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Chapter 1: and You 1: Themes of Biology Objectives: Relate the seven properties of to a living . Describe seven themes that can help you organize what you learn about biology. Identify the tiny that make up all living . Differentiate between and and between and .

Characteristics of Living Organisms Biology is the study of life. o All living organisms share certain general properties that separate them from nonliving things. o Seven Properties of Life . Cellular organization - every living thing is composed of one or more cells . Reproduction - all living things are able to reproduce . Metabolism - all living things obtain and use to run the processes of life . Homeostasis - living organisms maintain a consistent . Heredity - living things pass traits to . Responsiveness - all living things respond and adjust to the environment . Growth and development - all living things grow and develop Unifying Themes of Biology (different from the properties of life) 1. Cellular and o Cells are highly organized, tiny structures with thin coverings called membranes. All living things are made of one or more cells. A is the smallest unit capable of all life functions. 2. Reproduction o Reproduction is the process by which organisms make more of their own kind from one to the next. 3. Metabolism o Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions carried out in an organism. Almost all energy used by living organisms is originally captured from . 4. Homeostasis o Homeostasis is the maintenance of stable internal conditions in spite of changes in the external environment. An organism unable to balance its internal conditions with its environmental conditions could become ill and die.

5. Heredity o Heredity is the passing of traits from parent to offspring. The basic unit of heredity is called a . are coded in a called deoxyribonucleic (DNA). Genes determine an organism’s traits. A change in the DNA of a gene is called a . Most are harmful, but some mutations can help an organism survive. 6. o Evolution is defined as change in the inherited characteristics of over . A species is a group of genetically similar organisms that can produce fertile offspring. is the process in which organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. 7. Interdependence o The organisms in a biological live and interact with other organisms. is the branch of biology that studies the interactions of organisms with one another and with the nonliving part of their environment. Organisms are dependent on each other and on their environment.

Unifying Themes of Biology Properties of Life

Seven themes. Seven Properties.

1.Cellular Structure and Function 1. Cellular organization

2.Reproduction 2. Reproduction

3.Metabolism 3. Metabolism

4.Homeostasis 4. Homeostasis

5.Heredity 5. Heredity

6.Evolution 6. Responsiveness

7.Interdependence 7. Growth and development

Section 3: Scientific Processes Objectives: Describe the stages common to scientific investigations. Distinguish between forming a and making a prediction. Differentiate a control group from an experimental group and an independent variable from a dependent variable. Define the word as used by a . *The term comes from the definition of as "knowledge" and the Greek word methodos, meaning "pursuit" or "going after."

The Scientific Method: Is "organized common " Is a way to obtain . (Data) Is logical. Uses problem solving skills in an orderly manner.

Steps to follow in using the scientific method:

1. Define the problem by making . (Remember: question from….)

2. the problem

3. Form a hypothesis. "An Educated Guess"

4. Conduct an esperiment. 5. Make and record observations. 6. Analyze data. 7. Draw conclusions. (Answer your problem.) 8. Communicate results.(Report your results) 9. After many studies… Theory – set of related hypotheses that have been tested and

confirmed many by many . Objective: Identify controls &variables in an .

Experiment - an organized procedure or method to a hypothesis. Control - a standard for comparison o No variable. (Ex. plain ) Constants - factors that do not vary (do not change) in an experiment. o They must remain the same. (Ex. brand, height....) Independent variable - factor changed by the experimenter (the factor tested) - a good experiment tests one variable. Dependent variable - factor that depends on the value of the independent variable (a result measured) When graphing: Y - axis

Dependent

variable

here

X- axis

Independent variable here

Facts about controlled :

1. The more times you do an experiment, the more dependable the results.

2. The larger the size of the experimental group, the more accurate the results.

3. Your hypothesis (educated guess) should be as specific as possible.

4. The procedures you use in an experiment must be as quantitative as possible.

5. All controls in an experiment must be kept the same.

*No control experiment invalid.

6. Only one variable can be tested in an experiment, otherwise the experiment becomes invalid.

Goal: Demonstrating as a tool for solving problems.

Observations are:

Information (data) gathered by using our . - seeing, hearing, touching, smelling, and tasting. There are 2 kinds of observations: 1. Quantitative 2. Qualitative

Quantitative Observations

About numbers A measurement How much? (quantity) Example: "20 drops" of water, length (meters), volume (liters), mass (grams), ( Celsius)

Qualitative Observations

Anything but numbers Describe a property or characteristic (quality) o Example: Color, shape, form of (, , )