young and productive 6-7 lakh coconut trees in the seacoast of • Awareness through mass extension activities Maharashtra. like of technological day and melas etc. Challenges Coconut technology day—a way forward In Maharashtra, the coconut plantation sector is After realising the threats, it was felt that more

Indian Coconut Journal 19 May, June, July 2021 C Coconut Technology Day

technologies. 1. Coconut tree climbing (FOCT) 2. Virgin coconut oil preparation (VCO) 3. Coconut harvesting through hydraulic machine (HC) 4. Neera production 5. Modified ground pollination technology in coconut (MGPT) 6. High density multispecies cropping system (HDMCS) for konkan region 7. Cinnamon bark harvesting 8. Plant protection management in coconut(INM,IPM,IDM) Vermicompost preparation -demonstration 9. Vermicompost preparation (VP)

attention may be given to this crop to avoid threat 10. Metarizum preparation (MP) from such calamities. faced the farmer community 239 farmers from Konlan region were participated and admistration. The Regional Coconut Research in the function. Further, the farmers were given Station, Bhatye Centre, Rastriy Chemicals and training on new coconut planting technologies, Fertilizers, Mumbai and the State Agriculture incorporation of green manure legumes in to Department (M.S.) jointly organised a collaborative coconut basin/ interspaces, drainage, manuring and one day coconut technology day to create awareness moisture conservation practices, mulching etc. and demonstrated coconut technologies among the Most of the farmers were keen and showed farmer and coconut growers of Konkan region. Dr. interest in VCO preparation & coconut based Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli enterprenship development, as coconut oil and VCO through Regional Coconut Research Station, Bhatye are gaining global importance as a contributing factor one day coconut technology day was celebrated for health, nutrient and wellness of human being. th on 27 Jan, 2021. Dr Sanjay Sawant, Hon. Vice Multiple medicinal and nutraceutical properties of Chancellor, Dr. B.S.K.K.V., Dapoli Dr. Parag Haldankar, coconut were brought to the notice of the coconut Director of Research, DBSKKV, Dapoli, Shri. Deelip growers. This new development in health sector has Zende, Director Inputs and Quality Control from brought an un precedented increase in the demand State Agriculture Department, Shri, Madhukar of coconut oil. Pacharane, Deputy General Manager, RCF, Pune, Coconut products were exhibited at the venue, Dr. S. B. Kadrekar, Ex. Vice Chancellor, Dr. B.SKKV showcased everything about coconut products and Dapoli along with Shri. Bal Mane ex. MLA, Ratnagiri by-products. During this programme the coconut attended the programme. varities developed and recommended by the centre, In the opening remarks Shri. Deelip Zende, mode and method of planting, HDMSCS with spices, Director (Agricultural Inputs and quality control) spice live samples, coconut chips, hydraulic harvester, emphasized on the efforts being made by the state modified ground pollination kit, neera tapping kit agricultural department for the area expansion & and virgin coconut oil samples were exhibited. The marketing of coconut, Hon. Vice Chancellor. Dr. exhibition brought industries, farmers, stakeholders, Sawant in his presidential address focused on the processors, investors and policy makers together to a need of value addition in coconut as well as proper common platform. scientific crop management aspects of coconut palm. Regional Coconut Research Station, Bhatye Plant Protection Technologies organised live demonstration on the following The programme demonstrated various plant

20 Indian Coconut Journal C May, June, July 2021 Coconut Technology Day protection technologies for creating awareness during forth coming season. Increase in percentage among the farmers about coconut pest and disease of senile palms is a serious issue in coconut growing management. garden. A number of gardens are in the process of XXRhinoceros beetle: replanting and rejuvenating. The major constraint in replanting is the unavailability of quality planting A unit consisting of installation of pheromone materials. The growers focused on the use of mass traps with application of neem cake and sand selection techniques to choose good quality mother (1:1) putting of naphthalene balls, application of palms, seed nuts and seedlings of elite local varieties botanical cake and making of pits for trapping of for the replanting programmes. With increased grubs of rhinoceros beetle. All the technologies were pressure on land, water and soil nutrients, research disseminated with preparation of palm model with should further focus on increasing productivity treatments. Farmers were very happy to see the through development of improved varieties. palm models. Many farmers and coconut growers showed XXEriophyid mite: interest to convert the coconut husk and dried leaves A live sample was created near the programme in to vermicompost and other fortified material, which was having eriophyid mite infested nuts. Root mannuring. Almost all farmers showed willingness feeding technology disseminated by decoration of for coconut based cropping system technology with suitable root, its proper colour solution in plastic bag nutmeg, cinnamon and black pepper on top priority. with rubber band and spraying of sulphur on nuts. Literature on INM in coconut based cropping The sample palm was self explanatory about mite system and plant protection management (IPM) was management. distributed during the occasion. XXRed palm weevil: Scope for increasing area under coconut Stem injection with Imidacloprid technology was cultivation demonstrated to artificially infected palm having red palm weevil infestation. Identification of symptoms Small irrigation reservoirs and fresh river water is of damage caused by red palm weevil on stem and available for irrigation of coconut in all five districts crown region was the attraction of farmers during of Konkan region. Productivity of coconut is high rally. in the Konkan region but this productivity can be increased to about 20,000 nuts/ha with intensive XXRugose spiralling whitefly: care and management, intercropping and pest An invasive pest, rugose spiralling whitefly control. Product diversification is the need of hour management technology was demonstrated with like tender coconut water, coconut powder, coconut live specimen and use of botanicals like neem oil charcoal, virgin coconut oil, tender ball copra, and water spray and also rearing and conservation coconut chips, coir industry etc. Use of multispecies of Encarsia at field condition. Farmers were very cropping system to increase yield per unit area of happy to see the live specimen of RSW and bioagents orchards. demonstration. Besides that the bud rot disease management Conclusion technology, black headed caterpillar management Coconut technology day aimed to demonstrate by bioagents with special emphasis on Reduviid and exhibit the selected technologies used in coconut bugs, preparation of vermicomposting, harvesting cultivation to educate farmers about latest research of vermiwash, Indian beekeeping with special issues, different methods of planting, new hybrids, emphasis on Trigona beekeeping technologies were INM, IPM, IDM and value addition of the coconut demonstrated during farmers rally. products. Such programmes not only convince the farmers about the viability of the technology but Feedback from farmers also help them in adoption, Such programmes also The farmers were happy as they experienced brings proper feedback. It created not only interest the technological day with the extension principle but also confidence among the coconut growers and "Seeing is believing & learning by doing". Most of rural youths. g the farmers pointed out the need and requirement of hybrid coconut seedlings for new coconut planting

Indian Coconut Journal 21 May, June, July 2021 C Intercropping

Winter vegetables- a profitable combination with coconut for better livelihood of the farming community

