Springs of the Rio Grande Gorge, Taos County, New Mexico: Inventory, Data Report, and Preliminary Geochemistry

Final Technical Report October 2007 Open-File Report 506 updated January, 2017

New Mexico Bureau Paul W. Bauer, of Geology and Peggy S. Johnson, Mineral Resources and Stacy Timmons

Big Arsenic spring

i New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources A Division of New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology

Socorro, NM 87801 (575) 835–5490 Fax (575) 835–6333 E-mail: [email protected] ii Springs of the Rio Grande Gorge, Taos County, New Mexico: Inventory, Data Report, and Preliminary Geochemistry

Final Technical Report October 2007 Open-File Report 506 updated January, 2017

Paul W. Bauer, Peggy S. Johnson, and Stacy Timmons

AQUIFER MAPPING PROGRAM New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources

iii NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES AQUIFER MAPPING PROGRAM

Project Funding Acknowledgments The Healy Foundation, with Taos County We thank Ed and Trudy Healy for funding acting as the fiscal agent. New Mexico the study through a grant from the Healy Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources. Foundation to Taos County. The funding Bureau of Land Management, Taos Field and project planning were facilitated by Office. the efforts of Ron Gardiner (Questa), Butchie Denver (Questa), and Allen Vigil Project Personnel (former Taos Co. Planning Director). Paul Bauer, Ph.D., Principal Investigator, Greg Gustina (BLM, Taos Field Office) Principal Senior Geologist, New provided additional funding for hydrogeo- Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral chemical analyses in the BLM Wild Rivers Resourc es, [email protected] Recreation Area. Mark Sundin (BLM, Tasks: Project management, sampling, Taos Field Office) assisted with many aspects compilation, interpretation, technical of the project, including accompanying our report. field workers on inflatable kayak surveys Peggy Johnson, Senior Hydrogeologist, down the Ute Mountain and Taos Box sec- New Mexico Bureau of Geology & tions of the river. Del DuBois (BLM, Taos Mineral Resources Field Office) provided expert logistical sup- Tasks: Sampling, interpretation, technical port for sampling expeditions into the report. Rio Grande gorge, and assisted us with the Stacy Timmons, Senior Geologic Research river crossings. Joseph Leon and the staff of Associate, New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources, the BLM Wild Rivers Recreation Area pro- [email protected] vided greatly appreciated support for our Tasks: Sampling, analytical geochemistry. field work. Steve Harris, of Pilar, assisted in Brigitte Felix Kludt, GIS Specialist, New land access and sampling of several wells Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral in the downstream part of the study area. Resourc es, [email protected] Michael Dale (NMED DOE Oversight Tasks: Sampling, GIS, cartography, Bureau) was kind enough to provide unpub- report design, layout and production. lished data on six springs. Lewis Gillard, GIS Technician, New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources Tasks: Sampling, GIS, cartography.

iv SPRINGS OF THE RIO GRANDE GORGE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...... 1 FIGURES Figure 1–Location map of the Rio Grande II. INTRODUCTION...... 2 gorge study area...... 3 Background...... 2 Figure 2–Generalized physiographic and Previous work...... 2 geologic map of study area...... 6 Purpose and scope...... 3 Figure 3–Photograph of the Rio Grande Description of study area...... 3 gorge showing persistent columnar jointing of basalt flows...... 8 III. METHODOLOGY...... 4 Figure 4–Faults on the Taos Plateau intersecting the Rio Grande gorge...... 9 IV. GEOLOGIC AND HYDROLOGIC Figure 5–Index map of the Rio Grande gorge ...... SETTING...... 5 showing the major clusters of springs...... 10 Regional geology...... 5 Figure 6–Deviations in isotopic composition Previous work...... 7 away from the meteoric water line as a result of various processes...... 15 V. SPRINGS...... 10 Figure 7–Graph of stable isotope data for Sunshine valley springs...... 10 19 Rio Grande gorge spring samples...... 16 Chiflo area springs...... 11 Figure 8–Atmospheric concentration of Bear Crossing spring zone...... 11 chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)...... 18 Arsenic springs...... 11 Arroyo Hondo area springs...... 12 TABLES Taos Junction Bridge area springs...... 13 Table 1–Summary data for all inventoried Pilar area springs...... 13 springs in the Rio Grande gorge...... (10 pages) Racecourse springs...... 13 Table 2–Geochemical Data for Springs...... (2 pages)

VI. SPRING WATER CHEMISTRY...... 14 APPENDIX A Spring sampling...... 14 Geochemical data sheets for Rio Grande Ion chemistry...... 14 gorge spring analyses Stable isotopes...... 14 14 Age of ground water (Tritium, CFCs, C)...... 15 PLATE 1 . Detailed map of the Rio Grande gorge with REFERENCES...... 19 locations of all springs

v NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES AQUIFER MAPPING PROGRAM

vi SPRINGS OF THE RIO GRANDE GORGE

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Between August 2006 and April 2007, the New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources conducted a spring inventory and preliminary geochemical sampling as a first step in evaluating the hydrogeologic connections between the ground water and the Rio Grande in Taos County. The objective and principal task was to locate, inventory, describe, and selectively sample the springs of the Rio Grande gorge. The springs in the Rio Grande gorge appear to naturally fall into zones or clusters that coincide with either a hydrologically important geologic feature, such as a fault or a volcano, or one of the perennial tributaries of the Rio Grande. Spring data are evaluated in the context of the regional geologic and hydrologic framework. Basic data are presented for springs surveyed in the following locations:

• the Sunshine Valley in the Ute Mountain reach, • the Cerro Chiflo area, above the Cerro gaging station, • the west side of the gorge near Bear Crossing, • the Arroyo Hondo area, • Taos Junction Bridge, • Pilar, and • The Racecourse reach of the Rio Grande, between the BLM quartzite site and the county line.

Water samples were collected from 31 springs and analyzed for general chemistry, trace metals, stable isotopes, and for several relative age-dating analyses, including tritium, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and carbon-14. The report contains maps of the locations of inventoried springs, data tables that characterize the springs, the results of geochemical sampling and laboratory analysis of spring water chemistry and a variety of tracers, and a brief summary of the location and field parameters of each major cluster of springs.

1 NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES AQUIFER MAPPING PROGRAM

II. INTRODUCTION

in evaluating the hydrogeologic connections Background between the ground water and the river in Taos County. Future work will focus on the hydro- It has long been known that the Taos County geologic setting of the springs and ground water/ section of the Rio Grande is a gaining stream surface water interactions. (Bliss and Osgood, 1928; Spiegel and Couse, 1969; Wilson and others, 1978; Coons and Kelly, 1984; Johnson, 1998). These and other Previous Work workers have used a variety of techniques to quantify gains and losses along all or some of Although a number of workers have published the 80 river miles between the Lobatos gage and reports on some aspects of the springs in the the Embudo gage, including seepage measure- Rio Grande gorge area of Taos County, there ments, gage data, and water balances. However, has been no comprehensive inventory of the it appears that attempts to quantify the exact springs with precise locations, and no methodical locations and magnitudes of the mainstem hydrogeochemical or hydrogeologic investiga- inflow have not been undertaken, even though tions. Summers (1976) reported on the thermal they represent a major component of the net springs of New Mexico, including two springs gain. Furthermore, no workers have integrated located in the gorge. White and Kues (1992) spring hydrogeochemistry with the detailed published an inventory of springs in the state, geology in an attempt to understand the hydro- although it only covered a small number of the geologic connections between the springs and springs in the gorge. Garrabrant (1993) pro- the ground water systems. duced a report on regional water resources of Taos County is the northernmost county Taos County, including a compilation of some along the Rio Grande in New Mexico. As such, previously published spring data. Johnson (1998) it plays an important role in the hydrologic presented a comprehensive surface water health of the Rio Grande and a critical role in assessment of Taos County that included an the administration of water within the inventory of all documented springs in the Rio Grande ground water basin. The popula- county. TetraTech (2003) located and estimated tion of Taos County has increased steadily since discharge for several springs in the Taos Box 1960, with most of the rural homes pumping section. Benson (2004) summarized the ground ground water for domestic use. Because most water geology of Taos County, including new shallow ground water in the Taos region ulti- geochemistry on a few springs along the mately flows to the Rio Grande, consumption of Rio Grande. The New Mexico Environment ground water eventually results in depletions to Department, DOE Oversight Bureau surveyed the river. Recently, there has been some concern and sampled six springs in the gorge in 2004 about the potential impacts of ground water (M. Dale, written communication, 2007). pumping on the springs in the Rio Grande gorge and its tributaries. This spring inventory and preliminary geochemical sampling effort is the first step

2 SPRINGS OF THE RIO GRANDE GORGE

Purpose and Scope Throughout that distance, the Rio Grande has excavated a steep-sided gorge that ranges from a The objective of this work was to locate, inven- small canyon at the state line, to a deep and nar- tory, describe, and selectively sample the springs row canyon in central Taos County, to a broad of the Rio Grande gorge in Taos County, New canyon south of the Rio Pueblo de Taos conflu- Mexico. The report contains maps of the loca- ence. In Taos County, the Rio Grande is supplied tions of inventoried springs, data tables that char- by three major, perennial tributaries, the Red acterize the springs, and the results of geochemi- River, Rio Hondo, and Rio Pueblo de Taos, each cal sampling and laboratory analysis of spring of which has carved a steep-walled canyon that water chemistry. It also contains a brief summary grades to the Rio Grande. of the location and field parameters of each major From the state line to the Rio Pueblo conflu- cluster of springs. An evaluation of the sources, ence, approach to the river is inhibited by the ground water flow paths, and detailed geologic steep cliffs of basalt exposed in the gorge. The settings of the springs is beyond the scope of this only road to the river is at the Rio Hondo, where project, but is planned as a future study. the Dunn bridge links the east and west banks. Otherwise, a number of steep trails, which range from improved to primitive, provide the only Description of Study Area reasonable access to the river. In general, hiking along the river on either bank is demanding, due The Rio Grande gorge in Taos County extends to the preponderance of large basalt boulders from the Colorado border south to the Rio and poison ivy. Below the Rio Pueblo confluence, Arriba County Line downstream from the village access to the river corridor is much easier, as of Pilar, a distance of 63.5 river miles (Fig. 1). roads, trails, and bridges abound.

Figure 1−Location map for Rio Grande gorge study area

3 NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES AQUIFER MAPPING PROGRAM

III. METHODOLOGY

The principal task in this study was to locate, sible, spring discharges were measured with a characterize, and sample springs in the bucket and stopwatch system. Where physical Rio Grande gorge in Taos County. Prior to field conditions prohibited direct measurement, spring work, a comprehensive search of published and (or spring zone) discharges were estimated. unpublished spring-related literature was per- The springs were photographed and described formed. We also interviewed land-management according to their geographic setting, geologic personnel and experienced naturalists in the setting, and physical parameters. All data were Taos area for information on springs and access compiled onto an Excel spreadsheet. Elevations points into the gorge. Existing spring data were of all springs were calculated in ArcGIS using compiled on a spreadsheet. The lack of generally the 10-meter DEM coverage. A total of 167 accepted names, and the poor quality of spring springs and seeps were inventoried for this study. locations and descriptions, created uncertainty in In addition, the inventory includes unpublished the value of some of the existing data. information on several springs that we did not The major perennial tributaries of the Rio visit, but were located and sampled by Michael Grande in Taos County (Red River, Rio Hondo, Dale and colleagues from the NM Environment Rio Pueblo de Taos) all contain noteworthy Department, DOE Oversight Bureau. Although springs along their lower reaches. An inventory these springs represent most of the important of these springs was beyond the scope of this springs in the gorge, the scope of this project project, although we did visit and sample a clus- did not permit us to locate all of the springs in ter of springs on the lower Rio Hondo. the gorge. Between August 2006 and September 2009, Thirty one of the springs were selected for we conducted several field trips to the Rio sampling for some combination of general chem- Grande gorge, primarily targeting known spring istry, trace element chemistry, stable isotopes locations. The springs were visited on foot by of oxygen and hydrogen, tritium, CFCs, and descending into the gorge from both the east and carbon-14. Samples were collected according to west canyon rims, and traversing either upstream generally accepted sampling protocols, and sent or downstream to locate springs. In several cases, to analytical labs. we crossed the river in an inflatable kayak in All of the above data were then compiled order to reach west-side springs. Two surveys onto two spreadsheets. Table 1 presents infor- were made downriver in inflatable kayaks – the mation on locations, settings, discharge, field 15-mile section from State Line to Lee Trail, and parameters. Table 2 presents the results of all the 2-mile section from Dunn Bridge to Manby geochemical analyses. Laboratory reports are Hot Springs. included in Appendix A. Springs were field-located with handheld In early 2017, this report was updated to GPS devices. Portable field meters (Orion include springs that had been inventoried in 29A+Meter and YSI Multiprobe Model 85) were 2008 and 2009. The results are included in used to measure pH, temperature, dissolved revised Tables 1 and 2, but are not included in oxygen, and specific conductivity. Where pos- the chapter on spring chemistry or Plate 1.

4 SPRINGS OF THE RIO GRANDE GORGE

IV. GEOLOGIC AND HYDROLOGIC SETTING

Regional Geology Taos Plateau. The river canyons provide the only good exposures of the rocks in the basin, which The study area lies within the southern San Luis in the study area consist of Tertiary volcanic Basin, the northernmost basin of the Rio Grande rocks interlayered with poorly consolidated rift (Fig. 2). The 150-mile-long San Luis Basin deposits of sand, gravel, and clay. is bordered by the Sangre de Cristo Mountains A single type of volcanic rock dominates the on the east and the Tusas and San Juan Moun- Taos Plateau landscape—the olivine tholeiite tains on the west. The basin is roughly divided basalts of the Servilleta Formation. The gorge into two physiographic and geologic provinces, walls chiefly consist of thin, near-horizontal lay- the broad San Luis Valley of southern Colorado ers of this dark gray, pahoehoe (ropy), vesicular and the narrow Taos Plateau of northern New (with small air pockets) lava. Much of the basalt Mexico. The divide between the two consists of was erupted from a cluster of low-relief shield a prominent zone of volcanoes stretching west volcanoes near Tres Piedras, traveling as thin, from Questa. At the southern end of the basin, molten sheets for tens of miles before solidifying. near Taos, the rift is about 20 miles wide and Over 600 feet of basalt were locally stacked up filled with about a 3-mile-thick section of sedi- during about 2 million years of episodic erup- ments and volcanic rocks. tions, between about 4.8 and 2.8 million years Upon exiting the San Juan Mountains, the ago. These rocks can be seen from any location Rio Grande turns southward, transects the San along the gorge, but are especially well exposed Luis Basin, and continues its southward flow near the Gorge high bridge. through successive rift basins towards the Gulf In the gorge, the basalts have been sub- of Mexico. The river follows the topographically divided into four major flow units (Peterson, lowest part of the rift, carving several spectacular 1981), from oldest to youngest they are the canyons along the way. Beginning in southern lower Servilleta basalt (Tb1 and Tb2), middle

Colorado, the Rio Grande has cut a steep-walled Servilleta basalt (Tb3), and upper Servilleta canyon, known at the Rio Grande gorge, into basalt (Tb4). All basalts are extensively fractured, the basalt cap rock. Near the Colorado state especially by columnar joints that tend to verti- line, the gorge is relatively shallow, but deepens cally penetrate entire basalt flows (Fig. 3). Many southward to a maximum of 850 feet at the Wild of the columnar fractures are open. Such basalt Rivers Recreation Area near Questa, and then fracturing formed as each lava flow cooled, gradually shallows as the Rio Grande flows out thus we expect the buried basalt units to also be of the southern San Luis Basin. extensively fractured, and therefore highly per- Unlike the rift basins to the south, the San meable in the vertical dimension. In addition, the Luis Basin is relatively undissected. That is, the flow tops are typically characterized by highly sedimentary material that fills the basin has not vesicular ropey structures that create porous and yet been extensively exposed by the action of riv- permeable horizontal zones between flows. Inter- ers and streams. Instead, the Rio Grande and its flow porosity and permeability is also enhanced major tributaries have cut deep, narrow canyons by deposits of sand and gravel ranging upwards through the volcanic rocks that cap most of the of tens of feet thick.

