TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD WORLD ROAD ASSOCIATION (PIARC)
Road Safety and Vulnerable Road Users in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Monday, April 9, 2018 11:00 AM – 1:00 PM ET The Transportation Research Board has met the standards and requirements of the Registered Continuing Education Providers Program. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to RCEP. A certificate of completion will be issued to participants that have registered and attended the entire session. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by RCEP. Purpose Discuss perspectives from around the world about vulnerable road users, human factors, and road safety.
Learning Objectives At the end of this webinar, you will be able to: • Describe human factors guidelines for a safer human-road interface • Discuss fundamental safety topics that affect vulnerable road users • Describe road safety practices outlined in the PIARC Road Safety Manual PIARC TRB joint webinar April 2018 Establishing and disseminating knowledge worldwide Patrick Malléjacq, Secretary General, PIARC What is PIARC What is PIARC Addressing members’ expectations
• Non-political, non-profit association established in 1909 • Aim: promote international cooperation on issues related to roads and road transport • Consultative Status on the Economical and Social Council of United Nations • With its broad membership and geographic diversity, the vision of the World Road Association is to become: “The world leader in the exchange of knowledge on roads and road transport policy and practices within the context of integrated, sustainable transport.”
• Recognised for the quality of our outputs World Wide Knowledge exchange: The core of PIARC • Aimed at practitioners more than research • PIARC mobilises international road and transport experts: • We provide the network
• Ad-hoc dialogue among peers
• Showcasing national achievements
• Learning from others
• Building networks
• Joint work towards commonly-agreed deliverables • International dialogue is more necessary than ever • Efficient and Cost effective
• Cf. FHWA report « Leading on the international stage » (2016) • Our outputs are open to all and widely accessible: • Reports, Online tools, Workshops, Seminars, Congresses… Extensive membership base
• 121 National governments are members of the Association
• Members from a total of 140 countries • Regional authorities • Public and private members: industry, research etc. • Individual members
• More than 1 200 experts are currently mobilised in our working groups 42 National Committees
• Algeria, Argentina, Australia (Austroads ), Austria, • Belgium, Benin, Burkina Faso, • Cameroon, Canada, Canada-Quebec, Chile, Congo, Objectives: Czech Republic, • Facilitate national • Dominican Republic, exchanges on • Ecuador, roads and road • France, transport • Germany, Greece, Hungary, • India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, • Promote the work • Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Mexico, Mongolia, of PIARC Morocco, • New Zealand (Austroads ), • Liaise with national • Paraguay, Poland, Portugal, Romania, experts and issues • Senegal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, • United Kingdom, United States (AASHTO), Uruguay PIARC and Low and Middle income countries • This is part of our “DNA” • Several processes are implemented: • Include possible specific needs of low and middle income countries (LMICs) in the terms of reference of the Association (Strategic Plan) • Involve experts from LMICs in the activities of the Technical Committees • Organise International PIARC seminars in low and middle income countries • Establish regional working groups • Budget support is available from PIARC Numerous and diverse outputs PIARC reports
Downloadable pdf files Available for free at www.piarc.org • Cycle 2012-2015: • 40 technical reports were produced by the Technical Committees • Being published • Cycle 2016-2019: 54 new reports An extensive website: www.piarc.org Services available:
• Knowledge Base • Virtual Library • Online road dictionary • Congress proceedings • Detailed information on the Association and its activities • Etc. Online road dictionary
• Technical Dictionary of Road Terms • Mainly: English, French, German, Portuguese, and Spanish • Plus 32 other languages • 8th edition • Online, free of charge International Seminars
• Exchange of knowledge with and in low- and middle-income countries • 26 seminars and 7 workshops organised during the 2012-2015 cycle • Presentations are available online via the PIARC Website Opening session with Minister of Highways of India • New seminars and workshops Reducing carbon footprint in road construction Joint PIARC/IRC Int seminar. Delhi 17-19 Feb. 2011 planned during the 2016-2019 cycle Routes / Roads
• Quarterly magazine • Articles cover emerging road and road transport issues • English, French and Spanish • Print and online distribution • 5,700 copies, readership in more than 140 countries • Online version: routesroadsmag.piarc.org Online Manuals : Easy access to knowledge
