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Stratigraphy, Provenance, and Tectonic Significance of the Punchbowl Block, San Gabriel Mountains, California, USA GEOSPHERE, V

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Stratigraphy, Provenance, and Tectonic Significance of the Punchbowl Block, San Gabriel Mountains, California, USA GEOSPHERE, V Research Paper GEOSPHERE Stratigraphy, provenance, and tectonic significance of the Punchbowl block, San Gabriel Mountains, California, USA GEOSPHERE, v. 15, no. 2 Kevin T. Coffey1,2, Raymond V. Ingersoll1, and Axel K. Schmitt1,3 https://doi.org/10.1130/GES02025.1 1Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, USA 2Department of Earth Sciences, El Camino College, Torrance, California 90506, USA 3 12 figures; 1 table; 1 set of supplemental files Institute of Earth Sciences, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 236, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany CORRESPONDENCE: kevincoffey@ ucla .edu ABSTRACT bowl block is generally accepted as an offset equivalent of the Soledad region; CITATION: Coffey, K.T., Ingersoll, R.V., and Schmitt, therefore, its previously understudied strata provide important constraints on A.K., 2019, Stratigraphy, provenance, and tectonic significance of the Punchbowl block, San Gabriel The Punchbowl block is a fault-bounded crustal sliver in the eastern San these palinspastic reconstructions. Furthermore, Oligocene–Miocene strata of Mountains, California, USA: Geosphere, v. 15, no. 2, Gabriel Mountains of southern California with important implications for the Punchbowl block straddle the Fenner fault, a component of a proposed p. 479–501, https:// doi .org /10 .1130 /GES02025.1. conflicting reconstructions of the San Andreas fault system. Detailed map- early trace of the San Andreas fault, the existence of which is debated (e.g., ping, determination of conglomerate-clast and sandstone compositions, Powell, 1981, 1993; Richard, 1993). For these reasons, we conducted a detailed Science Editor: Raymond M. Russo and dating of detrital and igneous zircon of Oligocene–Miocene strata de- study of these strata. Our findings support original alignment of the Tejon, fine two distinct subbasins and document initiation of extension and vol- Soledad, Punchbowl, and Orocopia regions, and the slip estimates implied Received 14 June 2018 Accepted 7 November 2018 canism ca. 25–24 Ma, followed by local exhumation of the Pelona Schist, thereby, and they argue against an early trace of the San Andreas fault system and transition from alluvial-fan to braided-fluvial deposition. Strata of the along the Fenner fault. Published online 16 January 2019 Punchbowl block correlate with those of other regions in southern Califor- nia, confirming 40–50 km of dextral slip on the Punchbowl fault, and sup- porting reconstructions with 60–70 km of dextral slip on the San Gabriel/ N35° Canton fault and ~240 km of dextral slip on the southern San Andreas fault. Simmler basin N Plush Ranch basin Provenance and probable correlations of Punchbowl-block strata argue Tejon S a Ca n Charlie Canyon subbasin against 80–110 km of dextral slip on the San Francisquito–Fenner–Clemens f lifornia BP/LV G SFf Sierra Pelona a Well fault and limit the time interval during which such slip could have b Texas Canyon subbasin 50 km ri WTR e Vasquez Rocks subbasin occurred. Synthesis of these findings with previous work produces paleo- l/ Ca Soledad Fig. 3 S a n n geographic reconstructions of the Punchbowl block and its probable cor- to figure n f A . Pf n area relatives through time. d r e a Los Angeles s f a u N34° l t Punchbowl SGP block Diligencia basin Pacific Ocean Palm Springs INTRODUCTION Orocopia OLD G Santa Catalina Salton CW /O The Punchbowl block, a crustal sliver between the Punchbowl and San Sea M Island f Andreas faults (Fig. 1; e.g., Dibblee, 1987), contains Oligocene–Miocene strata, the older parts of which had not been thoroughly investigated prior to this W119°WW118° 117° W116° OPEN ACCESS study. Similar Oligocene–Miocene strata are present in the Tejon, Soledad, and Orocopia regions of southern California, which lie on different sides of Figure 1. Regional map showing Punchbowl block (including location of Fig. 3), and Tejon, Sole- dad, and Orocopia regions. Areal extents of Upper Oligocene–Lower Miocene strata in these the San Gabriel/Canton and San Andreas faults (Fig. 1; e.g., Crowell, 1975a). regions are schematically shown in gray, delineating the Simmler, Plush Ranch, and Diligencia Some palinspastic reconstructions show the Tejon, Soledad, and Orocopia re- basins and Charlie Canyon, Texas Canyon, and Vasquez Rocks subbasins of Soledad basin. gions as correlated and originally adjacent to each other (e.g., Hill and Dibblee, Relevant faults also shown. Sierra Pelona, site of paleodrainage divide and anticlinorium of 1953; Crowell, 1962, 1975a; Carman, 1964; Ehlig and Ehlert, 1972; Bohannon, Pelona Schist, is also shown. Abbreviations: f.