•••dir. f. cL Aini. Molecular phylogeny, biogeography, and an e-monograph of the family () as an example of in the electronic age

Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) der Fakultat fur Biologie der Ludwig-Maximilians- Universitat Miinchen

vorgelegt von Fernanda Antunes Carvalho aus Brasilien

Miinchen, Dezember 2013

http://d-nb.info/1050671031 CONTENTS

STATUTORY DECLARATION AND STATEMENT VII

Eidesstattliche Erklarung VII

Erklarung VII

Declaration of contribution VIII

List of publications VIII

Oral presentations IX

Herbaria visited IX

Field work IX

Funding X

SUMMARY XI

I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1

The problem of synonyms and the importance of taxonomic monographs 2

Brassicales and the Caricaceae 4

Distribution and diversity of Caricaceae 5

Morphology, pollination, sexual systems, and chromosomes 5

Taxonomic history and previous molecular studies on Caricaceae 7

The main geological and climate events related to Caricaceae biogeography 8

Research questions and aims 9

II. TAXONOMY IN THE ELECTRONIC AGE: AN E-MONOGRAPH OF THE PAPAYA FAMILY (CARICACEAE) AS A FIRST EXAMPLE 11

III. CORRECT NAMES FOR SOME OF THE CLOSEST RELATIVES OF PAPAYA: A REVIEW OF THE MEXICAN/GUATEMALAN GENERA AND 25

IV. A DATED PHYLOGENY OF THE PAPAYA FAMILY (CARICACEAE) REVEALS THE CROP'S CLOSEST RELATIVES AND THE FAMILY'S BIOGEOGRAPHIC HISTORY 39

V. CHROMOSOME COUNTS FOR THE CARICACEAE REVEAL UNEXPECTED DYSPLOIDY 59

VI. GENERAL DISCUSSION 70

Taxonomy in the electronic age and an e-monograph of Caricaceae 70

XIII Phylogenetic relationships within Caricaceae 72

Historical biogeography and the importance of habitat diversity in the evolution of Caricaceae 73

The African clade () 74

The Central American clade 75

The mostly South American clade Vasconcellea/ 77

Evolution of chromosome numbers in the Caricaceae 80

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 81

References 84

Appendix 91

Acknowledgments 106

Curriculum vitae 107

XIV