• Four online manuals have been developed by the Association: • Road safety • Road network operations and ITS • Road Tunnels • Asset management • Two more are planned • Comprehensive, state-of-the-art references • Easy and attractive to use: • Free of charge • Case studies • Links to detailed technical material and other references • Can be downloaded and printed in chapters Software
• HDM-4 • The primary tool for the analysis, planning, management and appraisal of road maintenance, improvements and investment decisions • Developed with numerous stakeholders • Distributed through HDMGlobal
• DG-QRAM • Tool for managing dangerous goods transport in tunnels • Distributed by PIARC International Winter Road Congresses
• Maintenance and roads operations in winter
• 1969 – 1st Congress in Berchtesgaden, Germany
• A congress every four years Seefeld 1994 Luleå 1998 Sapporo 2002 Turin-Sestrières 2006 Québec 2010 Andorra 2014 Gdańsk 2018 Calgary 2022 World Road Congresses
• 1908 – 1st World Road Congress in Paris, France • A congress every four years • Share knowledge and experiences on roads and road transportation Brussels 1987 Marrakech 1991 Montréal 1995 Kuala Lumpur 1999 Durban 2003 Paris 2007 Mexico City 2011 Seoul 2015 Abu Dhabi 2019 A Strategic Plan guides our activities Strategic Plan for 2016-2019
• The Association’s activities are guided by a 4-year Strategic Plan
• The new Plan covers the period 2016-2019
• It has been prepared through an in-depth process under the leadership of the Strategic Planning Commission – chaired by Jeff Paniati (USA)
• It was formally approved by the Association’s Council in Seoul in November 2015 Our Expert structures
• Technical Committees • Constituted for the full four years
• « Task Forces »: • Are allowed more flexibility; 2-year activity cycles; cover new topics and analyze their future relevance for roads; reasonably small groups • « Special Projects »: • Outsourced by the SG; development of high-level, short documents that are not within the near-term capacity of the Technical Committees or Task Forces to complete • « Regional Task Forces »: • Address topics of particular interest to certain regions, especially those with many developing countries 2016-2019 Themes
• 5 Strategic Themes • A. Management and Finance • B. Access and Mobility • C. Safety • D. Infrastructure • E. Climate Change, Environment and Disasters • Continuation of several lines of traditional work • With an elevation of environment-related issues
• 18 Technical Committees and 4 Task Forces • Including the Terminology Committee • In each case the Strategic Plan establishes functions, topics to be addressed and expected results 2016 – 2019 Strategic plan
A. Management B. Access C. Safety D. Infrastructure E. CC-Environment and finance and mobility - Disasters A.1 Performance B.1 Road C.1 National D.1 Asset E.1 Adaptation of transport Network road safety management strategies / administrations Operations / policies and Resilience ITS programs D.2 Pavements A.2 Road E.2 Environment transport system B.2 Winter C.2 Design D.3 Bridges considerations in economics and services and road projects and social operations of D.4 Rural roads operations development B.3 safer road and earthworks Sustainable infrastructure E.3 Disaster A.3 Risk multimodality D.5 Road tunnels management management in urban areas operations
B.4 Freight A.1 Innovative B.1 C.1 financing Road design & Infrastructure A.2 Coordinating infrastructure security National and for innovative Subnational adm. solutions PIARC and road safety PIARC Online Road Safety Manual: A comprehensive resource • http://roadsafety.piarc.org/en
• Designed to help countries at every stage of infrastructure development fulfil road safety objectives • It includes new thinking on road safety and offers a clear argument on why adopting a Safe System approach is crucial for your country • A comprehensive, state-of-the-art international reference document and a “living’” tool that can assist all countries in fulfilling key objectives
• The Road Safety Manual has been acknowledged in United Nations' resolution A/70/L.44 on road safety PIARC Online Road Safety Manual: Free of charge • http://roadsafety.piarc.org/en
• Free of charge
• Available in English • French and Spanish versions are being developed with the World Bank
• Key principles for each of the topics are included and discussed in the sections - 3 Main Parts, 12 chapters • Case studies and links to detailed technical material and other references • Can be downloaded and printed in chapters PIARC Online Safety Manual Global Steering Committee
• World Health Organization • UNECE, UN Economic Commission for Europe • European Investment Bank • The World Bank • African Development Bank Group • Asian Development Bank • International Transport Forum • CAF, Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina Strategic Theme Safety 12 recent Technical Reports (2012-2015)