5 NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES AQUIFER MAPPING PROGRAM

420000 440000 460000 480000

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U O 36˚45’N D

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106˚00’W s Quaternary in N ounta s M 36˚15’N Artificial fill (tailings) uri

Pic A Alluvium Eolian deposits

S Colluvium and landslides Glacial deposits 518 Piedmont deposits Santa Fe group

4000000 Teritary Volcanic rocks Basalts 105˚45’W Intrusive rocks Sedimentary rocks Paleozoic Sedimentary rocks Proterozoic Figure 2−Generalized physiographic Metamorphic and and geologic map of study area. 105˚30’W igneous rocks

6 SPRINGS OF THE RIO GRANDE GORGE

Other types of volcanic rock are seen in in the gorge walls. The youngest of these alluvial and adjacent to the gorge, including dacite lava fans and ancestral Rio Grande river deposits sup- domes formed by eruptions of sticky lava that ply the many sand and gravel quarries in the area. could only flow short distances before solidi- Over much of its length, the walls of the Rio fying. Such long, thin dacite flows are com- Grande gorge are covered by landslide and talus monly seen in the walls of the gorge along some deposits. In places, the landslides are enormous stretches of the river. Most of the large volca- arc-shaped complexes of jumbled volcanic rock noes on the Taos Plateau are lava domes. Other and gravels. volcanic forms, such as cinder cones and rhyolite A number of known fault systems exist on flows, have also been identified in the Taos Pla- the Taos Plateau, several of which intersect the teau volcanic field. gorge within the study area and are hydrologically Each dacite dome is composed of many, significant (Fig. 4). The Red River fault system perhaps thousands, of small lava flows, which (Peterson, 1981; Dungan and others, 1984; Kel- have collectively built each volcanic edifice. The son and Bauer, 2006) consists of several steeply volcanoes contain multiple vents, and are there- dipping, east-down normal, en echelon fault fore complex in three dimensions. Although each segments that offset Pleistocene gravels on the dacite flow is composed of relatively dense, fine- plateau. The faults strike northwesterly from near grained rock that generally lacks vesicles, they do Lama to Cerro Chiflo. The faults are well exposed contain large fracture systems, including colum- in the gorge where they form brittle fracture zones nar joints. In addition, the dacite flows are gener- in the Servilleta basalts. ally mantled by extremely fractured rubble zones The Dunn fault (Peterson, 1981; Dungan that formed as the lava cooled. Accordingly, the and others, 1984; Kelson and Bauer, 2006) is hydrologic characteristics of these dacite domes an east-dipping, east-down rift fault that paral- (porosity and permeability) is highly variable, lels the Rio Grande gorge near the confluence both in magnitude and spatial distribution, with with the Rio Hondo. It exhibits about 115 feet values of hydraulic conductivity expected of normal movement that appears to coincide in to vary over many orders of magnitude and time with eruption of Servilleta Formation basalts locally reaching upwards to several hundreds of and interlayered sediments (Dungan and others, feet per day. 1984). Where exposed west of the Dunn bridge, Although some of the sediment that fills the Dunn fault consists of a several-meter-wide the rift basin was deposited by the Rio Grande, brittle deformational zone that is characterized by most of the clay, silt, sand, gravel, and cobbles brecciated basalt and fractured and altered sedi- were eroded from the nearby mountains during ments. the past 25 million years. The San Luis Basin is surrounded by alluvial fans that have slowly advanced from the mountains into the basin. Regional Hydrology This material forms an “apron” that radiates out from the point where the mountain stream enters The Taos region generates significant surface the valley. water resources through eleven perennial streams Over time, each alluvial fan is buried under and rivers, and stores large quantities of ground successively younger alluvium as the basin slowly water distributed in various local and regional- sinks. In the Rio Grande rift, these rift-fill depos- scale aquifers. These two regional sources, surface its are called the Santa Fe Group. Over much of water and ground water, are intricately linked, the basin, we can only see the youngest basin fill and both discharge to the region’s principal at the surface. However, glimpses of Santa Fe hydrologic feature, the Rio Grande. The entire Group sediments exist in the gorge, commonly southern San Luis Basin is drained by the as red or tan layers sandwiched between basalts Rio Grande. The Rio Grande brings an annual

7 NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES AQUIFER MAPPING PROGRAM

Figure 3−Photograph of the Rio Grande gorge showing persistent columnar jointing of basalt flows.

average of about 325,500 acre-feet across the valleys. The complex hydrogeologic conditions state line from Colorado, and streams from the adjacent to the mountain front give rise to Sangre de Cristo Mountains in Taos County complicated interactions between water flow in contribute, on average, an additional 276,200 streams and water flow in aquifers. No perennial acre-feet each year to the river (Shomaker and streams contribute surface flow from west of the Johnson, 2005). Rio Grande gorge. As the perennial streams east of the Rio Recharge from the Sangre de Cristo Moun- Grande gorge exit the high crystalline-bedrock tains moves westward away from the mountain valleys of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and front, flowing downward through young alluvial enter the lower alluvial valleys, a portion of their fan sediments close to the surface, then laterally flow is lost to infiltration through the coarse sand through basalt flows and interbedded sediments and gravel of alluvial fans and slopes. This loss of the Servilleta Formation before discharg- diminishes the stream’s discharge, but in turn ing into the Rio Grande. The large (500–900 replenishes storage in the region’s aquifers and, feet) elevation difference between the areas of together with infiltration from acequia irriga- recharge adjacent to the mountain front and tion, sustains shallow water levels in the region’s the Rio Grande, over a relatively short distance

8 SPRINGS OF THE RIO GRANDE GORGE

of 7–9 miles, leads to a strong downward component of ground water flow, and probably to perched ground water and unsaturated conditions below the water table in some places (Summers and Hargis, 1984; Winograd, 1984; Shomaker and Johnson, 2005). Ground water discharges into the Rio Grande gorge through springs emerging in the channel bottom and banks of the Rio Grande and from the canyon walls 100 feet or more above the river. Sources of recharge to aquifers west of the river are far removed from the gorge, residing primarily in the Tusas Mountains, San Antonio Mountain, and the southern San Juan Mountains. Ground water discharges from aquifers on the west side of the Rio Grande through springs along the west bank and canyon walls and probably also from springs emerging along the channel bottom.

Figure 4−Faults on the Taos Plateau intersecting the Rio Grande gorge.

9 NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES AQUIFER MAPPING PROGRAM

105°45'W 440000

a ll Fault-exposed sti k Co ee Fault-approximate Cr Fault-concealed e d Spring n Ute y a r

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V. SPRINGS 522 0 S 5 Miles e n i h 0 5 Kilometers s

n 4080000 The springs in the Rio Grande gorge appear to u S naturally fall into zones or clusters that coincide reek r C with either a hydrologically important geologic ati Sunshine Valley Springs L feature, such as a fault or a volcano, or one of the perennial tributaries of the Rio Grande. Chiflo Area Springs 378 Figure 4 is a generalized map of the major zones Cerro Cerro Negrito de la Olla Cerro and geologic features, and Plate 1 (in back Chiflo 36°45'N pocket) displays all of the springs at a scale of Guadalupe Mountain 1:24,000. Table 1 presents a summary of data Bear Crossing Spring Zone for all springs inventoried in the Rio Grande

gorge. The following list summarizes the general Cerro s 4060000 Montoso r n e i iv characteristics and analytical results of these R a ed esa t Arsenic Springs R a M ll n major spring zones. Spring locations are located bo e u C ta Canyo o by river miles south of the state line. aba n arr

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r is r C C T San o b Sunshine Valley Springs o ek L Cre a n li Cerro al Negro G Springs are rare along the Ute Mountain reach Rio Ho Arroyo Hondo ndo of the gorge, between the State Line and Lee Area Springs Trail. The first known spring, named Cisneros Shallow well BIA-9 4040000

36°30'N Deep well spring, is located at river mile 10, on the west BOR-7 150

side, opposite the primitive Cisneros Trail (aka 522 o

Cow Patty Trail). The small, cool (55°F) spring u L

c o i e emerges just above the river from a talus slope S R

o y o Tre s r of basalt and sandy sediment. Discharge was r 64 Orejas A

measured at 4 gpm. Taos Junction n

a r rna nd G s R Fe o Bridge o io e T Approximately 13 miles from the State a d ao o T s i e d R o Area Springs bl Line is a nearly continuous, half mile-long zone ue P io R of east-side springs and seeps named the Sun- R C io h Rio Pilar Area iq G uito shine spring zone. These cool (55–56°F) springs r 68 a Springs n d 518 e emerge from beneath a basalt flow, at the base of

d 4020000

l 570

the canyon wall. Cumulative discharge was esti- Racecourse R

A a

r n r Springs o c mated at about 20 gpm, with the largest single y h o H o spring at 5 gpm. ondo Mou Two of these springs were sampled for tri- ris nta 36°15'N cu ins tium in 2006. Results were -0.03 and 0.02 TU, Pi respectively. Figure 5−Index map of the Rio Grande gorge showing the major clusters of springs.

10 SPRINGS OF THE RIO GRANDE GORGE

Chiflo Area Springs Therefore, all estimates of discharge should be considered as minimum values, and it is A group of small, east-side springs is found near possible that actual flows could be at least twice Cerro Chiflo, between the primitive Desagua or more than our estimates. The largest spring Trail and the Cerro gaging station. These cool was estimated at 1200 gpm, and the cumulative (53–60°F) springs are located near the base of total for the zone was estimated at approxi- basalt or dacite cliffs, just above river level. The mately 6400 gpm. cumulative discharge was estimated at about 30 The Felsenmeere springs are visible from gpm, with the largest single spring estimated at 5 the eastern rim, as high-velocity, high-discharge gpm. columns of water that emerge from the basalt Two springs were sampled for tritium in talus about 100 ft above the river. The southern 2006. Desagua Trail spring measured 4.5 TU. two springs have single, discrete orifices below Gaging Station South spring measured 0.46 TU. basalt blocks, whereas the northern spring consists of numerous medium-sized flows over an area of several hundred square meters. Spring Bear Crossing Spring Zone waters are between 61–62°F. These springs are too large to measure directly, and therefore The most volumetrically significant spring zone our estimates should be taken as minimums. in the gorge is located on the west side, just Felsenmeere North zone was estimated at 4000 downstream from Bear Crossing Trail. The gpm. Felsenmeere Middle spring was estimated northernmost spring is located under the pow- at 2500 gpm. Felsenmeere South spring was erlines, and the springs emerge almost continu- estimated at 3200 gpm. ously for about 1.5 miles downstream. The A tritium sample taken in 2006 from a Bear upper line of springs is named Bear Crossing Crossing spring measured 0.09 TU. A 14C sam- spring zone, and the lowermost cluster of three ple from Felsenmeere Middle spring returned an springs is named Felsenmeere. Due to logistical uncorrected apparent age of 4,400 +/- 40 yrs. challenges, we were not able to survey the lower half of the Bear Crossing spring zone. The Bear Crossing springs are invisible from Arsenic Springs the canyon rim, because they discharge on the canyon wall and flow beneath a huge basalt The cluster of east-side Arsenic springs are well boulder field to the river. The springs orifices known due to their large size and easy access are nowhere visible, but appear to originate via the well-maintained Big Arsenic and Little 50–100+ ft above the river in basalt talus. Dis- Arsenic trails in the BLM Wild Rivers Area. tinctive zones of clear water along the western Big Arsenic spring actually consists of several shore mark the locations of the largest spring large northern springs and a single large south- inflows to the river. This spring zone is situated ern spring. Little Arsenic spring consists of a on the Red River fault zone which certainly single small spring. All of these springs appear provides fracture-enhanced permeability to the to emanate well above the river, on or above volcanic rocks and sedimentary deposits and the top of the landslide deposits. Some of the probably behaves like a ground water drain, fun- northern Big Arsenic spring water may actually neling ground water flow to the spring discharge emerge at the base of the eastern volcanic cliffs, zone in the canyon wall. Water temperatures but infiltrate into the landslide deposits, and are consistently 61–62°F along the zone. Nearly later discharge from lower on the landslides. all of these springs were too large to measure Temperatures range from about 60–63.5°F. directly, and oftentimes the flow of the springs A minimum estimate of cumulative dis- were difficult to see beneath the boulders. charge from the Big Arsenic springs is about

11 NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES AQUIFER MAPPING PROGRAM

5000 gpm, with the largest spring estimated at consists of a long zone of seeps plus two 3000 gpm. Little Arsenic spring was measured at cool (58°F) springs with a total estimated 35 gpm. discharge of 50 gpm. Tritium samples from Big Arsenic and Little Arsenic taken in 2006 returned readings of 0.60 c. The Dunn Bridge South spring is a small, and 0.02 TU, respectively. cool (63°F) spring estimated at 1 gpm, located 500 meters south of the confluence.