Arun Kumar Sit and Sandip Shil ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Research Centre, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal

conut the Kalpabriksha is Cultivation of vegetables Coan important plantation under coconut plantation crop and is closely related to human life from ritual to livelihood. West Vegetables play an important role Bengal contributes about 384.14 in our daily diet by providing different million nuts from an area of 30.82 minerals, dietary fibre, hormones thousand hectare. A spacing of and antioxidants. Different winter 7.5 m in the square system is vegetables were tried in coconut recommended for coconut (175 garden at ICAR-Central Plantation palms/ha) for optimum production. Crops Research Institute, Research Centre, Mohitnagar to see their The rooting pattern of coconut is Spinach such that only 23 percent of land performance under coconut area is effectively utilized. Coconut plantation, effect of intercrop on palm, like other monocots, has a coconut yield, increase of system typical adventitious root system. productivity and net return from About 74 percent of these roots the system. Raised bed having produced by a palm under good 0.3 m height, 1.2 m width and 4 management condition do not meter length was prepared for go beyond 2 m lateral distance each vegetable crop in between the and 82 per cent of the roots are interspace of palm leaving the 2 m confined to 30 to 120 cm depth of area of active root zone of coconut. soil. Thus, the active root zone of Seeds/seedlings of different vegetables like cabbage, cauliflower, coconut is confined to 25 percent Radish of the available land area and about knolkhol, spinach, radish, French 75% land is available for growing of beans, lafa sag - cluster mallow, inter/mixed crops for more return tomato and carrot were sown/ and employment generation. It has transplanted during winter month. been estimated that 56% sunlight Recommended agronomic practices can penetrate through the canopy were followed throughout the of around 25 years of coconut palm growth period of the crops. between 10.00-16.00 hrs. Thus Yield of vegetables under there is ample scope for growing of coconut plantation intercrops for better utilization of available natural resources like land The study showed that the Beans (75%), sunlight (56%) and nutrients. yield of cabbage was not as good [email protected]

22 Indian Coconut Journal C May, June, July 2021 Intercropping

as open condition. Low yield was growing vegetable crops. The yield also noticed in carrot and tomato of intercrops when converted to in comparison to open condition. nut yield of coconut, the system The yield of spinach, knolkhol and productivity increases manifold. beans was almost as like as open Percent increase of system condition. The vegetative phase productivity ranged from 80% to of all the winter vegetables was 276%. Maximum percent increase more under coconut canopy. First of system productivity (276%) was spinach flowering/flower bud initiation in coconut + tomato combination of tomato, beans and cabbage followed by coconut + radish was delayed in comparison to (231%) and coconut + cauliflower open condition due to shade. (211%) combination. But the crop duration of all the crops was more. As a result the Percentage increase of net harvest duration is increased. return Farmers can harvest the crop The net return of all the for more time span. It was also combinations along with found that evaporation rate of the monocrop was calculated. It soil in intercropped area under was found that more than 100% Tomato coconut plantation is less. So increase on net return for all the minimum irrigation was required crop combinations was observed for the growth of the intercrops. over coconut monocrop system. Space utilization by intercrops Maximum percent (323%) also suppresses the weed growth increase on net return was in interspace. Thus the cost recorded on coconut + tomato of cultivation of the system is combination where return per reduced. rupee investment was also more (6.3) in these combination Yield of coconut under followed by coconut + radish intercrop system Knolkhol (251%) and coconut + cauliflower Coconut yield was increased (214%). However return per rupee under different inter cropping was recorded maximum (7.7) in system. Increased coconut yield coconut + spinach combination ranged from 14.8% to 25.9% over than the other combinations. coconut as monocrop. Maximum The performance of different percent (25.9%) increased yield intercrops (winter vegetables) was recorded in Coconut + carrot is different in the system. Some combination followed by Coconut vegetables performed well and + cauliflower (24.2%), coconut some were not. But the growing + radish (22.4%). Coconut yield of these crops definitely add more Lafsag is increased under intercropping income to the farming community system due to better management by the utilization of resources like practices for interspace. Hence light, water and nutrients through farmers can achieve more income the proper distribution of different from coconut in addition to the intercrops in time and space. It income from intercrops. also enhances the total system productivity and net return from Percentage increase of total the system which leads towards system productivity doubling of farm income and Though the yield of intercrop provides economic stability to is not as good as open condition the farming community against Cabbage but the inter space of the coconut production and price risk. g plantation is properly used by

Indian Coconut Journal 23 May, June, July 2021 C Report

Exploring the potential of the Island coconut : an industry - grower interface

stakeholder meet was organized by Coconut the UT and Shri. R. Madhu, Secretay CDB. Secretray ADevelopment Board on 23rd July 2021 at Agriculture briefed on the objectives of the meeting. Kochi in association with the Administration of the This was followed by opening remarks by Shri. Union Territory of Lakshadweep and Lakshadweep Anbarasu IAS, Advisor to the Administrator of the Development Corporation Limited (LDCL). The major UT of Lakshadweep who joined the meeting virtually objective of the meet was to explore possibilities of from the island. He was also joined by Shri. O. P. establishing trade linkages with major exporters of Mishra, Special Secretary and Shri. Sachin Sharma, coconut and coir products, potential collaboration MD, LDCL. with entrepreneurs/exporters/investors to invest Advisor informed that in association with NCDC, it is in processing units in the UT or operationalise proposed to organize Farmer Producer Organisations the existing processing infrastructure installed in in the UT. In order to ensure remunerative returns the UT. Major exporters of coconut and coconut to the coconut farmers in the islands, it is proposed products participated in the meeting. Exporters of to promote processing and engage with the private coir products were also invited through Coir Board. sector in successfully operating the processing units. Representatives from Coir Board, Spices Board, LDCL, He also mentioned about the LANID scheme through CPCRI and KVK Lakshadweep also participated at the which initiatives could be supported. He informed event. that around 8.5 crore nuts would be available The meet started with a welcome address by for processing after meeting needs of household Shri. Damodhar A.T. IFS, Secretary Agriculture of consumption and current processing undertaken in

24 Indian Coconut Journal C May, June, July 2021 Report

the islands. The major development organizations could be explored initially to establish a channel comprising of the Agriculture Department of the UT, of trade. Large area certification of the islands as CDB, Coir Board and Spices Board presented on the organic territory is also pursued. potential activities that could be undertaken for the Dr. C Thamban, Principal Scientist, CPCRI development of the sector in the UT and the support suggested that there is need for nurturing the schemes available. production scenario if processing is to be upscaled. Discussions were then held with the exporters of The existing facilities and technology for processing coconut and coir products who had participated in have to be upgraded. He also mentioned about the the meeting. Around 15 major exporters of coconut women SHGs that are active in the island which products, coir exporters and representatives from could be used for processing. He stressed the the Coir exporters and trade bodies also participated. need for restructuring of plant population to aid The investors/entrepreneurs actively discussed the ecosystem stability and develop island wise scale concerns and enquired about the support that the of operation for processing. The entrepreneurs UT can facilitate, the charges for electricity and other of the UT also shared their experiences and utilities, transportation costs, handling costs in difficulties in maintenance of machinery, logistics, ports, issue of ownership of land and non availability transportation costs, handling costs at ports of loan for leased land, staff currently working in the etc. units which are to be revived etc. The exporters of In his closing remarks, Secretary Agriculture coir suggested that the amount of coir generated briefed about the EOI document for the existing is not very attractive. But the island could use it for infrastructure and pre bid meeting proposed. A new manufacture of geotextiles for protecting the long RFD document is being prepared. Since the season is coastline of 180 km from erosion. starting from September, it was proposed to initiate In the reply to the queries, Shri Damodhar IFS sourcing of nuts in an organised manner. The Advisor explained that the UT is looking for private handholding added that there would be one to one online meeting and partnership for the existing infrastructure and meeting with the interested exporters/investors/ for investments in new infrastructure related to entrepreneurs to plan and finalise the way forward processing of coconut and coir. Trading of coconut, for promotion of processing of coconut and coir in copra to mainland with transportation assistance the island. g

Indian Coconut Journal 25 May, June, July 2021 C News

Shri Purna Chandra Mishra, Shri T N Subramanian, Shri Mukund Kumar Smt. Annie Eapen, Chemist MTS retired from the services Statistical Investigator Singh, Assistant Director retired from the services of Coconut Development retired from the services retired from the services of Coconut Development th of Coconut Development Board on 30th April 2021 Board on 28 February of Coconut Development st 2021 on superannuation. Board on 31st March 2021 on Board on 31 March 2021 on on superannuation. She He served the Board for 31 superannuation. He served superannuation. He served served the Board for 30 years. the Board for 31 years. the Board for 33 years. years

Shri P Sabareenathan, Senior Shri V C Vasanthakumar, Shri Pavanan T G, Driver Grade Smt. Omana C V, MTS retired Accounts Officer, retired Statistical Officer, retired - I retired from the services from the services of Coconut from the services of Coconut from the services of Coconut of Coconut Development Development Board on 31st Development Board on 31st Development Board on 31st Board on 31st May 2021 on May 2021 on superannuation. May 2021 on superannuation. May 2021 on superannuation. superannuation. He served She served the Board for 14 He served the Board for 25 He served the Board for 39 the Board for 36 years. years. years. years.