• The Role of Road Engineering in Combatting Driver Distraction and Fatigue Road Safety Risks • Human factors guidelines for a safer man-road interface • Fixed fire fighting systems in road tunnels: Current practices and recommendations • Improving safety in road tunnels through real-time communication with users • Human factors in road design. Review of design standards in nine countries • Road accident investigation guidelines for road engineers • Comparison of national road safety policies and plans • Road safety inspection guidelines for safety checks of existing roads • Best practices for road safety campaigns • Improvements in safe working on roads • State of the practice for cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-benefit analysis and resource allocation • Best practice for road tunnel emergency exercises Strategic Plan for 2016-2019 Six Forthcoming reports
• National Road Safety policies evolution • Road Safety Audit guidelines • Vulnerable road users • Human factors in road design and operations including driver distraction and fatigue. • Setting credible speed limits • Catalogue of design, operations and maintenance safety problems and potential countermeasures for LMIC PIARC Strategic Theme C Safety Meetings and seminars 2016 - 2019
TC/TF 2nd half 1st half 2nd half 1st half 2nd half 1st half October 2016 2017 2017 2018 2018 2019 2019 (with World Road Congress)
TC C.1 Rome Marrakech Teheran Lisbon Beijing USA Abu National road (Morroco) (with (Portugal) safety policies an (with (tbc) Dhabi d programs (with Seminar) Seminar ) Workshop) 23-27 15-19 Oct Nov 2018 2017 TC C.2 Floren Santiago Rome Ottawa Beijing Malaysia Abu Design and 06-07 (Canada) (with (with operations of ce de Chile Dhabi safer road (with Dec April Seminar ) Seminar) infrastructure Workshop) 2017 2018 15-19 Oct April 2019 2018 Conclusions World Wide Knowledge exchange: The core of PIARC • Aimed at practitioners more than research • PIARC mobilises international road and transport experts: • We provide the network
• Ad-hoc dialogue among peers
• Showcasing national achievements
• Learning from others
• Building networks
• Joint work towards commonly-agreed deliverables • International dialogue is more necessary than ever • Efficient and Cost effective
• Cf. FHWA report « Leading on the international stage » (2016) • Our outputs are open to all and widely accessible: • Reports, Online tools, Workshops, Seminars, Congresses… Thank you for your attention www.piarc.org [email protected] @PIARC_Roads World Road Association PIARC
Patrick Malléjacq PIARC General Secretary [email protected] PIARC/AIPCR – A Manual for Global Road Safety National Road Safety Policies and Programs – C1
World Road Association John Milton, Ph.D., P.E. Mondiale Chair: Road Safety Manual De La Route Task Force PIARC Main points
• Why a Road Safety Manual • Structure of the manual • Organization & working structure Why a Road Safety Manual
• A global crisis of death and serious injury in road crashes • A largely preventable problem • Safe Systems Approach is recommended for adoption in all countries • Leadership and institutional capacity are vital for results • An urgent development priority Foundation: Safe Systems Approach • Shift from crash prevention in general towards prevent deaths and injuries • Directly addresses the needs of vulnerable road users and others • Encourages safety to be designed into developing road networks rather than being considered an afterthought Haddon Matrix
FACTORS
PHASE HUMAN VEHICLE ENVIRONMENT
Pre-crash Crash Information Roadworthiness Road design and road layout prevention Attitudes Lighting Speed limits Impairment Braking Pedestrian facilities Police enforcement Handling Speed management
Crash Injury prevention Use of restraints Occupant restraints Crash-protective roadside objects during the crash Impairment Other safety devices Crash protective design
Post-crash Life sustaining First-aid skill Ease of access Rescue facilities Access to medics Fire risk Congestion
http://roadsafety piarc org PART 1 STRATEGIC GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE Chapter 1: Scope of Road Safety Problem Chapter 2: Key Developments in Road Safety
http://roadsafety.piarc.org PART 2 ROAD SAFETY MANAGEMENT Chapter 3: The Road Safety Management System Chapter 4: The Safe System approach Chapter 5: Effective management and use of safety data Chapter 6: Road safety targets, investment strategies, plans, and projects
http://roadsafety.piarc.org PART 3 PLANNING, DESIGN & OPERATION Chapter 7: Roles, responsibilities, policy development, and programmes Chapter 8: Design for road user characteristics and compliance Chapter 9: Infrastructure Safety Management: Policies, standards, guidelines, and tools Chapter 10: Assessing potential risks and identifying issues Chapter 11: Intervention selection and prioritisation Chapter 12: Monitoring and evaluation of road safety interventions
http://roadsafety.piarc.org Chapter organisation
• Key messages for managers • Key principles for each of the topics • Discussion to explain the key principles • Case studies • Links to detailed technical material and other references • Getting started, making progress, and consolidating activity section RSM Development Process
