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Apparent Survival of Two Trans-Equatorial Migrant Seabirds Breeding in Canada

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APPARENT SURVIVAL OF TWO TRANS-EQUATORIAL MIGRANT SEABIRDS BREEDING IN CANADA by DANIELLE T. FIFE B. Sc. (Hons.) University of Guelph, 2010 Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (Biology) Acadia University Spring Convocation 2015 © by Danielle T. Fife, 2015 This thesis by Danielle T. Fife was defended successfully in an oral examination on 20 March 2015. The examining committee for the thesis was: ________________________ Dr. Nelson J. O’Driscoll, Chair ________________________ Dr. Karel A. Allard, External Reader ________________________ Dr. Mike J. W. Stokesbury, Internal Reader ________________________ Dr. Mark L. Mallory, Supervisor ________________________ Dr. Dave Shutler, Supervisor _________________________ Dr. Steve W. Mockford, Head of Department This thesis is accepted in its present form by the Division of Research and Graduate Studies as satisfying the thesis requirements for the degree Master of Science (Biology). ii I, Danielle T. Fife, grant permission to the University Librarian at Acadia University to reproduce, loan or distribute copies of my thesis in microform, paper or electronic formats on a non-profit basis. I, however, retain the copyright in my thesis. ______________________________ Author ______________________________ Supervisor ______________________________ Date iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ........................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................. vii List of Figures ................................................................................................................ ix Symbols and Abbreviations ........................................................................................... xi Abstract ........................................................................................................................ xiii Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................ xiv Chapter 1 – General Introduction ....................................................................................... 1 Seabirds and the marine environment ......................................................................... 1 Seabird life history traits ............................................................................................. 3 Monitoring seabird populations .................................................................................. 4 Study species: Leach’s Storm-Petrel and Sabine’s Gull .......................................... 10 Objectives ................................................................................................................. 12 Chapter 2 – Apparent survival of adult Leach’s Storm-Petrels (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) breeding on Bon Portage Island, Nova Scotia .................................................................. 15 Abstract ......................................................................................................................... 15 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 16 Methods ......................................................................................................................... 19 Study site ................................................................................................................... 19 Capture-mark-recapture of adults ............................................................................. 20 iv Survival analyses ...................................................................................................... 21 Model selection ......................................................................................................... 22 Goodness-of-fit ......................................................................................................... 23 Results ........................................................................................................................... 23 Survival analyses ...................................................................................................... 24 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 25 Effects of VHF tags on survival................................................................................ 27 Effects of gulls on survival ....................................................................................... 29 Other factors affecting survival ................................................................................ 31 Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 32 Chapter 3 – Anomalous climate conditions reduce survival of an Arctic trans-equatorial migrant seabird ............................................................................................................................... 40 Abstract ......................................................................................................................... 40 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 41 Methods ......................................................................................................................... 44 Study Site .................................................................................................................. 44 Capturing and Resighting Adults .............................................................................. 45 Survival Analyses ..................................................................................................... 46 Effect of Climate Variability on Survival ................................................................. 48 Goodness-of-fit ......................................................................................................... 49 v Results ........................................................................................................................... 50 Goodness-of-fit ......................................................................................................... 50 Apparent Survival on Nasaruvaalik Island ............................................................... 50 Combined Analysis and Effect of Climate variability .............................................. 51 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 52 Apparent Survival on Nasaruvaalik Island ............................................................... 52 Effect of Climate Variability on Survival ................................................................. 53 Survival and Breeding Biology of Sabine’s Gulls .................................................... 56 Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 59 Chapter 4 – General Discussion ........................................................................................ 71 Importance of survival analyses to conservation and management .......................... 71 Primary findings and future research ........................................................................ 73 Conservation and management actions ..................................................................... 75 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................. 77 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. Reduced m-array showing when and how many adult Leach’s Storm-Petrels were recaptured for the first time after initial release. Note ‘# released’ at a particular occasion (‘Year released’) includes storm-petrels newly banded and those that were previously banded and recaptured at that occasion. Storm-petrels separated into those nesting in plots with (‘gulls’; 10 plots) and without (‘no gulls’; 2 plots) breeding Herring Gulls and those with (‘VHF’) and without (‘no VHF’) VHF tags (sample size of storm-petrels at initial capture in parentheses). Numbers of storm-petrels from each group were pooled for the initial analysis.......................... 33 Table 2.2. Model selection results testing for influence of gull presence and VHF tags on apparent survival (ϕ) and encounter (p) probabilities of adult Leach’s Storm-Petrels on Bon Portage Island. Only models with QAICc weights ≥ 0.01 are included in this table. Note that two out of 12 plots had 3–4 pairs of nesting Herring Gulls. ......................................................... 35 Table 2.3. Apparent survival (ϕ) estimates for Leach's Storm-Petrels from other colonies, and for other tubenose species. Metrics of variability are given if reported in the literature. ............ 36 Table 3.1. Descriptions of climate indices used in this study: The principal-component-based North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), and Tropical/Northern Hemisphere pattern (TNH). .......................................................................................................... 61 Table 3.2. Pearson correlations of selected climate indices based on mean winter values from 1952–2014. Bolded values are significant (P < 0.05). ................................................................
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