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Shapes of the Land Word Count: 50 Shapes of the Land

Shapes of the Land Word Count: 50 Shapes of the Land

Shapes of the Word Count: 50 Shapes of the Land

Written by Jane R. King

Visit www.sciencea-z.com www.sciencea-z.com # Key elements Used in This Book Shapes of the Land The Big Idea: The land on ’s surface is made up of various types of . , , caves, and valleys are examples of landforms. Key words: Earth, land, ocean, shapes, , water, wind

Photo Credits: Front cover: © Liu Feng/123RF; back cover: © Daryl Balfour/NHPA/age fotostock; title page: © Zagor/ Dreamstime.com; page 3: courtesy of NOAA/NASA GOES Project; page 4: © Phil Degginger/Alamy; page 5: © Robnroll/Dreamstime.com; page 6: © iStockphoto.com/antony spencer; page 7: © Jiahuiding/ Dreamstime.com; page 8: © dbimages/Alamy; page 9: © Melonstone/Dreamstime.com; page 10: © Marcel Schauer/123RF; page 11: © Sunshine Pics/Alamy; page 12: © Kurt Amsler/ardea.com

Shapes of the Land © Learning A–Z Written by Jane R. King

Written by Jane R. King All rights reserved.

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Earth has land. The land has many shapes. 3 4 Some land is pointed. Some land is smooth. 5 6

Some land is flat and low. Some land has holes. 7 8 Water can change the land. Wind can change the land. 9 10

A volcano can change Even the land under the land. the ocean has shapes! 11 12 Water on Earth Word Count: 51 Water on Earth

Written by Jane R. King

Visit www.sciencea-z.com www.sciencea-z.com # Key elements Used in This Book Water on Earth The Big Idea: Water is a large part of Earth’s surface. Bodies of water, such as oceans, , and , hold and move water on Earth. Key words: animals, Earth, fresh water, ice, , ocean, , , salt water

Photo Credits: Front cover: epicstockmedia/123RF; back cover: © Alistair Heap/Alamy; title page: © imagevixens/ 123RF; page 3: © iStockphoto.com/Jeff Goulden; page 4: © Kmitu/123RF; page 5: © iStockphoto.com/ Bryan Busovicki; page 6: © iStockphoto.com/Olga Khoroshunova; page 7: © iStockphoto.com/ Vladimir Popovic; page 8: © iStockphoto.com/Craig Dingle; page 9: © John Holmes/ardea.com; page 10: © HP Canada/Alamy; page 11: © Nicolas De Corte/123RF; page 12: © Ashley Cameron/Alamy

Water on Earth © Learning A–Z Written by Jane R. King

Written by Jane R. King All rights reserved.

www.sciencea-z.com www.sciencea-z.com

Earth has salt water Earth has a lot of water. and fresh water. 3 4 An ocean is salt water. Many animals live in salt water. 5 6

A lake is fresh water. We drink fresh water. 7 8 A pond is fresh water. A river is fresh water. 9 10

Ice is fresh water. Water can be fun! 11 12 A Landforms LEVELED BOOK • N Adventure A Reading A–Z Level N Leveled Book A Landforms Word Count: 661 Adventure

•T N • Q

Written by Rose Brooker

Visit www.readinga-z.com for thousands of books and materials. www.readinga-z.com Photo Credits: Front cover, back cover: courtesy of Kait Thomas/NPS; title page: © Bob Gibbons/ardea.com; page 3 (left): © Lorraine Swanson/Dreamstime.com; page 3 (top right): © OceanPhoto/FLPA/Minden Pictures; page 3 (bottom right): A Landforms © Steffen & Alexandra Sailer/ardea.com; page 5: © iStock/alxpin; page 6: © Dorling Kindersley; page 7: © Andreus/Dreamstime.com; page 8: © Della Huff/Alamy; page 9: © Joel Zatz/Alamy; pages 10 (top), 13 (top), 14 (top): © iStock/Leontura; page 10 (bottom): © Fred Hirschmann/Science Faction/ Adventure Corbis; page 11: © 145/Jim Bushelle/Ocean/Corbis; page 12: © Vladislav Gajic/ Dreamstime.com; page 13 (bottom): © Patti McConville/Alamy; page 14 (bottom): © Joanne Murray/iStock/Thinkstock; page 15: courtesy of Google Maps/Google Earth

Front cover: Hikers rest beneath Skyline Arch in Arches National Park, Utah.

