Ontario International Development Agency, Canada

Ontario International Development Agency, Canada.

OIDA International Conference on Sustainable Development ISSN 1923-6670

Accepted Abstracts Session Human Rights and Good Governance HRGG

OIDA International Conference on Sustainable Development 2011

Jointly presented by

University Tun Abdul Razak Malaysia Ontario International Development Agency (OIDA) The International Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Law (ICIRL) and Centre for Research in Social Justice and Policy (CRSJP), Laurentian University Canada

December 5-7, 2011 Palm Garden Hotel, IOI Resort Putrajaya, Malaysia. The OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development is published at the Ontario International Development Agency, Canada. Current subscriptions are priced at $23.00 per issue for domestic subscriptions and $42.00 per issue for foreign subscriptions. Subscriptions are renewed automatically unless timely notice of cancellation is received. Single issue can be purchased by contacting the Ontario International Development Agency.

The OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development is indexed in the SSRN (SocialScience Research Network), EBSCO, AMICUS Library and Archives Canada database. Back issues are also available in PDF format through online http://www.ssrn.com/link/OIDA-Intl-Journal-Sustainable-Dev.html

Address all correspondence to: OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development 287 Second Avenue South Sudbury, Ontario, P3B 4H6 Canada. Tel: + 1 705 561 7615 Fax: + 1 705 566 2295 e-mail: [email protected]

For all photocopies and reproduction requests, contact OIDA Publications Ontario International Journal of Sustainable Development 287 Second Avenue South Sudbury, Ontario, P3B 4H6 Canada. Tel: + 1 705 561 7615 Fax: + 1 705 566 2295 e-mail: [email protected]

The opinions expressed herein are those of the respective authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Ontario International Development Agency. Cite as: OIDA-Intl-Journal-Sustainable-Dev.

2 Ref# : 006/MAL/11/HRGG

Rejected – Plagiarized contents found

3 Ref# 023/MAL/11/HRGG

The Backbone of European Corporate Governance Standards After Financial Crisis, Corporate Scandals and Manipulation

Dinh Tran Ngoc Huy a a School of Business, Faculty of Business Administration, Eastern International University, Binh Duong, Vietnam. GSIM, International University of Japan, Japan. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract: This paper concentrates on several comparative standards in Europe, so-called a limited European set of standards on corporate governance. First, it looks at some groups of findings on corporate governance subjects in the post- crisis period. It found out that companies in these periods need to oversight their legal or compliance activities, besides suitable policies. Second, it identified different points in latest corporate governance standard principles and systems in five (5) countries in European region: Germany, The UK, Denmark, Sweden and France. Third, this paper provide with a summary of evaluation of current corporate governance systems in these above countries which may enable relevant organizations in re-evaluating their current ones. Last but not least, it aims to illustrate a limited comparative set of standards of European corporate governance, so- called backbone, and give proper recommendations to relevant governments and institutions.

Keywords: Corporate governance standards, board structure, code of best practice, financial crisis, corporate scandals,

4 Ref#025/MAL/11/HRGG

Police rebellion and coup d'etat in west Africa: the cases of Senegal and Nigeria

F.A. Olasupo a a Department of local government studies , Faculty of administration, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-ife, osun-state, Nigeria a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract: Rebellion against the state in Africa has been a common phenomenon since most African countries became independent but it has been confined to ethnic separatism or secession and military mutiny or coup de ‘tat. However, talking of police rebellion or coup d’état against the state, as it recently took place in one of Nigeria's provinces, is a new and dangerous dimension to police and policing activities in Africa. Senegal and Nigeria in particular are two typical countries in West Africa where clear evidences of these have been recorded. How they happened and the aftermath of their occurrence is the subject of this paper

Keywords: Coup d’état, Police, Policing, Rebellion, Security

5 Ref#: 041/MAL/11/HRGG

withdrawn

6 Ref#: 042/MAL/11/HRGG

Socio-Economic Rights For Sustainable Development In Malaysia: Lessons From Selected African Countries’ Constitutions.

Abdulfatai O. Sambo a and Abdulkadir B. Abdulkadir b a, b Ahmad Ibrahim Faculty of Law, International Islamic University Malaysia, Post Graduate Unit, AIKOL,Gombak,53100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Malaysia has made considerable impacts in nation-building, in developing its economy and in improving the quality of life of its people. Since Independence, real gross domestic product (GDP) has grown by an average of 6.5 per cent per annum during 1957 to 2009, one of the highest growth rates achieved by sovereign nations of similar age and size. Within the same period, GDP per capita in current prices grew by 7.0 per cent per annum, which has translated into substantial improvements in the people’s quality of life. Extensive advances were made in education, health, infrastructure and industry. Sustaining socio-economic development in Malaysia requires the inclusion of adequate socio-economic rights in its Constitution and the justiciablity of those rights. The socio economic rights provided in the Malaysian Constitution are grossly inadequate and Malaysia needs to learn more from Selected African Countries’ Constitutions such as South Africa, Nigeria and Ghana. The paper is therefore divided into five parts. The first part introduces the topic and sets the tone of the paper. The second part examines the meaning of socio- economic rights and sustainable development. The third part examines the inadequacy of socio economic rights provided for under the Malaysian Constitution and the issue of justiciablity, the fourth part examines socio- economic rights in South Africa, Nigeria and Ghana and the issue of justiciablity. The last part concludes the paper and makes a number of recommendations stating the lessons to be learnt from the selected African Countries Constitutions and stressing the need for adequate inclusion of socio-economic rights in the Malaysian Constitution.

Keywords: Constitution, Human rights, Justifiability, Socio economic rights, Sustainable development

7 Ref#: 057/MAL/11/HRGG

Floating Sex Workers in Dhaka City: A Human Rights Perspective

Md. Reazul Haque a a Department of Development Studies, University of Dhaka, Arts Building, Dhaka, Bangladesh. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This paper explores the working and living conditions of floating sex workers in Dhaka city with special emphasize on violation and denial of their human rights. It discusses the concepts of sex work and the capabilities approach by M. Nussbaum and applies them to the study of FSW’s. This study is based on primary data and traces the causes to enter this profession due to rural poverty and patriarchy. The constant threat due to violence, vulnerability to STDs/HIV, limited scope to return to mainstream society as programs taken by government and NGOs are not adequate, limited scope to send their children for education due to absence of father’s name and mother’s profession, frustration because of absence of burial rights after their death, limited space to control over their environment have been identified as major problems for them. This paper draws attention to the importance of revisiting the contradictory laws and constitution of Bangladesh which have worsened their situations. At the end the paper has explored different arguments for de-criminalization, prohibition/abolition and recognition of this profession for these underprivileged people and presents some policy recommendations to enhance entitlements, capabilities and human rights of floating sex workers and their children.

Keywords: Capabilities Approach, De-criminalization, Floating Sex Workers, Abolition and Recognition.

8 Ref#: 082/MAL/11/HRGG

AStudy on Investor`s Perceptions towards Corporate Reporting Practices in Valsad District of Gujarat State

a Keyurkumar M Nayak, b Khushbu Shah a, b Laxmi Vidyapeeth`s Laxmi Institute of Management, Sarigam, Taluka, Umargam,District, Valsad, Gujarat State, India. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The primary objective of this study is to investigate the perceptions of the investors regarding the availability, adequacy, and usefulness of information disclosed by the companies listed on the stock exchange. A survey methodology was used involving a selected sample of the investors, i.e., Salaried and Professional Investors, analysts. The corporate reporting disclosure practices and the satisfaction by the type of investors is tested with the help of chi-square test in respect of the following parameters viz., Disclosure of Information in Directors' Report, Disclosure of Risk exposure of the company, and Disclosure of information in the annual report and corporate governance report. The primary data had been collected in the Valsad District of Gujarat State using structured questionnaire. Results of the study demonstrated that users perceive reported information as neither adequate nor relevant to investment decisions. The study presented a number of recommendations that may be helpful in improving the disclosure practice.

Keywords: Corporate Reporting, Disclosure Practices, Corporate Governance, Risk Exposure, Adequacy of Information

9 Ref#: 083/MAL/11/HRGG

Nature of Human Rights Violation in Bangladesh: Lessons Learned from the BRAC Social Development Program

a Fazlul Karim, b Nayma Qayum, c Ziauddin Hyder, d Kazi Nazrul Fattah a, b Research and Evaluation Division (RED), BRAC, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The World Bank, Soc Dev Programme, BRAC, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Violation of human rights deters sustainable development, requiring effective preventive interventions. But the lack of reliable data disguises the true scale of problems. Recently, we analyzed about 3,000 victims reported through the BRAC Social Development Program from 61 districts between 2006 and 2009. The analysis found that rape was the most frequent crime (31%), followed by murder (25%), acid throwing (15%), suicide (12%, often the result of rape), and physical torture (7%). Adolescent girls (less than 15 years) were the most frequent victims of sexual assault (50% raped and 59% attempted rape victims). Rape often led to murder or shames victims to commit suicide. An alarming 86% of rape victims and 73% of physically tortured victims received no healthcare. HR violation is a criminal offence and it hinders any development and democratic process. Concerted effort is crucial to prevent violations in the societies.

Keywords: BRAC, Human rights, Rape, Social development program, Violation.

10 Ref#:088/MAL/11/HRGG

From College to University: The Space of Staff in Institutional Change Process in Kenya.