Arroyo Hondo Area Springs d. The Godoi North spring zone is a cluster of many small springs and seeps that dis- Forty three of the surveyed springs are in the charge from the base of the basalt, located Arroyo Hondo area. Several sets of springs about 1000 meters downstream of the con- emerge from the eastern wall of the gorge, includ- fluence. The zone has an estimated cumula- ing cool springs upstream from the Dunn bridge, tive discharge of 120 gpm, with the largest a nearly continuous line of springs downstream single spring at about 30 gpm. The springs from the bridge, and Black Rock and Manby are cool (63–67°F), and yield a CFC age of hot springs south of the bridge. A cluster of cool 53 +/- 2 yrs. springs also emerges on the north slope of the Arroyo Hondo, just east of the confluence. e. The Godoi South spring zone is a line Nearly all of the cool springs emerge from of springs nearly 1000 meters long, just near the base of the eastern gorge cliffs within upstream from Manby Hot springs. about 50 vertical feet above the river. Where The cumulative discharge was estimated exposures of bedrock are sufficient, it appears at 112 gpm, with the largest spring at that some of the springs emerge from just below about 30 gpm. Temperatures range from basalt layers. These springs are generally small, cool (61°F) in the north to warm (74°F) and located in lines of distributed springs and near Manby Hot springs, and indicate a seeps. The largest measured discharge is 144 gpm, warming trend to the south. Tritium values although most flow is less than 15 gpm. The from north and south samples were principal clusters of springs within the Arroyo negligible in 2006. We suspect that this Hondo area are summarized as follows: spring zone is at least partly fed by the deep aquifer, and is controlled by fracture a. North of the Rio Hondo confluence, the permeability along the Dunn fault, allow- Dunn Bridge North spring zone consists ing the cool spring water to partially mix of 20 springs and seeps that emerge from with the geothermal water that feeds the rock debris. The largest was measured at nearby hot springs. 144 gpm, with a cumulative estimate of about 240 gpm for the zone. The springs f. Black Rock Hot Spring is a small spring on are cool (59°F), and yield a CFC age of the west side, with a measured discharge 36 +/- 2 years. The southernmost spring in of 21 gpm in 2002. The maximum tem- the zone, the Rael spring, yields a tritium perature of the pool is about 101°F. To the value of 4 TU in 2006. south, Manby Hot Springs (aka Stagecoach Hot Springs) discharges over 100 gpm of b. The Lower Arroyo Hondo spring zone is geothermal water (94°F). Both springs are located near the mouth of the Rio Hondo, located near the Dunn fault, which prob- north of the stream, emerging from the ably provides a vertical conduit for the base of the basalts along the cliff. The zone ascent of deep geothermal water.

12 SPRINGS OF THE RIO GRANDE GORGE

Taos Junction Bridge Area Springs above the Rio Grande. The spring contains a single orifice that is located beneath a basalt Several small, east-side springs are found near boulder. Spring water is warm (72°F), and dis- the Rio Pueblo de Taos confluence. Three of charge was estimated at 450 gpm. A 14C sample these springs are located near the Taos Junc- yields an uncorrected apparent age of 14,900 tion bridge. Two (Dustbowl and Rio Grande/ +/- 80 yrs. Klauer) are located in arroyos where they emerge A second spring, located about 0.5 mile to from a section of sediments layered between the north and 200 ft higher on the slope, feeds basalt flows. They are cool (58°F and 60°F) and a line of large cottonwood trees that descend to have discharges of 3 and 17 gpm, respectively. the river. Rio Grande spring, which is piped for public use, yielded a 14C uncorrected apparent age of 7,670 +/- 50 yrs. The third spring (Taos Junction Racecourse Springs South) emerges just above the road, is warmer (65.5°F), and yielded a 14C uncorrected apparent Between the BLM Quartzite Site and the County age of 18,850 +/- 100 yrs. Line Site are approximately 20, west-side wet- Downstream from the bridge are a series of lands (cienegas) that are superimposed on mas- small west-side seeps that are perched 200–300 sive landslide deposits of basalt and interlayered ft above the river on a 2-meter-thick layer of sediments. The wetlands are characterized by gray clay. This Orilla Verde seep zone is easily lush vegetation, waterlogged soils, springs that mapped by the vegetative zones that exist below feed a network of drainage channels, and zones the seeps. of active soil creep. All of the wetlands are nour- ished by small springs, whose water typically infiltrates before reaching the Rio Grande. We Pilar Area Springs sampled several of these springs, including the largest spring in the largest wetland, located just The village of Pilar west-side acequia system to the north of Souse Hole rapid. The spring is (Acequia de los Ojos) is charged by a single cold (55°F) and has an estimated discharge of spring (locally known as Big Spring) that 5 gpm. A 14C sample yields an uncorrected emerges from the talus slope about 150 ft apparent age of 3400 +/- 40 yrs.

13 NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES AQUIFER MAPPING PROGRAM

VI. SPRING WATER CHEMISTRY

The quality of water describes both its potability water flow paths, and a relative sense of ground for drinking and its specific chemical characteris- water residence time or age. The most useful tics, which are governed by a combination of the chemical parameters for the characterization of original composition of precipitation, chemical springs in the Rio Grande gorge include total conditions in the aquifer, and impacts of human dissolved ions (TDI), ion chemistry, temperature, development. Mapping the distribution of water select trace elements, stable isotopes of oxygen quality and geochemical parameters in springs (18O) and hydrogen (2H or deuterium, D), radio- and aquifers is important to an overall under- isotopes of carbon (14C) and hydrogen (3H or standing of the hydrologic systems and manage- tritium, H) and other indicators of ground water ment of the water resources. age such as CFCs.

Spring Sampling Ion Chemistry

During the fall and spring of 2006–2007, water Ions are elements that carry a positive or nega- samples were collected from 21 springs and tive charge, and are naturally found in ground analyzed for general chemistry, trace metals, water. As ground water moves along its flow and stable isotopes. Samples from some springs path, changes in its ion chemistry occur as the were also analyzed for several relative age-dating water dissolves minerals in the rock. In general, analyses, including tritium, chlorofluorocarbons shallow ground water near a recharge area is (CFCs), and carbon-14. The sampled springs lower in TDI than water deep in the aquifer or and analytical results are shown in Table 2. water isolated from active recharge, and lower Interpretation of these data is beyond the scope in TDI than shallow ground water in a discharge of this study, but is planned for future work. area. In addition, changes in anion (a negatively The following sections describe the analyti- charged ion) and cation (a positively charged cal geochemical techniques that were performed ion) chemistry occur along a ground water flow on the spring samples, and the types of informa- path, as water moves from shallow recharge tion that might be gleaned from such data. areas into deeper or isolated portions of the aquifer where flow is attenuated and residence time is longer. The anion content generally Hydrogeochemical Methods increases and evolves progressively from bicarbonate-rich water toward higher concentrations The spatial distribution of certain hydrogeo- of sulfate, and eventually chloride. The cation chemical parameters provides useful information content generally increases from calcium-rich about a ground water flow system, including water toward higher concentrations of sodium general water quality and water type, recharge and magnesium. A high potassium content is and discharge areas, recharge mechanisms, depth characteristic of geothermal waters. The temper- of ground water circulation, degree of hydraulic ature of ground water also increases as it follows interconnection, length and continuity of ground a long or deep circulation pathway and increases

14 SPRINGS OF THE RIO GRANDE GORGE in age or residence time. Two thermal types of water are affected by meteorological processes ground water discharge in the gorge springs: cold that provide a characteristic fingerprint of the ground water with a shallow circulation and hot water’s origin. Each step of the hydrologic cycle or geothermal water with a history of deep circu- – evaporation from the oceans, condensation lation. All of the sampled springs were analyzed and rain, re-evaporation, snow accumulation for major and trace ion chemistry. Results are and melting, and runoff – partitions the heavier listed in Table 2, with complete laboratory data isotopes of 18O and 2H amongst the different given in the appendix. freshwater reservoirs. On a global scale, δ2H and δ18O in fresh waters correlate along a “global meteoric water line” (Figure 6), according to the Stable Isotopes equation δ2H = 8δ18O +10. The meteoric water line (“MWL”) is the key to interpretation of 2H The stable isotopes of hydrogen (2H, commonly and 18O data. Water with an isotopic composi- referred to as deuterium) and oxygen (18O) are tion falling close to the MWL generally origi- ideal, conservative hydrologic tracers as they are nates as precipitation and is unaffected by other a part of the water molecule. The stable isotope isotopic processes. Various processes produce content of ground water is expressed as ratios of deviations from the MWL, but do so in unique 2H/H and 18O/16O in units of parts per thousand ways. Figure 7 illustrates these processes and the (per mil or ‰). Stable isotope ratios in ground resulting compositional trends away from the

Figure 6−Deviations in isotopic composition away from the meteoric water line (Craig, 1961) as a result of various processes (modified from IAEA Report No. 288, 1983).

15 NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES AQUIFER MAPPING PROGRAM

Figure 7−Graph of stable isotope data for 19 Rio Grande gorge spring samples.

MWL. The most important of these processes to the isotopic content of the recharge water. this ground water provenance study are evapo- A preliminary plot of stable isotopes for 19 ration and paleoclimate effects. Fossil ground gorge samples is shown in Figure 7. In addition water recharged during late Pleistocene (more to our spring samples, the plot shows the results than 10,000 years ago) reflects the effect of a of surface water and well sampling reported by cooler, more humid climate. The temperature Drakos and others (2004) and a local MWL effect is expressed by depletion of fossil ground calculated for the Santa Fe area by Anderholm water with respect to modern water and a shift (1994), which in this case is similar to the global along the MWL towards more negative values. line. Results are listed in Table 2, with complete Pleistocene age ground water from the San Juan laboratory data given in the appendix. Basin, for example, reveals depletions of 25 ‰ in 2H and 3 ‰ in 18O (Phillips and others, 1986). Fossil ground water manifesting a paleocli- Age of Ground water mate shift (Figure 7) is not a part of an actively recharged flow system, and hence represents a Ground water age or mean residence time refers very finite resource. Mixing of modern and fossil to the amount of time that water derived from ground water produces an intermediate isoto- precipitation “resides” in an underground pic composition. Generally speaking, the stable aquifer, and may be thought of as the age of the isotope content of shallow ground water is not ground water. Ground water age is related to the chemically altered once the water molecule is amount of time taken for water to flow through isolated from the atmosphere, and always reflects an aquifer from the recharge area to points of

16 SPRINGS OF THE RIO GRANDE GORGE discharge, such as springs or wells and thus is today’s precipitation concentration. Generally, also related to ground water flow velocity. Where waters with lower tritium concentrations are recharge mechanisms are complex and include older, whereas samples with higher tritium con- multiple pathways, the “age” reflects integration centrations are younger. of all the possible pathways, and thus indicates We sampled 11 springs for tritium analysis. a “mean” residence time. The age determined Results are listed in Table 2, with complete labo- is only an approximation of the mean residence ratory data given in the appendix. time in a localized portion of the aquifer.A variety of naturally occurring and anthropogenic Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Chlorofluorcar- geochemical tracers are used to evaluate the bons, or CFCs, are synthetic chemical com- residence time of ground water within an aquifer. pounds that were used in refrigeration systems Determining the residence time and/or and as aerosol propellants from the 1930s ground water age of spring waters is not a simple through the last decade of the 20th century. process. Our results so far are only the first step There are three varieties of chlorofluorocarbons, in evaluating the hydrogeologic system of north- designated as CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-113. ern Taos County. CFC-11 is the quickest to degrade, especially in the presence of organic material, so most ground Tritium. Tritium is a short-lived isotope of water dates are based on abundance ratios of hydrogen with a half-life of 12.32 years. Tritium CFC-12 and CFC-113. (or 3H) is produced naturally in the stratosphere CFC compounds increased in the atmosphere by cosmic radiation, and during the 1960s and in a quasi-exponential fashion from the 1950s early 1970s large concentrations were also through late 1980s, at which time their abun- associated with above-ground nuclear testing. dance began to decline because of international Tritium enters the hydrologic cycle via rainfall, agreements to limit their production (CFC com- with the tritium atoms directly incorporated into pounds were a principal cause of degradation of 3 th the water molecule as H2O. Radioactive decay earth’s ozone layer in the late 20 century). As of the tritium component of ground water allows with tritium, CFCs enter the hydrologic cycle via us to estimate the age of ground water less than precipitation. about fifty years old. Tritium concentrations are The advantages of CFCs as a tool for dating measured in Tritium Units (TU), where one TU ground water relate to the fact that their atmo- indicates a tritium-to-hydrogen abundance ratio spheric concentrations are very well-known, thus of 10-18. Present day tritium concentrations in providing virtually year-to-year dating sensitivity rainfall in New Mexico are about 6.0 TU. (Fig. 8). Because CFC concentrations have lev- Qualitative assessments of the residence time eled off and begun to decrease since the late 20th of ground water are commonly made based on century, there is some degree of ambiguity in esti- tritium concentrations in water samples. Water mates of ground water age for water recharged with a concentration of 5–15 TU is considered since the early 1990s. to be modern ground water, less than 5–10 years CFC results are presented in an approximate old. Tritium concentrations of 0.8–4 TU proba- age (in years) of the water sample. The results bly represent a mixture of submodern and recent are dependent upon an estimated recharge eleva- recharge. Water samples with 3H concentrations tion and recharge temperature. The recharge less than 0.8 TU are assumed to be submodern, temperature, in most cases, can be quite difficult recharged prior to 1952. Exceptions can occur to determine, creating uncertainty in the inter- if ground water was recharged during the time preted age. The age data are based on a tem- of nuclear testing in the 1960s and early 1970s. perature assumption that recharge was primarily Water samples from this time period would be related to snowmelt, which may overestimate expected to have much higher tritium levels than CFC-derived ground water ages.

17 NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES AQUIFER MAPPING PROGRAM

We sampled two springs for CFC analysis. (pmc)”. Significant ambiguity results when using Results are listed in Table 2, with complete labo- 14C to date ground water in limestone aquifers, ratory data given in the appendix. because geochemical reactions of the groundwa-

ter with the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) rock it Carbon-14. Carbon-14, or 14C, is a naturally flows through may contribute non-atmospheric occurring radioactive isotope of carbon, formed “mineral carbon” to the ground water. The pres- in the atmosphere by cosmic radiation. Car- ence of mineral carbon in ground water samples bon-14, like tritium, was increased in atmo- will result in estimates of ground water age that spheric concentration during the 1960s and are apparently much older than the water itself. early 1970s by above-ground nuclear testing. Geochemical modeling is required to correct for Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,730 years and is the presence of mineral carbon in water samples widely used for radiometric dating of any mate- collected from limestone aquifers. Assessment of rial containing carbon compounds. Carbon-14 the 14C results from springs sampled so far may enters the hydrologic cycle during the recharge require geochemical corrections or modeling for process, via precipitation and dissolved soil the results to be useful. gases, and can be used to estimate the age of We sampled 11 springs for 14C analysis. Results ground water. Radiocarbon measurements are are listed in Table 2, with complete laboratory usually reported as “percent modern carbon data given in the appendix.