—fault; BP/LVf—Big Pine/Lockwood Valley fault; CW/OMf—Clemens Well/Orocopia Mountains fault; Pf—Punchbowl fault; SFf—San Francis- This paper is published under the terms of the 1975), whereas others do not correlate some of these regions (e.g., Powell, quito fault; SGP—San Gorgonio Pass; WTR—western Transverse Ranges. Figure is after Frizzell CC‑BY‑NC license. 1981, 1993; Spittler and Arthur, 1982; Frizzell et al., 1986). The central Punch- and Weigand (1993) and Law et al. (2001). © 2019 The Authors GEOSPHERE | Volume 15 | Number 2 Coffey et al. | Stratigraphy, provenance, and tectonic significance of the Punchbowl block Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geosphere/article-pdf/15/2/479/4663930/479.pdf 479 by guest on 01 October 2021 Research Paper GEOLOGIC BACKGROUND North h American Oligocene–Miocene Basins Land Tejon Soledad Punchbowl Orocopia Epoc Mammal region region block region Punchbowl Block Ages Blancan Saugus Fm. Plio Quatal Fm. ?? The Punchbowl block contains the Punchbowl Formation (Noble, 1953, Lockwood Clay Pico Fm. Hemphilian ?? 1954), ~1500 m of fluvial/alluvial conglomerate, sandstone, and minor mud- Castaic Fm. 10 Punchbowl stone, which accumulated during the middle-late Miocene (Fig. 2; Tedford and Caliente Fm. ) Clarendonian Mint Canyon Downs, 1965; Woodburne and Golz, 1972; Woodburne, 1975; Dibblee, 1987; Liu, Fm. Fm. basal Punchbowl ?? 1990). A distinct basal member is middle Miocene in age (Noble, 1954; Liu, 1990; iocene Barstovian ??Paradise Springs Tick Canyon fm. personal commun. with Allen and Whistler in Liu, 1990). The older units docu- Age (Ma Hemingfordian strata ?? mented in this study (the Paradise Springs and Vasquez formations; Fig. 2) have 20 Diligencia been interpreted in previous studies as either part of the basal Punchbowl For- Plush Ranch Vasquez ??Fm. mation (e.g., Noble, 1954; Dibblee, 2002a, 2002b, 2002c), or deposits in a fault- Fm. Fm. Vasquez Fm. eM ?? bounded sliver along the Punchbowl fault that originated in a separate basin Arikareean (Weldon et al., 1993). 30 Oligocen Whitneyan Tejon Region Figure 2. Time-stratigraphic chart showing approximate ages of deposition of Oligocene–Mio- cene strata of Punchbowl block, and of Tejon, Soledad, and Orocopia regions, arranged from The oldest nonmarine strata of the Tejon region belong to the Plush Ranch west (left) to east (right). Straight and wavy lines indicate conformable and unconformable Formation (Fig. 2; Carman, 1954, 1964), composed of alluvial and lacustrine relationships, respectively; queried contacts indicate uncertainty in nature of contact. Details are based on data and references discussed in text, and Stirton (1933), Woodburne and Whistler conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, shale, limestone, and evaporites (Car- (1973), Woodburne (1975), Ensley and Verosub (1982), McDougall (1982), Lander (1985), Frizzell man, 1964; Cole and Stanley, 1995; Hendrix et al., 2010). Interbedded basalt and Weigand (1993), and Coffey (2015). Age ranges of North American Land Mammal Ages are has been dated by whole-rock and plagioclase K-Ar methods as ca. 26–23 Ma from Woodburne (1987) and Alroy (2000). Figure is after Hoyt et al. (2018). (Crowell, 1973; recalculated after Dalrymple, 1979; Frizzell and Weigand, 1993). Northwest of Plush Ranch basin, on the opposite side of Mount Pinos (which includes exposures of Pelona Schist), Oligocene–Miocene strata are generally preserved in three subbasins (Fig. 1; Jahns and Muehlberger, 1954; Muehl- mapped as Simmler Formation (Fig. 1; e.g., Kellogg and Miggins, 2002; Dib- berger, 1958; Hendrix and Ingersoll, 1987). The Vasquez Rocks and Texas Can- blee, 2005a, 2005b, 2006b), but are considered equivalent to the Plush Ranch yon subbasins, south of Sierra Pelona (where Pelona Schist is exposed; Fig. 1), Formation (personal commun. with Hill and Dibblee in Carman, 1964). These are interpreted to have been depositionally distinct but kinematically linked for strata coarsen upward, from mostly sandstone at the base to coarse conglom- most of their history (Bohannon, 1976; Hendrix and Ingersoll, 1987; Hendrix, erate at the top (Dibblee, 2005a, 2005b). 1993; Hendrix et al., 2010). The Vasquez Rocks subbasin contains interbedded Atop the Plush Ranch Formation, in angular unconformity, there is the volcanic rocks, primarily basaltic andesite with some rhyodacite and rhyolite nonmarine Caliente Formation (named by T.W. Dibblee Jr. in Stock, 1947; (Hendrix and Ingersoll, 1987; Frizzell and Weigand, 1993), dated by whole-rock Schwade, 1954), which is composed of fluvial and lacustrine conglomerate, and plagioclase K-Ar methods as ca. 26–23 Ma (Crowell, 1973; Spittler, 1974; sandstone, and mudstone, with minor tuffaceous and limestone beds (Fig. 2; Woodburne, 1975; recalculated after Dalrymple, 1979; Frizzell and Weigand, Carman, 1964; Ehlert, 2003). 1993). Strata of the Charlie Canyon subbasin,
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