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Safe Ride Standards for Casualty Evacuation Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

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Safe Ride Standards for Casualty Evacuation Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION AC/323(HFM-184)TP/475 www.sto.nato.int STO TECHNICAL REPORT TR-HFM-184 Safe Ride Standards for Casualty Evacuation Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (Normes de transport sans danger pour l’évacuation des blessés par véhicules aériens sans pilote) This Report documents the findings of Task Group HFM-184 (2009 – 2012), which investigated the possibility and acceptability of casualty evacuation using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Published December 2012 Distribution and Availability on Back Cover NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION AC/323(HFM-184)TP/475 www.sto.nato.int STO TECHNICAL REPORT TR-HFM-184 Safe Ride Standards for Casualty Evacuation Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (Normes de transport sans danger pour l’évacuation des blessés par véhicules aériens sans pilote) This Report documents the findings of Task Group HFM-184 (2009 – 2012), which investigated the possibility and acceptability of casualty evacuation using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). NOTE: Even though the authors of this Report are American, British, German, and Israeli subject-matter experts in the fields of aviation, UAS, air evacuation, and emergency care of the trauma victim, this Report does not represent the formal position of any of these governments or any portion thereof. Any mention of trade, brand, or corporate names is for illustration or acknowledgement, and does not represent any recommendation of specific products. The NATO Science and Technology Organization Science & Technology (S&T) in the NATO context is defined as the selective and rigorous generation and application of state-of-the-art, validated knowledge for defence and security purposes. S&T activities embrace scientific research, technology development, transition, application and field-testing, experimentation and a range of related scientific activities that include systems engineering, operational research and analysis, synthesis, integration and validation of knowledge derived through the scientific method. In NATO, S&T is addressed using different business models, namely a collaborative business model where NATO provides a forum where NATO Nations and partner Nations elect to use their national resources to define, conduct and promote cooperative research and information exchange, and secondly an in-house delivery business model where S&T activities are conducted in a NATO dedicated executive body, having its own personnel, capabilities and infrastructure. The mission of the NATO Science & Technology Organization (STO) is to help position the Nations’ and NATO’s S&T investments as a strategic enabler of the knowledge and technology advantage for the defence and security posture of NATO Nations and partner Nations, by conducting and promoting S&T activities that augment and leverage the capabilities and programmes of the Alliance, of the NATO Nations and the partner Nations, in support of NATO’s objectives, and contributing to NATO’s ability to enable and influence security and defence related capability development and threat mitigation in NATO Nations and partner Nations, in accordance with NATO policies. The total spectrum of this collaborative effort is addressed by six Technical Panels who manage a wide range of scientific research activities, a Group specialising in modelling and simulation, plus a Committee dedicated to supporting the information management needs of the organization. • AVT Applied Vehicle Technology Panel • HFM Human Factors and Medicine Panel • IST Information Systems Technology Panel • NMSG NATO Modelling and Simulation Group • SAS System Analysis and Studies Panel • SCI Systems Concepts and Integration Panel • SET Sensors and Electronics Technology Panel These Panels and Group are the power-house of the collaborative model and are made up of national representatives as well as recognised world-class scientists, engineers and information specialists. In addition to providing critical technical oversight, they also provide a communication link to military users and other NATO bodies. The scientific and technological work is carried out by Technical Teams, created under one or more of these eight bodies, for specific research activities which have a defined duration. These research activities can take a variety of forms, including Task Groups, Workshops, Symposia, Specialists’ Meetings, Lecture Series and Technical Courses The content of this publication has been reproduced directly from material supplied by STO or the authors. Published December 2012 Copyright © STO/NATO 2012 All Rights Reserved ISBN 978-92-837-0174-3 Single