700

600 CFC-12

500

400

300 CFC-11

200 CfC Mixing Ratios in pptv

100 CFC-113

0 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Figure 8−Atmospheric concentration of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

18 SPRINGS OF THE RIO GRANDE GORGE

REFERENCES

Anderholm, S. K., 1994, Ground-water recharge near Santa Phillips, F.M., Peeters, L.A., Tansey, M.K., and Davis, S.N., Fe, north-central New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey 1986, Paleoclimatic inferences from an isotopic investiga- Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4078, 68 p. tion of ground water in the central San Juan basin, New Mexico: Quaternary Research, v. 26, p. 179–193. Benson, A. L., 2004, Ground water geology of Taos County: New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook 55, Spiegel, Z., and Couse, I. W. 1969. Availability of ground p. 420–432. water for supplemental irrigation and municipal-indus- trial uses in the Taos Unit of the U.S. Bureau of Recla- Bliss, J. H. and Osgood, E. P., 1928, Seepage study on mation San Juan–Chama Project, Taos County, New Rio Grande between State line bridge, Colorado, and Mexico: New Mexico State Engineer, Open-File Report, Embudo, New Mexico, and between Alamosa, Colorado, 22 p. and Embudo, New Mexico: New Mexico State Engineer, 9th Biennial Report, 1928–1930, July 1928, p. 27–40. Summers, W. K., 1976, Catalog of thermal waters in New Mexico: New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Bureau of Land Management, 1998, Inventory of springs in Resources, Hydrologic Report 4, 80 p. Taos County on BLM land; Written communication from J. Wall to P. Johnson on August 4, 1998, 3 p. Tetra Tech, Inc., 2003, Rio Grande seepage study report, Taos Box Canyon: Unpublished final report prepared for Coons, L. M., and Kelly, T. E., 1984, Regional hydrogeol- the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver Technical Service ogy and the effect of structural control on the flow of Center, 9 p. plus tables and figures. ground water in the Rio Grande Trough, northern New Mexico. New Mexico Geological Society, 35th Field White, W.E. and Kues, G. E., 1992, Inventory of springs in Conference, p. 241–244. the state of New Mexico: U. S. Geological Survey, Open- File Report 92–118, 238 p. Dungan, M. A., Muehlberger, W. R., Leininger, L., Peter- son, C., McMillan, N.J., Gunn, G., Lindstrom, M., and Wilson, L., Anderson, S. T., Jenkins, D. and Lovato, P., Haskin, L., 1984, Volcanic and sedimentary stratigraphy 1978, Water availability & water quality, Taos County, of the Rio Grande Gorge and the Late Cenozoic geologic New Mexico: Phase A Report: Basic data on geography, evolution of the southern San Luis Valley: New Mexico climate, geology, surface water, ground water, water Geological Society Guidebook 35, p. 157–170. rights, water use, water supply and water quality: Techni- cal Report to the Taos County Board of Commissioners Garrabrant, L. A., 1993, Water resources of Taos County, by Lee Wilson & Associates, Inc., 66 p. plus tables and New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources appendices. Investigations Report 93-4107, 86 p.

Johnson, P.S., 1998, Surface-Water Assessment, Taos County, New Mexico: New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources, Open-File Report OF-440, 36 p. plus tables and appendices.

Kelson, K. I. and Bauer, P. W., 2006, Geologic map of the Arroyo Hondo 7.5-minute quadrangle, Taos County, New Mexico: New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Open-file geologic map OF-GM, scale 1:24,000.

Peterson, C. M., 1981, Late Cenozoic stratigraphy and structure of the Taos Plateau, northern New Mexico: M.S. thesis, University of Texas at Austin, 57 p.

19 20 NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES AQUIFER SPRINGS OF THE RIO GRANDE GORGE MAPPING PROGRAM

TABLES

Table 1–Summary data for all inventoried springs in the Rio Grande gorge 10 pages