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26 Indian Coconut Journal C May, June, July 2021 News Opportunity for Academic projects at CDB Institute of Technology

CDB Institute of Technology and Calibration Laboratories) on topics like development and (CIT) located at South and is well equipped with standardization of spray dried Vazhakulam,Aluva is the technical sophisticated instruments like pineapple flavoured coconut wing of Coconut Development HPLC (High Performance Liquid water, copra meal based products Board and is committed to excel Chromatography), GCMS(Gas like copra meal incorporated in skill development, Knowledge Chromatography Mass chocolate, cake etc., development dissemination, Technology Spectrophotometer), AAS(Atomic and standardization of Coconut Demonstration and Human Absorption Spectrophotometer), haustorium based products like Resource Development in the UV-Visible Spectrophotometer etc. haustorium candy, haustorium area of Coconut Processing and Pilot plant of CIT is also equipped powder, fresh haustorium juice, Quality Assurance. The mandate with various coconut processing haustorum crunches, health mix of research and innovation is well and packaging machineries. incorporating haustorium powder, supported by good infrastructure During the last financial year, frozen dessert incorporating and pilot plant facilities. 15 students from six colleges haustorium powder, haustorium CIT offers an excellent research completed their academic project cluster prepared by incorporating environment for Undergraduate from CIT. India’s leading institutions dried haustorium sticks and and Postgraduate students leading like National Institute of Food edible seeds, Instant stew mix to submission of dissertation as Technology Entrepreneurship incorporating haustorium and a part of course curriculum and and Management (NIFTEM), coconut milk powder etc. Value also for students who wish to Kerala University of Fisheries and addition and by-product utilization undergo internship as part of their Ocean Studies (KUFOS), Gujarath are the major areas under focus. academics. Forensic Sciences University, Students will get an exposure in the areas of product development, Degree/PG Students of the CFRD, Karunya University, MG standardization, Sensory streams Food Technology/Food University, Calicut University etc. evaluation, Cost estimation, Science/Nutrition/Chemistry/ has been a part of this program. Quality analysis, Nutritional Microbiology/Other life sciences Technologies for processing analysis, Microbiological quality could avail this facility. They various value added products analysis, Shelf life analysis etc. can carry out their project work from Coconut, Neera&Haustorium Students can also be a part in the areas of New Product were developed as part of Student of various research projects Development, R&D in Coconut projects. Examples are Frozen undertaken by CDB Institute of processing, Chemical analysis & desserts, Coco chips cluster, Technology. Microbiological analysis of food Coconut/tender coconut water products. blends, Sports drink formulation CIT provides excellent opportunity for students to The Quality Testing Laboratory from coconut water, Coconut conduct study and research in is accredited by NABL (National milk based yogurt, paneer etc field of Coconut processing and Accreditation Board for Testing are few products developed by students. Students also work Quality control.

Indian Coconut Journal 27 May, June, July 2021 C News PAHs in Coconut oil testing facility available at Quality Testing Laboratory, CDB may be then transferred to the final product results in increased amount of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in a final product. Long-term exposure to low levels of some PAHs has carcinogenic potential. So they have to be monitored in the environment and food stuff. Although hundreds of PAHs exist, some of them are more common;The European Union 835/2011 commission directive defines the maximum content Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a of benzo (a) pyrene in different food stuffs. Benzo class of chemicals that occur naturally in coal, crude (a) pyrene is considered to be a primary marker for oil, and gasoline. They are produced when coal, oil, the presence of PAHs and must not exceed 2ppb gas, wood, garbage, and tobacco are burned. They in edible oils. To improve the profiling of PAHs in are also created in car and diesel exhaust, smoked food products, benz(a)anthracene, chrysene, and or charbroiled food, wood burning stoves,cigarette benzo(b)fluoranthrene are defined as additional smoke condensate, forest fires and volcanoes. PAHs markers. The maximum contamination for these four generated from these sources can bind to or form PAHs together must not exceed 10 ppb. For coconut small particles in the air. oil intended for direct human consumption or used Food contamination by PAHs is due to the natural as an ingredient in food –the maximum permissible environment’s contamination and also through limit of benzo (a) pyrene is 2 ppb and the sum of thermal treatment processes used in the preparation PAHs is 20 ppb. and manufacturing of foods. Barbecuing, smoking Quality testing laboratory of CDB is equipped with or charring food over a fire greatly increases the sophisticated HPLC instrument for the detection of amount of PAHs in the food, edible oils and fats are PAHs in edible oils in ppb levels. Agilent 1260 infinity also contributing sources of PAHs. Contamination of LC System is used for the direct analysis of polycyclic vegetable oils can mainly be a consequence of the aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from edible plant oils. exhaust gases during oilseed drying processes or It is desirable for coconut oil exporters to analyse contamination through the extraction solvent /high and ensure that the quality parameters, metal temperature during extraction of oil from seeds. contaminants and PAHs content of oil are within the To a lesser extent this is a result of atmospheric permissible limits. Exporters can utilize the facility at deposition onto the plant material and uptake by QTL-CDB for analysing PAHs content of their oil at a the oilseed plants through soil. This contamination rate of Rs.4956/- (including GST).

Obituary

Shri M.G Prabhakaran, UDC, CDB DSP Farm Fulia, West Bengal Shri Rajeev Ranjan Sinha, LDC, CDB Regional Office, Patna expired on 27th May 2021. He has been serving the Board expired on 21st April 2021. He has been serving the Board since December 1990. since December 1998.

28 Indian Coconut Journal C May, June, July 2021 Cultivation Practices

Cultivation practices for coconut-August

New planting Manuring Plant the coconut seedlings after the cessation of In rainfed areas, circular basins of 1.8 m radius the monsoon in low lying areas subject to inundation and 25 cm depth may be dug during the fag end during monsoon. of August and green leaf or compost or farm yard Incorporate green manure legumes into manure may be spread at the rate of 50 kg per palm coconut basin / interspace basins. The remaining two‑third of the recommended dose of fertilizers may be spread over the green leaf Green manure crops sown in the coconut basin or compost and covered. Application of 500 g N, 320 or in the interspace of coconut gardens have to be g P2O5 and 1200 g K2O per palm per year is generally incorporated into the soil if they have attained 50% recommended for adult plantations. To supply two- flowering. In the coconut basin, green manure, third of the above nutrients it is necessary to apply legumes can be incorporated by using a spade. If 0.67 kg urea, 1 kg rock phosphate (in acidic soil) tractor is used for incorporating the green manure or 1.4 kg Super Phosphate (in other soils) and 1.35 in the interspace of coconut garden, care should be kg of Muriate of potash (MOP). Whereever boron taken to avoid injury to the coconut trunk. deficiency is observed borax can be applied @100 g/palm. It is always advisable to test soil in the Nursery management coconut garden periodically (once in 3 years) based If sufficient moisture is not available due to on the results of which, type and dosage of chemical insufficient rainfall, continue irrigation for the fertilizers can be decided. seedlings in the nursery until rains set in to provide sufficient moisture. Weeding has to be done wherever necessary.