• 1st Edition of the RSM • Strategic Plan (‘12-’15) • Griffith USA Task Force • PIARC Contract: Scientific Team - Turner – Australia Resolution adopted by the General Assembly nr. 70/260
Improving global road safety
adopted on 15 April 2016 - diffused on 2 May 2016 EN Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 15 April 2016 70/260. Improving global road safety "Acknowledging a number of other important international efforts on road safety, including …. the development of an updated Road Safety Manual by the World Road Association to offer guidance to officials at various levels on measures that can enhance the safety of road infrastructure" FR Résolution adoptée par l’Assemblée générale le15 avril 2016 70/260. Amélioration de la sécurité routière mondiale Prenant acte d’autres initiatives internationales importantes pour la sécurité routière, parmi lesquelles … l’établissement d’un manuel de la sécurité routière actualisé par l’Association mondiale de la route pour proposer aux responsables à divers niveaux des orientations sur les mesures propres à améliorer la sécurité des infrastructures routières, ES Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 15 de abril de 2016 70/260. Mejoramiento de la seguridad vial en el mundo Reconociendo otras iniciativas internacionales importantes en materia de seguridad vial, como ... una versión actualizada del Manual de Seguridad Vial por la Asociación Mundial de la Carretera para ofrecer orientación a los funcionarios de diversos niveles sobre medidas que pueden mejorar la seguridad de la infraestructura vial RSM Development Process
• 2nd Edition (in progress) • Strategic Plan (‘16-’20) • INTERNATIONAL TC C1: Policies and programs for road safety • INTERNATIONAL TC C2: Design and Operations of Safer Road Infrastructure • Steering Committee for the Road Safety Manual INTERNATIONAL TC C1: Policies and programs for road safety
• 74 members from 5 continents • 3 languages - TC SEC responsibles: • Carnis – France – French • Mcinerney – Australia – English • Rodriguez – Argentina - Spanish • 4 working group leaders • De Leur – Canada • Khienreich – Austria • Milton – United States of America • Turner – Australia • Chair: Arditi – Italy • Advisor: Graf-Landmann - PIARC INTERNATIONAL TC C2: Design for safety • Design and Operation of Safer Road Infrastructure • Chair: WONG (Malaysia) • Secretariat: • English: WICKHAM (UK) • French: HOLLAND (FR) • Spanish: MENDOZA DÍAZ (MX) Steering Committee
• Members • Wong (Malaisia), Carnis (France), De Leur (Canada), Griffith (USA), Legett (UK), Tiahjono (Indonesia), Domenichini (Italy) • Stakeholders • UNECE – WHO- OECD/ITF • ADB - AFDB - EIB - CAF - World Bank • PIARC General Secretariat • Chair: Arditi (Italy) • Reporters: • Khienreich (Austria) • Milton (United States of America) Working method within the TC World Road Association Mondiale De La Route PIARC TCs PIARC (TC C.2 and others)
liaise outputs Working groups TC C.1 TC C.1 Independent Fully empowered Two leaders
Stakeholder invited by gen.sec. National (UNECE, WHO, OECD, WB, Committee development banks) Members World Road Membership Association - Core from TC Working Group Mondiale - Stakeholders De La Route on RSM - Member from TC C.2 PIARC - To be avoided conflict of interest
Steering WG C.1 Committee
Steering Committee • Identify what the up-dates and up-grades should be; • Organize and plan the corresponding work (Note the steering committee is not responsible itself to deliver the editorial content, this should come from other working groups and in some cases can be outsourced to external experts); • Oversee the work and organize the review of the deliverables; • Liaise with the General Secretariat for the edition of the web pages and the proposals for software evolutions Questions?
John Milton, Ph.D., P.E. [email protected] +1(360) 704-6363 Safety for Vulnerable Road Users – PIARC activities
PIARC TRB Joint Webinar April 9, 2018
Per Andersson Swedish Transport Agency PIARC report
https://www.piarc.org/ressources/ publications/9/27293,2016R34EN .pdf
2 Definition; Vulnerable Road Users
Road Users who are at great risk because of insufficient physical protection or because of relative high speed differences with potential conflicting modes.
3 Strategic Plan, 2016 - 2019
Investigate and develop current materials related to VRU:s
Outputs Materials for inclusion in the Road Safety Manual. Materials for “Intermediate deliveries” Development of training and presentation materials.
4 Working mode
5 Some highlights …
Safety aspects & challenges for motorcyclists
Checklists for safety and quality inspections of pedestrian infrastructure
Statistics on vulnerable road users, single accidents
6 Safety aspects & challenges for motorcyclists
7 Proportion of motorized 2 & 3 Wheelers
8 VRU Deaths in Asean Countries
9 Spanish statistics 2014
The number of motorcycles 9% of the total vehicle fleet.
Motorcycles are present in 24% of casualty accidents.