Table 2–Geochemical data for springs 1 page Table 1-Summary data for all inventoried springs of the Rio Grande Gorge, Taos County, New Mexico (revised Jan 2017) Page 1 of 10 East or Elev Estimated Estimated Field Measured Measured Estimated Field Specific Field Field Name of Spring Spring West or 7.5-min UTM E UTM N from Date discharge of discharge Field Dissolved Chemistry Description discharge discharge discharge Comments Conductance Temp Temp or Spring Zone ID In the Quad NAD83 NAD83 DEM visited spring of zone pH Oxygen Sample (gpm) (cfs) (cfs) (microS/cm) (C) (F) River (ft) (gpm) (gpm) (mg/L) Small spring discharging from base of lowest exposed dacite Cow Patty E TS-74 east Spring 2 upstream of Cow Patty Ute Mtn 437367 4082068 7337 9/25/08 0.5 0.001 7.6 217 11.4 52.4 8.9 flow, east side of RG w/ discharge ~ 0.5 gpm Seep from base of intermediate grass-covered terrace, forms Cow Patty E TS-75 east Spring pool upstream of Cow Patty Ute Mtn 437356 4081880 7337 9/25/08 1.0 0.002 elevated pool on east side of RG ~ 2 ft above low river stage 7.8 248 8.2 46.8 4.4 w/ discharge < 1 gpm to river Small spring discharging from base of lowest exposed dacite Cow Patty E TS-70 east Spring 2 upstream of Cow Patty Ute Mtn 437367 4082068 7337 9/25/08 0.5 0.001 7.6 217 11.4 52.4 8.9 X flow, east side of RG w/ discharge ~ 0.5 gpm West bank, just downstream from Dry, precipitate-encrusted, fractured basalt block that has Cow Patty W TS-14 west Ute Mtn 437167 4081556 7343 8/30/06 Cisneros Trail (aka Cow PattyTrail). previously had spring flow. Small, cool spring from under fractured basalt block just above West bank, just downstream from Cow Patty W TS-14a west Ute Mtn 437135 4081577 7388 8/30/06 4.0 0.01 river. Good bucket and watch measurement, with quart bucket, 7.8 133 12.9 55.2 7.3 X Cisneros Trail (aka Cow PattyTrail). at .5 qt per 2 sec. West bank, just downstream from Revisit to collect C14 sample. West-side spring, discharge >/= Cow Patty W TS-14a west Ute Mtn 437135 4081577 7388 9/25/08 7.9 170 12.4 54.3 10.1 X Cisneros Trail (aka Cow PattyTrail). 4 gpm by bucket and watch. West-side spring, discharge ~ 2 gpm at top of middle terrace Cow Patty W TS-76 west Spring 2 at Cow Patty west Ute Mtn 437056 4081565 7337 9/25/08 2.0 0.004 and base of basalt rockfall, ~ 15 ft above river level, discrete 7.9 177 12.6 54.7 9.2 discharge point w/ additional seeps up/down stream. Third west-side spring, discharge supports broad saturated Cow Patty W TS-77 west Spring 3 at Cow Patty west Ute Mtn 437080 4081230 7318 9/25/08 0.5 0.001 river terrace and small (~ 0.5 gpm) channel flow. Ute Mtn W TS-78 west Small seep on west side Ute Mtn 437060 4081027 7298 9/25/08 0.5 0.001 Small seep on west side. Three discrete east-side spring discharges from river terrace, Ute Mtn E TS-79 east Spring Set 1 below Cow Patty E side Ute Mtn 437068 4080973 7308 9/25/08 13.0 0.03 8.1 198 13.5 56.3 9.8 ~35 m apart, at base of large dacite unit; Qtotal ~13 gpm. Three discrete east-side spring discharges from river terrace, Ute Mtn E TS-80 east Spring Set 2 below Cow Patty E side Ute Mtn 437051 4080812 7308 9/25/08 8.0 0.02 ~30 m apart, at base of large dacite unit; Qtotal ~8 gpm. east, Upstream head of spring accretion zone, large discharges from Sunshine TS-81 west, Head of spring accretion zone. Ute Mtn 436996 4080595 7305 9/25/08 1000 2.23 both sides of river and center of channel, many 100s of gpm; river discharge pools at base of dacite unit, no good sample point. Very large spring zone discharging from river gravels beneath Sunshine TS-71 west TS-71, Sunshine west Sunshine 436962 4080507 7282 9/25/08 225 0.50 basalt boulders, zone is about 25 ft (8 m) long, Qest ~ 0.5 cfs 8.2 202 14.9 58.7 9.3 X (~225 gpm). Continuous string of seeps/springs along east side, base of Sunshine TS-82 east Sunshine east Sunshine 436975 4080433 7282 9/25/08 1.0 0.002 8.1 210 14.6 58.2 9.6 low terrace. Rio Grande just above Lava Tube River discharge was 52.6 cfs, as measured with flow meter by The Rio Grande TS-114 Sunshine 437000 4080300 7285 9/2/09 8.6 329 15.9 60.6 7.3 Spring. M. Martinez and K. Kinzli. Large, artesian spring discharge in channel bottom. May display a sand boil. This spring is the last discharge in the large Sunshine accretion zone (from base of lower dacite flow Lava Tube TS-83 in river Large artesian spring in river. Sunshine 437003 4080326 7285 9/2/09 6005 13.38 8.0 214 15.2 59.3 7.3 X or dacite/Servilleta contact). Spring discharge from flow-meter discharge measurements of the river above and below the spring, by K. Kinzli and M. Martinez. Small spring discharging from fractures in Servilleta Basalt. Q = 2.7 gpm (B&SW). 14C sample to supplement existing Sunshine Trail TS-73 east TS-73, Sunshine Trail Spring 1 Sunshine 437865 4077691 7298 9/25/08 2.7 0.01 7.7 204 13.7 56.6 7.8 X sample suite. This spring marks the top of the Sunshine Trail spring zone. Sunshine Trail reach, many small springs/seeps and dry Sunshine Trail TS-84 east Sunshine Trail Spring 2 Sunshine 438144 4077135 7285 9/25/08 1.0 0.002 outlets in lower terrace. Two small springs downstream of Sunshine trail w/ Qtot ~ 1 gpm. Sunshine trail reach, third set of small springs/seeps in lower Sunshine Trail TS-85 east Sunshine Trail Spring 3 Sunshine 438197 4076893 7275 9/25/08 2.0 0.004 terrace, east side, ~ 200 m in length, 8 total, each with Q ~ 1-2 gpm Small spring discharge from base of Servilleta basalt and top Sunshine Trail W TS-72 west TS-72, Sunshine Trail W Spring Sunshine 438133 4076798 7282 9/25/08 0.5 0.001 of river terrace, on west side; Qest ~ 0.5 gpm from discrete 7.9 183 12.5 54.5 9.3 X point ~40 ft above river level. Seep area along base of basalt, very slow flow. Too slow to East bank, just upstream from measure, so dug hole which filled over 3 hours. Field Sunshine Trail TS-20a east Sunshine 438044 4077518 7293 8/30/06 5.0 0.01 8.0 207 4.8 Sunshine Trail. parameters from dug pool in sun. T of 20.1C was too high, so not used. Water from under basalt layer. East bank, just upstream from Sunshine Trail TS-20b east Sunshine 438037 4077521 7293 8/30/06 Water from under basalt layer. Sunshine Trail. East bank, just upstream from Marshy area at slope break. Not enough water for field Sunshine Trail TS-21a east Sunshine 438005 4077558 7290 8/30/06 3 0.01 Sunshine Trail. parameters. Water from under basalt layer. Table 1-Summary data for all inventoried springs of the Rio Grande Gorge, Taos County, New Mexico (revised Jan 2017) Page 2 of 10 East or Elev Estimated Estimated Field Measured Measured Estimated Field Specific Field Field Name of Spring Spring West or 7.5-min UTM E UTM N from Date discharge of discharge Field Dissolved Chemistry Description discharge discharge discharge Comments Conductance Temp Temp or Spring Zone ID In the Quad NAD83 NAD83 DEM visited spring of zone pH Oxygen Sample (gpm) (cfs) (cfs) (microS/cm) (C) (F) River (ft) (gpm) (gpm) (mg/L) Small seep from crack. Dug hole to collect water. Measured 2 East bank, just upstream from Sunshine Trail TS-22a east Sunshine 437977 4077592 7310 8/30/06 1.0 0.002 hours later, water in sun, T was 21.2C, which is unreasonably 7.9 191 3.2 Sunshine Trail. high, so not used. Water from under basalt layer. East bank, just upstream from Sunshine Trail TS-22b east Sunshine 437963 4077604 7333 8/30/06 Water from under basalt layer. Sunshine Trail. East bank, just upstream from Small flow of water from sand. Dug hole to take field Sunshine Trail TS-23 east Sunshine 437949 4077604 7310 8/30/06 2.0 0.004 7.8 212 13.5 56.3 4.5 Sunshine Trail. parameters. Water from under basalt layer. East bank, just upstream from Sunshine Trail TS-24 east Sunshine 437929 4077610 7287 8/30/06 4.0 0.01 Small overgrown spring. Water from under basalt layer. Sunshine Trail. Seep visible at basalt-sand contact. Flowing in channel. East bank, just upstream from Sunshine Trail TS-25 east Sunshine 437933 4077640 7346 8/30/06 0.5 0.001 Sampled from small pool <2" from outlet. Water from under 8.4 210 12.5 54.5 5.6 X Sunshine Trail. basalt layer. East bank, just upstream from Zone of seeps at base of basalt. Flow too low to take field Sunshine Trail TS-26 east Sunshine 437884 4077663 7287 8/30/06 2.0 0.004 Sunshine Trail. parameters. Water from under basalt layer. East bank, just upstream from Flow from basalt into 3-ft-wide channel. Water from under Sunshine Trail TS-27 east Sunshine 437859 4077679 7297 8/30/06 3.0 0.01 8.6 208 12.7 54.9 6.0 Sunshine Trail. basalt layer. Spring is dry seepage face, about 30m long, covered with Lone Tree Spring TS-30 east At base of Lone Tree trail. Sunchine 438820 4072483 7241 11/1/06 grass and phragmites. Zone of springs and seeps below Desagua Trail TS-29a east Sunshine 440153 4068794 7146 11/1/06 1 0.002 Desawaui Trail. North end of zone. Desagua Trail TS-29b east Largest spring in zone. Sunshine 440126 4068642 7136 11/1/06 20 0.04 Estimated flow of total zone is about 20 gpm. 8.2 260 11.7 53.1 5.3 X Desagua Trail TS-29c east South end of zone. Sunshine 440099 4068497 7136 11/1/06 0.25 0.001 Small trickle. East bank, downstream from Sheep Collective discharge of zone of springs from TS-1 to TS-1a is S of Sheep TS-1 east Guad Mtn 439353 4066997 7159 8/28/06 1.0 3.0 0.01 6.8 263 13.4 56.1 2.6 Crossing. several GPM. Rio Grande river water parameters The Rio Grande TS-1b river Guad Mtn 439350 4066997 7159 8/28/06 Rio Grande river parameters. 8.3 184 19.0 66.2 7.4 at TS-1. East bank, downstream from Sheep Collective discharge of zone of springs from TS-1 to TS-1a is S of Sheep TS-1a east Guad Mtn 439330 4066915 7142 8/28/06 0.5 0.001 7.8 245 15.2 59.4 6.1 X Crossing. several GPM. Large wetland. Parameters from northernmost channel. Chiflo TS-2 east East bank, at Chiflo Trail. Guad Mtn 439140 4066604 7093 8/28/06 5 0.01 7.7 244 15.5 59.9 5.6 Probably very low estimate of total discharge in this zone. 6013 58 1248 13.40 2.91 State Line to Cerro Gage: Cumulative Total Spring Discharge 7318 gpm 16.31 cfs East bank, downstream from Chiflo Gaging Station N TS-3 east Guad Mtn 438930 4066136 7106 8/28/06 Small discharge 7.7 250 15.2 59.4 3.8 Trail. East bank, downstream from Chiflo Gaging Station S TS-4 east Guad Mtn 438906 4066080 7090 8/28/06 1 0.001 8.0 203 15.9 60.6 5.5 X Trail. Just downstream from TS-3. Zone of large springs on west side Bear Crossing that discharge into river beneath TS-10 west Guad Mtn 438033 4063504 7110 8/29/06 50 0.11 spring zone boulder fields. From Upper Powerline downstream. Zone of large springs on west side Bear Crossing that discharge into river beneath TS-9 west Guad Mtn 438022 4063486 7129 8/29/06 100 0.22 8.3 222 16.7 62.1 7.7 spring zone boulder fields. From Upper Powerline downstream. Zone of large springs on west side Bear Crossing that discharge into river beneath TS-8 west Guad Mtn 438022 4063426 7136 8/29/06 1200 2.68 8.3 222 16.5 61.7 7.8 X spring zone boulder fields. From Upper Powerline downstream. Zone of large springs on west side Bear Crossing that discharge into river beneath TS-7 west Guad Mtn 438044 4063330 7110 8/29/06 150 0.33 8.3 223 16.7 62.1 7.6 spring zone boulder fields. From Upper Powerline downstream. Zone of large springs on west side Bear Crossing that discharge into river beneath TS-6 west Guad Mtn 438042 4063309 7096 8/29/06 55 0.12 8.3 220 16.5 61.7 7.6 spring zone boulder fields. From Upper Powerline downstream. Zone of large springs on west side Bear Crossing that discharge into river beneath TS-5 west Guad Mtn 437992 4063217 7116 8/29/06 30 0.07 8.3 223 16.1 61.0 5.1 spring zone boulder fields. From Upper Powerline downstream. Table 1-Summary data for all inventoried springs of the Rio Grande Gorge, Taos County, New Mexico (revised Jan 2017) Page 3 of 10 East or Elev Estimated Estimated Field Measured Measured Estimated Field Specific Field Field Name of Spring Spring West or 7.5-min UTM E UTM N from Date discharge of discharge Field Dissolved Chemistry Description discharge discharge discharge Comments Conductance Temp Temp or Spring Zone ID In the Quad NAD83 NAD83 DEM visited spring of zone pH Oxygen Sample (gpm) (cfs) (cfs) (microS/cm) (C) (F) River (ft) (gpm) (gpm) (mg/L) Zone of large springs on west side Bear Crossing that discharge into river beneath TS-11 west Guad Mtn 437933 4063122 7100 8/29/06 200 0.45 spring zone boulder fields. From Upper Powerline downstream. Zone of large springs on west side Bear Crossing that discharge into river beneath TS-12 west Guad Mtn 437853 4062971 7087 8/29/06 100 0.22 spring zone boulder fields. From Upper Powerline downstream. Zone of large springs on west side Bear Crossing that discharge into river beneath TS-13 west Guad Mtn 437820 4062922 7087 8/29/06 5 0.01 spring zone boulder fields. From Upper Powerline downstream. Lower Bear The lower half of Bear Crossing Zone of high-discharge springs along west side of river. Crossing spring TS-113 west spring zone not yet surveyed. Center Guad Mtn 437667 4062681 7008 4000 8.92 Unable to survey these springs, but cumulative discharge is zone point estimated using Google Earth. probably at least 4000 gpm. Continuous zone of springs that discharge into river beneath Felsenmeere TS-60 west Zone of large springs on west side. Guad Mtn 437392 4062272 6978 5/9/07 4000 8.92 boulder fields. Several of the springs are very large. North Cumulative estimate is 3000 to 5000 gpm. Felsenmeere Large cascading spring on west Very large spring with vegetation signature that emerges in a TS-61 west Guad Mtn 437309 4062267 7057 5/9/07 2500 5.58 16.8 62.2 6.6 X Middle canyon wall. single 6-ft wide zone from under basalt boulders. Also known as Hemingway Spring. Felsenmeere Very large spring that emerges in a single 4-ft wide orifice TS-59 west Located on west canyon wall, about Guad Mtn 437250 4062227 7087 5/9/07 3200 7.14 16.5 61.7 7.0 South below basalt boulder. Good vegetation signature. 100 ft above the river. Also known as Hemingway Spring. Felsenmeere Very large spring that emerges in a single 4-ft wide orifice TS-59 west Located on west canyon wall, about Guad Mtn 437250 4062227 7087 5/5/04 7.7 196 16.3 61.3 X South below basalt boulder. Sampled by the NMED in May 2004. 100 ft above the river. Also known as Hemingway Spring. Very large spring that emerges in a single 4-ft wide orifice Felsenmeere TS-59 west Located on west canyon wall, about Guad Mtn 437250 4062227 7087 9/27/04 below basalt boulder. Resampled by the NMED in September 8.0 197 16.4 61.5 X South 100 ft above the river. 2004. Located at base of cliff in Spring sampled by NMED (Sample RG-1) in March 2004, and cottonwood grove that is NE of the sampled by K. Robinson (Sample QU-532) in August 2014. Big Arsenic TS-136 east river. Approximate center of spring Guad Mtn 438420 4060083 7039 3/25/04 Approximate location of the source of Big Arsenic Spring 7.7 256 17.2 63.0 X source zone was located using Google water. The springs and streams located between here and the Earth. river are probably sourced here. North Big Arsenic Spring is actually a zone of large springs, some of Collectively, Big Arsenic has about 5000 gpm discharge. North Big which are shown as TS-16a, TS-16a, b, c discharge estimates are for the large springs at TS-16 east Guad Mtn 438412 4059882 6836 8/31/06 240 0.54 Arsenic TS-16b, and TS-16c. Approximate those spots. Additional flows between those points are center of spring zone was located estimated at 240 gpm. using Google Earth. Northernmost spring is relatively small (30 gpm) discharging from rock fall/ridge in bamboo by large east-leaning pine tree. North Big Northernmost large spring zone in Next spring is large (>100 gpm) with hidden discharge beneath TS-16a east Guad Mtn 438367 4059878 6837 8/31/06 160 0.36 Arsenic 1 North Big Arsenic zone. basalt boulder with heavy vegetation on west side of trail south of ridge. The next spring is very large series of springs discharging beneath rocks of the trail. North Big Largest spring zone in North Big Large spring zone is 50 ft across with main flow zone confined TS-16b east Guad Mtn 438429 4059853 6818 8/31/06 3000 6.69 8.2 249 17.5 63.5 X Arsenic 2 Arsenic zone. to channel 30 ft wide by 1 ft deep. Channel with flow concentrated into one stream.Discharge North Big Southernmost large spring in North TS-16c east Guad Mtn 438442 4059852 6824 8/31/06 160 0.36 point is high on slope, about 25 ft above trail and TS-16b. 8.2 249 17.5 63.5 8.6 Arsenic 3 Big Arsenic zone. Measured with bucket and timer. Large, southern spring that South Big Estimate based on adding up flow of 7 major channels of the TS-15 east cascades into the river upstream Guad Mtn 438688 4059439 6778 8/31/06 1500 3.35 8.3 247 17.4 63.3 7.8 Arsenic spring with buckets and timer. from shelter. Large, southern spring that South Big TS-15 east cascades into the river upstream Guad Mtn 438688 4059439 6778 1/1/04 Sampled by NMED in 2004. No discharge reported by NMED. X Arsenic from shelter. Small stream discharges from base of basalt boulder field at Little Arsenic TS-17 east Small spring near path. Guad Mtn 438678 4058447 6732 8/31/06 35 0.08 8.2 224 15.4 59.7 7.0 X head of bamboo patch. Measured with gal bucket and timer. 