Moisture conservation practices Most of the coconut growing tracts in the country received less than average monsoon showers during this season. The month of June recorded 40-50% less rainfall compared to the average. Same trend is being Drainage observed during July also. The erratic behaviour of Wherever water logging is experienced provide south-west monsoon indicates the significance of drainage channel to drain the excess water. If conserving each drop of water received. Depending continuous heavy rain occurs, make raised bunds upon the topography and soil type, the following soil around the planting pits of newly planted coconut and moisture conservation practices can be adopted seedlings to avoid entry of water into the pits. in coconut gardens.

Indian Coconut Journal 29 May, June, July 2021 C Cultivation Practices

layers of husk may be buried in the coconut basin with the concave side facing upwards. These layers facilitate absorption of moisture. Above this, another layer of coconut husk is placed with the convex side facing upwards to arrest evaporation. Effect of this mulch lasts for about 5-7 years. Husk burial

Burial of husk in trenches in between the rows of palms is also effective for moisture conservation in coconut gardens. Husk burial is to be done at the Mulching beginning of the monsoon, in linear trenches of 1.2 In order to conserve soil moisture in the coconut m width and 0.6 m depth plantations, mulching with various types of organic between rows of palms with materials can be practiced. The best time for mulching concave side of husks facing is before the end of the monsoon and before the top upwards and each layer is to soil dries up. For mulching, cut coconut leaves into be covered with soil. two or three pieces. To cover 1.8 m radius of coconut basin, 10 to 15 fallen coconut leaves are required Catch pit filled with and can be spread in two to three layers. coconut husk Mulching with composted coir pith to 10 cm Catch pits can be thickness (approximately 50 kg/palm) around constructed at slopes to conserve soil and water. coconut basin is also an ideal method to conserve Though there are no moisture. Coir pith can hold moisture five times standard dimensions its weight. Due to its fibrous and loose nature, for catch pits, catch incorporation of coir pith considerably improves the pits of 1.5 m length physical properties and water holding capacity of soil. x 0.5 m width x 0.5 The applied material may last for about 1 to 2 years. m depth can be Coconut husks are also used as surface mulch around constructed. A bund the base of the palm. It can hold moisture to the is to be made at the tune 3 to 5 times of its weight. Approximately 250 to downside using the 300 husks will be required for mulching one coconut excavated soil and basin. Mulching is usually done up to a radius of 2 pineapple suckers may be planted on it. This pit is m leaving approximately 30 cm near the palm. Two also to be filled with coconut husk.

30 Indian Coconut Journal C May, June, July 2021 Cultivation Practices

at the downstream side. After making the basin, a bund of 30 cm height and >50 cm width is made at the downstream side of the coconut using the excavated soil. Two layers of pineapple plants could be planted with a spacing of 20 cm row to row and 20 cm plant to plant on the bund. The bund prevents runoff and water gets collected within the basin and percolates down. Pineapple would help to protect the bund and stabilize the same in addition to giving fruit yield. Plant protection August marks the transition phase between the two monsoon periods. Since the quantum of monsoon showers had dropped significantly, there Contour trench filled with coconut husk is more emergences of sucking pests in this phase, This measure is to be taken up where the land especially the coried bug and spiralling whiteflies. slope is high. Trenches of 50 cm width x 50 cm depth Extreme care should now be focussed on the early and convenient length are to be made in between diagnosis of coreid bug incidence as this pest causes two rows of coconut palms. These trenches are to be a greater damage on the nut yield potential in filled with coconut husk. Coconut husks need to be different parts of the country more specifically in filled in layers with the bottom layers facing up and Southern Kerala. In areas where rugose spiralling top layer facing down. A bund of 20 cm height and whitefly was not reported so far, this pest could suitable width (>50 cm) is made at the downstream emerge as well for which greater emphasis is laid on using the excavated soil. Two layers of pineapple biological control. Greater emergence of the killer plants are to be planted on the bund with a spacing disease, bud rot is more visible in this part of the of 20 cm x 20 cm. Pineapple plants would stabilize year for which adequate prophylactic measures need the bund and provide additional income to the to be undertaken to tackle this problem. Weakening farmer. The runoff water from the upper side would monsoon showers as well as weather dynamics be collected in the trenches. Soil particles would also favoured a major shift in the pest and disease kinetics get deposited in the trench along with the runoff invading coconut, and therefore warrants systematic water. Coconut husk retains the moisture and makes monitoring and timely prophylactic measures. it available for plants during summer months. Pests Half-moon bund around coconut basin XX Rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros) reinforced with pineapple Being a ubiquitous pest, the incidence of rhinoceros beetle is quite common during all periods. However its damage is well pronounced during monsoon phase when seedlings are also planted. In seedlings just planted, the spear leaf gets damaged and distorted by beetle damage. Juvenile palms are also prone to pest attack and sometimes appearing as elephant tusk-like symptoms. Damaged juvenile palms are stunted and get delayed in flowering. Of late incidence of nut boring symptoms are also noticed. Moreover, the attack by rhinoceros beetle would invariable incite egg laying by red palm weevil as well as entry of bud rot pathogen during this This measure is to be taken up where there is mild period. slope (15-20%). Here a flat basin with a slight inward Management slope towards upstream is made by excavating soil from the upstream side and filling the excavated soil n Prophylactic treatment of top most three leaf axils

Indian Coconut Journal 31 May, June, July 2021 C Cultivation Practices

Life stages of the pest Nut damage Elephant-tusk like symptom Metarhizium packets

with either botanical cake [Neem cake /marotti cake symptom diagnosis is very crucial in the identification / pungam cake (250 g)] admixed with equal volume of pest damage. Grubs initially feed on organic of sand or placement of 12 g naphthalene balls materials, roots of grasses and intercrops before covered with sand. feeding on the palm roots. Adults emerge from the n Routine palm scrutiny during morning hours along soil during the month of June. The pest is very severe with brushing of teeth and hooking out the beetle in certain sandy belts of Kasaragod, Kerala and parts from the infested site reduces the floating pest of Karnataka. population. This strategy could reduce the pest Management population significantly. n Repeated summer ploughing to expose the n Shielding the spear leaf area of juvenile palms immature stages of predation with fish net could effectively entangle alighting n Handpicking of adult beetles during evening of two rhinoceros beetles and placement of perforated weeks commencing from the onset of monsoon. sachets containing 3 g chlorantraniliprole /fipronil on top most three leaf axils evade pest incursion. n Application of neem cake in the palms basin @ 5 kg /palm for regeneration of roots. n Dairy farmers could treat the manure pits with green muscardine fungus, Metarhiziuman isopliae @ n Soil application of aqua suspension 5 x 1011 /m3 to induce epizootics on the developing of entomopathogenic nematode, grubs of rhinoceros beetle. Area-wise farmer- Steinernemacarpocapsae @ 1.5 billion/ha and need participatory approach in technology adoption could based repeated application reduce the pest incidence very effectively and forms Rugose Spiralling Whitefly (Aleurodicus an eco-friendly approach in pest suppression. rugioperculatus) n Incorporation of the weed plant, Clerodendron infortunatumin to the breeding pits caused This period could also witness the establishment hormonal irregularities resulting in morphogenetic of the invasive rugose spiralling whitefly transformational aberration in the immature stages (Aleurodicusrugioperculatus) in new areas as well as of the pest. re-emergence in already reported areas. Presence of whitefly colonies on the lower surface of palm n Crop diversity induced by intercropping and leaflets and appearance of black coloured sooty ecological engineering principles would disorient mould deposits on the upper surface of palm leaflets pests and provide continuous income and are characteristic visual symptoms of pest attack. In employment as well. severe cases, advancement in senescence and drying White grub, Leucopholis coneophora of old leaflets was observed. Leaflets, petioles and nuts were also attacked by the whitefly pest and a This subterranean pest feeds on the roots of wide array of host plants including banana, bird of coconut and cause yellowing of leaves, premature paradise, Heliconia sp. were also reported. nut fall, delayed flowering, retardation of growth and reduction in yield. Since grubs are hidden in soil, Management n In juvenile palms, spraying of water with jet speed could dislodge the whitefly and reduce the feeding as well as breeding potential of the pest. n Ensure good nutrition and adequate watering to improve the health of juvenile and adult palms