Carolyne Khasoa Wasike a a Kenyatta University-School of Tourism and Hospitality Management Nairobi, Kenya. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The transformation of middle-level institutions to University status in Kenya has elicited enormous public debate that has questioned the rationale connected with such move. In this national discourse, staff affairs have, however been shoved to the sideshows. Yet, the change constitutes a paradigm shift in which staff in the transforming colleges is affected. In the larger context of (re)structuring, out-sourcing, right sizing,(re)branding of products integrations and diversifications among other calls, employees space remains unclear. A reflection on the employees’ space in the change process ensures a successful change management. Various change management theories are usually summoned and applied in combination to ensure a successful change process. These theories range from traditional bureaucratic theories to adhocratic and eventually modern theories. It is my argument that any plausible change takes into account not only the economic and physical advantage in buildings and infrastructure but also an attempt at a holistic pursuit that embraces measures to promote the intangible employees aspect which is always side-stepped by most managers and change agents. I posit that change management process should constitute deconstruction of the status quo which comprises compliance assessment and refocusing of employees’ mindset, to inspire the interest and the ownership of the change. The approach aims at incorporating staff concerns and giving vivid messages on what the change means for them. The next strategy involves physical installation of that change which requires a consistent effort supported by complete operational preparedness, invoking a systems approach because piecemeal change may not yield the desired results. The other thing is the post-care of the new system. Effective post-care approach leads to mobility and satisfaction. Research has shown that when organizations resort to change, employees’ morale usually becomes the first casualty. Managers usually tend to focus more on profits more than human resource issues. The purpose of this paper is to sample the critical issue of staff in the change process, before, during and after the transformation. Using sampling techniques, my data will be collected from various colleges that have witnessed this transformation in Kenya in the past decade

Keywords: Change, College, Management, Staff, University.

11 Ref#: 096/MAL/11/HRGG

Efforts of Community Governance in Nepal

Keshav K Acharya a a School of Behavioral Cognitive and Social Science, University of New England, Armidale, 2351, NSW, Australia Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract As development driver at the community level in Nepal CBOs have enough capacity to carry on development activities at the grassroots level very efficiently. The growing of community based organizations at the grassroots level opens the door for local democratic system that strengths the local self-governing system, which can be described as community governance, an approach of shift from governmentality to governance. This is more flexible approach extends beyond government, and the place of its agencies, to a greater sharing of power between the state, the market and civil society via new network and partnership structures. This study is based on institutional analysis of grassroots level organizations based on primary and secondary information sources. Twenty six different grassroots level organizations and forty four key informants from eight broad local organizations were chosen as respondents from three regional/rural areas of Nepal for this study. Regarding the capability of organizations, this study found that mother groups were highly capable to deliver the services as per stated their objectives. While community forestry user groups, community organization groups, watershed conservation groups, women development groups and drinking water consumer groups were moderately capable, the farmers and livestock groups were less capable to deliver the services at the grassroots level. Following the discussion of results, this study has also made some recommendations regarding the operations of the sound community development activities through community based organizations.

Keywords: Community Based Organizations, Capability, community governance and, Nepal

12 Ref#: 098/MAL/11/HRGG

The Place of Judicial Review in A Comprehensive Development Framework

Justina Yi Yeen Chen a a Taylor’s University, Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The law and development movement has progressed in a less than linear manner. Since its inception in the 1950s, it has alternately been lauded and disparaged. Nonetheless, this paper takes as its central thesis the idea that the rule of law is both the goal of and the means for effective development for transitioning economies. Specifically, the law must be applied to ensure accountability of executive organs of the state. It is proposed that there is a direct correlation between the exclusion of judicial review and the decrease in social choice, marking a regressive shift in development. Thus, there is also an assumption in favour of the utility of social choice theory. The first part of the paper is a comparative study of rule of law theories for development. A position is adopted for continuing rule of law reform efforts within a limited paradigm. It will then be demonstrated how the exclusion of judicial review impacts social choice and consequently, impedes development efforts which are based on the enhancement of capabilities. Further analysis leads to a conclusion that effective judicial review must be available in order to increase development efforts and suggestions to this end.

Keywords: Development, Executive Accountability, Judicial Review, Democracy, Rule of Law

13 Ref#: 116/MAL/11/HRGG

Socio-economic situation and land rights of the indigenous people in Bangladesh

Shuchita Sharmin a a Department of Development Studies, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The concerns of the Government of Bangladesh for the rights of ‘adivasi’ (indigenous) people are reflected through the ratification of different International Conventions and agreements. Though, Bangladesh is legally bound to comply with these international human rights treaties, considering the reported incidences facing the indigenous people in Bangladesh, situation of implementation of the provisions of the aforesaid treaties and conventions can easily be questioned. Indigenous people are often reported to become the victims of social, racial, religious, cultural and linguistic discrimination. In this context, the present study attempted to provide a picture of the prevailing situation relevant to overall socio-economic condition to 1) determine the social problems; 2) identify the overall awareness and existing situation on land rights of adivasi people; and 3) to propose necessary recommendations. Data had been collected through questionnaire survey, consultations, group discussions, (uncontrolled) observations, and interviews. A sample consisting of 240 households from Dhobaura, Durgapur, and Kalmakanda Upazilas participated in the survey. Lack of employment, income generating activities, security, morale for savings, necessary legal support and economic sufficiency along with land mortgage, discontinued education, early marriage, conspiracy, injustice, diseases, etc. were found to be the major social problems. Moreover, issues like- lack of land related knowledge, legal knowledge and support, land related training, right to protest against injustice, awareness in preserving and updating legal land documents, along with political influence, government’s negligence, inaccurate land demarcation, allotment of khas (public) lands, etc. were found to explain the existing situation on land rights. The major recommendations on the basis of the findings include the necessity for accurate land related data and information; accessibility to market information; consideration of adivasi cultural practices and mind set; necessity for linking local government to adivasi people.

Keywords: Adivasi, land right, plain land adivasis, social problems and needs.

14 Ref#:139/MAL/11/HRGG

Climate Change: Field Level Understanding of a Selected Stakeholder

Shuchita Sharmin a a Department of Development Studies, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract Bangladesh is one of the most climate vulnerable countries. For several years, through raising concern on climate change vulnerabilities in different international forums, adapting National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP) and climate change consideration in different strategies, the government attempts to up hold the challenge facing the country. In this context the present study aimed at revealing the understanding of a selected stakeholder on climate change (CC). This was a qualitative study with Key Informant Interview (KII) as method of data collection. At the field level, ten KIIs were conducted with two Government and three NGO officials along with five community people living in a northern flood-prone area of Fulchhari Union. They served as the purposive convenient sample for the present study. The perceptions of these selected stakeholders were revealed on their understanding of what CC means? What are the changes they observe? How do they identify CC? What the CC induced (additional/ additional to disaster related vulnerabilities) vulnerabilities are? Who are vulnerable and to what? What interventions are being undertaken by who at the field level to address CC related vulnerabilities? What issues are being missed out? What needs to be done to sufficiently (if the present interventions are not sufficient) address CC related vulnerabilities? Who should be involved in the process of identifying necessary interventions? The study revealed the extent of understanding of different stakeholders at the field level on CC and CC related vulnerabilities. Along with identifying the necessary interventions (as perceived by the studied stakeholders) the study also revealed the views of the field level stakeholders about ‘who to involve in the process of identifying necessary interventions’. Thus, the study has practical significance as it provides an understanding of the field level understanding and views on CC.

Keywords: Bangladesh; Climate change; Peoples’ perception; Vulnerabilities.

15 Ref#:148/MAL/11/HRGG

Facilitating Sustainable Political Stability: Malaysia’s Experience

Lukman Thaib a aTun Abdul Razak School of Government, Universiti Tun Abdul Razak, Kula Lumpur-Malaysia. Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract For many post-colonial plural societies, nation building has been regarded as one of the most important tasks since World War II. Almost every country in Southeast Asia was faced with the problem of alienation of one or more ethnic group from the political system. This has been the challenge of national integration. Malaysia was no exception to this pattern. Immediately after decolonization and independence the prime challenge for Malaysian leaders, thus, has been the elimination of primordial sentiments or, at least, turning the loyalties of sub-national group into a loyalty to a Malaysian nation state. This paper examines how Malaysia’s plural society was constructed, and how the ruling political elites in the country, especially the United Malays National Organization (UMNO) and the National Front (a coalition of the ruling political parties), have been able to maintain its political hegemony while achieving political stability in a fragmented society over the last decades, and what model of regime maintenance was adopted by Malaysia which led to the emergence of a ‘grand political coalition among the ethnic leaders in Malaysia. The last point which is the main focus of this paper is to examine the factors contributing to peace and to sustainable political stability in Malaysia.

Keywords: Good Governance, Political stability, National integration, political elite

16 Ref#: 154/MAL/11/HRGG

Crime against Maids: An Evaluation of Shariah and Civil Law Punishment

Ashgar Ali Ali Muhamed a, Yusuff Jelili Amuda b a Ahmad Ibrahim Kulliyyah of Laws, International Islamic University, Malaysia. b Faculty of Human Sciences, Sultan Idris Education University, Perak, Malaysia Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract It is undeniable facts that many maids whom have been abused sexually, physically, mentally, and psychologically by their employers or employer’s family or relative. Therefore, this study examines how Shari’ah punishment can be applied as a deterrent punishment and lesson to others. It is individual rights to work as employee based on his or her class, status, and educational career. Shari’ah is the only law that gives all rights to human being regardless of his or her status, gender, tribe, and religion. The study will apply quantitative and qualitative methods for the analysis. Questionnaire and interviewed would be conducted on subject matter in order to discover undocumented facts. The sample would be conducted in certain universities such as UPSI, IIUM, and UKM in Malaysia. This survey or data will be sampled as an empirical evidence and proof that many maids were sexually abused while some were inflicted with injuries. Globally, maids’ abuse is very serious and complex and it needs deterrent punishment to reduce high percentage of criminal against maids. The study also aims to discover the effectiveness of the Shari’ah to serve as best law to secure maids rights and protect them in working places. Finally, useful solution to outstanding problem and suggestions would be suggested in the findings.

