Final Report of the Project on The Impact of Climate Change on Island and Coastal Biosphere Reserves

February, 2015

Jeju Secretariat World Network of Island and Coastal Biosphere Reserves, UNESCO

Division of Ecological and Earth Sciences Man and Biosphere Programme (MAB), UNESCO

Submitted to:

Jeju Secretariat, World Network of Island and Coastal Biosphere Reserves, UNESCO

Division of Ecological and Earth Sciences Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme Natural Sciences Sector, UNESCO

by

Dai-Yeun Jeong (Principal Investigator) Director of Asia Climate Change Education Center, South Korea Emeritus Prof. at Jeju National University, South Korea Ragen Parmananda (Co-Researcher) Scientific Officer (Conservation) in the National Parks and Conservation Service, Mauritius

Juan Rita (Co-Researcher) Prof. of Botany, Department of Biology, Balearic Island University, Spain

António Abreu (Co-Researcher) Biologist - Environmental Expert, Vice Chair of the European Environment Advisory Councils

Prof. of Environment and Tourism, ISAL, Madeira Autonomous Region, Portugal

February, 2015

Table of Contents

Tables …….……………………………………..…………………………………… i Figures ……….…….……………………………..………………………………….. v Maps ….….………………………………………..………………………………. vi Chapter 1: Research Objectives ……………….……..……………….…………… 1 Chapter 2: Research Methodology …………....………..…………………………. 3 Chapter 3: Introduction of the Research Sites ……………...……………………. 7 1. Jeju Island ….………………………………………..………….……………. 7 1.1: Socioeconomic Characteristics ………………….…..……………..…… 9 1.2: Geological Characteristics ……………………..…………………..……. 10 1.3: Ecological Characteristics …………………………………………….. 11 2. Menorca Island ……………………….………………..……….……………. 16 2.1: Socioeconomic Characteristics …………………..……………..…… 18 2.2: Geological Characteristics ……………………………….…….………. 19 2.3: Ecological Characteristics ………………………….………………….. 20 3. Mauritius Island …..………………….……….……………….……………. 23 3.1: Socioeconomic Characteristics ……………..………..…………..…… 25 3.2: Geological Characteristics …………………….……………….………. 26 3.3: Ecological Characteristics ………………..…….……………………….. 27 4. Príncipe Island ……...………………………………..……….……………. 31 4.1: Socioeconomic Characteristics ……………..…………………..…… 33 4.2: Geological Characteristics ………………..……..…………….………. 34 4.3: Ecological Characteristics ………………………..…..……………….. 37 5. St. Kitts Island …….…………………..……………..………….……………. 40 5.1: Socioeconomic Characteristics ……………………..…………..…… 42 5.2: Geological Characteristics ………………..…….…..………….………. 43 5.3: Ecological Characteristics …………………..………………………….. 46

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Chapter 4: Current State of Climate Change ……………………………………. 51 1. Jeju Island …………………….………………………………...………….. 51 1.1: Greenhouse Gas Emission ………………………………….……..…… 51 1.2: The State of Climate Change ……………………………….……..…… 52 2. Menorca Island ………………………………………...……….………….. 53 2.1: Greenhouse Gas Emission ………………………………………..…… 53 2.2: The State of Climate Change ……………………………………..…… 55 3. Mauritius Island ……………..………….………………………………….. 58 3.1: Greenhouse Gas Emission ……………….………………………..…… 58 3.2: The State of Climate Change ………….…………………………..…… 60 4. Príncipe Island ……………………………………………………………… 64 4.1: Greenhouse Gas Emission …………….…………………………..…… 64 4.2: The State of Climate Change …………………………….………..…… 65 5. St. Kitts Island …………………………………………………..…………… 66 5.1: Greenhouse Gas Emission ……………………………………….…… 66 5.2: The State of Climate Change …………………………………....…… 68 Chapter 5: Implementation of Climate Change Policies ……..….………..………. 69 1. Jeju Island ……………………………………………………………..…….. 69 1.1: Vision, Goal, Strategy, and Policy ………………………………..….. 69 1.2: The Projects Being Launched by Strategy …..……….……………..….. 71 1.3: Reduction Target of Greenhouse Gas Emission …..…………….…..….. 74 2. Menorca Island ………………………………………………………..…….. 76 2.1: European Union ………………………………………………..…….. 76 2.2: Government of Spain …………………………………………..…….. 77 2.3: Autonomous Government of Balearic Island …..….………….…..….. 77 2.4: Insular Government of Menorca …..………………………………….. 79 3. Mauritius Island ………………………………………………………..…….. 82 3.1: Measures Being Undertaken to Address Climate Change ……..…….. 83 3.2: Initiatives in Other Key Sectors ………………....………..………….. 88 3.3: Reduction Target of Greenhouse Gas Emission …..…………..….…….. 89

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4. Príncipe Island …………………..…………………….…………………… 90 4.1: Mitigation ……………………………….…………………………….. 90 4.2: The Projects/Actions Being Launched by Strategy ……….….…….. 91 5. St. Kitts Island ……………………………………………………………… 92 5.1: Objectives and Targets …………..………………………………….. 92 5.2: Strategies and Actions ……………………………………………….. 93 Chapter 6: The Impacts of Climate Change ……………………..………….………. 96 1. Jeju Island BR ………………………………………………………..……..97 1.1: The Impacts on Terrestrial Ecology …..……….……………..….. 97 1.2: The Impacts on Geology and Geography …..……….……………..….. 101 1.3: The Impacts on Agriculture ………………...……….……………..….. 101 1.4: The Impacts on Tourist Resort …..……….……………...…..…..…...….. 102 1.5: The Impacts on Marine Ecology …..……….………………....….. 103 2. Menorca BR …………………………………………………..………..…….. 104 2.1: The Impacts on Ecology and Biodiversity …..……….…..…………..….. 104 2.2: The Impacts on Geology and Geography …..……….……………..….. 107 2.3: The Impacts on Agriculture ………………...……….……………..….. 107 2.4: The Impacts on Tourist Resort …..……….…………...... …..….. 108 2.5: The Impacts on Marine Ecology …..……….……….. …..………..….. 110 2.6: Others ……………………………………….……….…………..…..….. 113 3. Macchabee-Bel Ombre BR …………………………………………..…….. 1