32 Indian Coconut Journal C May, June, July 2021 Cultivation Practices

Rugose spiralling whitefly Parasitized pupae

Encarsiaguadeloupae Sooty mould scavenger beetle

n No insecticide should be used as this causes and these spindle-shaped depressions could be resurgence of the pest and complete destruction of the visible when the perianth of shed button is removed. natural aphelinid parasitoid, Encarsiaguadeloupae. A Female flowers are attacked prior to pollination and pesticide holiday approach is advocated for the build such flowers get dried and can be seen attached to up of the parasitoid. inflorescence on the crown resulting in production n Installation of yellow sticky traps and conservatory of barren buttons. Most of the infested buttons and biological control using E. guadeloupae could reduce tender nuts shed down. Retained nuts on the bunch the pest incidence by 70% and enhance parasitism develop furrows and crinkles on their husks and are by 80%. malformed. In many cases gummosis can be seen on such n Habitat preservation of the sooty mould scavenger beetle, Leiochrinusnilgirianus could eat away all the Management sooty moulds deposited on palm leaflets and cleanse n Crown cleaning to destroy eggs and immature them reviving the photosynthetic efficiency of palms. stages of the pest n A close scrutiny should be made for the presence of n Spraying of azadirachtin 300 ppm (Nimbecidene) @ other whiteflies including the nesting whiteflies on 0.0004% (13 ml / l) reduced the pest incidence at the coconut system. highest level. Two rounds of azadirachtin spray on young coconut bunches 1-5 months old during May- Coreid Bug, Paradasynus rostratus June and September-October are quite essential for Nymphs and adults puncture the meristematic satisfactory control of the pest in the field regions of tender buttons (1-3 months old) injecting n Among the natural enemies, the weaver ant, toxin around the feeding site causing necrosis. Oecophyllasmaragdinais found to be the most Feeding punctures develop into necrotic lesions efficient predator of coreid bug in the field.

Indian Coconut Journal 33 May, June, July 2021 C Cultivation Practices

n Two egg parasitoids, namely Chrysochalcissaoviceps and Gryonhomeoceri, were identified as potential egg parasitoids. Forty per cent parasitism was observed in the egg mass collected from the field due to these parasitoids. n Spraying cholrantraniliprole 0.3 ml/litre or lambda cyhalothrin @ 1.0 ml/litre on the pollinated bunches was found effective. Disease Bud rot or immature nut fall (Phytophthora palmivora) In certain humid locations bud rot occurred regularly killing hundreds of trees. In India, bud rot incidence is recorded as less than one per cent. Pathogen attacks the bud region leading to rotting of bud and death of palms. The first visible symptom is withering of the spindle marked by pale colour. The spear leaf or spindle turns brown and bends down. period to assess the health of the palm especially the The affected spear leaf can easily be pulled out as spear leaf zone. the basal portion of the spindle is completely rotten emitting a foul smell. Temperature range of 20- 24ºC Management and relative humidity of 98% - 100% were found n Regular cleaning of the crown and prophylactic optimum for the development of the bud rot disease. spraying of Bordeaux mixture (1%) to the crown Contiguous occurrence of such “favourable days” just before the onset of monsoon and one more during rainy seasons determines the development spray after 35-40 days help in reducing the bud rot of the disease and the intensity of infection. As incidence. For the newly planted seedlings also Phytophthora diseases are known to be extremely prophylactic spraying of Bordeaux mixture (1%) can fatal, a close scrutiny is mandatory during monsoon be given to avoid infection. In localities where heavy wind is experienced and leaves of coconut palms got damaged, spraying of Bordeaux mixture (1%) is essential to prevent infection by Phytophthora. n Field sanitation and provide proper drainage during rainy season. n Placement of two Trichoderma (Trichoderma harzianum CPTD28 isolate) enriched coir pith cakes in the inner most leaf axils just before the onset of monsoon and again after every two months as prophylactic measure. n In disease affected palms, remove the entire rotten portion of the spindle by cutting with a sharp knife and apply 10% Bordeaux paste to the wound and cover with polythene sheet to prevent entry of rain water. The protective covering has to be retained till normal shoot emerges. As envisaged, timely monitoring and prophylactic measures are very critical to safeguard palm health and provide optimum nut yield. Protection is therefore the key strategy to boost up productivity and double farmer’s income. g

34 Indian Coconut Journal C May, June, July 2021 Market Review Market Review – April 2021 Domestic Price Coconut Oil Kozhikode market. During the month of April 2021 the price of During the Second week of the month the price coconut oil opened at Rs. 20900 per quintal at Kochi of milling copra at Kangayam market opened at Rs. and Rs. 20950 per quintal at Alappuzha market and 12200 per quintal and expressed a downward trend Rs. 21800 per quintal at Kozhikode market. The price and closed at Rs.10800 per quintal. of coconut oil at Kochi, Alappuzha and Kozhikode market expressed a downward trend during the Weekly price of Milling Copra at major markets (Rs/Quintal) Kochi Alappuzha Kan- month. Kozhikode gayam The price of coconut oil closed at Rs. 18650 (Rasi Copra) per quintal at Kochi and Rs. 18300 per quintal at 01.04.2021 13750 13650 13600 NR Alappuzha market and Rs. 20400 per quintal at 03.04.2021 13750 13650 13600 NR Kozhikode market with a net loss of Rs. 2250 for 10.04.2021 13300 13300 13300 12200 quintal at Kochi and Rs. 2650 per quintal at Alappuzha and Rs.1400 per quintal at Kozhikode market. 17.04.2021 13050 13050 13100 12000 No report was received from Kangayam market 23.04.2021 13100 13100 13200 12000 during the first week of the month. 30.04.2021 12350 12100 12400 10800 During the Second week of the month the price Edible copra of coconut oil at Kangayam market reported was Rs. During the month under report the price of Rajpur 18533 per quintal and closed at Rs. 17067 per quintal copra at Kozhikode market opened at Rs. 16600 and with a net loss of Rs. 1466 per quintal. closed at Rs.18800 per quintal with a net gain of Weekly price of coconut oil at major markets Rs/Quintal) Rs.2200 per quintal. Kochi Alappuzha Kozhikode Kangayam Weekly price of edible copra at Kozhikode market (Rs/Quintal) 01.04.2021 20900 20950 21800 NR 01.04.2021 16600 03.04.2021 20900 20900 21800 NR 03.04.2021 16600 10.04.2021 20150 20350 21700 18533 10.04.2021 17100 17.04.2021 17800 17.04.2021 19800 19800 21300 18400 23.04.2021 18700 23.04.2021 19800 19950 21300 18400 30.04.2021 18800 30.04.2021 18650 18300 20400 17067 Ball copra The price of ball copra at Tiptur market opened at Rs. Milling copra 14500 per quintal and closed at Rs.15700 per quintal During the month, the price of milling copra with a net gain of Rs.1200 per quintal. opened at Rs.13750 per quintal at Kochi and Weekly price of Ball copra at major markets in Karnataka Rs.13650 per quintal at Alappuzha market and Rs. 13600 per quintal at Kozhikode market. (Rs/Quintal) The prices of milling copra closed at Rs. 12350 01.04.2021 14500 per quintal at Kochi and Rs. 12100 per quintal at 03.04.2021 15000 Alappuzha market and Rs. 12400 per quintal at 10.04.2021 15500 Kozhikode market with a net loss of Rs.1400 at Kochi 17.04.2021 15800 and Rs.1550 at Alappuzha and Rs.1200 per quintal at 23.04.2021 15900