Keywords: Maid, Abuse, Shari’ah punishment, Hudud, and Qisas

17 Ref#: 155/MAL/11/HRGG

Emergency Response Using a Gender Lens: Mainstreaming or Just Attaining Numbers!

Shuchita Sharmin a, Shashanka Saadi b a, b Department of Development studies, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract In the present scenario of increased disasters, due to the recognition that women are the most vulnerable group within the vulnerable categories due to the gender role, socio-cultural, socio-political, and socio-economic factors in most of the disaster prone countries, all the national and global actors call on mainstreaming disasters and uphold gender perspectives in disasters. The emergency response policies of the governments as well as of the International NGOs and national NGOs highlight the targeting priority very clearly. Different actors also target women and women headed households in any emergency response. In this context, this study is designed to critically analyze the ‘desired level of mainstreaming’ versus ‘actual level available in the ground’ with two specific cases of major emergency responses in South Asia- the ‘2007 Cyclone emergency response in Bangladesh’ and ‘2010 Flood emergency response in Pakistan’. ‘Empowerment Framework’ has been used to show the level of gender mainstreaming after both the emergency responses. These two countries have been chosen as they stand in two different levels in terms of women-advancement. However, actors in emergency response in both the countries have claimed to have addressed and achieved the global commitment of ‘targeting women’ in the response programs. This analytical study has used different NGO and government documents, and with a number of case studies at the field level, then, reveals the status of gender mainstreaming efforts in Emergency Response. The study has explored that the ‘mainstreaming’ efforts are at the primary level. Most organizations concentrated on achieving only targets and provided basic supports of ‘stereo-type’ nature -through kind and cash support, for recovery. However, the conscientization stage, mobilization stage, or change of gender role stage has not been addressed at all in most cases which are the key steps towards empowerment and mainstreaming.

Keywords: Emergency response; empowerment framework; gender mainstreaming; vulnerable group.

18 Ref#: 156/MAL/11/HRGG

Application of The Hudaybiyah Treaty in the Contemporary Issues: Case Study of Multiracial Society in Malaysia

Ahmad Sohaimi Lazim a, Yusuff Jelili Amuda b a,b Faculty of Human Sciences, Sultan Idris Education University, Perak, Malaysia. Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Regarding to the current situation, there is need for possibility of dialogue and interaction between Muslim and non- Muslim in the interest of peace and love. The idea of inter-religious dialogue is not new because early Muslim and Christian encounter this type of inter-religious dialogue as a mechanism and a crucial instrument for developing better understanding of other religion positively. It is obvious and clear that Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.) did all his best to spare violence and conflict during the battle and consulted all his companions before taken any action as a way maintaining peace and other. This can be seen when Prophet asked his companions whether to proceed and fight Quraysh in order to enter the Ka’bah but Caliph Abu Bakr advised him to proceed peacefully because his initial intention was to visit Ka’bah and if there is any obstruction from anybody, then, they will retaliate as result of their action. Based on that Prophet commanded all his companions to proceed peacefully in the name of Allah. In addition, Prophet Muhammad said what the Quraysh requested from him that will elevating sanctity of whatever is inviolable in the sight of Allah, he will grant them in order to avoid violence and fracas between both warriors. This is based on the intention of Prophet wanted to keep Quraysh alive in the hope that they might become Muslims. Therefore, is better to apply peaceful and harmonious approach rather than violent way. To examine and study the spirits of hudaybiyah treaty as an example in multiracial society in Malaysia.To examine approached and policy applied by Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.) during hudaybiyah battle to overcome all contemporary issue between Malaysian Muslims and non-Muslims in order to achieve concept of one (1) Malaysia in the interest of all and nation at large. The findings will also discuss Prophetic dialogue method during the battle and how such dialogue can be utilized to address all religion misconception across the nation in the interest of all Malaysian citizens. To study the power or dialogue and reconciliation during the hudaybiyah as an instruments and methods to apply in Malaysia in order to achieve good legacies that present and new generation would follow and emulate. Qualitative and quantitative methods would be exploited throghout the discussion. Finally, useful solution to outstanding problem and suggestions would be suggested in the findings.

Keywords: Hudaybiyah, Muslim, non-Muslim, tolerance, and dialogue.

19 Ref#: 160/MAL/11/HRGG

Business as a Threat to Human Rights: the Case of Malaysia

Nisar Mohammad Ahmad a a Faculty of Syariah and Law, Islamic Science University of Malaysia (USIM), Nilai, N.Sembilan, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The issues of corporate accountability and social responsibility have come to the forefront our today’s business discussion especially in the wake of massive events of corporate human rights abuses. Such abuses were contributed by the enormous emergence of multinational enterprises (MNEs) whose activities have generated the momentum of the current economic order. Malaysia, as a developing economy, is stuck at the crossroads between the pursuits of its economic development and respect for human rights of its citizens. Bearing in mind the companies’ profit making agenda, social and human rights responsibilities have always been abandoned. As the consequences, a growing number of MNEs has come under fire in recent years for alleged human rights abuses. Among major rights being violated are that of economic, social and cultural rights as well as civil and political rights leading to mounting concerns calling for a mechanism to control the MNEs’ behaviour. This includes the attempt to legally regulate and voluntarily monitor the actions of MNEs. As human rights are generally perceived as government’s obligation, spaces and rooms for controlling MNEs’ behaviour become very limited. MNEs therefore remain immune to liability and victims remain without redress. This paper aims at filling these gaps by providing some mechanisms, voluntary or legally binding alike, in order to address the human rights infringements by those companies. At the preliminary stage, the paper examines the multi-dimensional relationship of business and human rights followed by an analysis on major corporate human rights violations and their contributing factors. Finally, this paper provides some mechanisms that can be used to hold MNEs accountable for their human rights violations. This paper affirms that a success in harmonizing economic growth and protecting human rights principles will harness the great power of sustainable economic development to align with the great principle of human dignity.

Keywords: Corporate social responsibility, Economic development and Human rights in business.

20 Ref#: 180/MAL/11/HRGG

Extra-Legalism, Gender Land Relations and Livelihoods: Challenges and Opportunities from Northern Uganda.

David Ross Olanya a a Department of Public Administration and Management, Gulu University, Uganda. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract Women’s access to land is critical for sustainable livelihoods of vulnerable households. The majority of women in Uganda depend on customary agricultural land as the only main source of livelihoods. In Northern Uganda customary ownership is often regulated by marriage regimes which are not legally registered, but determine access and inheritance rights to property, which are unethical in the sense of promoting gender injustice and violating the fundamental rights of women to own landed property. It is mainly through marriage that women acquire user’s rights on land. Furthermore, the dynamics of access are changing in the region where most women were left as widowed with orphans after a protracted conflict, which even weakened customary practices that used to guarantee access rights to women. With the changing socio-economic conditions including increasing land values, male relatives are claiming land over which, women, especially widowed have had rights. Based on the observable gap in the de jure and de facto land rights for women, this study suggests the harmonization in statutory and customary regimes. Statutory law recognizes women’s rights to own property and protection of their rights to inherit property, but also retains customary provisions. The marital property and inheritance rights remain discriminatory, recognizing men as head of household, and therefore the rightful authority over land. This paper analyzes gender justice in an extra-legal patrilineal society of northern Uganda, looking at the dynamics of women’s access to land, insecurity and resource conflict, livelihoods and the importance of harmonizing the statutory and customary regimes.

Keywords: Customary Laws, Gender Perspective, Livelihoods, Patrilineal and Resource Conflict

21 Ref#: 197/MAL/11/HRGG

Cultural Impediments to the Domestication of Women’s Rights Instruments in Nigeria

Mosunmola Oluwatoyin Imasogie a a Department of Jurisprudence and International Law, Faculty of Law, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract Nigeria ratified a number of International human rights instruments aimed at recognizing the rights of women. The country has ratified almost all international human rights instruments dealing with the rights of women. These include the Convention on the elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), the Optional Protocol to CEDAW and the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (the AU Women’s Protocol), among others.

In spite of the various ratifications, Nigerian women still have to contend with a number of harmful cultural and traditional practices. These practices include Male child preference, Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), widowhood rites, discriminatory access to land and inheritance practices, patriarchy, political structures and cultural festivals that exclude women like Oro, Agemo, Egungun etc.

This paper considers factors that inhibit the domestication of CEDAW and other instruments recognizing the human rights of women. Nigeria is yet to domesticate these instruments and provide appropriate legal framework for full implementation and application of their provisions. Efforts at domesticating CEDAW and other instruments recognizing the rights of women have always been stalled by stiff opposition from different bodies including traditional and religious groups. The implication of this is that Nigerian women are unable to make claims to these rights and they cannot enforce them by going to national courts. Domesticating Nigeria’s human rights obligations, and making coherent set of laws and policies which govern practices have been identified as a framework and means of promoting women’s right.

The paper is concluded with recommendations on how to remove the cultural impediments and domesticate the several treaties ratified by Nigeria in order to enhance a just and gender equitable society.