1695 10,751 8240 3.78 42.35 Cerro Gage to Red River Confluence: Cumulative Total Spring Discharge 20,686 gpm 46.13 cfs Table 1-Summary data for all inventoried springs of the Rio Grande Gorge, Taos County, New Mexico (revised Jan 2017) Page 4 of 10 East or Elev Estimated Estimated Field Measured Measured Estimated Field Specific Field Field Name of Spring Spring West or 7.5-min UTM E UTM N from Date discharge of discharge Field Dissolved Chemistry Description discharge discharge discharge Comments Conductance Temp Temp or Spring Zone ID In the Quad NAD83 NAD83 DEM visited spring of zone pH Oxygen Sample (gpm) (cfs) (cfs) (microS/cm) (C) (F) River (ft) (gpm) (gpm) (mg/L) Rio Grande above confluence with The Rio Grande TS-88c river Guad Mtn 437960 4056034 6567 9/1/09 8.5 280 17.3 63.1 8.0 Red River. Rio Grande below confluence with The Rio Grande TS-88a river Guad Mtn 437974 4055939 6567 9/1/09 8.4 304 16.1 61.0 7.7 Red River. Red River above confluence with The Red River TS-88b river Guad Mtn 437997 4056042 6586 9/1/09 8.3 344 14.8 58.6 7.9 Rio Grande. Just below launch site at base of Series of small springs/seeps. Some Fe staining. Dug out La Junta East TS-91 east Cebolla Trail. Emerges from under Guad Mtn 437950 4055645 6570 9/1/09 1 0.002 6.6 311 15.5 59.9 1.2 small pool. rocks and sand, 20 cm above river. Just below launch site near base of Cebolla Trail. Emerges from under Small spring/seep. Dug out small pool in sand/gravel for La Junta West TS-90 west Guad Mtn 437940 4055627 6576 9/1/09 1 0.002 6.9 196 17.5 63.5 5.4 basalt boulders just above river trickles to converge. level. One of many springs/seeps in a Rough estimate of cumulative discharge of more than mile- long, nearly continuous zone of La Junta East TS-92 east Guad Mtn 437958 4055587 6570 9/1/09 25 0.06 long spring zone that discharges from under basalt talus just 7.0 316 14.2 57.6 6.6 small discharges that emerge from above river. under basalt talus just above river. La Junta East TS-92a east Another small spring in zone. Guad Mtn 437858 4054072 6576 9/1/09 1 0.002 Cluster of springs is defined by stands of vegetation (Phragmites, Due to thick vegetation, unable to get info on discharge. Good La Junta West TS-93 west Guad Mtn 437782 4053511 6583 9/1/09 salt cedar, etc.) about 1 meter above vegetation signature of Phragmites. river. San Cristobal San Cristobal Creek just above Arroyo TS-94 river 437779 4048969 6534 9/1/09 Creek running at 1-2 cfs. 8.3 328 18.8 65.8 7.6 Creek confluence. Hondo Good spring emerges from under Arroyo Samples collected from small pourover. Vegetative signature La Junta West TS-95 west 437302 4047513 6521 9/1/09 2 0.004 7.7 287 16.9 62.3 7.3 X basalt boulders 30 cm above river. Hondo of horsetails and sedges. Emerges from boulders and gravel Arroyo La Junta East TS-96 east 437125 4045318 6511 9/1/09 1 0.002 Small spring. just above river. Hondo Emerges from boulders and gravel Arroyo La Junta East TS-97 east 436860 4044774 6498 9/1/09 1 0.002 Small spring. just above river. Hondo Emerges from boulders about 40 ft Dunn Bridge above river. This is start of “Dunn Arroyo This is start of long spring zone that continues down to Rio TS-98 east 436958 4044580 6557 9/1/09 5 0.01 7.3 218 17.4 7.0 North Bridge North” spring zone, which is Hondo Hondo confluence on east side. nearly continuous to bridge. Zone of small to medium springs Dunn Bridge Arroyo One spring in a zone of small to medium springs that emerge TS-99 east that emerge from 30-50 ft above 436980 4044404 6544 9/1/09 10 0.02 North Hondo from 30-50 ft above the river from under the talus slope. river from under talus slope. Zone of small to medium springs Dunn Bridge Arroyo One spring in a zone of small to medium springs that emerge TS-100 east that emerge from 30-50 ft above 437002 4044339 6514 9/2/09 10 0.02 North Hondo from 30-50 ft above the river from under the talus slope. river from under talus slope. Zone of small to medium springs Dunn Bridge Arroyo One spring in a zone of small to medium springs that emerge TS-101 east that emerge from 30-50 ft above 436995 4044304 6517 9/3/09 10 0.02 North Hondo from 30-50 ft above the river from under the talus slope. river from under talus slope. Zone of small to medium springs Dunn Bridge Arroyo One spring in a zone of small to medium springs that emerge TS-102 east that emerge from 30-50 ft above 436984 4044265 6488 9/4/09 10 0.02 North Hondo from 30-50 ft above the river from under the talus slope. river from under talus slope. Zone of small to medium springs Dunn Bridge Arroyo One spring in a zone of small to medium springs that emerge TS-103 east that emerge from 30-50 ft above 436980 4044255 6485 9/5/09 10 0.02 North Hondo from 30-50 ft above the river from under the talus slope. river from under talus slope. Zone of small to medium springs Dunn Bridge Arroyo One spring in a zone of small to medium springs that emerge TS-104 east that emerge from 30-50 ft above 436972 4044239 6485 9/6/09 10 0.02 North Hondo from 30-50 ft above the river from under the talus slope. river from under talus slope. Zone of small to medium springs Dunn Bridge Arroyo One spring in a zone of small to medium springs that emerge TS-105 east that emerge from 30-50 ft above 436940 4044179 6491 9/7/09 200 0.45 North Hondo from 30-50 ft above the river from under the talus slope. river from under talus slope. Zone of small to medium springs Dunn Bridge Arroyo One spring in a zone of small to medium springs that emerge TS-106 east that emerge from 30-50 ft above 436934 4044169 6514 9/8/09 200 0.45 North Hondo from 30-50 ft above the river from under the talus slope. river from under talus slope. Zone of small to medium springs Dunn Bridge Arroyo One spring in a zone of small to medium springs that emerge TS-107 east that emerge from 30-50 ft above 436927 4044148 6488 9/9/09 10 0.02 North Hondo from 30-50 ft above the river from under the talus slope. river from under talus slope. Table 1-Summary data for all inventoried springs of the Rio Grande Gorge, Taos County, New Mexico (revised Jan 2017) Page 5 of 10 East or Elev Estimated Estimated Field Measured Measured Estimated Field Specific Field Field Name of Spring Spring West or 7.5-min UTM E UTM N from Date discharge of discharge Field Dissolved Chemistry Description discharge discharge discharge Comments Conductance Temp Temp or Spring Zone ID In the Quad NAD83 NAD83 DEM visited spring of zone pH Oxygen Sample (gpm) (cfs) (cfs) (microS/cm) (C) (F) River (ft) (gpm) (gpm) (mg/L) Zone of small to medium springs Dunn Bridge Arroyo One spring in a zone of small to medium springs that emerge TS-108 east that emerge from 30-50 ft above 436898 4044084 6488 9/10/09 10 0.02 North Hondo from 30-50 ft above the river from under the talus slope. river from under talus slope. Zone of small to medium springs Dunn Bridge Arroyo One spring in a zone of small to medium springs that emerge TS-109 east that emerge from 30-50 ft above 436840 4043987 6481 9/11/09 10 0.02 North Hondo from 30-50 ft above the river from under the talus slope. river from under talus slope. Zone of small to medium springs Dunn Bridge Arroyo One spring in a zone of small to medium springs that emerge TS-110 east that emerge from 30-50 ft above 436814 4043959 6452 9/12/09 10 0.02 North Hondo from 30-50 ft above the river from under the talus slope. river from under talus slope. Zone of small to medium springs Dunn Bridge Arroyo One spring in a zone of small to medium springs that emerge TS-111 east that emerge from 30-50 ft above 436783 4043865 6511 9/13/09 10 0.02 North Hondo from 30-50 ft above the river from under the talus slope. river from under talus slope. Zone of small to medium springs Dunn Bridge Arroyo One spring in a zone of small to medium springs that emerge TS-112 east that emerge from 30-50 ft above 436731 4043786 6455 9/14/09 10 0.02 North Hondo from 30-50 ft above the river from under the talus slope. river from under talus slope. Zone of springs and seeps north of Dunn Bridge, on East side. Dunn Bridge Arroyo Measured largest flow of series of springs emerging from base TS-31a east Northernmost spring, and largest 436991 4044179 6516 11/2/06 144 0.32 8.3 230 15.0 59.0 North Hondo of rock debris. discharge in zone. This is probably same as NMED Station DBN Spring. Zone of springs and seeps north of Dunn Bridge, on East side. Sampled by NMED in 2004. Measured largest flow of series of Dunn Bridge Arroyo TS-31a east Northernmost spring, and largest 436991 4044179 6516 1/1/04 springs emerging from base of rock debris. No discharge X North Hondo discharge in zone. This is probably reported by NMED. same as NMED Station DBN Spring. Zone of springs and seeps north of Dunn Bridge Arroyo TS-31b east Dunn Bridge, on East side. Spring 436962 4044129 6583 11/2/06 30 0.07 North Hondo just south of TS-31a. Rael (aka Stark Piped spring just upstream from Arroyo TS-18 east 436738 4043777 6460 9/1/06 8 0.02 Measured with quart bucket and time. 8.0 247 14.5 58.1 7.4 X or Warmsley) Dunn Bridge on East side. Hondo 152 562 25 0.34 1.31 Red River Confluence to Rio Hondo Confluence: Cumulative Total Spring Discharge739 gpm 1.65 cfs Spring along Rio Hondo, just Lower Arroyo Arroyo TS-32 east upstream from small bridge, on north 436794 4043419 6516 11/2/06 3 0.01 Good flow from base of basalt along cliff. Hondo zone Hondo side. Spring along Rio Hondo, just Lower Arroyo upstream from small bridge, on north Arroyo TS-33 east 436809 4043400 6499 11/2/06 10 0.02 Thought to be the same as NMED Station AH-0.2 8.1 284 14.2 57.6 7.0 Hondo zone side. Probably same site as NMED Hondo sample AH-0.2 spring. Spring along Rio Hondo, just Lower Arroyo upstream from small bridge, on north Arroyo Thought to be the same as NMED Station AH-0.2. Sampled by TS-33 east 436809 4043400 6499 1/1/04 X Hondo zone side. Probably same site as NMED Hondo NMED in 2004. No discharge reported by NMED. sample AH-0.2 spring. Lower Arroyo West end of large seep zone along Arroyo Estimated cumulative discharge for entire zone of TS-34a to TS-34a east 436838 4043387 6503 11/2/06 40 0.09 Hondo zone Rio Hondo. Hondo TS-34b. Lower Arroyo East end of large seep zone along Arroyo TS-34b east 436925 4043330 6516 11/2/06 Hondo zone Rio Hondo. Hondo Sampled by NMED. Located on west Arroyo This spring was not visited by staff of NMBGMR. Discharge DBS-1 TS-135 west side, near river. Spring is only visible 436285 4043206 6465 3/15/04 7.8 353 15.9 60.6 X Hondo was not reported by NMED. at low river levels. Small hot spring south of Dunn Arroyo Black Rock Hot TS-28 west 436247 4043051 6496 9/1/06 10 0.02 7.5 859 38.5 101.3 4.2 X Bridge on west side. Hondo Small spring across from Black Rock Arroyo Taos Box N TS-35 east 436274 4043027 6473 11/3/06 1 0.001 Hot Spring. Hondo Small spring south of Dunn Bridge, on east side. Aka Dunn Bridge Arroyo Taos Box North 1 TS-19 east 436199 4042675 6447 9/1/06 4 0.01 8.3 189 17.4 63.3 7.4 X South. Probably included in the Hondo TS-36 series. Table 1-Summary data for all inventoried springs of the Rio Grande Gorge, Taos County, New Mexico (revised Jan 2017) Page 6 of 10 East or Elev Estimated Estimated Field Measured Measured Estimated Field Specific Field Field Name of Spring Spring West or 7.5-min UTM E UTM N from Date discharge of discharge Field Dissolved Chemistry Description discharge discharge discharge Comments Conductance Temp Temp or Spring Zone ID In the Quad NAD83 NAD83 DEM visited spring of zone pH Oxygen Sample (gpm) (cfs) (cfs) (microS/cm) (C) (F) River (ft) (gpm) (gpm) (mg/L) Northernmost spring from long spring and seep zone downstream Arroyo Taos Box N TS-36a east 436180 4042671 6473 11/3/06 2 0.004 Small seep on northern end of long spring/seep zone. from Dunn Bridge on East side. Hondo Possibly same spring as TS-19. Arroyo Taos Box North 2 TS-36b east Large spring. 436194 4042669 6447 11/3/06 15 0.03 From base of basalt. 8.3 166 17.3 63.1 6.9 X Hondo Arroyo Taos Box N TS-36c east Seep. 436188 4042670 6463 11/3/06 10 0.02 Dug hole for water to take field parameters. 8.2 179 18.1 64.6 7.4 Hondo Arroyo Taos Box N TS-36d east Good spring. 436185 4042659 6497 11/3/06 20 0.04 8.2 185 17.5 63.5 6.5 Hondo Arroyo Taos Box N TS-36e east Small spring on east side. 436181 4042643 6447 11/3/06 7 0.02 Bubbles out from below boulder field. Hondo Arroyo Taos Box N TS-36f east Small spring on east side. 436179 4042634 6488 11/3/06 2 0.004 Hondo Arroyo Taos Box N TS-36g east Small spring on east side. 436177 4042623 6491 11/3/06 7 0.02 18.0 64.4 Hondo Arroyo Taos Box N TS-36h east Small spring on east side. 436174 4042612 6483 11/3/06 5 0.01 Hondo Arroyo Taos Box N TS-36i east Small spring on east side. 436170 4042598 6447 11/3/06 30 0.07 8.3 170 19.4 66.9 8.2 Hondo Arroyo Taos Box N TS-36j east Small spring on east side. 436166 4042588 6479 11/3/06 10 0.02 Hondo Arroyo Taos Box N TS-36k east Small spring on east side. 436161 4042578 6475 11/3/06 5 0.01 Hondo Arroyo Taos Box N TS-36l east Small spring on east side. 436157 4042569 6473 11/3/06 2 0.004 8.3 18.6 65.5 Hondo TS-36 Arroyo Taos Box N east Small spring on east side. 436153 4042557 6447 11/3/06 3 0.01 m Hondo Arroyo Sampled by NMED. No discharge reported. Spring is only DBS-2 TS-115 west Located on west side, near river. 436022 4042296 6465 3/15/04 7.7 474 14.3 57.7 X Hondo visible at low river levels. Not visited by staff of the NMBGMR. Arroyo Taos Box S TS-52d east Spring zone on east side. 435764 4041505 6463 11/3/06 5 0.01 Several seeps trickle down to river. 7.4 151 17.2 63.0 7.4 Hondo Arroyo Taos Box S TS-37 east Spring zone on east side. 435728 4041407 6447 11/3/06 8 0.02 Large seepage area. 7.6 163 16.1 61.0 8.0 Hondo Arroyo Taos Box S TS-38 east Spring zone on east side. 435697 4041345 6457 11/3/06 Hondo Arroyo Taos Box S TS-39 east Small seep on east side. 435691 4041303 6447 11/3/06 3 0.01 Small seep from area of tree root. Hondo Arroyo Taos Box S TS-40 east Spring zone on east side. 435700 4041249 6463 11/3/06 10 0.02 Springs from boulder pile. 7.9 161 19.1 66.4 6.4 X Hondo Arroyo Taos Box S TS-41 east Small seep on east side. 435676 4041241 6463 11/3/06 1 0.001 Hondo Arroyo Taos Box S TS-42 east Small seep on east side. 435675 4041224 6447 11/3/06 1 0.002 Right next to serious marsh zone, with deep mud. Hondo Spring with deep channel on east Arroyo Taos Box S TS-43 east 435660 4041171 6466 11/3/06 8 0.02 Deep channel. 