*NR-Not reported 30.04.2021 15700

Indian Coconut Journal 35 May, June, July 2021 C Market Review

Dry coconut Weekly price of dehusked coconut with water At Kozhikode market, the price of dry coconut Date Domestic Price (US$/MT) opened at Rs.11050 and closed at Rs.10350 per quintal with a net loss of Rs.700 per quintal. Philippines Indonesia Srilanka India* Weekly price of Dry Coconut at Kozhikode market 03.04.2021 250 226 NR NR (Rs/Quintal) 10.04.2021 251 226 NR 472 01.04.2021 11050 17.04.2021 263 226 NR 445 03.04.2021 11050 24.04.2021 261 207 NR 445 10.04.2021 11050 *Pollachi market 17.04.2021 10350 23.04.2021 10350 Coconut Oil 30.04.2021 10350 International price as well as domestic price of coconut oil in other countries expressed an upward Coconut trend during the month. However domestic price of At Nedumangad market in Kerala, the price India expressed a downward trend during the month. of coconut opened at Rs. 20000 and closed at The price of coconut oil quoted at different Rs. 18000 per thousand nuts with a net loss of international/ domestic markets are given below. Rs. 2000 per thousand nuts during the month. Weekly price of coconut oil in major coconut oil producing countries During the Second week of the month the price International of Pollachi market was opened at Rs.16000 per Domestic Price(US$/MT) thousand nuts and closed at Rs. 13000 per thousand Price(US$/MT) nuts with a net loss of Rs. 3000 per thousand nuts. Philippines/ Philip- Indo- Sri Indonesia (CIF India* At Bangalore market in Karnataka, the pines nesia lanka price of coconut opened and closed at Rs. Europe) 22500 per thousand nuts during the month. 03.04.2021 1460 NR 1322 2997 2582 Weekly price of coconut at major markets 10.04.2021 1502 NR 1374 3377 2501 (Rs /1000 coconuts) 17.04.2021 1528 NR 1302 3214 2483 Nedumangad Pollachi Man- Banglore glore 24.04.2021 1681 NR 1446 3418 2474 01.04.2021 20000 NR 22500 22500 * Kangayam 03.04.2021 20000 NR 22500 NR 10.04.2021 19000 16000 NR NR Copra 17.04.2021 19000 15000 NR 27500 The price of copra at Philippines, Srilanka and 23.04.2021 19000 15000 22500 NR Indonesia expressed an upward trend during the month, whereas prices in India expressed a downward 30.04.2021 18000 13000 22500 25000 trend during the month. The price of copra quoted at different domestic markets in Philippines, Indonesia, International price and India are given below. Coconut Weekly International price of copra in major copra producing countries The price of coconut quoted at different domestic Date Domestic Price (US$/MT) markets in Philippines, Indonesia, Srilanka and India India* Philippines Indonesia Srilanka are given below. * Kangayam 03.04.2021 918 826 1567 1700 10.04.2021 903 852 1763 1647 17.04.2021 911 846 1697 1620 24.04.2021 932 895 1924 1620

36 Indian Coconut Journal C May, June, July 2021 Market Review Market Review – May 2021 Domestic Price

Coconut Oil Kangayam market opened at Rs. 10800 per quintal During the month of May 2021 the price of and expressed a downward trend and closed at coconut oil opened at Rs. 18650 per quintal at Kochi Rs.10600 per quintal. and Alappuzha market and Rs. 20100 per quintal at Weekly price of Milling Copra at major markets (Rs/Quintal) Kozhikode market. The price of coconut oil at Kochi, Kochi Alappuzha Kan- Alappuzha and Kozhikode market expressed a slight Kozhikode gayam downward trend till third week of the month and (Rasi Copra) there after registered improvement. 03.05.2021 12350 12250 12400 10800 The price of coconut oil closed at Rs. 18400 per 08.05.2021 11800 11800 11300 9800 quintal at Kochi and Alappuzha market and Rs. 20200 15.05.2021 11850 11800 11400 10500 per quintal at Kozhikode market with a net loss of Rs. 250 per quintal at Kochi and Alappuzha market and 22.05.2021 11850 11650 11600 10550 with a net gain of Rs.100 per quintal at Kozhikode 29.05.2021 12050 11850 12200 10800 market. 31.05.2021 12050 11850 12300 10600 At Kangayam market the price of coconut oil Edible copra opened at Rs. 17200 per quintal and closed at Rs. During the month under report the price of Rajpur 16467 per quintal with a net loss of Rs. 733 per copra at Kozhikode market opened at Rs. 18800 and quintal. closed at Rs.20000 per quintal with a net gain of Weekly price of coconut oil at major markets Rs/Quintal) Rs.1200 per quintal. Kochi Alappuzha Kozhikode Kangayam Weekly price of edible copra at Kozhikode market (Rs/Quintal) 03.05.2021 18650 18650 20100 17200 03.05.2021 18800 08.05.2021 18100 18250 19700 15667 08.05.2021 19000 15.05.2021 18200 18200 19700 16867 15.05.2021 19000 22.05.2021 20000 22.05.2021 18200 18100 19500 16333 29.05.2021 20000 29.05.2021 18400 18400 20200 16667 31.05.2021 20000 31.05.2021 18400 18400 20200 16467

Ball copra Milling copra The price of ball copra at Tiptur market opened at Rs. During the month, the price of milling copra 15500 per quintal and closed at Rs.16300 per quintal opened at Rs.12350 per quintal at Kochi and with a net gain of Rs.800 per quintal. Rs.12250 per quintal at Alappuzha market and Rs. 12400 per quintal at Kozhikode market. Weekly price of Ball copra at major markets in Karnataka The prices of milling copra closed at Rs. 12050 (Rs/Quintal) per quintal at Kochi and Rs. 11850 per quintal at 03.05.2021 15500 Alappuzha market and Rs. 12300 per quintal at 08.05.2021 15500 Kozhikode market with a net loss of Rs.300 at Kochi 15.05.2021 15600 and Rs.400 at Alappuzha and Rs.100 per quintal at Kozhikode market. 22.05.2021 16000 During the month the price of milling copra at 29.05.2021 16500 31.05.2021 16300 *NR-Not reported