Keywords: Constitutional Law, Harmful Cultural Practices, Human Rights, Women’s Rights, Treaties

22 Ref#:214/MAL/11/SSH

A free and independent media in South Africa

CM van der Bank a a Faculty of Human Sciences, Vaal University of Technology, South Africa. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Our entire social system is pervaded with a myriad of issues relating to freedom of expression. A free responsible press is one of society’s greatest assets. Courts must now ensure that common law is not locked within the limitations of the past and they must re-consider common-law rules within the new context so as to render them congruent with the fundamental values and principles.

Strict liability of the press is now rejected as unconstitutional since it mars the free flow of information – a democratic principle. The press sold, however not be placed in a privileged or superior position to that of the individual on the basis that the press constitutes an essential bastion of free expression in a democracy. The onus rest on the media defendant to prove a defense excluding unlawfulness on a preponderance of probabilities rather than a mere evidential burden. The media defendant is a defamation action is often in the best position to know whether reasonable steps were taken to verify the information published and so to establish that its publication was reasonable.

In a system of democracy dedicated to openness and accountability, as ours is the especially important role of the media, both publicly and privately owned, must be recognised. The critical role the media played in enhancing democracy, and the importance of promoting diversity and transformation within the sector. Freedom of expression is therefore a part of the very definition of self-government: the process of free discussion is required no mater whether the process leads to the truth or not.

Keywords: Democracy, Freedom of expression, reasonable, unlawfulness and values.

23 Ref#: 234/MAL/11/HRGG

Civil Society, Good Governance and Political Participation in Bangladesh: An Analysis from Gender Perspectives

Md. Mokhlesur Rahman a a Child Rights Governance Program, Save the Children, Australia , Save the Children Australia House 3/1, Road 8, Dhanmondi R/A, Dhaka, Bangladesh. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This paper critically applies the concepts of civil society, good governance and political participation as analytical framework. It analyzes how donor-driven concepts of civil society created problems in women’s everyday life, jeopardizing their transformative potentials. Hence, taking women’s experiences from two civil society organizations (CSOs), the paper tries to reveal how different types of understanding on good governance and participation may shape the interest of the CSOs.

In recent development discourse, there is a well-known assumption that more participation of women in politics is important for democracy. In this respect, CSOs- the third branch of power has opened up relatively new space for women’s engagement through the issue of good governance. It is noted that gender power encompasses both in family and Civil Society, and family is both precursor and site of intimacy (Habermass, 1992). However, gender hierarchy in CSOs remains unquestioned and uncontested as well. Therefore, donor driven CSOs were not linked with family and their attention did not include family.

In Bangladesh, women were mobilized by different NGOs for different development projects, and women have been considered as development actors. After 1980s, fundamental groups were close to power, consequently purpose of women’s mobilization have been negotiated by NGOs/ CSOs. But it is very interestingly noticed that the actors for women’s mobilization have been changed over time, the reasons of mobilization have been altered over time but women remain constant as political subject.

Keywords: Family; Governance; NGO; Political Society.

24 Ref#: 243/MAL/11/HRGG

Accountability for Sustainable Development in the Context of Local Governance in New Zealand

Murugesh Arunachalam a a Waikato management School University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The paper explores the meaning of accountability for sustainable development in the context of local governance in New Zealand. The analysis is done through interpretation of the Local Government Act and the Resource Management Act that currently regulate local governance in New Zealand. A primary emphasis of the statues is community participation in planning and policy making for sustainable development. The findings indicate that a communitarian approach to accountability acquires meaning in the context of the local government statues. Communitarian and environmental sustainability ideologies encompass the statues to provide a holistic meaning for accountability. Key features of the communitarian approach to accountability include emphasis on community priorities and responsibilities, communal processes and reporting and information sharing to local communities. The paper contributes to the theoretical development of a communitarian approach to accountability for sustainable development

Keywords: Local Governance; Community; Accountability; Sustainable Development; Communitarian

25 Ref#: 246/MAL/11/HRGG

Using Sustainable Development Thinking to Refocus Human Rights Theory

Abdulmumini Adebayo Oba a a PG Unit, Ahmad Ibrahim Kulliyah of Laws, International Islamic University, Gombak, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Sustainable development theories argue that natural resources should not be exploited and used in a manner that irreplaceably depletes the resources or harms people or the environment. Human rights tell us about inalienable rights that are due to human beings simply by virtue of being human beings. The scope of human rights has been controversial among scholars. There is a consensus about civil and political rights being human rights, but social- economic rights are controversial. Other controversies relate to group rights and the relationship between rights and duties. Sustainable development theories should help put human rights theory in context. Human rights focuses on civil and political rights while sustainable development theories emphasises the importance of human beings as resources and the crucial importance of sustainable human development. The enforcement of socio-economic rights are indispensable to the attainment of sustainable human development. Human rights emphasises rights but not duties. The right to property includes the right to commit waste while sustainable development thinking teaches the importance of responsibilities to the environment and abhors wastage. The concept of rights being intertwined with duties is indispensable to the protection of environmental rights. Human rights focus on individual rights but sustainable development shows that the environment affects humankind as a whole and thus illustrates the ultimate importance of the group rights and the rights of human beings as a group. Human rights should extend not only to individuals but also to groups and humankind as a collective entity. The paper concludes that sustainable development shows that there is a need to refocus the human rights theory. There is a need therefore, to recognise the primary nature of socio-economic rights, environmental rights, and group rights as human rights.

Keywords: Human Rights theory, sustainable development, socio-economic rights, group rights, rights and duties

26 Ref#:247/MAL/11/HRGG

Legal Reform as a Way to Women’s Rights: The Case of Personal Status Law in Yemen

Douaa Hussein a a Law Department, American University in Cairo, Egypt. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract In this paper, I argue that the legal reform of the Personal Status Law is not sufficient to ensure gender equality within the Yemeni context where the religious and cultural value systems of rights remain untouched. Narrow and conservative interpretation of sharia forms the main conceptualization of the rights in the current law. The tribal value system and conceptualization of rights and its practices on the ground has affected the equitable marital rights. I further claim that the current law which is premised mainly on sharia, consolidates the concept of “Wrong Rights”, obstructing women’s efforts to ensure equality in the Personal Status Law. In this respect, there are several conclusions that can be drawn. First, there are three drivers for the conceptualization of rights that affect the formulation of Personal Status Law namely, guardianship (Sharia), sisterhood (constitution), and the weak and dependent (tribal customary norms). The three of them articulate and reflect the narrow interpretation of Sharia and patriarchal policies advanced by the state and the community. Thus the current Personal Status Law consolidates a number of wrong rights which paradoxically, constitute the basic human rights such as the denial of the freedom of choice and full consent, the freedom of movement and the right to terminate the marital relationship. In addition, the right to inheritance is the wrong right for women in practice. Thus, the realization of gender justice in the area of Personal Status Law and the effective application of the law need a multi-dimensional approach namely an enlightened interpretation of Sharia, adopting the principle of reciprocity and the consequences-based approach. Societal reform suggests a four-pronged approach. One deals with the gender sensitive institutional reform while the second addresses education and the third adopts an Islamic feminist approach. The fourth is geared towards demolishing the dual legal systems.

Keywords: legal reform- women’s rights-Yemen

27 Ref#: 249/MAL/11/HRGG

Indigeneity and Belonging in Nigeria: Issues That Work Against Unity and Credible Development.

Armstrong Matiu Adejo a a Department of History, Faculty of Arts, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract There is no doubt that the challenges of national unity and development constitute seminal themes of interest for academics and policy makers. This article indicates that Nigeria, as a plural and deeply divided society, is confronted by several factors and forces which work against its efforts at building a legitimate, stable, cohesive developmental state. From available literature, the underlying causes of the problems could be identified as structural, political, economic, social and cultural perceptions. A careful reading shows a clear overlap between each of the factors because the explanations that are found in one could be found in another. The concepts of nation, ethnic group and identity, political culture, indigene/settler are helpful in capturing and understanding the analysis made in the paper. However, the focus of this paper is largely on the controversy around indigeneity and belonging as expressed in the Nigerian experience. Historical evidence shows that as socio-economic fortunes fast diminished contestation over scarce but allocatable resources got heightened among the competing social groups. The sense of emotional attachment to the state was easily lost to a primordial group identity. This article largely relies on historical sources to demonstrate that ignorance and stereotypes are major problems in discussing Nigeria’s indigeneity question; that colonial policies laid the foundation for some of the perceptions and the absence of credible and deliberate national instructional policies. The consequences have been unproductive conflicts, misconceptions of who Nigerians see as settlers and indigenes. The paper is of the strong opinion that a liberal dose of history as to who Nigerians are, a functional federalism and effective democratic culture are necessary for unity and development.

Keywords: Five words in alphabetical order( nation, ethnicity, indigene/ indigeneity, belonging settler)

28 Ref#:250/MAL/11/HRGG

Women’s Rights Under Islamic Law: Another Look at Cultural and Religious Relativism.