7.7 165 19.8 67.6 6.3 side. Hondo Arroyo Taos Box S TS-44 east Marsh zone on east side. 435648 4041158 6447 11/3/06 2 0.004 Marshy area with flow reaching river. Hondo Arroyo Taos Box S TS-45 east Tiny trickle on east side. 435641 4041134 6457 11/3/06 1 0.002 Hondo Arroyo Taos Box S TS-46 east Small spring on east side. 435615 4041091 6447 11/3/06 1 0.002 Hondo Arroyo Marshy area and small rivulet seeps from toeslope of boulder Taos Box S TS-47 east Marsh and seeps on east side. 435555 4041014 6447 11/3/06 7 0.02 7.5 18.9 66.0 Hondo field. Arroyo Taos Box S TS-48 east Two small rivulets on east side. 435566 4041009 6457 11/3/06 8 0.02 Two small rivulets. Hondo Arroyo Taos Box S TS-49 east Spring on east side. 435544 4040995 6447 11/3/06 15 0.03 Flows from toeslope of boulder pile. 7.8 163 23.1 73.6 5.9 X Hondo Arroyo Taos Box S TS-50 east Spring on east side. 435539 4040977 6447 11/3/06 12 0.03 Hondo Arroyo Taos Box S TS-51 east Small spring on east side. 435496 4040926 6467 11/3/06 30 0.07 7.1 183 22.3 72.1 5.6 Hondo Table 1-Summary data for all inventoried springs of the Rio Grande Gorge, Taos County, New Mexico (revised Jan 2017) Page 7 of 10 East or Elev Estimated Estimated Field Measured Measured Estimated Field Specific Field Field Name of Spring Spring West or 7.5-min UTM E UTM N from Date discharge of discharge Field Dissolved Chemistry Description discharge discharge discharge Comments Conductance Temp Temp or Spring Zone ID In the Quad NAD83 NAD83 DEM visited spring of zone pH Oxygen Sample (gpm) (cfs) (cfs) (microS/cm) (C) (F) River (ft) (gpm) (gpm) (mg/L) Discharge measurement from BOR/BIA (2002) seepage study Manby Hot Arroyo TS-52a east South pool. 435150 4040574 6460 11/3/06 38 0.08 with bucket and watch. Measured and sampled at east side 6.8 516 32.8 91.0 5.3 X Spring S pool Hondo vent. Clear water, no gas bubbles. Discharge measurement from BOR/BIA (2002) seepage study Manby Hot Arroyo TS-52b east North pool. 435150 4040574 6460 11/3/06 10 0.02 with bucket and watch. Some river water getting into pool, but 6.9 788 38.0 100.4 3.8 Spring N pool Hondo metered near vent. Clear water, no gas bubbles. Discharge measurement from BOR/BIA (2002) seepage study Manby Hot Arroyo TS-52c east Old stone biulding. 435150 4040574 6460 11/3/06 16 0.04 with bucket and watch. From crack between rocks in floor. 7.0 780 36.7 98.1 2.5 Spring building Hondo Some gas bubbles from source area. Zone of small springs on east side of Not visited by NMBGMR staff. Approximate location from Lower Rio TS-116 east Rio Grande, just north of Rio Pueblo Taos SW 434459 4021833 6101 Google Earth. Land owned by Taos Pueblo. Vegetative Pueblo de Taos de Taos confluence. signatures suggest small spring zone in this area. 64 244 0 0.14 0.54 Rio Hondo Confluence to Rio Pueblo de Taos Confluence: Cumulative Total Spring308 Dischargegpm 0.69 cfs Along old NM-570 road in Rio Very small spring seepage at base of sediment layer on basalt. Old NM-570 road TS-55 east Pueblo de Taos gorge, up-road from Taos SW 435573 4022633 6473 4/24/07 8.3 337 9.9 49.8 5.4 Much less than 1 gpm discharge. Too small to sample. landslide that closed road. Spring that originates on east canyon wall, above Dustbowl Hydrogeologic setting of this spring is very similar to the Dustbowl TS-58 east Taos SW 434401 4021378 6150 5/7/07 3 0.01 8.2 14.6 58.3 6.0 camping area, and enters river just nearby Rio Grande spring (TS-56). below TJ Bridge. Spring along road, just upstream Taos Junction from Rio Grande Spring, east side. Measured with bucket and watch, at pourover from culvert TS-54 east Taos SW 433924 4021264 6060 4/23/07 15 0.03 7.8 448 18.6 65.5 5.2 X South Runs under culvert to river. Also under road, at 2g/8sec. known as TJ-1. Spring along road, just upstream Revisit and resample on June 11, 2009. Samples from small Taos Junction from Rio Grande Spring, east side. TS-54 east Taos SW 433924 4021264 6060 6/11/09 17 0.04 pool with orifice under rocks. Measured with bucket and watch, 7.7 457 19.0 66.1 7.1 X South Runs under culvert to river. Also at pour over from culvert under road, at 2gal/7sec. known has TJ-1. South of TJ Bridge, on east side. Spring runs down arroyo and is then diverted into pipe near Rio Grande (aka TS-56 east Piped at road. Source is in arroyo Taos SW 433641 4021102 6115 4/24/07 17 0.04 road. Measured with bucket and watch at small waterfall 7.5 383 15.7 60.3 5.5 X Klauer) about 100 ft above road. located above pipe at 2g/7sec. One of a series of small seeps with vegetative signatures that are Small discharges of spring water that is perched on a 2-meter- Orilla Verde seep TS-63 west located on west gorge wall between Taos SW 433372 4021279 6201 thick, gray clay layer between elevations of about 6200' and TJ Campground and the gaging 6400'. station, a distance of one mile. One of a series of small seeps with vegetative signatures that are Small discharges of spring water that is perched on a 2-meter- Orilla Verde seep TS-64 west located on west gorge wall between Taos SW 433044 4021101 6227 thick, gray clay layer between elevations of about 6200' and TJ Campground and the gaging 6400'. station, a distance of one mile. One of a series of small seeps with vegetative signatures that are Small discharges of spring water that is perched on a 2-meter- Orilla Verde seep TS-65 west located on west gorge wall between Taos SW 432944 4020988 6218 thick, gray clay layer between elevations of about 6200' and TJ Campground and the gaging 6400'. station, a distance of one mile. One of a series of small seeps with vegetative signatures that are Small discharges of spring water that is perched on a 2-meter- Orilla Verde seep TS-66 west located on west gorge wall between Taos SW 432769 4020810 6291 thick, gray clay layer between elevations of about 6200' and TJ Campground and the gaging 6400'. station, a distance of one mile. One of a series of small seeps with vegetative signatures that are Small discharges of spring water that is perched on a 2-meter- Orilla Verde seep TS-67 west located on west gorge wall between Taos SW 432640 4020569 6286 thick, gray clay layer between elevations of about 6200' and TJ Campground and the gaging 6400'. station, a distance of one mile. Table 1-Summary data for all inventoried springs of the Rio Grande Gorge, Taos County, New Mexico (revised Jan 2017) Page 8 of 10 East or Elev Estimated Estimated Field Measured Measured Estimated Field Specific Field Field Name of Spring Spring West or 7.5-min UTM E UTM N from Date discharge of discharge Field Dissolved Chemistry Description discharge discharge discharge Comments Conductance Temp Temp or Spring Zone ID In the Quad NAD83 NAD83 DEM visited spring of zone pH Oxygen Sample (gpm) (cfs) (cfs) (microS/cm) (C) (F) River (ft) (gpm) (gpm) (mg/L) One of a series of small seeps with vegetative signatures that are Small discharges of spring water that is perched on a 2-meter- Orilla Verde seep TS-68 west located on west gorge wall between Taos SW 432296 4020034 6340 thick, gray clay layer between elevations of about 6200' and TJ Campground and the gaging 6400'. station, a distance of one mile. One of a series of small seeps with vegetative signatures that are Small discharges of spring water that is perched on a 2-meter- Orilla Verde seep TS-69 west located on west gorge wall between Taos SW 432090 4019900 6397 thick, gray clay layer between elevations of about 6200' and TJ Campground and the gaging 6400'. station, a distance of one mile. Spring zone located half way up gorge wall, with cottonwoods and Spring zone lies at slope break between dry slopes and Little Spring large wetland at northern edge of cienega. Seeps coalesce into several small streams in arroyos. TS-86 west Taos SW 428390 4015777 6370 6/11/09 30 0.07 7.6 266 15.7 60.3 5.0 X cienega Pilar. Zone of seeps wets large Line of cottonwoods from springs to river. Estimated total flow cienega. Similar to Racecourse is 30 gpm. cienegas. North of Pilar, on west side. Spring Large spring discharges under basalt boulders. Used bucket feeds the Los Acequias de los Ojos Big Spring TS-53 west Carson 428734 4015141 6152 4/23/07 450 1.00 and watch to measure a portion of the flow and thus estimate 7.1 277 22.3 72.1 6.4 X of the village of Pilar. Feeds the Pilar total flow. Community Ditch. North of Pilar, on west side. Spring feeds the Los Acequias de los Ojos Large spring discharges under basalt boulders. Sampled by Big Spring TS-53 west Carson 428734 4015141 6152 5/29/04 7.0 284 22.5 72.5 X of the village of Pilar. Feeds the Pilar NMED in May 2004. No discharge reported by NMED. Community Ditch. North of Pilar, on west side. Spring Large spring discharges under basalt boulders. Resampled by feeds the Los Acequias de los Ojos Big Spring TS-53 west Carson 428734 4015141 6152 9/28/04 NMED in September 2004 No discharge reported. Stable X of the village of Pilar. Feeds the Pilar isotope analysis from LANL lab. Community Ditch. Not visited by NMBGMR staff. Located from Google Earth. Series of spring-fed cienegas on Racecourse Strong vegetation signature. Springs and seeps that are TS-117 west west gorge wall between Pilar and Carson 427467 4013198 6148 cienegas perched on a 2-meter-thick gray clay layer. Discharge Souse Hole rapid. unknown. Not visited by NMBGMR staff. Located from Google Earth. Series of spring-fed cienegas on Racecourse Strong vegetation signature. Springs and seeps that are TS-118 west west gorge wall between Pilar and Carson 427423 4013176 6159 cienegas perched on a 2-meter-thick gray clay layer. Discharge Souse Hole rapid. unknown. Not visited by NMBGMR staff. Located from Google Earth. Series of spring-fed cienegas on Racecourse Strong vegetation signature. Springs and seeps that are TS-119 west west gorge wall between Pilar and Carson 427099 4013037 6201 cienegas perched on a 2-meter-thick gray clay layer. Discharge Souse Hole rapid. unknown. Not visited by NMBGMR staff. Located from Google Earth. Series of spring-fed cienegas on Racecourse Strong vegetation signature. Springs and seeps that are TS-120 west west gorge wall between Pilar and Carson 427093 4012893 6129 cienegas perched on a 2-meter-thick gray clay layer. Discharge Souse Hole rapid. unknown. Not visited by NMBGMR staff. Located from Google Earth. Series of spring-fed cienegas on Racecourse Strong vegetation signature. Springs and seeps that are TS-121 west west gorge wall between Pilar and Carson 426758 4012753 6200 cienegas perched on a 2-meter-thick gray clay layer. Discharge Souse Hole rapid. unknown. Not visited by NMBGMR staff. Located from Google Earth. Series of spring-fed cienegas on Racecourse Strong vegetation signature. Springs and seeps that are TS-122 west west gorge wall between Pilar and Carson 426359 4012735 6219 cienegas perched on a 2-meter-thick gray clay layer. Discharge Souse Hole rapid. unknown. Not visited by NMBGMR staff. Located from Google Earth. Series of spring-fed cienegas on Racecourse Strong vegetation signature. Springs and seeps that are TS-123 west west gorge wall between Pilar and Carson 426346 4012548 6128 cienegas perched on a 2-meter-thick gray clay layer. Discharge Souse Hole rapid. unknown. Not visited by NMBGMR staff. Located from Google Earth. Series of spring-fed cienegas on Racecourse Strong vegetation signature. Springs and seeps that are TS-124 west west gorge wall between Pilar and Carson 426276 4012533 6158 cienegas perched on a 2-meter-thick gray clay layer. Discharge Souse Hole rapid. unknown. Table 1-Summary data for all inventoried springs of the Rio Grande Gorge, Taos County, New Mexico (revised Jan 2017) Page 9 of 10 East or Elev Estimated Estimated Field Measured Measured Estimated Field Specific Field Field Name of Spring Spring West or 7.5-min UTM E UTM N from Date discharge of discharge Field Dissolved Chemistry Description discharge discharge discharge Comments Conductance Temp Temp or Spring Zone ID In the Quad NAD83 NAD83 DEM visited spring of zone pH Oxygen Sample (gpm) (cfs) (cfs) (microS/cm) (C) (F) River (ft) (gpm) (gpm) (mg/L) Not visited by NMBGMR staff. Located from Google Earth. Series of spring-fed cienegas on Racecourse Strong vegetation signature. Springs and seeps that are TS-125 west west gorge wall between Pilar and Carson 426219 4012481 6179 cienegas perched on a 2-meter-thick gray clay layer. Discharge Souse Hole rapid. unknown. Not visited by NMBGMR staff. Located from Google Earth. Series of spring-fed cienegas on Racecourse Strong vegetation signature. Springs and seeps that are TS-126 west west gorge wall between Pilar and Carson 425991 4012306 6147 cienegas perched on a 2-meter-thick gray clay layer. Discharge Souse Hole rapid. unknown. Not visited by NMBGMR staff. Located from Google Earth. Series of spring-fed cienegas on Racecourse Strong vegetation signature. Springs and seeps that are TS-127 west west gorge wall between Pilar and Carson 425865 4012253 6145 cienegas perched on a 2-meter-thick gray clay layer. Discharge Souse Hole rapid. unknown. Large cienega on north side of Zone along top of cienega is a continuous seep zone, without Glenwoody Bridge consists of any discreet orifices for measurements. Seeps feed the fens, Glenwoody E TS-87a west multiple terraced fens on complex Carson 425840 4012169 6091 6/12/09 1 0.001 and water coalesces downhill into many small streams which 8.1 334 17.7 63.9 8.3 cienega landslide blocks with distributed flow flow and infiltrate in complex manner. Gray clay underlies fens. on gray clay layer. Tested small pool near head of fen. Western fens coalesce into good stream, which is tapped for Large cienega on north side of Glenwoody W irrigation with pipe and drum. Sampled from steel pipe under TS-87b west Glenwoody Bridge. Westernmost Carson 425697 4011943 6071 6/12/09 10 0.02 8.5 405 23.1 73.5 7.3 X cienega road that fills steel barrel in arroyo. Sample is not primary drainage. spring water, but only source in area. Not visited by NMBGMR staff. Located from Google Earth. Series of spring-fed cienegas on Racecourse Strong vegetation signature. Springs and seeps that are TS-128 west west gorge wall between Pilar and Carson 425639 4012046 6140 cienegas perched on a 2-meter-thick gray clay layer. Discharge Souse Hole rapid. unknown. Not visited by NMBGMR staff. Located from Google Earth. Series of spring-fed cienegas on Racecourse Strong vegetation signature. Springs and seeps that are TS-129 west west gorge wall between Pilar and Trampas 425614 4011951 6141 cienegas perched on a 2-meter-thick gray clay layer. Discharge Souse Hole rapid. unknown. Not visited by NMBGMR staff. Located from Google Earth. Series of spring-fed cienegas on Racecourse Strong vegetation signature. Springs and seeps that are TS-130 west west gorge wall between Pilar and Trampas 424880 4011433 6231 cienegas perched on a 2-meter-thick gray clay layer. Discharge Souse Hole rapid. unknown. Souse Hole Large wetland on north side of river, Spring is at north end of large, green, grassy meadow, and TS-57 west Trampas 424335 4011126 6224 5/6/07 5 0.01 8.9 242 12.9 55.2 X cienega just above Souse Hole rapid. emerges as clear stream under basalt boulders. Not visited by NMBGMR staff. Located from Google Earth. Racecourse Series of spring-fed cienegas on Strong vegetation signature. Springs and seeps that are TS-131 west Trampas 424297 4011114 6219 cienegas west gorge wall near Souse Hole. perched on a 2-meter-thick gray clay layer. Discharge unknown. Not visited by NMBGMR staff. Located from Google Earth. Racecourse Series of spring-fed cienegas on Strong vegetation signature. Springs and seeps that are TS-132 west Trampas 423544 4010492 6192 cienegas west gorge wall near Souse Hole. perched on a 2-meter-thick gray clay layer. Discharge unknown. Not visited by NMBGMR staff. Located from Google Earth. Racecourse Series of spring-fed cienegas on Strong vegetation signature. Springs and seeps that are TS-133 west Velarde 419882 4008797 6017 cienegas west gorge wall near Rinconada. perched on a 2-meter-thick gray clay layer. Discharge unknown. Not visited by NMBGMR staff. Located from Google Earth. Racecourse Series of spring-fed cienegas on Strong vegetation signature. Springs and seeps that are TS-134 west Velarde 419882 4008797 6017 cienegas west gorge wall near Rinconada. perched on a 2-meter-thick gray clay layer. Discharge unknown. 49 469 30 0.11 1.11