Indian Coconut Journal 37 May, June, July 2021 C Market Review

Dry coconut Weekly price of dehusked coconut with water At Kozhikode market, the price of dry coconut Date Domestic Price (US$/MT) opened and closed at Rs.10350 per quintal Philippines Indonesia Srilanka India* Weekly price of Dry Coconut at Kozhikode market 01.05.2021 260 194 NR 400 (Rs/Quintal) 08.05.2021 258 217 NR 366 03.05.2021 10350 15.05.2021 261 211 315 NR 08.05.2021 10350 22.05.2021 259 219 315 NR 15.05.2021 10350 29.05.2021 228 217 317 414 22.05.2021 10350 *Pollachi market 29.05.2021 10350 Coconut Oil 31.05.2021 10350 International price as well as domestic price of coconut oil in other countries expressed a downward Coconut trend during the month. However domestic At Nedumangad market in Kerala, the price price of Srilanka expressed an upward trend and of coconut opened and closed at a constant rate. India expressed a mixed trend during the month. During the first week of the month the price The price of coconut oil quoted at different of Pollachi market was opened at Rs.13000 per international/ domestic markets are given below. thousand nuts and no report was received from Weekly price of coconut oil in major coconut oil producing countries pollachi market during the remaining weeks. International Domestic Price(US$/MT) At Bangalore market in Karnataka, the price of Price(US$/MT) coconut opened and closed at the same price during Philippines/ Philip- Indo- Sri Indonesia (CIF India* the month, which was at Rs.22500 per thousand nuts. pines nesia lanka Europe) Weekly price of coconut at major markets (Rs /1000 coconuts) 01.05.2021 1665 NR 1588 3639 2375 08.05.2021 1651 NR 1545 3634 2064 Nedumangad Pollachi Banglore 15.05.2021 1711 NR 1546 3684 2330 03.05.2021 18000 13000 22500 22.05.2021 1703 NR 1454 3681 2256 08.05.2021 18000 12000 NR 29.05.2021 1690 NR 1455 3784 2302 15.05.2021 18000 NR NR * Kangayam 22.05.2021 18000 NR 27500 Copra 29.05.2021 18000 NR NR The price of copra at Philippines and Srilanka expressed an upward trend during the month. Price 31.05.2021 18000 NR 25000 in Indonesia expressed a downward trend and India expressed a mixed trend during the month. The price International price of copra quoted at different domestic markets in Philippines, Indonesia, and India are given below. Weekly International price of copra in major copra producing countries Date Domestic Price (US$/MT) India* Philippines Indonesia Srilanka * Kangayam 01.05.2021 936 908 1907 1491 08.05.2021 940 932 1980 1354 Coconut 15.05.2021 964 948 2030 1464 The price of coconut quoted at different domestic 22.05.2021 983 898 2028 1457 markets in Philippines, Indonesia, Srilanka and India are given below. 29.05.2021 979 895 2155 1491

38 Indian Coconut Journal C May, June, July 2021 Market Review Market Review – June 2021 Domestic Price

Coconut Oil Kangayam market opened at Rs. 10500 per quintal During the month of June 2021 the price of and expressed a downward trend and closed at coconut oil opened at Rs. 18300 per quintal at Kochi Rs.10350 per quintal. and Rs. 18400 per quintal at Alappuzha market and Weekly price of Milling Copra at major markets (Rs/Quintal) Rs. 20200 per quintal at Kozhikode market. The price Kochi Alappuzha Kan- of coconut oil at Kochi, Alappuzha and Kozhikode Kozhikode gayam market expressed a downward trend during the (Rasi Copra) month. 01.06.2021 11950 11850 12000 10500 The price of coconut oil closed at Rs. 17900 05.06.2021 11850 11800 11600 10700 per quintal at Kochi and Rs. 17900 per quintal at 12.06.2021 11850 11800 11500 10500 Alappuzha market and Rs. 18400 per quintal at Kozhikode market with a net loss of Rs. 400 per 19.06.2021 11750 11650 11350 10600 quintal at Kochi and Rs. 500 per quintal at Alappuzha 26.06.2021 11300 11350 11100 10300 and Rs.1400 per quintal at Kozhikode market. 30.06.2021 11200 11350 11100 10350 During the month, the price of coconut oil at Edible copra Kangayam market opened at Rs. 16133 per quintal During the month under report the price of Rajpur and closed at Rs. 15467 per quintal with a net loss of copra at Kozhikode market opened at Rs. 20000 and Rs. 666 per quintal. closed at Rs. 17100 per quintal with a net loss of Weekly price of coconut oil at major markets Rs/Quintal) Rs.2900 per quintal. Kochi Alappuzha Kozhikode Kangayam Weekly price of edible copra at Kozhikode market (Rs/Quintal) 01.06.2021 18300 18400 20200 16133 01.06.2021 20000 05.06.2021 18300 18300 20000 16267 05.06.2021 19000 12.06.2021 18300 18300 18900 16000 12.06.2021 18500 19.06.2021 17500 19.06.2021 18200 18200 18700 16000 26.06.2021 16800 26.06.2021 17900 17900 18400 15400 30.06.2021 17100 30.06.2021 17900 17900 18400 15467 Ball copra The price of ball copra at Tiptur market opened Milling copra at Rs. 16400 per quintal and no report was received During the month, the price of milling copra from Tiptur market during the last week. opened at Rs.11950 per quintal at Kochi and Weekly price of Ball copra at major markets in Karnataka Rs.11850 per quintal at Alappuzha market and Rs. 12000 per quintal at Kozhikode market. (Rs/Quintal) The prices of milling copra closed at Rs. 11200 01.06.2021 16400 per quintal at Kochi and Rs. 11350 per quintal at 05.06.2021 16000 Alappuzha market and Rs. 11100 per quintal at 12.06.2021 15300 Kozhikode market with a net loss of Rs.750 at Kochi 19.06.2021 15900 and Rs.500 at Alappuzha and Rs.900 per quintal at Kozhikode market. 26.06.2021 NR During the month the price of milling copra at 30.06.2021 NR

*NR-Not reported

Indian Coconut Journal 39 May, June, July 2021 C Market Review

Dry coconut Weekly price of dehusked coconut with water At Kozhikode market, the price of dry coconut Date Domestic Price (US$/MT) opened at Rs.10350 and closed at Rs.15250 per Philippines Indonesia Srilanka India* quintal with a net gain of Rs.4900 per quintal. 05.06.2021 228 217 314 NR Weekly price of Dry Coconut at Kozhikode market 12.06.2021 228 204 302 NR (Rs/Quintal) 19.06.2021 221 201 NR NR 01.06.2021 10350 26.06.2021 NR 206 NR 370 05.06.2021 10350 *Pollachi market 12.06.2021 10350 Coconut Oil 19.06.2021 10350 International price as well as domestic price of 26.06.2021 16000 coconut oil in other countries expressed a downward 30.06.2021 15250 trend during the month. The price of coconut oil quoted at different international/ domestic markets Coconut are given below. At Nedumangad market in Kerala, the price Weekly price of coconut oil in major coconut oil producing countries of coconut opened at Rs. 18000 and closed at International Domestic Price(US$/MT) Rs. 16000 per thousand nuts with a net loss of Price(US$/MT) Rs. 2000 per thousand nuts during the month. Philippines/ Philip- Indo- Sri Indonesia (CIF India* Price was not reported from Pollachi market pines nesia lanka during the first three weeks of the month. Europe) During the last week of the month the price of 05.06.2021 1680 NR 1481 3706 2189 Pollachi market was Rs.12000 per thousand nuts. 12.06.2021 1712 NR 1516 3579 2153 At Bangalore market in Karnataka, the 19.06.2021 1564 NR 1450 NR 2153 price of coconut opened at Rs. 22500 per 26.06.2021 NR NR 1464 NR 2072 thousand nuts sand closed at Rs. 27500 * Kangayam per thousand nuts during the month. Weekly price of coconut at major markets (Rs /1000 coconuts) Nedumangad Pollachi Banglore

