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Rotifera of Various Aquatic Environments of Costa Rica in Reference to Central American Rotifer Fauna

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Rotifera of Various Aquatic Environments of Costa Rica in Reference to Central American Rotifer Fauna Turkish Journal of Zoology Turk J Zool (2020) 44: 238-247 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/ © TÜBİTAK Research Article doi:10.3906/zoo-2002-29 Rotifera of various aquatic environments of Costa Rica in reference to Central American rotifer fauna 1, 2 Natalia KUCZYŃSKA-KIPPEN *, Jolanta EJSMONT-KARABIN 1 Department of Water Protection, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland 2 Hydrobiological Station, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Mikołajki, Poland Received: 18.02.2020 Accepted/Published Online: 16.04.2020 Final Version: 18.05.2020 Abstract: Detailed surveys on rarely examined aquatic ecosystems often lead to the discovery of new species of high conservation value. This study directed towards the recognition of a variety of aquatic environments in Costa Rica (40 habitats, including lakes, wetlands, and small aquatic systems, e.g., ponds, ditches, puddles, tree holes, and bromeliads) established the presence of 105 species of Monogononta representing 33 genera. In total, 91 species and 19 genera were found to be new for Costa Rica, including 29 species recorded for the first time in Central America (e.g., Ascomorpha klementi, Beauchampia crucigera, Brachionus mirabilis, Cephalodella panarista, Filinia saltator, Horaella brehmi, Lecane amazonica, Lecane pawlowskii, Lepadella lindaui, and Mytilina acanthophora). The application of 2 estimates of total species richness allowed us predict that 70 new rotifer species may potentially be found in Costa Rica. Thus, we assume that only about 60% of the potential Costa Rican rotifer diversity was ascertained in our study. The most diverse genus was Lecane with 36 species. Among the most frequent rotifers there were some lecanid species, e.g., Lecane bulla, Lecane hamata, Lecane closterocerca and Lecane leontina, and also Colurella obtusa, Plationus patulus, Anuraeopsis fissa, and Platyias quadricornis. Key words: Rotifera, taxonomy, distribution, Costa Rica, Central America, new records 1. Introduction Studies on marine environments prevail in Costa Rica The examination of a great range of various aquatic (Suárez-Morales and Gasca, 1989; Morales and Vargas, environments will guarantee a discovery of differentiated 1995; Brugnoli-Olivera et al. 2004; Morales-Ramírez et al., communities of organisms, including new species for 2014; Décima et al., 2016), while our knowledge of inland regional, national or even continental diversity, which in waters is based on only very few studies. Some data exist turn may contribute to the importance of the conservation on phytoplankton (Haberyan et al., 1995; Umaña, 2001; value of a region (Segers, 2007; Sa-ardrit et al., 2013). Umaña-Villalobos, 2010; Landry et al., 2016). However, For Central America, fragmentary data exist, for flora information on animal plankton is still very scarce (Karremans and Bogarín, 2013; Ortiz and Croat, 2017) (Dumont, 1994; Morales-Ramírez et al., 2014). Most or fauna, both invertebrates (Pilato and Kaczmarek, 2007; studies, such as those performed by Haberyan et al. (1995), Kaczmarek et al., 2011; Kaczmarek and Roszkowska, 2016) who examined zooplankton in 17 lakes in Costa Rica, or and vertebrates (Savage and Lips, 1993; Ryan et al., 2015; by Morales-Ramírez et al. (2014) have concentrated on Woodman and Timm, 2017). Despite the availability of cladocerans and copepods. That is why there is not much some taxonomical information on the zooplankton fauna data on the smallest fraction of zooplankton- rotifers. of Central America (Collado et., 1984; Garcia-Morales and Collado et al. (1984) listed only 33 species in the results Elias-Gutierrez, 2007), its recognition still requires greater of their short-term expedition to Central America. The attention, particularly that takes into account various types recognition of rotifers in the inland waters of Costa Rica is of water bodies, including larger aquatic systems like lakes, even more restricted. field ditches or ponds, smaller habitats like tree holes or Rotifers are a group of highly diverse metazoans bromelain pools or even temporary ponds e.g., puddles. with over 2000 species known worldwide. The annotated That is why this study was directed towards the recognition checklists of Rotifera, given by Segers (2007) and Jersabek of a variety of aquatic environments in Costa Rica in order and Leitner (2013), present almost 1600 valid Monogononta to provide a full picture of the existing diversity of rotifers. species and 460 of Bdelloidea. Their success is related * Correspondence: [email protected] 238 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. KUCZYŃSKA-KIPPEN and EJSMONT-KARABIN / Turk J Zool to several factors. They frequently build more diverse a percentage, referring to the number of times a certain communities compared to crustaceans in freshwater and species occurred in all examined water bodies, was they may also dominate in densities over other groups of calculated. zooplankton, e.g., cladocerans