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Leveraging the Value of Crowdsourced Geographic Information to Detect Cultural Ecosystem Services

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Leveraging the Value of Crowdsourced Geographic Information to Detect Cultural Ecosystem Services Leveraging the value of Crowdsourced Geographic Information to detect Cultural Ecosystem Services Gianfranco Antonino Gliozzo University College London Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Engineering (EngD) January 2018 1 Author's declaration I, Gianfranco Antonino Gliozzo, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 2 Abstract Within ecological research and environmental management, there is current focus on demonstrating the links existing between human well-being and nature conservation. There is a need for better understanding how and why people value certain places over others. At the same time, there is a lack of consolidated methodologies, and limited experimentation in the detection of places connected to the immaterial benefits we get from nature. Those benefits are termed Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES). This research analyses the potential of Crowdsourced Geographic Information (CGI) to support the detection of CES with large scale insights derived from the analysis of digital cultural practices. CGI is produced through social media, in situations where individuals choose to share content. Therefore, a CGI project is often the expression of a community of interest and different projects have different supporting communities with different demographics and cultural profiles. The research combines multiple projects pertaining to three different categories of CGI to avoid focusing only on a community or on a digital cultural practice. Using ecological and social considerations, this thesis contributes to the evaluation of such projects as potential analytical tools for CES research. The degree of appreciation of a specific place is derived from the number of people creating, sharing, or refining the information about it. The sequence of decisions and actions that leads to the sharing of information leaves digital proxies of spatial preferences, with people sharing specific information considering the place not only “worth visiting” but also “worth sharing”. Using south Wales and London as case studies, we demonstrate how the analysis of CGI can be included in methodologies used to detect CES. These results highlight how the inclusion of CGI, can be very effective in addressing some of the current priorities in conservation. It could potentially be used for better prioritisation, planning and management of natural and cultural resources towards a more sustainable development. 3 Impact statement This work is primarily addressed at the enhancement and optimisation of public policy using a combination of technologies and disciplines. This work advances the comprehension not only of the way people and nature are related, but also of the ways in which new kinds of data and technologies must be implemented to elicit knowledge. We here highlight the limitations and potential developments of overall conceptualisations created to explain how humans and nature are inextricably connected. This work advocates the centrality of culture who plays a pivotal role in facilitating the regeneration of human-nature relationships. For academia we analyse and develop in a rigorous and coherent way the use of geographic information produced by people to elicit their preferences regarding places. This leads to the development of a methodology that uses and advances knowledge, methods, and tools taken from computer science and geography to serve ecology and public policy design. The methodology proposed can obtain in weeks very effective evaluations that are usually obtained after several months if not more than a year. Outside from academia the impact on public policy design can be more relevant in places where more data created by people is recorded in either digital or analogue format. This is also coherent with studies that demonstrated how less economically developed communities are more reliant on the benefits of the local natural environment. Academia might use this work as a contribute to enhance methods but also overall conceptualisations. Public policy might adopt and develop the methods who are able to deliver inexpensive and fast assessments. Both academia and public policy can gain advantage of large amounts of data without falling in the oversimplification of reality often advocated by technology focused approaches. 4 Acknowledgments This work is the result of years of dedication and hard work who have been inspired supported and motivated by several people. Firstly, I want to thank my parents and my sister who taught me the values of hard working, perseverance, and equipped me with an inquisitive mind. A driving force in inspiring an academic degree has been given to me by my early education, experiences, and challenges in the University of Catania under Professor Paolo La Greca. The experiences in the Netherlands gave me the possibilities to widen my horizons thanks to the kind hosting of Professor Gerrit-Jan Carsjens in Wageningen and the exceptionally talented, resourceful, and dedicated lecturers of the MSc GIMA. This led me to London where Sebastiano played a fundamental role helping me to get a grip on the place. Professor Muki Haklay invited, nurtured, sustained endlessly, inspired, drove, and borne the burden of my personality with endless patience and dedication. Without any of his contributions this work was probably not done. I thank him also for the people he has chosen for his research group, they are amongst my dearest friends. I must thank ZSL and Nathalie Pettorelli that acted as industrial sponsor of this work. I am grateful also to the communities and companies behind the projects I used for this work. I am especially grateful to GiGL's people who kindly sat with me several times to discuss about their precious data holdings. My deepest and biggest obligation goes to my wife Maria Grazia. She supported, inspired, tolerated, cared for me in so many ways all along the final years of this work. Her love and her presence help me to strive to be a better human. She cast a new light, a new life, a new purpose, and happiness in my being. 5 List of abbreviations and acronyms AONB Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty API Application Programming Interface BBOX Bounding box BNG British National Grid CES Cultural Ecosystem Services CGI Crowdsourced Geographic Information CICES Common International Classification Of Ecosystem Services CM Collaborative Mapping Cr Contributor ratio CSV Comma Separated Values ES Ecosystem Services FEGS Final Ecosystem Goods and Services GBIF Global Biodiversity Information Facility GiGL Greenspace information for Greater London CIC GIS Geographic Information Systems GPS Global Positioning System HERCULES HERitage in CULtural landscapES ICT Information and Communication Technologies InVEST Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and IPBES Ecosystem Services IT Information Technology JSON JavaScript Object Notation LISA Local Indicator of Spatial Association LNHS London Natural History Society 6 LSOA Lower Layer Super Output Areas MAES Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services MEA Millennium Ecosystem Assessment MAUP Modifiable Area Unit Problem MENE Monitor of Engagement with the Natural Environment NBN National Biodiversity Network NC Natural Capital NNR National Nature Reserves OA Output Area OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development OPENness Operationalisation of Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services OS Ordnance Survey OSM OpenStreetMap PES Payment for Ecosystem Services POI Point Of Interest PPGIS Public Participation GIS SSSI Site of Special Scientific Interest TEEB The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity TSV Tab Separated Values UGC User Generated Content UK NEA United Kingdom National Ecosystem Assessment UK NEA FO United Kingdom National Ecosystem Assessment, Follow-On phase VGI Volunteered Geographic Information Vp Volunteer productivity XML eXtensible Markup Language 7 Table of Contents Author's declaration ...................................................................................................... 2 Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 3 Impact statement .......................................................................................................... 4 Dedication ...................................................................... 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List of abbreviations and acronyms ............................................................................... 6 Table of Contents.......................................................................................................... 8 Table of Figures .......................................................................................................... 14 Table of Tables ........................................................................................................... 17 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 19 1.1 Nature and society ........................................................................................ 19 1.2 The Ecosystem Services approach ............................................................... 20 1.2.1 Cultural Ecosystem Services ................................................................. 21 1.2.2 Cultural Ecosystem Services geographical
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