01.06.2021 18000 NR 22500 05.06.2021 18000 NR 22500 Copra 12.06.2021 18000 NR 22500 The price of copra at Philippines, Srilanka, India 19.06.2021 17000 NR 22500 and Indonesia expressed a downward trend during 26.06.2021 17000 12000 22500 the month. The price of copra quoted at different 30.06.2021 16000 12000 27500 domestic markets in Philippines, Indonesia, and India are given below. International price Weekly International price of copra in major copra producing countries Coconut Date Domestic Price (US$/MT) India* The price of coconut quoted at different domestic Philippines Indonesia Srilanka markets in Philippines, Indonesia, Srilanka and India * Kangayam are given below. 05.06.2021 984 908 2103 1440 12.06.2021 990 940 2103 1413 19.06.2021 963 910 NR 1427

26.06.2021 NR 907 NR 1386

40 Indian Coconut Journal C May, June, July 2021 Coconut Development Board Shri. Rajbir Singh IFS Government of India, Chairman : 0484-2375216 Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer’s Welfare P.B. No.1012, Kera Bhavan, SRV Road, Shri. Rajeev Bhushan Prasad Kochi – 682 011, Kerala, India. Chief Coconut Development Officer (i/c) : 0484-2375999 Email : [email protected], [email protected], Website: http://www.coconutboard.gov.in Office:0484-2376265, 2377267, Shri. R. Madhu PABX : 2377266, 2376553, Fax:91 484-2377902 Secretary : 0484-2377737 Regional Offices KARNATAKA ASSAM TAMILNADU BIHAR Director, Regional Office, Coconut Director, Regional Office, Director, Director, Development Board, Hulimavu, Ban- Coconut Development Board, Regional Office, Coconut Regional Office, nerghatta Road (Beside Horticulture Housefed Complex (Sixth Floor), Development Board. No. 47, F1, Phulwari Road, Jagdev path, Phul- Farm, Govt. of Karnataka), Wireless Basistha Road, Last Gate, Dr. Ramasami Salai wari Road, Patna - 800 014, Bihar Bangalore South Taluk, Bangalore Dispur, Guwahati - 781 006. Assam. K.K.Nagar, Chennai - 600 078 Phone: 0612-29720200 - 560 076 Karnataka. Ph: (080) Ph: (0361) 2220632 Ph: 044-23662684, 23663685 Email- [email protected]. 26593750, 26593743 Fax: 080- Fax: (0361) 2229794 E-mail: ro-chennai@coconutboard. in, [email protected] 26594768 E-mail: ro-bnglr@ E-mail: ro-guwahati@coconutboard. gov.in, [email protected] coconutboard.gov.in, cdbroblr@ gov.in, [email protected] gmail.com. State Centres

ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS ANDHRA PRADESH MAHARASHTRA Dy. Director, State Centre, Coconut Development Dy. Director, State Centre, Coconut Development Dy. Director, State Centre, Board, House MB No.54, Gurudwara Lane, Near Board, D.No.4-123, Rajula Bazar Ramavarappadu Coconut Development Board,Flat No. 203, Head Post Office, Opp. BSNL Quarters, Port PO, New Zilla Parishad High School, 2nd Floor, Eucalyptus Building, Ghodbundar, Blair - 744 101, South Andaman. Ph: (03192) Vijayawada - 521108, Krishna District, Andhra Thane West - 400 610. Maharashtra. 233918 E-mail: [email protected]. Pradesh Telefax: 0866 2972723 Ph: 022-65100106 in, cdban@rediffmail.com E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] [email protected] ODISHA WEST BENGAL Dy. Director, State Centre, Coconut Development Board, Pitapally, Dy. Director, State Centre, Coconut Development Board, Kumarbasta PO, District Khurda - 752 055 Odisha. DA-94 - Sector - I, Salt Lake City, Kolkata - 700 064. Ph: (06755) 211505, 212505 E-mail: [email protected], West Bengal, Ph: (033) 23599674 Fax: (033) 23599674 [email protected] E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Market Development cum CDB Institute of Technology (CIT), Field Office Thiruvananthapuram Information Centre Technology Development Centre and Coconut Development Board, Agricultural Urban Asst. Director, Market Development cum Quality Testing Laboratory, Wholesale Market (World Market), Information Centre, Dy. Director, Technology Development Anayara PO, Thiruvananthapuram. Coconut Development Board, 120, Centre, Quality Testing Laboratory and CIT, Coconut Pin 695 029 Kerala Ph: 0471 2741006 Hargobind Enclave, New Delhi - 110 092. Development Board, Keenpuram, South Vazhakkulam, E-mail: [email protected], Ph: (011) 22377805 Fax: (011) 22377806 Aluva, Ernakulam District. Pin - 683 105. [email protected] E-mail:[email protected], Kerala Ph: (0484) 2679680 cdbmdic@gmail .com Email: [email protected], [email protected] Demonstration-cum-Seed Production (DSP) Farms ANDHRA PRADESH, Asst. Director, DSP Farm, Coconut Development Board, Vegivada (Village) P.O, Tadikalapudi (Via), W. Godavari (Dist.) Andhra Pradesh - 534 452. Ph: (08812) 212359, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] ASSAM- Farm Manager, DSP Farm, Coconut Development Board, Abhayapuri, Bongaigoan, Assam - 783 384. Ph: 9957694242 Email: [email protected], [email protected] KARNATAKA - Farm Manager, DSP Farm, Coconut Development Board, Loksara P.O., Mandya District, Karnataka - 571 478 Ph: 08232 298015 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] KERALA - Asst. Director, DSP Farm, Coconut Development Board, Neriamangalam, Kerala Pin-686 693. Ph: (0485) 2554240 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] ODISHA - Farm Manager, DSP Farm, Coconut Development Board, At Pitapally, Post Kumarbasta,District Khurda - 752 055, Odisha. Ph:8280067723, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] BIHAR - Farm Manager, DSP Farm, Coconut Development Board, P.O. Singheshwar - 852 128, Madhepura District, Bihar. Ph: (06476) 283015 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] CHATTISGARH - Asst. Director, DSP Farm, Coconut Development Board, Kondagaon - 494 226, Bastar District, Chhattisgarh. Ph: (07786) 242443 Fax: (07786) 242443 E-mail: [email protected], cdbkgn1987@ gmail.com

MAHARASHTRA - Farm Manager DSP Farm, Coconut Development Board, Dapoli Village, Satpati PO, Palghar District, Pin - 401405, Maharashtra. Ph: (02525) 256090 Mob:07767948448 & 7776940774 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

TAMIL NADU - Farm Manager DSP Farm, Coconut Development Board, Dhali, Thirumoorthy Nagar PO, Udumalpet, Tamil Nadu 642 112 Ph: (04252) 265430 Email: [email protected], [email protected]

TRIPURA - Farm Manager, DSP Farm, Coconut Development Board, Hichachera, Sakbari PO, Via: Jolaibari, Sabroom, SouthTripura, Tripura Pin:799141 Ph: 03823263059 Email: [email protected], [email protected] WEST BENGAL -Farm Manager, DSP Farm, Coconut Development Board, Fulia,1st Floor, Near SBI Bank, Fulia Branch, NH-34, PO Belemath, Fulia, Nadia, West Bengal, 741402. Phone: 03473-234002, E-mail- [email protected], [email protected] May, June, July 2021 Registered No.KL/EKM/721/2021-23 INDIAN COCONUT JOURNAL Vol. LXIV No.1 RNI No. 3032/1957 Date of Publication - 28/07/2021 Price: Rs.6

Printed and Published by Mini Mathew on behalf of Coconut Development Board, Printed at M/s KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi-30 and Published at Coconut Development Board, Govt. of India, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer’s Welfare, Kera Bhavan, Kochi-11, Editor: Deepthi Nair S