Title page: Hikers walk across the Wave, a rolling area of banded sandstone rock in Vermilion Cliffs National Monument, Arizona.

Page 3: (left) A sandstone formation rises above the river in the Wisconsin Dells. (top right) The Chocolate in the Philippines are thousands of hills worn down by erosion. (bottom right) Wind and sand erosion bored a hole in red sandstone rock.

A Landforms Adventure Level N Leveled Book Correlation Written by Rose Brooker © Learning A–Z LEVEL N Written by Rose Brooker Fountas & Pinnell M All rights reserved. Reading Recovery 20 DRA 28 www.readinga-z.com www.readinga-z.com Major U.S. Landforms

CANADA

Seattle COLUMBIA Columbia River Missouri River GREAT Lake Superior LAKES ROCKY MOUNTAINS Lake CASCADE RANGE Huron Lake SIERRA NEVADA RANGE BADLANDS RANGE Ontario Boston

CENTRAL Great GREAT Salt GREAT Lake Michigan Lake Lake Erie Lake BASIN CENTRAL LOWLANDS Grand COLORADO MOJAVE PLATEAU OZARK Ohio River DESERT PLATEAU

APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS SONORAN Mississippi ATLANTIC CHIHUAHUAN River River Colorado DESERT Rio Grande River COASTAL PLAINATLANTIC DESERT OCEAN EDWARDS PLATEAU GULF COASTAL PACIFIC MISSISSIPPI Lake OCEAN Okeechobee

GULF OF MEXICO MEXICO

KEY Plains Hills Mountains

Table of Contents Trip! Road Trip! ...... 4 We’re going on a road trip this In Class ...... 5 summer! My parents and I are Getting Ready to Leave . . . . . 8 driving from Boston to Seattle . My class has been learning about On the Road ...... 9 landforms in school . We’re going One to Go! ...... 15 to see some amazing landforms Glossary ...... 16 on the trip!

A Landforms Adventure • Level N 3 4 Inside Earth crust solid inner core Mr . Lopez also said that Earth’s surface is always changing . He said that some changes are slow, while others are fast . Old landforms can change over time, and new ones can be created .

Some landforms result from changes underground . Hot, melted rock under Earth’s surface can build up and form a volcano . A volcano is a mantle liquid outer core type of . In Class The “Puzzle Pieces” of Earth’s Crust My teacher, Mr . Lopez, said that North American Eurasian Plate Earth’s crust is made up of huge Plate Pacific pieces of rock called plates . Some of Indian Plate African Plate the plates are larger than continents! Plate Pacific South The plates sit above melted rock and Plate American Indo-Australian Plate Plate slowly slide around because of heat Antarctic Plate deep inside Earth . The moving plates can create landforms . Landforms can be created when the plates in Earth’s crust move.

A Landforms Adventure • Level N 5 6 How Coastal Volcanoes Form heat from the ocean plate moving volcano Getting Ready to Leave under the land plate causes magma to form Mom and I start at Castle , in Boston Harbor . It’s not really an island since it doesn’t have water all around it . It’s connected to the mantle mainland on one side, so it’s a heat causes peninsula . You can see a bunch land mantle to move plate ocean of from there, though . ocean plate moves under land plate plate Other changes happen on the surface . Weathering breaks down rock and shapes it . Erosion carries R island away the pieces that have broken off . Wind, water, and ice are the R harbor main tools of weathering and erosion . R peninsula Mr . Lopez handed out a list of different landforms . I’m going to take the list on my trip and try to see them all! My mom and I saw these islands in Boston Harbor.

A Landforms Adventure • Level N 7 8 CANADA

R mountain Wisconsin Boston Michigan Buffalo New York

Lake Erie R Ohio River Chicago Pennsylvania Illinois Indiana Ohio

R plateau

The Berkshires look more like big hills than what I think of as mountains.

On the Road R lake Once we start driving west, the hills and valleys grow larger, and we seem to be climbing higher . We pass some old mountains that erosion Lake Erie is much too wide to see across to the other side. has worn down to big hills . After stopping for the night, we In New York State, the land is low keep driving west until we get and hilly in some places and higher to Lake Erie . It’s one of the Great in other places . Dad says the higher Lakes . A carved the Great places are part of a huge, high area Lakes about fourteen thousand of land called a plateau (pla-TOH) . years ago .