Kolawole, Adeejat –Kubra Adenike a a Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law, Olabisi Onabanjo University Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Every ideal society agrees that all human rights are universal in nature. Thus the proponents of human rights argue that all human beings are entitled to all human rights regardless of their race, tribe, gender, origin, religion or any social and political status. Culture and religion however continue to play dominant roles in the extent of protection and enjoyment of human rights by individuals in different parts of the world. The proponents of cultural relativism argue therefore that the proponents of human rights must accept the fact that peoples’ cultures are as important as their existence. They argue that the international community must accept different cultures, which may have practices conflicting with certain notions of human rights as conceived by the proponents of human rights. Such cultures, they argue are of more importance to those peoples’ existence than the human rights concepts which are sought to be protected. This paper takes a look at certain Islamic concepts, practices and notions pertaining to women’s rights under the Islamic law. It argues that such concepts which include the right of the female child to education, the right to inheritance, marital obligations /rights, divorce rights / post divorce maintenance rights are actually intricate and ingenious ways by which the Islamic law protects women’s rights. The paper concludes that while cultural relativism ought not to be taken to the extreme as to erode the very ideal or the very essence of human rights protection; culture, religion and human rights need not be strange bedfellows. Indeed this trio ought to be partners in the protection and enjoyment of human rights of persons for the overall sustainable development of individual society.

Keywords: Culture, Development, Human, Relativism, Religion and Rights.

29 Ref#: 256/MAL/11/HRGG

Human Rights, Corruption and Good Governance in India

Shivali Agarwal a a Department of Political Science, Ismail National (PG) college, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The Protection of human rights as stated in the protection of Human Rights Act 1993 of India, is dependent on the nature of governance, the nature of the economic and social policies, the state adopts and the degree to which they ensure equity and justice, thus making the protection of human rights and governance two sides of the same coin. Human Rights violations have assumed great significance and received attention in societies around the world. The mere recognition of human rights violations, followed by actions that will help in the enforcement of human rights, could in itself be an effective tool in the fight against corruption. Corruption needs to be recognized not only as a violation of specific human rights but also as an issue that undermines the ability of governments to create conditions for the fulfillment of all human rights. the growing distrust of government and widespread public rage against corruption are driven by what citizens experience in their day-to-day life interactions with a variety of public agencies. Fighting corruption has inevitably become the most urgent need for addressing all major challenges of governance in India. In this paper we have tried to find out the control mechanism which should be adopted by India to eradicate corruption so that Human Rights can be protected and the requirements of good governance can be fulfilled in India. We have found that corruption can be combated by increasing judicial activism and transparency in public governance can go a long way in reducing the scope for corruption. No doubt that accountability and transparency are the twin to destroy the great devil of corruption in this new era of Good Governance.

Keywords: Five words in alphabetical order, Corruption, Good Governance, Human Rights, Transparency, Violation

30 Ref#: 286/MAL/11/HRGG

Fiscal Federalism Debate in Nigeria: 1999-2009

Ike Fayomi a , Fatai Ayisa Olasupo b , A, b Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Administration. Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Trinity issues undermining Nigerian federalism today are religion, ethnicity and the issue of fiscal federalism. At independence, when the country was a composite of three regions – North, West and East – each of the regions largely controlled the resources under its ambit which engendered healthy competition among them; although oil as a national resource was then at incubation stage. The civil war outbreak, the discovery of oil in commercial quantity (in one of the three regions) and the increase in the price of crude oil due to Arab-Israeli war of 1967 led to the ascendancy of centripetal forces at all levels of government in the country particularly at the national level. However, as Nigeria began to move towards democratization, centrifugal forces began to emerge and vociferously calling for decentralization of power and resources control. In the last decade, specifically under civilian regime of President Olusegun Obasanjo, there have been relentless debates in the print and electronic media for fiscal decentralization. In this paper we intend to examine the trends of these debates and the solutions proffered towards ensuring fiscal federalism in Nigeria.

Keywords: Five words in alphabetical order: Decentralization, Democratization, Ethnicity, Fiscal and Religion.

31 Ref#: 292/MAL/11/HRGG

Social Human Rights in Islam and the Universal Declaration on Human Rights (U.D.H.R 1948): Comparative Study.

Ali ManzoUsman a a Bukar Abba Ibrahim University, Damaturu, Yobe State ,Nigeria. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The main purpose of this study is to reveal and disclose the similarities and dissimilarities in respect of social Human rights and freedoms in the Universal Declaration on Human Rights(UDHR 1948) from the Islamic political perspective by defining the concept of Human right and it’s characteristics in both Islamic and western perspectives, studying the U.D.H.R with a view to extracting the social human rights and freedoms contained therein and finally stating the similarities and dissimilarities between the Islamic law and the declaration in respect of such rights alongside the description on how such rights supposed to be in the declaration in particular and in the western ideology in general in the light of Islamic politics.

Objectives (1) To describe and define the concept of Human Rights in Islamic and western perspectives. (2) To identify the major similarities and dissimilarities between the Universal Declaration on Human Rights and Islam in respect of social human Rights and freedoms.

Methods The General Assembly had since 1948 proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction. Having considered the above mentioned fact, the U.D.H.R was studied with a view to extracting the social human rights and freedoms and compare them with the Islamic doctrines such as Qur’an and Sunnah with a view to arriving at a conclusion on whether or not Islam has accepted all such rights.

Results A substantial number of social human rights have been found similar with the teachings of Islam, these social human rights and freedoms include the entitlement of equality among people in dignity, freedoms and rights, entitlement of the right and freedom to life, liberty and security of person, prohibition subjecting one to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, entitlement of right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state, entitlement of the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country, entitlement of the right to marry and to establish a family without mere coercion among others.However,dissimilarities between the two perspectives in respect of such rights have been found to exist, such rights include absence of some vital aspects of social human rights in the U.D.H.R,these missing vital aspects include the right of receiving dowry by the bride from her groom, the right to alimony, the right to seek for divorce for a cogent reason and the right for kindness among couples, while a times it legislates a number of rights that are inconsistent with the teachings of Islam such as non consideration of religion in the establishment of family ties and the legislation of freedom to change religion at whatever time.

Conclusion With these similarities and dissimilarities of social human rights in Islam and the Universal Declaration on Human Rights, there is need for Muslim countries to fully implement the Islamic provisions on Human Rights and make further study with a view to inculcating moral obligations and norms in the Muslim communities and beyond.

Keywords: Freedom, Islam, Social human rights, Western perspective.

32 Ref#: 335/MAL/11/HRGG

Meaningful Public Participation in Decision-Making Matters: Does South Africa Comply with this Directive of the African Charter?

Dane Ally a a Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Public participation in decision-making matters is a relatively new development in sub-Saharan Africa. The African Charter entered into force during 1986, and South Africa acceded to it during 2006. One of the duties of the monitoring body of the African Charter – the African Commission – is to protect the fundamental rights guaranteed by the African Charter. To this end, the African Commission has interpreted the African Charter so as to determine whether violations of the rights guaranteed by it have occurred. When the African Commission was seized to interpret articles 16 (right to heath care) and 24 (right to development) of the African Charter, it explained that these rights place an obligation on member states to facilitate public participation in the decision-making process. However, it is submitted that article 13 of the African Charter pertinently deals with the issue of public participation. This provision states in plain terms that member states must allow the public to directly and effectively participate in the public affairs of government. Article 13 of the African Charter finds expression in several provisions of the Constitution of South Africa. The Constitutional Court of South Africa has had the opportunity to interpret those provisions. These decisions are explored in order to determine the meaning of the concept “meaningful public participation”. The author concludes that public participation cannot be meaningfully undertaken without access to information. It is further concluded that South Africa has observed the directives of the African Charter relating to public participation, but the author raises concern about recent developments in Parliament. Parliament allegedly introduced a policy of indirect “censure”, ostensibly designed to “discipline” journalists that refuse to disclose the sources of their information. Such a policy may thwart access to information, thus obstructing the purposes sought to be advanced by effective public participation in decision-making matters.

Keywords: accountability, decision-making, democratic, participation, public

33 Ref#: 338/MAL/11/HRGG

The Protection of Human Rights of Women Trapped in Domestic Violence in South Africa.

Ora Dippenaar a a Law Department, Tshwane University of Technology, Soshanguve-South, South Africa. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This paper is a theoretical study on legislation available to South African women subjected to domestic violence. The Domestic Violence Act 116 of 1998 is examined. If not for the human factor, more specifically non empathy of especially police officers and prosecutors, the provisions for obtaining protection orders in the Act would be a perfect damper on domestic violence. The author briefly examines the influence of the South African Constitution of 1996 on the human rights of battered women. The constitutional court case of Omar v Government of the RSA and Others is a hopeful sign of the court’s commitment to eliminate domestic violence. Shortcomings in the process of eliminating domestic violence are insufficient funds allocated to role-players as well as shortage on manpower. There seems to be a ‘don’t’ care attitude among senior police role-players that discourages victims to seek help. It is recommended that futher study be done on the duty of medical personnel to report presumable domestic violence.

Keywords: Women, Domestic Violence, Protection, Role-players

34 Ref#: 363/MAL/11/HRGG

Rıght-based approach to development

Iraj Rezaeenezhad a , Hasan kordnaeij b a,b Isalmic Azad University, Chaloos Branch, Nowshahr, Mazandaran, Iran. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Under the provision of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), "Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in that declaration can be realized". Vienna Declaration and program of action1 examined the relationship between development and human rights and recognized the right to development as a universal and inalienable right and integral part of all fundamental human rights. In this article, interrelationship between human rights and development and the deferent approaches about the concept and content of the subject-matter has been analyzed and the notion of right to development as it is crystallized in the Declaration on the Right to Development (1986 Declaration)2 Has been criticized. I think, there are three viewpoints about the relationship between human rights and development: first of all, development is realized when the human rights can be realized (Correlation); secondly, development is a process by which the human rights can be realized (Instrument); eventually, development is a human right and " the human person is the central subject of development and should be the active participant and beneficiary of the right…"3(Right-based approach) I choose right-based approach and essentially, a rights-based approach integrates the norms, standards and principles of the international human rights system into the plans, policies and processes of development. This approach includes the principles such as universality, indivisibility, non-discrimination, participation and accountability that must be applied to development work.