10 International statistics
Development of fatalities in IRTAD countries by road user type
11 Spanish Road Safety Strategy 2011-2020
12 Spanish Road Safety Strategy 2011-2020
13 Key issues on Road design/ Road equipment
• Safety barriers • Bends/ curves • Intersections • Elements in or on the roadway • Skid resistance and color of road surfaces • Signs/ Road markings
14 Checklists for safety and quality inspections of pedestrian infrastructure
15 Checklists for safety and quality inspections of pedestrian infrastructure
• Systematic, on site review of the existing situation • Identify potential problems so countermeasures can be applied to increase quality, safety and security for the pedestrians • Can be implemented as part of an overall quality management process
16 Walkability checklist
1. Network analysis / Design / equipment of roadside environment (1st order) 2. Traffic rules / traffic flow (2nd order) 3. Road-users behavior (3rd order)
First overview on pedestrian qualities
Check whether general requirements are fulfilled
Which stakeholder is responsible
Which procedures need to be applied 17 Road Transport: Past, Present and Future Road Safety Work in ECMT, K. Rumar, Brussels 2002, Page 13 f. Statistics on vulnerable road users, single accidents
18 Traffic fatalities and seriously injured (>1%) in Sweden 2016 - by road user group
Fatalities Seriously injured, Permanent Medical Disability > 1%
32% 75% Pedestrians Cyclists Moped riders Motorcyclists Car drivers & pass. Other Pedestrians, no moving vehicle Data from STRADA (The Swedish Road Traffic Accident Registry), Swedish Transport Agency Traffic fatalities and seriously injured (>1%) in Sweden 2016 - by road user group
Fatalities Seriously injured, Permanent Medical Disability > 1%
32% 75% 6% Pedestrians Cyclists Moped riders 43% Motorcyclists Car drivers & pass. Other Pedestrians, no moving vehicle Data from STRADA (The Swedish Road Traffic Accident Registry), Swedish Transport Agency Traffic fatalities and seriously injured (>10%) in Sweden 2016 - by road user group
Fatalities Seriously injured, Permanent Medical Disability > 10%
32% 66% Pedestrians Cyclists Moped riders Motorcyclists Car drivers & pass. Other Pedestrians, no moving vehicle Data from STRADA (The Swedish Road Traffic Accident Registry), Swedish Transport Agency Traffic fatalities and seriously injured (>10%) in Sweden 2016 - by road user group
Fatalities Seriously injured, Permanent Medical Disability > 10%
32% 66% 6% Pedestrians Cyclists 34% Moped riders Motorcyclists Car drivers & pass. Other Pedestrians, no moving vehicle Data from STRADA (The Swedish Road Traffic Accident Registry), Swedish Transport Agency Seriously injured cyclists in Sweden Seriously injured
Cycle – Moped Temporarily object Cycle – Off road Dodge Pedestrian Uneven road The cyclist Cycle – Other Slip, other/ unknown Cycle Cycle – Cycle Slip, dirt road Cycle – Motor Design, infrastr Slip, leaves vehicle Operation & Slip, rolling gravel Maintenance Cycle – Single Slip, ice/ snow Seriously injured Bicycle Single Operation and Maintenance
Niska, Anna & Eriksson Jenny, Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), VTI Report 801, 2013 Seriously injured cyclists in Sweden Seriously injured Seriously injured cyclists, single accidents
Winter conditions, snow/ ice
Cycle – Moped Temporarily object Cycle – Off road Dodge Pedestrian Uneven road The cyclist Cycle – Other Slip, other/ unknown Cycle Cycle – Cycle Slip, dirt road Cycle – Motor Design, infrastr Slip, leaves vehicleOther Operation & Slip, rolling gravel Maintenance Cycle – Single Slip, ice/ snow Seriously injured Bicycle Single Operation and Maintenance
Niska, Anna & Eriksson Jenny, Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), VTI Report 801, 2013 Pedestrians seriously injured from falling accidents - road transport system, 2009-2013
Roadworks
Loose items/ objects
Loose, uneven slabs Outer circumstances Potholes Equipment Uneven surface Lack of interaction
Ped. – Other Behaviors and Loose gravel conditions Ped. – Cycle Design of Slip; leaf, water, other Ped. – Motor infrastructure v Operation & Slip; ice/ snow Ped. – Single Maintenance BerntmanSeriously Monica, injured Lunds UniversityPedestrian (LTH), - Single PresentationOperation at Tylösandsseminar and Maintenance 2015 Pedestrians seriously injured from falling accidents - road transport system, 2009-2013
Roadworks
Seriously injured pedestrians, single accidentsLoose items/ objects
Loose, uneven slabs Outer circumstances Potholes Equipment Uneven surface Lack of interaction Winter conditions, Other Ped. – Other Behaviors and snow/ ice Loose gravel conditions Ped. – Cycle Design of Slip; leaf, water, other Ped. – Motor infrastructure v Operation & Slip; ice/ snow Ped. – Single Maintenance BerntmanSeriously Monica, injured Lunds UniversityPedestrian (LTH), - Single PresentationOperation at Tylösandsseminar and Maintenance 2015 Survey to PIARC Stakeholders
• Statistics regarding fatalities and seriously injured bicyclists and pedestrians, especially single accidents?