A Landforms Adventure • Level N 9 10 We’re almost to the Mississippi R River, one of the longest rivers in the world . This part of the Mississippi was carved by .

We cross the Mississippi River on the way to the Great Plains . A plain is a large, flat area without many Wisconsin’s state capitol building is on Madison’s isthmus. trees . The Great Plains formed when We stay overnight in Chicago and two plates smashed into each other then get back on the road . Now and joined together . Some parts of we’re driving past Madison, the Great Plains are flat, and others isthmus Wisconsin, which is on an have hills . (IS-muhs) . It’s a narrow strip of land between two bodies of water .

We stop to see the Wisconsin Dells . R plain The Dells is a gorge—a steep, narrow valley—that was carved by the Wisconsin River . Along its sides are canyons, which are similar to The grasslands of the Great Plains were once home to huge herds of bison gorges but not as steep or narrow . and horses.

A Landforms Adventure • Level N 11 12 Montana North Dakota Mississippi River Missouri The Rockies are one of the main BIGHORN South Minnesota Wisconsin MOUNTAINS River Dakota mountain ranges in the West . They BADLANDS NATL. PARK Madison Wyoming formed when two small plates Iowa Nebraska Chicago beneath the Pacific Ocean slid under the North American Plate .

After driving across Montana and R Idaho, we finally enter Washington . We pass Mount Rainier (ray-NEER), a huge volcano . Snow covers the peaks of a Rocky Mountain range in Montana. CANADA We drive through a corner of Seattle Washington Montana Missouri River Wyoming and pass some mountains MT. RAINIER North Columbia River Dakota on our left . Some of the mountains Billings have snow, but Mom says even Oregon Idaho bigger mountains are still to come .

After we cross into Montana and R glacier drive for a while, Dad says, “Get

ready to see something big!” Soon R volcano afterward, I see a row of high, The top of Mount Rainier is covered with glaciers. Glaciers are large fields snowy peaks—the Rocky Mountains . of ice and packed snow that stay frozen all year long.

A Landforms Adventure • Level N 13 14 river Glossary continents the main divisions of land (n.) on Earth (p . 5) delta (n.) a triangular area of land formed by sediment R river delta at a river’s mouth (p . 15) erosion (n.) the natural removal of rock or soil by water, wind, or Over time, soil built up and caused the river to split into many smaller branches in the area between the dotted lines. ice (p . 7) One Landform to Go! gorge (n.) a long, deep valley (p . 11) isthmus (n.) a narrow strip of land For the last landform on my list, we connecting two larger travel one hour north to see a river landmasses (p . 11) delta . This landform was created landforms natural formations on when dirt and rocks built up where (n.) Earth’s surface (p . 4) the river flows into a bay . peninsula a long piece of land almost (n.) surrounded by water (p . 8) I’ve seen some amazing landforms plateau (n.) a large raised area of flat on this trip, and I’ve learned so land (p . 9) much about how Earth’s surface weathering the wearing away of changes . I can’t wait to tell Mr . (n.) Earth’s surface by natural Lopez about my summer vacation! forces (p . 7)

A Landforms Adventure • Level N 15 16 MAP

U.S. Map Template Title: ______

Key

Note: Print map in landscape orientation on tabloid-sized (11 x 17 in.) paper.

© Learning A–Z All rights reserved. www.sciencea-z.com Reading a Map Lesson 1 Name Date Part 1: Use the Map Use this map of the United States to answer the questions. Major U.S. Landforms Columbia COLUMBIA PLATEAU River CANADA Missouri River GREAT Lake Superior LAKES ROCKY MOUNTAINS

CASCADE RANGES Lake SIERRA NEVADA RANGES Lake

COAST RANGES BADLANDS Saint Paul Huron Ontario

CENTRAL VALLEY Great Detroit GREAT Salt GREAT PLAINS Lake Michigan Lake Erie BASIN Lake Chicago New York CENTRAL LOWLANDS Philadelphia DESERT Grand Canyon COLORADO MOJAVE PLATEAU OZARK Ohio River DESERT Los Angeles PLATEAU

APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS SONORAN Mississippi ATLANTIC River Colorado DESERT RioCHIHUAHUAN Grande River River COASTAL PLAINSATLANTIC PACIFIC DESERT OCEAN EDWARDS OCEAN PLATEAU GULF COASTAL PLAINS MISSISSIPPI Houston RIVER DELTA Lake Okeechobee MEXICO GULF OF Monterrey MEXICO KEY Plains Plateaus Hills Mountains United States Region

1. What do the different colors on the map show?

2. What kinds of bodies of water does the map show?

© Learning A–Z All rights reserved. 1 www.sciencea-z.com Storyline Assessment Reading a Map Lesson 1 Name Date 3. Which area on the map has mostly plains? What does this tell you about the shape of the land in the United States?

4. Which area on the map has the most mountains? What does this tell you about the shape of the land in the United States?

5. Describe a pattern that you see on the map.

© Learning A–Z All rights reserved. 2 www.sciencea-z.com Storyline Assessment Reading a Map Lesson 1 Name Date Part 2: Make a Map Complete the map of this farm. Draw all the landforms and bodies of water on the list. Use a different color for each item on the list. Then fill in the key to show what the colors mean. o hills o a river o a lake o mountains

barn

house

road

KEY

Part 3: Make a Claim Fill in the blanks to finish this sentence. Use the two maps as evidence. I could make a map of my state to show where the and are.

© Learning A–Z All rights reserved. 3 www.sciencea-z.com Storyline Assessment Reading a Map Lesson 1 ANSWER KEY AND TEACHING TIPS Connections to the Next Generation Science Standards* Target Science and Engineering Practice: Developing and Using Models • Develop a model to represent patterns in the natural world. Associated Performance Expectation: 2-ESS2-2. Develop a model to represent the shapes and kinds of land and bodies of water in an area.

All questions in this assessment relate to the Disciplinary Core Ideas DCI of this Performance Expectation. Look for the SEP and CCC symbols for questions that specifically address Science and Engineering Practices and Crosscutting Concepts. Summary Students observe patterns on a map in order to answer questions. They develop their own map to show how landforms and bodies of water can be represented on a smaller scale, and they complete a claim. Part 1: Use the Map 1. The different colors on the map show different kinds of landforms and bodies of water. 2. The map shows oceans, rivers, and lakes. 3. The plains are mostly in the middle of the map. This tells me that the United States has a lot of flat land in the middle of the country. (There are also plains in the Southeast and along the East Coast.) 4. The left (west) side of the map has the most mountains. This tells me that the United States has a lot of mountains on the west side of the country. CCC 5. Answers will vary, depending on which pattern students choose to write about. Examples include the fact that plateaus are mostly near mountains rivers always connect to a larger body of water, and areas with mountains are on both the left and right sides of the map.

SEP Part 2: Make a Map Maps will vary but should include the four items on the list. Be sure students include a key that explains what each color or

symbol means on their map. A sample barn map is provided.

Part 3: Make a Claim house I could make a map of my state to show where the landforms and bodies of water are. road

KEY mountains hills lake river

* Next Generation Science Standards is a registered trademark of Achieve. Neither Achieve nor the lead states and partners that developed the Next Generation Science Standards was involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

© Learning A–Z All rights reserved. 4 www.sciencea-z.com Storyline Assessment Reading a Map Lesson 1

Teaching Tips If students have trouble performing the tasks on this assessment, ask them to look back at the map they made during Lesson 1. Explain that maps are a kind of model that can show the pattern of landforms and bodies of water in an area. Maps that represent larger areas, such as a country or the entire world, can show large landforms and bodies of water, whereas maps that represent smaller areas, such as a town or school campus, can show smaller landforms and bodies of water. Help students interpret the map and answer the questions, allowing oral responses if necessary. Also help students complete their farm map by showing the sample provided in the answer key. Extensions For students who complete their work early or are ready for an extra challenge, assign additional resources related to this topic found on the Grade 2 Earth’s Systems NGSS page on Science A–Z.

Photo Credits: pages 3 (left), 4 (left): © iStock.com/Yauhen44; pages 3 (right), 4 (right): © iStock.com/Tevfik Goksel Arikan

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