Keywords: Right-Based Approach, Development, fundamental rights, UDHR

1- Adopted by the World Conference on Human Rights on 25 June 1993,/A/CONF.157/24. 2- Adopted by General Assembly Resoluton41/128 of 4 December 1986 3- Article 2 of 1986 declaration. 35 Ref#:386/MAL/11/HRGG

Ethical and Legal Implications of Sex Robot: An Islamic Perspective

Yusuff Jelili Amuda a, Ismaila B. Tijani b a Faculty of Human Sciences, Sultan Idris Education University, Perak, Malaysia. b Intelligent Mechatronics System Research Unit (IMSRU),Mechatronics Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, IIUM, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Technologically, robots have been identified as useful resources in all aspect of human endeavor due to the numerous advantages associated with such system. They reduce labor hardship in several manufacturing processes, help in dirty operation and dangerous mission to human life, ease several domestic activities and generally improve efficiency in many engineering processes. However, several ethical and legal issues have been identified in the literatures with respect to applications of such system in various aspects of human activities. One of such area that is less attended to in the literature is in the application of robot in sex activities. The birth of sex robot has introduced several dimensions into the concept of sex which implicitly has several ethical and legal implications. This study first review the state of the art in sex robot and its associated ethical and legal issues. Secondly the issue is evaluated from Islamic perspective together with position of Islamic law (Shariah) towards the deployment of robot in sexual activities. The social effect of robot sex to the institution of marriage in particular is examined. The study will apply qualitative and quantitative methods throughout the discussion and analysis. The test samples and data were taken from selected countries in Africa, the Middle East and Asia including in Malaysia. In the end, useful suggestion would be suggested in the finding in order to discover undocumented facts and experts’ view towards the robot sex. Also, the outcome of this study is expected to unraveled the mystery of sex robot and provides

Keywords: Sex Robot, Shariah, Code of ethics, United Nations.

36 Ref#:418/MAL/11/HRGG

Constitutional Issues in Integrating Water Resources Management in Malaysia: A Case Study of the Selangor Water Management Authority

Rasyikah Md Khalid a, Suhaimi Ab Rahman b, Mazlina Mangsor c, Shuhaeda Aeni Mat Ali d , Siti Sarah Sulaiman e , Noraziah Abu Bakar f , Ismah Ismail g , a,c,d,e,f,g Faculty of Law, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. b Faculty of Economics and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Integrated Water Resources Management or IWRM is a process which promotes a coordinated development and management of water; land and related resources that maximize the economic and social welfare of a country without compromising the sustainability of its environment. It is essential for Malaysia to adopt the IWRM concept in managing its water resources to overcome the usual flash flood and water shortages in its major cities. In this regard the State of Selangor of Malaysia, being the most industrialised and highly populated state in Malaysia, has taken up the challenge for implementing IWRM for its river basins. This is done by establishing an agency called the Selangor Water Management Authority (SWMA) which will act as a single institution responsible to manage water resources, river basins and coastal zone in an integrated and sustainable manner. Being the first of its kind among all states in Malaysia, this pioneering model, if successful, will be the perfect model for all states in Malaysia to implement IWRM and to overcome the usual water related problems in the country. Be that as it may, the successfulness of the agency to mobilize IWRM in Selangor remains in doubt after a decade in administration. Pre- SWMA problem of Federal-State and State-State jurisdiction over water resources management remains the complex and sensitive issue, while the integration of water-related departments’ activities is progressing slowly. As doubt increases on the workability of SWMA to successfully adopt IWRM in Selangor, it is pertinent to examine the causes of those problems and to determine the best mechanism to overcome them. To this end, this study will conduct an in depth content analysis to the legislations and water related policies over water resources management in Selangor. The study proves that the lack of understanding of the IWRM concept among the officers in water related authorities and the constitutional conflict in water jurisdiction have contributed to unsuccessful implementation of IWRM by the SWMA in Selangor.

Keywords: Federal Constitution, Integrated Water Resource Management, Malaysia, Selangor Water Management Authority, Water Problems.

37 Ref#:420/MAL/11/HRGG

Urban charter codification: the experience of Islamic/Muslim City of Mashhad

Neda Razavizadeha, Mozhgan Azimi Hashemib a Social Sciences Research departement ,ACECR (Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research) Mashhad Branch.Iran & Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Iran. b Social Sciences Research departement ,ACECR (Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research) Mashhad Branch.Iran a Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract Although the metropolises of developing countries at the beginning of 21 century, make lots of attraction for citizens by providing social and economical opportunities, but simultaneousely the quality of life, social relations, and environmental and social sustainability in these cities are the big challenges of urban management and national governments. Since the cities sustainability is related to reasonable consumption and fair allocation and distribution of resources, defining the parameters of rights and responsibilities for other citizens and local government is of great importance. Codification and ratification of city charters is a way that during two recent decades have been noted by local government and civil society organizations for assertion of rights in national and international levels. Mashhad, with a population of about 2.5 million, is the second metropolis of Iran. This city has been turned to an important and heavily-traveled destination of domestic and religious tourists from Iran and its neighbour countries due to the holy shrine of eighth leader of shiites. This article is a report of the experience of Mashhad's codification draft of urban charter which is considered the first urban charter in Iran. In this study the physical, social, political, and cultural aspects of rights and responsibilities are being reviewed by using a conceptual model. The city along with examining the content of famous international and regional charters mixed the indigenous and regional values with special characteristics of Mashhad to create a document corresponding with conditions.

Keywords: Urban charter, Social Sustainability, Urban Management, Civil Society, Mashhad

38 Ref#: 422/MAL/11/HRGG

Exclusion of persons with disability from public sector employment: Bangladesh perspective

Md Abdul Jalil a a Policy and Governance Program, Crawford School of Economics and Government, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract People with disabilities are most vulnerable and deprived segment of the population in Bangladesh having limited opportunities of education, training and employment. Most of them are isolated from mainstream society, stigmatized, mistreated and marginalized. However, inclusion of people from all segment of the society including people with disability in the mainstream development activities is necessary for achieving sustainable development and minimizing inequalities. Appropriate employment opportunities can minimize marginalization, expedite the inclusion process and enhance mainstreaming of people with disabilities. In Bangladesh, public sector is the larger provider of employment opportunity. People with disabilities encounter difficulties to access to the public sector employment although 10 percent quota for third and fourth grade and 1 percent quota for first and second grade jobs are reserved for them. In addition, there is a constitutional and legal obligation to ensure equal opportunities and participation in health education and employment for persons with disabilities. However, share of persons with disabilities in the public sector employment in Bangladesh is less than 1 percent although they represent more than 10 percent of the total population. The present study examines the causes why are persons with disabilities in Bangladesh not enjoying equal access to public sector employment in Bangladesh. The paper argues that Bangladesh could not ensure equal opportunity for disabled people in the public sector employment because of the negative perception of Bangladeshi elites towards disadvantaged and marginalized communities including disabled people, lack of political commitment, negative attitude of community people, misunderstanding of employers about the capacity and skills of disabled persons and absence of inclusive education, although the country adopted UN convention and enacted laws for creating equal opportunity in all aspects of life including employment.

Keywords: Exclusion, Inclusion, Marginalized communities, Persons with disabilities, Public sector employment,

39 Ref#: 441/MAL/11/HRGG

The Effect of Board and Ownership Structure on Environmental Reporting: A case of the Top 100 MCG Index Companies

Wan Mohammad Taufik Bin Wan Abdullah a, Sharifah Binti Buniamin b, Mohd Hisyam Bin Mohd Ghazali c a,b,c Department of Accounting, College of Business Management and Accounting, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia. b Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract CSR-Based Corporate Governance examines ways in which the concept of corporate governance has widened to incorporate stakeholder concerns as well as shareholder accountability. This study examines the association between environmental reporting practice and board size, board independence, institutional ownership and foreign ownership. Data is obtained using content analysis on the annual report of the Top 100 public listed companies in Malaysia Corporate Governance Index (MCGI) 2009. The environmental reporting is based on environmental information disclose in separate environmental section. Overall finding shows that 21 companies reported some form of environmental information in separate environmental section in annual report. Furthermore, it is revealed that there is a significant relationship between the foreign ownership and the environmental reporting practice. This to a certain extent supports the contention of agency theory.

Keywords: Board structure, environmental reporting, Malaysia Corporate Governance Index (MCGI) 2009, ownership structure.

40 Ref#: 470/MAL/11/HRGG

The Role of Rule of Law as One of the Elements of Good Governance in Islamic State

Hoda Ghaffari a a Law Faculty, Allameh Tabatabai university, Tehran, Iran a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Rule of law is a multi aspect, complex and developing theory that during the fluctuation of history from ancient Greece until today have been exposed with variety concept and conceptions. Once it has been defined as the equity before the law and also some times it has been introduced against the monarchy. In concept analysis of rule of law the best situation that can be imagined is “achieving to get lowest level of agreement on initial meaning of this term (rule of law instead of monarchy)”, but the conception of this term is more comprehensive and the opportunity of proposing the variety political, philosophy and legal theories by the other components is provided. Totally the conception of rule of law can be divided in formal conception and substantive conception. The most important specialty of formal conception of rule of law is the restricting the authorities of rulers by the law and applying the legality, though the substantive conception of rule of law in addition to above restrictions, requires the law to consider about some substantive specialties. Emphasis on moralities and adjusting the laws with the values such as justice, liberty and democracy is completely obvious in this conception. In this paper with the brief explanation about the history and concept of rule of law we intend to do more precise investigation about the elements of formal conception and substantive conception and what are the differences between these elements. Sovereignty of religious law also means the sovereignty of divine law over the people. This paper intends to survey the relationship between Sovereignty of religious law and rule of law in Islamic state.