• Specific requirements on the road surface/ walkway to prevent or reduce the number of seriously injured cyclists and pedestrians?
27 Thank you for your attention !
Per Andersson [email protected] Mathias Wärnhjelm [email protected] Antonio Granado [email protected] José Lisboa Santos [email protected] Dominik Schmitt [email protected] 28 Jurgen Gerlach [email protected] TRB Webinar TRBApril Webinar 9th, 2018 April 9th, 2018
Addressing Road Safety Worldwide Thoughts on Vulnerable Road Users, Human Factors and Road Safety for Low and Middle-Income Countries
PIARC HUMAN FACTORS Guide Lines for a Safer Man-Road Interface
Prof. Ing. Lorenzo Domenichini University of Firenze (Italy) PIARC TC C2 – WG 2.2-3 [email protected]
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018
PIARC is addressing the topic of Human Factors in Road Design and Operation since 2007
Period 2007 – 2011 Committee on «Safer Road Infrastructures» chaired by Joachim VOLLPRACHT (Germany)
Period 2011 – 2015 Committee on «Design and Operation of Safer Road Infrasdtructures» chaired by Mike GREENHALGH (United Kingdom)
Period 2015 – 2019 Committee on «Design and Operation of Safer Road Infrasdtructures» chaired by Shaw Voon WONG (Malesia)
under the leadership of Dr. Sibylle Birth Diplom-Psychologist Intelligenz System Transfer, Potsdam (G)
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018 HUMAN FACTORS Definitions (1 of 3) NCHRP Rpt 600 A scientific discipline that tries to enhance the relationship between devices and systems and the people who are meant to use them through the application of extensive, well-documented, and fully appropriate behavioral data that describe and analyze the capabilities and limitations of human beings.
HSM The interdisciplinary study of human factors applies knowledge from the human sciences such as psychology, physiology, and kinesiology to the design of systems, tasks, and environments for effective and safe use. The goal of understanding the effects of human factors is to reduce the probability and consequences of human error, especially the injuries and fatalities resulting from those errors, by designing systems with respect to human characteristics and limitations.
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018 HUMAN FACTORS Definitions (2 of 3) PIARC Dictionary Abilities and limitations that refer to physical, cognitive and psychological processes, dealing with people's perception, information processing, motivation, decision-making and action.
PIARC RSM Human Factors are a well-established scientific endeavor that has influenced developments in many areas of technologies. Its application to road safety issues in a formal sense goes back to at least to 1930s (e.g. Forbes, 1939). Contemporary understanding of issues, such as the time it takes to make decisions, the amount of light needed to resolve details and the rate at which information is absorbed underpins key standards in road design …. Since knowledge in human factors continue to evolve, many of its findings remain to be absorbed in technical standards and guidelines
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018 HUMAN FACTORS Definitions (3 of 3) PIARC HF Guide Lines
The term Human Factor refers to the stable natural psychological and physiological threshold limits that contribute to operational mistakes in vehicle handling. The term HF does not include human behaviors or performances. It has nothing to do with personality traits like aggressiveness, the will to violate traffic rules consciously, mistakes because of drugs assumption or ageing. It is a professional term coined around 1930 by the industrial safety engineers to address the general and stable subconscious reactions of common system users and excludes temporary individual conditions.
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018
• Three elements of road safety
PERSONALITY FACTORS exhaustion, heart disease, drugs, will to violate laws, aggression enforcement / education
Environmental CAR DESIGN FACTORS FACTORS: weather, operating man-road interaction glare by sun, elements, topography, indicating ROAD landscape instruments, USER FRIENDLY ROAD DESIGN Sourrounding user friendly safe road car design alignment + construction
car-road interaction
Picture: S. Birth
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018
PIARC TC C2 APPROACH TO HUMAN FACTORS
is somewhat different from the others’ approaches. It refers to a MMI (Man Machine Interface) problem: Man : the Driver Machine : the Road which moves in front of the standing driver (like in a driving simulator) according to the driver’s decisions
The driver’s decisions (mainly driving speed and vehicle trajectory) are the results of the driver’s perception of the road environment dynamically changing in front of his eyes
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018
Is driving a conscious or an automated process?
• To which percentage road user’s behaviour is controlled • by conscious control of acting and decision making? by infrastructural features?
• Solution: Conscious control 15% Infrastructure 70% Weather or car conditions 15%
Source: 1500 technically unexplainable accidents, Germany (2000-2012)
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface 10 TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018
?