Rio Pueblo de Taos to County Line: Cumulative Total Spring Discharge 548 gpm 1.22 cfs

7972 12,083 9543 17.77 48.23 Total spring discharge measured plus estimated in Rio Grande Gorge 29,598 gpm 65.99 cfs

New Mexico Environment Dept. (NMED) chemistry sample Table 2-Rio Grande Gorge Springs Chemistry, Taos County, New Mexico (revised Jan 2017) Page 1 of 2

Sample Information Isotopes and Age Dating Physical Parameters Ion Chemistry East or CFC Field TDS Bicarbonate Chloride Nitrite Nitrate Phosphat Sulfate Total Total_ Name of Spring or Spring West or Date Del O Del D Tritium 14C Apparent Conductivity Calcium Magnesium Potassium Sodium % Recharge Temp pH calc HCO3- Cl- NO2- NO3- e PO43- SO42- meq/L meq L Spring Zone ID In the sampled (‰) (‰) (TU) Age (yrs) (microS/cm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) Difference Age (yrs) (C) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) Cations Anions River Cow Patty E TS-70 east 9/25/08 -14.1 -97.6 -0.01 11.4 Cow Patty W TS-14a west 8/30/06 -14.5 -102.8 -0.03 12.9 7.9 170 130 93 3.1 <0.1 1.6 <0.5 9.9 17 6.5 2.4 10 1.88 1.86 0.39 Cow Patty W TS-14a west 9/25/08 -14.3 -96.9 1640 +/- 40 12.4 Sunshine TS-71 west 9/25/08 -14.2 -97.6 0.08 ~30 2910 +/- 40 14.9 The Rio Grande TS-114 9/2/09 -12.0 -89.7 15.9 Lava Tube TS-83 in river 9/2/09 -14.5 -101.0 0.10 ~41 3840 +/- 40 15.2 Sunshine Trail TS-73 east 9/25/08 2370 +/- 40 13.7 Sunshine Trail W TS-72 west 9/25/08 -14.4 -96.4 0.02 2540 +/- 40 12.5 Sunshine Trail TS-25 east 8/30/06 -14.2 -100.9 0.02 12.5 8.1 190 147 100 4.8 <0.1 3.1 <0.5 15 18 7.3 2.4 14 2.16 2.16 0.05 Desagua Trail TS-29b east 11/1/06 -14.6 -100.2 4.51 11.7 7.9 240 176 115 6.4 <0.1 5.4 <0.5 24 28 8.9 1.9 12 2.69 2.68 0.35 S of Sheep TS-1a east 8/28/06 -14.2 -99.8 0.44 15.2 8.0 230 177 105 7.2 <0.1 3.3 <0.5 23 20 6.5 3.1 21 2.52 2.52 -0.05 Gaging Station S TS-4 east 8/28/06 -14.3 -99.3 0.46 15.9 8.0 230 177 105 7.3 <0.1 3.8 0.59 24 20 6.6 2.9 20 2.48 2.57 -1.77 Bear Crossing spring zone TS-8 west 8/29/06 -14.5 -103.8 0.09 16.5 8.3 210 173 110 8.0 <0.1 2.6 <0.5 11 17 6.3 3.1 21 2.35 2.34 0.31 Felsenmeere Middle TS-61 west 5/9/07 -15.3 -107.0 4400 +/- 40 16.8 8.3 190 149 100 3.1 <0.1 2.7 <0.5 8.2 18 6.5 2.9 13 2.05 1.96 2.20 Felsenmeere South TS-59 west 5/5/04 -14.6 -99.8 0.12 16.3 7.9 202 104 2.4 8.5 Felsenmeere South TS-59 west 9/27/04 -14.3 -105.5 16.4 7.8 204 105 2.4 8.4 Big Arsenic source TS-135 east 3/25/04 -14.1 -95.0 0.77 17.2 North Big Arsenic 2 TS-16b east 8/31/06 -14.2 -99.4 0.60 17.5 8.2 235 175 105 7.9 <0.1 4.1 <0.5 25 21 6.9 2.4 20 2.54 2.59 -0.94 South Big Arsenic TS-15 east 1/1/04 -13.6 -94.4 0.53 8.3 179 89 7.4 0.02 25.5 20.8 5.8 2.5 22 Little Arsenic TS-17 east 8/31/06 -14.2 -100.1 0.02 15.4 8.2 210 159 100 6.6 <0.1 2.7 <0.5 18 17 6 2.5 19 2.23 2.31 -1.83 La Junta West TS-93 west 9/1/09 8.0 305 225 180 2.5 <0.1 3 <0.5 5 28 10 4.2 18 3.16 3.2 -0.58 San Cristobal Creek TS-94 river 9/1/09 18.8 8.3 225 162 110 4.2 <.1 3 <.5 13 19 7 2.6 14 2.24 2.26 -0.59 La Junta West TS-95 west 9/1/09 -14.6 -103.0 -0.08 12,630 +/- 60 16.9 8.7 345 212 130 9.9 <.1 1 <.5 36 23 7 4.6 33 3.34 3.31 0.51 Dunn Bridge N TS-31a east 11/2/06 ~36 15.0 Dunn Bridge N TS-31a east 1/1/04 -14.0 -94.8 4.54 8.2 166 98 2.4 <0.01 23.5 25.8 6.6 3.1 10.4 Rael (aka Stark or Warmsley) TS-18 east 9/1/06 -14.1 -97.3 4.03 14.5 8.1 230 170 120 3.4 <0.1 2.2 <0.5 23 28 8.5 3 11 2.64 2.59 1.01 Lower Arroyo Hondo zone TS-33 east 1/1/04 -13.7 -95.8 6.01 8.1 198 120 3.3 30.4 33.0 8.4 3.3 12.8 DBS-1 TS-135 west 3/15/04 -14.3 -100.0 0.16 15.9 Black Rock Hot TS-28 west 9/1/06 38.5 7.7 820 470 185 61.0 <0.1 1.5 <0.5 135 21 5.5 11 140 7.78 7.73 0.94 Taos Box N 1 TS-19 east 9/1/06 -14.2 -98.0 0.60 17.4 8.3 175 138 93 2.4 <0.1 1.9 0.82 18 19 5.9 2.5 11 1.97 2.04 -1.73 Taos Box N 2 TS-36b east 11/3/06 -14.7 -99.7 52-55 17.3 8.2 180 139 92 2.4 <0.1 1.9 <0.5 19 19 5.7 2.4 11 1.95 2.02 -1.63 DBS-2 TS-115 west 3/15/04 -14.2 -104.7 0.16 14.3 Taos Box S TS-40 east 11/3/06 -14.0 -98.0 0.02 19.1 7.9 155 123 83 2.0 <0.1 1.5 <0.5 14 14 4.8 2.3 12 1.67 1.75 -2.3 Taos Box S TS-49 east 11/3/06 -14.1 -99.4 -0.02 23.1 7.9 165 140 92 3.3 <0.1 2.1 <0.5 18 16 4.7 2.3 16 1.94 2.03 -2.27 Manby Hot Spring S pool TS-52a east 11/3/06 -14.5 -103.7 32.8 7.3 510 358 185 25.0 <0.1 2.2 <0.5 63 28 6.2 6.3 67 4.98 5.18 -1.89 Taos Junction South TS-54 east 4/23/07 -15.1 -109.3 18,850 +/- 100 18.6 8.2 440 303 270 2.2 <0.1 3.1 <0.5 20 13 1.4 3.5 89 4.75 5.02 -2.82 Taos Junction S TS-54 east 6/11/09 -15.0 -104.5 0.08 35-41 17,630 +/- 90 19.0 8.1 480 297 270 2.7 <.1 2.9 <.5 21 13 1.4 3.4 89 4.72 5.04 -3.27 Rio Grande (aka Klauer) TS-56 east 4/24/07 -14.4 -102.9 -0.03 7670 +/- 50 15.7 7.9 375 258 140 4.2 <0.1 1.6 <0.5 71 36 6.2 3.2 33 3.81 3.94 -1.59 Little Spring cienega TS-86 west 6/11/09 -13.9 -97.4 0.04 8910 +/- 50 15.7 7.8 290 165 155 2.3 <.1 3.8 <.5 10 29 3.5 3.8 19 2.66 2.91 -4.4 Big Spring TS-53 west 4/23/07 -15.0 -107.7 0.08 14,900 +/- 80 22.3 7.9 295 194 160 1.7 <0.1 3.5 <0.5 11 28 1.7 4.4 27 2.82 2.98 -2.88 Big Spring TS-53 west 5/29/04 -14.6 -103.9 -0.02 22.5 Big Spring TS-53 west 9/28/04 -14.4 -105.3 Glenwoody W cienega TS-87b west 6/12/09 -15.8 -110.6 23.1 8.5 425 252 235 1.7 <.1 2.5 <.5 12 3.6 0.037 0.85 89 4.09 4.3 -2.54 Souse Hole cienega TS-57 west 5/6/07 -15.4 -110.3 0.26 3,440 +/- 40 12.9 8.0 455 322 265 2.8 <0.1 2.5 <0.5 26 38 12 21 38 5.03 5.02 0.05

New Mexico Environment Dept. (NMED) chemistry sample Table 2-Rio Grande Gorge Springs Chemistry, Taos County, New Mexico (revised Jan 2017) Page 2 of 2

Trace Element Chemistry

Silica Spring Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Barium Beryllium Boron Bromide Cadmium Chromium Cobalt Copper Fluoride Iron Lead Lithium Manganese Molybdenum Nickel Selenium Strontium Silicon Silver Thalium Thorium Tin Titanium Uranium Vanadium Zinc SiO2 ID (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) F- (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) TS-70 TS-14a 0.035 <0.001 0.001 0.026 <0.001 0.019 <0.1 <0.001 0.003 <0.001 <0.001 0.39 1.20 <0.001 0.004 0.002 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.14 32 15 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.002 0.002 0.007 <0.001 TS-14a TS-71 TS-114 TS-83 TS-73 TS-72 TS-25 0.002 <0.001 0.001 0.023 <0.001 0.021 <0.1 <0.001 0.003 <0.001 0.001 0.47 <0.01 <0.001 0.005 <0.001 0.001 <0.001 0.001 0.15 32 15 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 0.002 0.008 <0.001 TS-29b 0.001 <0.001 0.001 0.034 <0.001 0.014 0.11 <0.001 0.002 <0.001 0.019 0.42 <0.01 <0.001 0.007 <0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.23 31 14 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 0.003 0.004 0.001 TS-1a 0.013 <0.001 0.001 0.016 <0.001 0.024 <0.1 <0.001 0.002 <0.001 0.001 1.3 0.11 <0.001 0.020 0.001 0.004 <0.001 0.001 0.17 39 18 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.002 0.003 0.007 0.001 TS-4 0.007 <0.001 0.001 0.027 <0.001 0.023 <0.1 <0.001 0.002 <0.001 0.001 1.2 0.05 <0.001 0.019 <0.001 0.004 <0.001 0.001 0.17 37 17 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 0.003 0.008 0.001 TS-8 0.003 <0.001 0.004 0.016 <0.001 0.047 <0.1 <0.001 0.003 <0.001 0.001 0.77 <0.01 <0.001 0.029 <0.001 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 0.16 48 22 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.002 0.002 0.013 <0.001 TS-61 0.001 <0.001 0.003 0.018 <0.001 0.027 0.04 <0.001 0.002 <0.001 0.001 0.4 <0.01 <0.00 0.010 <0.001 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.16 21 21 0.159 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.003 0.002 0.011 <0.00 TS-59 0.02 0.34 1 1 TS-59 0.01 0.33 TS-135 TS-16b 0.005 <0.001 0.001 0.023 <0.001 0.023 <0.1 <0.001 0.002 <0.001 0.001 1.1 0.04 <0.001 0.021 <0.001 0.003 <0.001 0.001 0.18 34 16 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 0.003 0.006 <0.001 TS-15 0.07 1.18 TS-17 0.012 <0.001 0.002 0.025 <0.001 0.029 <0.1 <0.001 0.003 <0.001 0.001 1.3 <0.01 <0.001 0.021 <0.001 0.005 <0.001 0.001 0.15 36 17 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 0.002 0.008 <0.001 TS-93 0.001 <.005 0.007 0.098 <.001 0.04 0.033 <.001 0.005 <.001 0.019 0.5 <.05 <.001 0.029 <.005 0.002 <.001 <.005 0.22 62 24 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 0.003 0.004 0.020 0.019 TS-94 0.004 <.005 0.002 0.079 <.001 0.033 0.055 <.001 0.003 <.001 0.006 0.48 <.05 <.001 0.008 <.005 0.002 <.001 <.005 0.18 43 17 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 0.002 0.002 0.009 0.015 TS-95 0.023 <.005 0.003 0.079 <.001 0.069 0.089 <.001 0.001 <.001 0.006 0.56 <.05 <.001 0.008 0.008 0.004 <.001 <.005 0.23 28 11 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 0.002 0.002 0.007 0.01 TS-31a TS-31a 0.03 0.24 TS-18 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 0.020 <0.001 0.008 <0.1 <0.001 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 0.23 <0.01 <0.001 0.003 <0.001 0.005 <0.001 0.001 0.22 30 14 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 0.004 0.005 0.002 TS-33 0.04 0.21 TS-135 TS-28 0.018 <0.001 0.014 0.039 <0.001 0.25 0.29 <0.001 0.002 <0.001 0.012 2.6 0.01 <0.001 0.32 0.005 0.020 <0.001 0.001 0.38 67 32 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.003 0.002 0.036 0.002 TS-19 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 0.007 <0.001 0.009 <0.1 <0.001 0.003 <0.001 0.001 0.29 0.14 <0.001 0.003 <0.001 0.005 <0.001 0.001 0.14 30 14 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 0.002 0.006 <0.001 TS-36b 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 0.007 <0.001 0.008 <0.1 <0.001 0.003 <0.001 0.026 0.29 0.04 <0.001 0.003 <0.001 0.005 <0.001 0.001 0.14 31 15 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 0.002 0.006 <0.001 TS-115 TS-40 0.001 <0.001 0.001 0.009 <0.001 0.009 <0.1 <0.001 0.005 <0.001 0.025 0.33 0.01 <0.001 0.003 <0.001 0.005 <0.001 0.001 0.10 30 14 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 0.001 0.010 <0.001 TS-49 0.001 <0.001 0.001 0.013 <0.001 0.011 <0.1 <0.001 0.006 <0.001 0.021 0.32 <0.01 <0.001 0.005 <0.001 0.005 <0.001 0.001 0.12 31 15 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 0.001 0.009 <0.001 TS-52a 0.001 0.000 0.014 0.097 <0.001 0.179 0.13 <0.001 0.002 <0.001 0.025 1.70 0.24 <0.001 0.16 <0.001 0.010 0.001 0.001 0.50 65 30 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.003 0.003 0.019 0.001 TS-54 0.002 <0.001 0.005 0.010 <0.001 0.143 0.04 <0.001 0.007 <0.001 0.008 1.30 0.08 <0.00 0.11 <0.001 0.002 <0.001 0.001 0.23 15.87 <0.001 0.23 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 0.004 0.029 <0.00 TS-54 0.006 <.005 0.005 0.083 <.001 0.140 0.04 <.001 0.008 <.001 0.002 1.00 <.05 <.0011 0.10 <.005 0.002 <.001 <.005 0.23 nr 15 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 0.002 0.004 0.028 0.021 TS-56 0.001 <0.001 0.002 0.024 <0.001 0.047 0.05 <0.001 0.004 <0.001 0.005 0.35 0.23 <0.00 0.09 <0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.34 14.64 <0.001 0.34 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 TS-86 0.019 <.005 0.002 0.11 <.001 0.04 0.04 <.001 0.003 <.001 0.001 0.43 <.05 <.0011 0.043 <.005 0.002 0.001 <.005 0.56 nr 16 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 0.002 0.003 0.007 0.024 TS-53 0.002 <0.001 0.003 0.12 <0.001 0.045 0.03 <0.001 0.004 <0.001 0.004 0.52 <0.010 <0.001 0.066 <0.001 0.002 0.000 0.001 0.70 16 <0.001 0.70 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 0.002 0.015 <0.001 TS-53 TS-53 TS-87b 0.066 <.005 0.01 0.073 <.001 0.16 0.03 <.001 0.009 <.001 0.002 0.89 <.05 <.001 0.18 <.005 0.004 <.001 <.005 0.01 nr 12 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 0.004 0.006 0.017 0.013 TS-57 <0.001 <0.001 0.019 0.117 <0.001 0.09 0.04 <0.001 0.004 <0.001 0.004 0.39 <0.01 <0.00 0.065 <0.001 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.57 23 <0.001 0.570 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.003 0.008 0.054 <0.00 1 1 NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES AQUIFER SPRINGS OF THE RIO GRANDE GORGE MAPPING PROGRAM

APPENDIX A

Geochemical data sheets for Rio Grande gorge spring analyses 14 pages

New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources A Division of New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology

Socorro, NM 87801 (575) 835–5490 Fax (575) 835–6333 E-mail: [email protected]