Keywords: The Rule of Law, Formal Conception, Substantive Conception, Islamic State

41 Ref#: 498/MAL/11/HRGG

Leadership Behaviors and Their Impact on Organizational Performance in Governmental Entities

Jonathan Muterera a a School of Business and Economics, Nipissing University, North Bay, Ontario, Canada. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract One factor that researchers regularly cite as one of the most important contributors to organizational performance is leadership. However, despite the widespread speculation that leadership is important for organizational success, there has been relatively little research regarding the impact of leadership behaviors on organizational performance in governmental entities. More specifically, there is little research examining the impact of transformational leadership behaviors on organizational performance within governmental entities. Consequently, the purpose of this paper is to empirically examine whether transformational leadership styles of leaders in governmental settings impact public sector organizational performance. Further, the study examines whether transformational leadership styles of leaders in governmental settings augment the impact of transactional leadership on public sector organizational performance. Data was collected from chief executives in 372 county governments in the United States. Overall, the results show that transformational leadership behaviors have a significant impact or organizational performance. In addition, the results show that leaders who use transformational leadership as their primary or dominant leadership style have an impact on organizational performance over and beyond the impact of those leaders who mostly use transactional style.

Keywords: Government Performance, Leadership behaviors, Transactional Leadership, Transformational Leadership

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43 OIDA Publications Ontario International Development Agency 287 Second Avenue South Sudbury, Ontario, P3B 4H6 Canada. Printed in Canada

44 Ontario International Development Agency, Canada.

OIDA International Conference on Sustainable Development ISSN 1923-6670

Accepted Abstracts Session Sustainable Development (SD)

OIDA International Conference on Sustainable Development 2011

Jointly presented by

2 Ref # 008/MAL/11/SD

Environmental Sustainability: A Global Perspective

Prithpal Kaur a a Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law, Patiala, India. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract: In the past three decades, protecting the global environment has emerged as one of the major challenges in international relations. No fewer than ten global environmental treaties have been negotiated as well as literally hundreds of regional and bilateral agreements. Environmentalism can be seen as a social movement that seeks to influence the activism and education in order to protect natural resources and ecosystems. A concern for environment protection has recurred in diverse forms, in different parts of the world, throughout history. The environmental movement is a diverse scientific, social, and political movement. In its recognition of humanity as a participant in ecosystems, the movement is centered on ecology, health and human rights. Today, it is universally recognized that environmental protection is a parcel of national policy and programme. The well recognized mode of achieving this humble goal is “sustainable Development”. In fact, modern law and policy governing environmental protection and human development whether at national or international level, have the objective of achieving “Sustainable Development”. In spite of the gigantic environmental protective measures promoted by man over three decades of period, neither the warming of earth is put at naught, nor are the growing abnormal incidents of atmosphere reduced with the available scientific and technological knowledge. Despite the many environmental regimes and action plans negotiated in the past quarter century, important gaps still exist in the international environmental policy framework. The framework has not developed in any systematic or strategic way. Rather it is a collection of numerous treaties, each addressing relatively discrete global or regional environmental issues. Nature has become unnatural causing adverse impact on the atmosphere on one side and the health and safety of all the living and non-living on the other hand. The ecosystem is echoing with abnormal noises, vibrations, dust and smoke due to human activities. These incidents remind the mankind about the compelling need for protecting the environment willy-nilly with all zeal and vigour. Given how far we have come in damaging the global environment, international environmental efforts in the future will have to be focused more on environmental restoration than protection. Human rights laws may also present important opportunities for gaining better environmental protection.

Keywords: Environmental, Human Rights, Sustainable Development

3 Ref # 011/MAL/11/SD

Developing the Decision Making Matrix in Solid Waste Management

Mohammad Ali Alanbari a, Abdul Sahib Albagdadi b a University of Babylon, Kufa University, Iraq. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract: A majority of local governments and urban institutions identified the subject of solid waste environmental problem has reached proportions requiring practical solutions. It can be noted three main trends governing the matter of solid waste: (a) An increase in the size waste generated from urban housing (b) Change in the quality of waste generated. (d) The discharge process of the wastes collected. Consequently, these trends play an important role in determining the nature of the solid waste management and manufacturing process decisions, including its various dimensions and levels. This research include an analytical study for the decision making matrix of Solid Waste Management(SWM) in different dimensions and levels .The dimensions consist of social ,economic ,technological ,political ,and administrative. The levels contain household ,neighborhood, city, and nation. Three cities (Hilla,Najaf,and kerbala) had been taken as case studies for analyzing these dimensions and levels in decision making of solid waste management. where it is through the use of audit fieldwork and the use of experts in the field of jurisdiction. After studying the issues in these three cities and operations of waste minimization, waste recycling and waste disposal, so as to indicate defect and gaps in the nature of the decisions and actions existing in the solid waste management of these cities at both the dimensions( social, technological, economic, political, and management), or in terms of levels ( family, residential neighbored, city, nation) of these decisions and actions. After analyzing the results, a matrix for solid waste management had developed by percentages which represent rates of defect in every relationship.

Specific Conclusions: It may be obvious conclusion of the matrix of decision-making in the management of solid waste of the case study cities as follows: (a) That there is a large defect in the process of reducing solid waste, both at the household level, residential neighbored level, or the city level (b) That there is a large defect in the process of recycling waste at the household level, residential neighbored level, or the city level (c) That there is defect in the process of disposal of waste at the household level, residential neighbored level, or the city level. (d) Of the points above are found, the existing trend is still focused on the remedial approach in solving the problem which is waste disposal. Either reduce the waste and recycling is still a curriculum is not used effectively. (d) The precautionary approach, such as the prevention or reduction of waste is still an approach is not implemented in the cities of Iraq / Case study, and needs to find legislation and regulations and procedures necessary to make it a realistic approach through the use of the most comprehensive method to assess the life cycle of solid waste (Holistic Life Cycle Assessment of the Solid Waste).

Keywords: Decision making matrix, Solid Waste Management(SWM), Social Economics , Administrative Dimensions

4 Ref # 012/MAL/11/SD

Sustainable and efficient organizations: The case of handcrafts micro-business in Southern San Sebastian

José G. Vargas-Hernández a a University Center for Economic and Managerial Sciences, a University of Guadalajara, México. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This paper analyzes sustainability and efficiency of organizations committed to the exploitation’ activities of tule Thypha spp at the Zapotlán’s Lake taking into consideration the socioeconomic and environmental impact in the municipalities of Gómez Farías and Zapotlán el Grande. The initial hypothesis departs from the consideration of the scarce social capital of organizations that limits development’s sustainability. The research method employed is the ethnographic complemented with field work supported by informal interviews, documental and bibliographic research. The hypothesis of this research is proved empirically and confirms similar findings by the research conducted on the mainstream theory of social capital and its implications on economic development. The outcomes of the application demonstrate that the drama of economic efficiency and sustainable development of micro-business is tied to constrain of social capital. This finding has implications for the design and implementation of economic and social policies oriented towards the improvement of economic growth and sustainable development.

Keywords: Economic efficiency, organizational social capital, organizational sustainability.

5 Ref # 015/MAL/11/SD

New method in modern architecture by employing natural elements (Wind and Sunshine)

Mohsen Roshan a a Universiti Technologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract: Problem statement: Notice and return to the last times when we were not familiar to current energies like as fossil energy and non renewable, we used to use energy of natural elements such as water, wind, sunshine and soil. In the past, humans were making their building with favorite conditions by using these elements. But nowadays, by technology development those elements have been replaced by new artificial elements in design and performance in architecture. Important issue in the word current architecture is having no relationship between traditional architecture and modern requirements. Approach: Now, it is necessary to remember and return to use methods in the ancient world for getting symbolize and elements from that architecture to use in green solution. Then, these must be adapted by new technologies to develop new world. Reason of necessity of reviewing past solution to adaptation according to the hard climate and weather this is architecture in that times was examined by try and error in long times. Result: Therefore, cutoff suddenly this process in result of getting easily and finding fast solution by modern architecture lead to we forget all of environment natural element and renewable energy based on old existing methods. Nowadays, by technology can make intelligent building construction with passive solar architecture approach. Moreover, we can pattern from air-trap that was used it to ventilate the weather in the past. Conclusion: In this study, writer tried to present new method in modern architecture by employing natural elements like wind and sunshine from old traditional architecture to find better solution in renewable energy and sustainable architecture.

Keywords: Natural element (wind and sunshine), renewable energy, traditional architecture, modern architecture, Sustainable architecture.