AASTHO – Highway Safety Manual Exhibit 3-3: Contributing Factors to Vehicle Crashes (Source: Treat 1979)
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018
The point of interest in accident investigations changes if you look at human factors related road deficiencies
ACCIDENT Crash point Point of interest of the post-accident, (e.g.: crash with a tree) damage-oriented, approach (Judiciary system, Insurances) (analysis of the damages and consequences of the crash)
DRIVING Process HF POINT MISTAKE (e.g.: the vehicle is swerving) OF INTEREST Point of interest of the pre-accident, Stimulus causing an road safety oriented, approach OPERATIONAL operational mistake (Human Factors professionals) MISTAKE (e.g.: optical illusion) (analysisof the road features stimulating the accident)
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018
1st example
Inattentional Blindness (source: © T. Drew/M. Vo/ J. Wolfe/Psychological Science, htp://www.google.de/imgres?start=148&sa=X&biw=1440&bih=673&tbm=isch&tbnid=ccU0BE2E39_WmM:&i Moremgrefurl=http://www.netdoktor.de/Magazin/Selektive than 100-Wahrnehmung physiological,-Der-Gor- neuronal and sensimotor 12612.html&docid=9lrw0HTYFp1lzM&imgurl=https://i1.ytimg.com/vi/vJG698U2Mvo/hqdefault.jpg&w=480&h =360&ei=p0tcUumIGsWa1AX334GwBw&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=493&page=6&tbnh=139&tbnw=200&ndsp= stereotypes28&ved=1t:429,r:59,s:100,i:181&tx=120&ty=45 explain ‘foolish’ and ‘unreasonable’ radiologists got the task actions: 5 examplesto evaluate an X-Ray of a lung to find signs for tuberculose 75% did not see the monkey that was integrated in the picture
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018
2nd example
left-hand phenomenon: natural direction of motions = counter-clockwise (source : Donaustadion Ulm, http://www.eintracht.de/meine_eintracht/forum/3/11123464/?page=9)
3rd example figure-ground effects: (mimese hinders perceptibility) (source : Bernd Foehr, http://face2face-magazin.de/ 2012/07/05/farben-in-der-natur-teil-2-tarnung/)
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018
4th example Straight design is a speedy design for all mammals: e.g. Rotherhite Tunnel, 1908 (London): winding course to prevent horses for runaway to daylight
Picture: www.wikipedia
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018 5th example Optical illusions
DOWN IN THE WELL
Work of the Italian artist Marina Apollonio exhibited at Francoforte
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018
What has this to deal with road safety?
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018 n. 3 Human Factors related Safety Rules I. Provide enough ANTICIPATION TIME Give enough time to perceive and adapt to changes. OPTICAL Proper anticipation + decision + reaction needs at minimum 4 - 6 sec --> (bikers 20m - 35m, pedestrians 6m – 9m, cars -100m, 50km/h). GUIDANCE
II. Control drivers FIELD-OF-VIEW (the field of view enables appropriate speed + lane tracking) Offer sufficient amount of bright/colour contrasts and avoid monotonySPATIAL Ensure reliable optical guidance and orientation. Avoid optical illusions PERCEPTION
III. Pre-programme drivers’ behaviour Design roads with consistent road characteristics in a logical sequenceDRIVERS’. Offer short distances and minimal effort for VRU. Respect habits, automated/subconscious behavioural patternsEXPECTATIONS •
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018
Few examples to illustrate the meaning of the three rules:
Distance covered OPTICAL during the maneuver GUIDANCE
Current Road Standards require to provide a «response time» of 2-3 sec before the maneuver section
Human Factor based design practices require to provide an additional «anticipation time» of 2-3 sec before each critical point (for example: a roundabout requiring to slow down)
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018
A road modification design ……
Design according to «stopping sight distance» New roundabout substituting the existing intersection
Existing intersection
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018
…. not compliant with the HF rule of Optical Guidance:
the anticipation time is missing
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018 A very nice Christmas card Exemple: …. but the gantry sign Opticalis not illusions complyingare also presentwithalong HF rulesour roads of SPATIAL spatial perception PERCEPTION
The value of parallel planting and guiding structures for the lane tracking task is generally not considered in design standards. Dynamic Gelstat Tw o faces or one vase?
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018 A good example of misleading optical guidance Interchange between A14 and A13 in Italy
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018
Interchange between A14 and A13 in Italy
NORTH SECTION
SOUTH SECTION
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018 ACCIDENTS OBSERVED IN THE NORTH AND SOUTH ROAD SECTIONS
The accident NORTH frequency in SECTION the South section is higher than in the Nord
SOUTH section. SECTION WHY?