copies of this publication or of a part of it may be made for individual use only by those organisations or individuals in NATO Nations defined by the limitation notice printed on the front cover. The approval of the STO Information Management Systems Branch is required for more than one copy to be made or an extract included in another publication. Requests to do so should be sent to the address on the back cover. ii STO-TR-HFM-184 Table of Contents Page List of Figures/Tables ix Acknowledgements x HFM-184 Membership List xi Executive Summary and Synthèse ES-1 Chapter 1 – Introduction and Background 1-1 1.1 Introduction 1-1 1.2 The Utility of Aeromedical Evacuation 1-1 1.3 The Rise of UAVs 1-1 1.3.1 The Development of Cargo/Logistics UAVs 1-2 1.4 Scope of the Study 1-3 1.5 Trauma Care and the Need for Evacuation 1-4 1.6 UAVs and CASEVAC 1-5 1.7 Background to the Creation and Work of this RTG 1-5 1.8 Types of Evacuation 1-6 1.9 Possible Operational Use of UAVs for Evacuation 1-7 1.10 Objectives 1-8 1.11 Human Systems Integration 1-8 1.12 Disclaimer 1-9 1.13 Thanks 1-9 Chapter 2 – Unmanned Aircraft Systems and Enabling Technologies 2-1 2.1 Introduction 2-1 2.2 Potential Advantages of UAS 2-1 2.3 Representative Unmanned Aircraft Systems 2-2 2.3.1 Basic Considerations 2-2 2.3.2 Current/Developmental VTOL UAS 2-3 2.3.3 Future or Proposed VTOL UAS 2-7 2.3.4 Notional VTOL UAS Concepts 2-11 2.3.5 Enabling Technologies and Artifacts 2-12 2.3.5.1 Command and Control Architecture 2-12 2.3.5.2 Concept-Of-Operations (CONOPS) 2-12 2.3.5.3 Standards 2-12 2.3.5.4 Requirements Documents 2-13 2.3.5.5 Air Vehicles 2-13 2.3.5.6 Man-Rating 2-13 2.3.5.7 Sensors 2-13 STO-TR-HFM-184 iii 2.3.5.8 Command and Control (C2) 2-14 2.3.5.9 Autonomy 2-14 2.3.5.10 Medical Devices for en route Care 2-14 2.3.5.11 Summary of Mission Enablers 2-14 2.3.6 Ongoing Related Efforts 2-15 2.3.6.1 Autonomous Aerial Cargo/Utility System (AACUS) Innovative Naval 2-15 Prototype 2.3.6.2 Autonomous Technologies for Unmanned Aerial Systems (ATUAS) 2-15 Joint Capability Technology Demonstration (JCTD) 2.3.6.3 Medium Range Multi-Purpose (MRMP) VTOL UAS 2-16 2.3.6.4 Medium Range Maritime Unmanned Aerial System (MRMUAS) 2-16 2.4 Summary 2-17 Chapter 3 – Current NATO Doctrine and Policy, as it Affects the Concept 3-1 of Casualty Evacuation via UAVS 3.1 Introduction 3-1 3.2 Key NATO Doctrinal Documents 3-1 3.2.1 MC 326/3 (NATO Principles and Policies of Medical Support) 3-1 3.2.2 AJP-4.10 (B) (“Allied Joint Medical Support Doctrine” – Draft) 3-1 3.2.3 AJMEDP-2 (“Allied Joint Doctrine for Medical Evacuation”) 3-2 3.2.4 STANAG 2087 (“Medical Employment of Air Transport in the Forward Area”) 3-2 3.2.5 AMEDP-11 (“NATO Handbook on Maritime Medicine”) 3-2 3.2.6 AMEDP-38 (“Medical Aspects in the Management of a Major Incident / Mass 3-3 Casualty Situation”) 3.2.7 International Humanitarian Law 3-3 3.2.8 Other Documentation 3-4 3.3 RTO Interest in UAVs 3-4 3.4 Summary 3-5 Chapter 4 – Potential Medical Concepts for Use of UAVS in Casualty 4-1 Evacuation 4.1 Introduction 4-1 4.2 NATO and Coalition Operations 4-1 4.2.1 Concept Goals 4-2 4.2.2 Concept Details 4-2 4.2.3 Application and Scope 4-2 4.2.3.1 Assumptions 4-3 4.2.4 Operational Vignettes 4-3 Chapter 5 – Medical/Clinical Aspects/Standards for Putting People in UAVS 5-1 5.1 Introduction 5-1 5.2 Overarching Medical Standards 5-1 5.3 Catastrophic Bleeding 5-2 5.4 Airway Control 5-2 5.4.1 Breathing 5-3 iv STO-TR-HFM-184 5.5 Circulation 5-4 5.6 Disability 5-4 5.7 Exposure 5-4 5.8 Restraint and Stabilization of Spinal Injuries 5-5 5.9 MEDEVAC in Optionally Piloted Aircraft 5-5 5.10 MEDEVAC in Aircraft Designated as Unmanned Platforms 5-5 5.11 CASEVAC on UAVs 5-6 5.12 Recommended NATO UAV Flight Safety Standards 5-7 Chapter 6 – Safety and Other Operational Issues 6-1 6.1 Introduction 6-1 6.1.1 Critical Assumptions 6-1 6.1.2 Design Safety 6-1 6.1.2.1 General Requirements 6-1 6.1.2.2 Crashworthiness 6-2 6.1.2.3 Reliability 6-2 6.1.2.4 Aircraft Performance Capabilities 6-2 6.1.2.5 Environmental/Weather Safe Design Characteristics 6-2 6.1.2.6 Handling Qualities and Flight Control Laws 6-2 6.1.2.7 Intuition and Decision Making 6-2 6.1.3 Navigational Design Capability 6-3 6.1.3.1 State of the Technology – Global Positioning Systems (GPS) 6-3 6.1.3.2 Embedded-GPS and Blended Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) Systems 6-3 (Abbreviated as EGIs) 6.1.4 Unmanned Aircraft Survivability in Hostile/High Threat Areas 6-3 6.1.5 Complete Autonomy, Remotely Piloted Vehicles (RPV), Human In The Loop 6-4 (HITL) Systems and Sensors 6.1.5.1 Visual Sensors 6-4 6.1.5.2 Airspace Coordination and Integration into the Battle and National 6-4 Airspace of an Unmanned CASEVAC System 6.1.6 The Socialization of the Concept 6-5 6.1.6.1 Relinquishing the Role 6-5 6.1.6.2 Replacing the MEDEVAC Pilot 6-5 6.1.6.3 Evolution of Unmanned CASEVAC CONOPS 6-5 6.1.6.4 Contingency Missions
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