Syntax 3 •• PredicatesPredicates and LinkingLinking VerbsVerbs •• LinkingLinking VerbsVerbs vs. PassivePassive VerbsVerbs •• AppositivesAppositives Syntax 3 Predicates • Linking Verbs (e.g. be, become, etc.) equate the subject with a predicatepredicate linking verb: subject = predicatepredicate – The mother of Hippolytus was an AmazonAmazon – Theseus was born the sonson of Poseidon – Hippolytus’ horses went crazycrazy when they saw a bull coming out of the sea Syntax 3 Predicates •• PredicatesPredicates can be: – nouns • Phaedra became Theseus’ second wifewife – or adjectives • Hippolytus grew angryangry at Phaedra – or even prepositional phrases • At that time Theseus was not inin CreteCrete Syntax 3 •• LinkingLinking VerbsVerbs vs. PassivePassive VerbsVerbs: both types of verb use “to be” ––LinkingLinking VerbsVerbs carry no sense of action/motion; instead equate things linkinglinking verbverb: subject == predicate ––PassivePassive VerbsVerbs convey a sense of action/motion from a passive agent backwards to the subject subject ← passivepassive verbverb ← passive agent Syntax 3 linkinglinking verbverb: subject == predicate subject ← passivepassive verbverb ← passive agent
II amam calledcalled by menmen the Goddess Cypris, II amam mightymighty among men . . . RenownedRenowned shallshall PhaedraPhaedra bebe in her death, . . .
A weary thingthing isis sicknesssickness and its painspains! . . . when your joyjoy isis uponupon youyou, suddenly youyou’rere foiledfoiled and cheatedcheated. Syntax 3 •• AppositivesAppositives: when two nounsnouns are equated with each other (without a linking verb!), the second is called an appositiveappositive (“placed next to”)
I called on ArtemisArtemis, the QueenQueen of the bow!
Euripides, Hippolytus 166 Syntax 3 •• AppositivesAppositives: when two nounsnouns are equated with each other (without a linking verb!), the second is called an appositiveappositive (“placed next to”)
On a dappled throne, deathless goddessgoddess, AphroditeAphrodite, Zeus’ childchild, charmercharmer, I beg ...… Sappho, Ode to Aphrodite Syntax 3 •• AppositivesAppositives noun = nounnoun
I hail this man, the watchdog of the fold and hall; the stay that keeps the ship alive; the post to grip groundward the towering roof; a father’s single child; land seen by sailors after all their hope is gone; splendor of daybreak shining from the night of storm; the running spring a parched wayfarer strays upon. Aeschylus, Agamemnon 895-201