The North and South sections have a similar geometric layout and similar traffic PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface BUT TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018
PROSPECTIV VIEW OF THE SOUTH SECTION
BLUE SURFACE: Guiding structure on the right side of the carriageway (top of an inverted L shaped RED LINE: acoustic barrier) Guiding structure on the left side of the carriageway (concrete safety barrier)
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018
TOP VIEW
BLUE SURFACE: RED LINE: Guiding structure on the Guiding structure right side of the on the left side of carriageway (top of a L the carriageway shaped acoustic barrier) (concrete safety barrier)
The carriageway has a different layout compared to the lateral guiding structures
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018
IMMAGINE 3 - PK 13+925
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface IMMAGINE 4 - PK 13+975 TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018
IMMAGINE 5 - PK 14+025
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface IMMAGINE 6 - PK 14+075 TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018 The edge of the acoustic barrier is in correspondence of the RIGHT side of the right lane
IMMAGINE 7 - PK 14+125
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface IMMAGINE 8 - PK 14+175 TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018
IMMAGINE 9 - PK 14+225
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface IMMAGINE 10 - PK 14+275 TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018 The edge of the acoustic barrier is in correspondence of the LEFT side of the right lane
IMMAGINE 11 - PK 14+325
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018
IMMAGINE 12 - PK 14+375
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018
POSSBLE HF BASED COUTERMEASURES
Improve the driver guidance by the road carriageway
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018
Improve the driver guidance along bends
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018
Example: THERE IS SOMETHING STRANGE IN THIS PHOTO DRIVERS’ ….. what? EXPECTATIONS
Our brain is conditioned by the need (real or supposed) to act promptly.This finger should This induces us to go directly to the conclusions be a thumb without having all the necessary information. If you don’t see it, don’t worry. The pre-programmation of your brain doesn’t allow you to see it 99% of people doesn’t see it
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018 Motorway from New Delhy to Jaipur (India)
THIS ROAD has the geometric characteristics of a MOTORWAY. But the ROAD OPERATION is similar to a LOCAL ROAD.
The ROAD CATEGORY the drivers perceive is «MOTORWAY» and therefore their LOGICAL EXPECTATIONS are those consistent with a MOTORWAY. Their driving behavior is the one considered possible for a MOTORWAY (high speed, no pedestrians, no driveways). This road is one of the most accident prone road in the world.
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018 A very frequent situation along the existing road network: a sharp bend at the end of a long straight the drivers do not expect such a sharp bend and do not reduce speed in due time.
How to improve road safety? ONE POSSIBLE SOLUTION: INCREASE THE OPTICAL DENSITY OF THE FIELD OF VIEW
DO YOU CONSIDER THESE MEASURES USEFULL?
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018 If you wish to have more information about our activity in the field of Human Factors in Road Design, the followings are some references of our recent publications.
S. Bird, L. Domenichini “Consideration of Human Factors in Road Accident Investigation”, Proc. EVU 2013 Annual Meeting, 17–19 October 2013, Florence (IT)
L. Domenichini, L. La Torre, V. Tartaglia, V. Branzi, F. Fanfani, “Safety Improvements in Urban Areas based on Human Factors Principles . A case study: Via Pistoiese”, Proc. Conference “Ageing and Safe Mobility Conference”, 27-28 november 2014, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
Domenichini, L., La Torre, F., Branzi, V., Meocci, M. (2017). Impact of engineering treatments on driving performances at pedestrian crossings. Proc. Road Safety & Simulation International Conference – RSS2017, 17-19 October, The Hague, NL.
Branzi, V., Domenichini, L., La Torre, F. (2017). Drivers’ speed behaviour in real and simulated urban roads – A validation study. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 49, pp. 1-17, ISSN:1369-8478.
Domenichini, L., La Torre, F., Branzi, V., Nocentini, A. (2017). Speed behaviour in work zone crossovers. A driving simulator study. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 98, pp. 10-24, ISSN:0001-4575.
Domenichini, L., La Torre, F., Vangi, D., Virga, A., Branzi, V. (2017). Influence of the lighting system on the driver’s behavior in road tunnels. A driving simulator study. Journal of Transportation Safety & Security, 9, pp. 216-238, ISSN:1943-9962
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface TRB Webinar April 9th, 2018 GRAZIE for your kind attention
Prof. Eng. Lorenzo Domenichini Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Firenze (Italy)
PIARC Human Factors Guide Lines Lorenzo Domenichini for a safer man-road interface Today’s Participants • Patrick Mallejacq, World Road Association (PIARC), [email protected] • John Milton, Washington State Department of Transportation (USA), [email protected] • Per Andersson, Swedish Transport Agency, [email protected] • Lorenzo Domenichini, University of Florence (Italy), [email protected] Get Involved with TRB
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