and copepods (Chick et al., Moreover, 2 estimates of total species richness – 2010; Celewicz-Gołdyn and Kuczyńska-Kippen, 2017). the bias-corrected Chao2 and Jackknife2 (Chao 1984; Rotifers are known as opportunistic or colonising pioneer Colwell and Coddington, 1994; Dumont & Segers, 1996; organisms, characterized by short life cycles and rapid Muirhead et al., 2006), which calculate the estimated true reproduction. Their success also derives from their great species diversity of a sample were also applied in order to ability to adapt to various, often harsh, environments such discover the closest possible amount of species that could as hot springs or cold and glacial habitats (King, 1972; Ricci, be identified from Costa Rican water bodies. These are 1987; Lubzens et al., 1995; Miracle et al., 1995; Fontaneto computed as follows: et al., 2015; Zawierucha et al., 2018a, 2018b). They can also often be encountered among mosses (Kuczyńska-Kippen, 2008; Bielańska-Grajner et al., 2011; Bielańska-Grajner et where: al., 2017) or even in moist places such as soil or on the bark SChao2 = Chao2 estimator of total species richness; of trees (Devetter, 2007; Robeson et al., 2011; Ptatscheck Sobs = the number of species identified in the whole et al., 2018). material; The present study describes the results of the rotifer m = the total number of samples; species composition of various freshwater habitats in Costa Q1 = number of singletons (number of species that Rica and also summarizes the information about rotifers occur in 1 sample); that has been recorded to date in Costa Rica and in other Q2 = number of doubletons (number of species that parts of Central America. We analysed rotifers (Rotifera) occur in 2 samples). in various types of freshwater; besides, some large-surfaced lakes (e.g., Lake Arenal or Lago de Cachi), a wide range of small aquatic environments such as ponds, ditches, SJack2 = Jackknife2 estimators of total species richness. sedimentation tanks, puddles, tree holes, and bromeliads. In addition, the estimated true species diversity for Costa 3. Results Rican water bodies will also be discussed. In the 40 samples that were studied in total, 33 genera with 105 species of Monogonota were identified. Among 2. Materials and methods them 91 species and 19 genera are new for Costa Rica Rotifer sampling was performed in a month-long survey during October and November 2011, in over 40 various (Table 2). Together with previous studies by Collado et al. types of Costa Rican water body (Table 1). (1984), it raises the number of monogonont rotifer species According to the origin, morphology, locality as well as described from Costa Rica to 125. Within these 91 species hydroperiod, the majority of the examined environments new to Costa Rica there are 29 species, representing 10 were located within ponds (13 stations), then bromeliad genera, that were recorded for the first time in Central tanks (9), lakes (5), ditches and puddles (4 each) and finally America. This increases the total number of Monogonota artificial water bodies (3), and wetlands (2). Plankton species reported from the region to 215 and 50 genera. samples were taken in the most representative region of Among species that were new to Central America were each water body. e.g., Ascomorpha klementi (Hauer), Beauchampia crucigera The material was taken with the use of a calibrated Dutrochet, Brachionus mirabilis Daday, Cephalodella vessel, then concentrated using a 25-µm plankton net and panarista Myers, Filinia saltator (Gosse), Horaella finally fixed with 96% ethanol. In the case of lakes, ponds, brehmi Donner, Lecane amazonica (Murray), Lecane wetlands and artificial water bodies 5 L of water were pawlowskii Wulfert, Lepadella lindaui Koste, and Mytilina collected at each station. From puddles and temporary acanthophora Hauer (Table 2). water bodies at least 1 L of water was collected; water The most variable genera in Costa Rican water bodies samples collected from the tanks of bromeliads had a were the following: Lecane (36 species), Lepadella (10), minimum of 100 mL and were taken with a Pasteur pipette. Cephalodella (9), Trichocerca (8), Brachionus (4), Colurella Rotifer identification was performed using appropriate (4), Keratella (3), and Mytilina (3). The remaining genera identification keys (Koste, 1978; Nogrady et al., 1995; were represented by only 1–2 species (Table 2). Segers, 1995; De Smet, 1996; De Smet and Pourriot, 1997; Certain species occurred with various frequency Nogrady and Segers, 2002; Radwan et al., 2004). in the collected material, between 3 and a maximum of At each sampling station, the geographic coordinates 35% of all samples (Table 2). There were 9 rotifer species were established (Table 1). Frequency index, expressed as that occurred with the highest frequency (20%–35%): 239 KUCZYŃSKA-KIPPEN and EJSMONT-KARABIN / Turk J Zool Table 1. List of stations with co-ordinates, date of sampling, and basic description of the sampling site (Abbreviation: NKK - Natalia Kuczyńska-Kippen). 1. 10°04′13.8″ N, 83°59′04.7″W; A small cavity with sedges; date: 28.10.2011; coll. NKK 2. 09°44′37.9” N, 82°51′53.4″W; Depression along the road with plants; date: 28.10.2011; coll.
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