6 Ref # 016/MAL/11/SD

The Legal Feasibility of Imposing Shipping Controls in Straits Used for International Navigation: A Study of the Straits of Malacca and Singapore

Mohd Hazmi Bin Mohd Rusli a a Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security (ANCORS), University of Wollongong, Australia. b Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract: The Straits of Malacca and Singapore are two of the most significant straits for international shipping activities. The navigational regime of foreign vessels in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore is governed by Part III of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (LOSC). It prescribes that vessels and aircraft of all flags may exercise the unimpeded right of transit passage while navigating through straits used for international navigation. With the projected steady increase of navigational traffic through the Straits of Malacca and Singapore each year, this situation would eventually create intricate situations for the littoral States of Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore particularly in protecting the marine environment of the Straits from vessel-source pollution. The Straits are currently facing many environmental problems as a result of heavy shipping activities. This article examines the current issues pertaining to marine pollution that is affecting the well-being of the marine environment of the Straits of Malacca and Singapore. This article also discusses the current as well as the potential future environmental protection measures that the littoral States could consider resorting to, and the possible legal consequences as a result of the implementation of such measures. This article concludes by suggesting ways and proposals to promote environmental sustainability in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore.

Keywords: Law of the Sea, Marine Environment, Environmental Sustainability

7 Ref # 017/MAL/11/SD

Public Participation in Development: Awareness and Views of General Public about Major Development Initiatives in Sri Lanka

Ajantha Hapuarchci a a Journalism Unit University of Colombo, Sri Lanka a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract: This research have been conducted by me to get the information of the people’s awareness about recent implemented development programmes in Sri Lanka, by the present Government to achieve its MDGs. After the political independence in 1948, Sri Lanka has adapted many development efforts, primarily considering as paddy farming as the base of rural economy. According to this development policy, import substitution with some export promotion under the state regulations with strong control has been tried out until the open market economy in 1977. Apparently this divides the development efforts into two categories; programs & policies introduced before the open economy and after the economy. Before open economy, policy frameworks were setup & programmes were launched to achieve self-sufficiency in food, mainly the rice. With the advent of open economy rural sector was more neglected as evident by closure of the primary producers so creating unemployment in the rural sector more than before.

Sri Lanka has emerged from decades-long civil war, and is now enjoying an economic revival. And also have started several development projects. Among them Colombo-Katunayake Expressway, Tourist hotels in Eastern province, 556 Gama neguma development ,Fly overs and road development ,Jaffna fort development project, Development in Vanni, International airport for Kilinochchci, COB bay fisheries harbor project, Oluvil Port Development project are some of them.

Following objectives were set at the designing phase of this study. (a) To measure the degree of awareness among ordinary public about major development initiatives being rolled out in Sri Lanka (b) To scale the view of beneficiaries as well as government practitioners on the contemporary development initiatives (c) To draw some recommendations that could be useful for practitioners, designers and policy makers in particular

Study was designed to carry out as a survey in order to find out the level of awareness and different views of public about major development initiatives. It targeted two types of informants; 1) the ordinary public and 2) divisional or grassroots level government officers. A Random sample method was used and research assistants (second year undergraduates) were trained to maintain the gender and age balance in the field with respective informants to be interviewed. A structured questionnaire was formulated as main tool of data collection from ordinary public while a structured interview guide was employed to interview officers.

Data analyzing was also a two-folded process: filled questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS Version 16.0 (Statistical Package for Social Scientists). Percentages as well as values of cross tabulation of main variables were derived for discussion. Significant representations against main variables, correlations and the shape of the sample is described by using aforesaid values. A simple content analysis was done to filter outputs of structured interviews. Firstly, initial codes assigned for broad topics of the interview guide and secondly similarities, topic specific issues between these broad categories as well as recurring regularities were identified by further looking into condensed data. Finally typologies were consolidated sorting data into more explicit patterns.

Key words; Samurdi (prospect), Gamaneguma (Village development), Maga neguma (Road development), Millennium goals ,fly-overs,

8 Ref # 018/MAL/11/SD

Agrarian reform: which model suits South African conditions?

V.M. Mmbengwaa, J.A. Groenewaldb, M. Gundidzac a, b School of Natural Resource Management, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU), George Campus, Republic of South Africa. c School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, university of Witwatersrand, Republic of South Africa. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract: Agrarian development in Africa is amongst the contagious issues that have affected a number of African countries adversely. It is on the basis of the lessons from other African counterparts that South Africa has chosen to deal with this matter in the manner that do not fuel negative economic consequence. The current experiences in the neighbouring country such as Zimbabwe, provides us in South African what we should expect, should this be handled without care. The main objective of the study was to review agrarian models that may be useful to adopt in addressing the agrarian issues in South Africa going forward. An intensive investigation incorporating desktop research, the perusal of government reports and research articles revealed that there are models that were used by other countries with success and such experiences may be handy to South African conditions).

Keywords: Democratic, Development, Dualism, Land reform, Models, Socio-economic.

9 Ref#: 021/MAL/11/SD

Ancient Heritage Diversity and Sustainable Development in the Sahara Region

Amer Rghei a a Department of Architecture and Interior Design American University, Dubai, UAE. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract: This paper explores heritage diversity by means of natural and cultural resources and related potentials for sustainable development. The study considered numerous heritage areas of the Sahara with special reference to Libyan sites. It is noticed that despite, the value of heritage diversity of these sites which represent significantly a special setting of eco-cultural feature. In this respect, it is also found that these sites are currently facing global challenges for their survival. The objective of this paper is to describe, review and analyze eco-cultural setting and its heritage diversity in the Sahara region. The area combines both a natural and human heritage in terms of environmental, historical, architectural and cultural significance. The paper aims are to promote understanding, appreciation, conservation and sustainable use of world eco-cultural landscapes and its heritage. The increase in new development in the region has put more stresses on heritage diversity with its eco-cultural environments in the Middle East and the Sahara in particular. In this context, ancient eco-cultural resources could contribute to economic and sustainable development perceptions. This paper presents heritage diversity and its usefulness to the Sustainable development in North Africa and focuses mainly on human interaction with ancient eco-cultural environment in Sahara Region. In this paper the author inclines to explore this issue in more detail and also raise questions about any planning and development measures that could be taken to improve prospects for a more sustainable region in the Sahara.

Keywords: Eco-cultural environment, tourism, heritage diversity, natural/cultural resources, Sahara region, sustainable development.

10 Ref#: 022/MAL/11/SD

Estimating Beta of Vietnam Listed Construction Company Groups during the Financial Crisis

Abstract: After the financial crisis 2007-2009, the Viet Nam stock market, in general, has certain unexpected movements and the Viet Nam construction industry, in detail, has to re-evaluate the risk level. First, we use proper traditional model to estimate equity beta and asset beta of three (3) groups of listed companies in Viet Nam construction industry and found out that the values of beta during 2007-2009 acceptable, excluding a few cases. Second, through comparison among three (3) different groups, we find out that there is not large disperse in beta values in these construction firms. Besides, beta values of firms in real estate industry tend to be higher than those in building material and construction industries. Finally, this paper provides both internal and external investors with two risk parameters, equity and asset beta, indicating investment parameters, as reference in their investment activities, because of a normal concept that riskier investment requiring better ROI. It also gives financial institutions, companies and government more evidence in managing their policies.

Keywords: Financial structure, Financial crisis, risk, asset beta, construction industry

11 Ref# 024/MAL/11/SD

Sustainable Approaches for Appropriate design in Arid Climates

Tammy Gaber a a Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering British University, Egypt. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract: There is considerable discussion about various approaches for sustainable design in different climate zones including the hot dry desert regions, often called Arid. Many of these approaches include the advancements in renewable energy, new materials, and energy reductive devices and mechanisms. This paper will, however, focus on the passive approaches that can be used to create appropriate micro-climates in homes in Arid region. By using passive approach to design, which includes proper orientation, building materials, construction, particular design elements, window openings and so forth, not only are costs reduced regarding the importation of materials not readily available in arid climates, but also saves considerable energy in the long term regarding maintenance as passive design involves the reduction or complete elimination of (active) mechanical systems. In addition to this, by utilizing local materials, and often vernacular building technologies, the energy consumed in construction and the impact made on the local site will be minimal and will be more suitable to the context. There are many embodied values to the use of local materials in construction which relate directly to the climate of the area and the ability to appropriate transfer, block or delay temperature effects to the interior micro-climate. Many of the lessons of appropriate passive design in arid climates are to be learned from tradition, such as the medieval homes of Cairo and the revival of vernacular approaches by award -winning Egyptian architect Hassan Fathy. In addition to these lessons of tradition are contemporary innovations and developments in the direction of passive design. This paper will discuss the processes of elements of passive design in arid climates through comparative analysis of cases studies which range medieval historic homes of Cairo, the projects of Hassan Fathy and contemporary examples of innovation. The lessons learned from the range of possibilities of passive design if addressed, can guide the designer to create spaces that are comfortable and energy efficient.

Keywords: Appropriate architecture, arid climates, passive design, traditional, vernacular

12 Ref# 026/MAL/11/SD

On Post Occupancy Evaluation of the Preferred Luminous Environment and Occupant Satisfaction for Office Buildings in Of Malaysia : A Survey

Elina Mohd Husini a , Fadli Arabi b, Mohd Zin Kandar c a, b,c Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Skudai, Johor, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract: Lighting is desired for work and it has an impact to occupant satisfaction with their workspace give a move to improve the preferred luminous condition in daylit office. This study investigates the acceptable illuminance level that meet the requirement for visual comfort through pos occupancy evaluations of office buildings in hot-humid climate of Malaysia. This paper presents the literature that shows an overview of peer-reviewed investigation in daylight distribution and availability that relate to acceptable level of illuminance levels in daylit offices. The investigations are to know until what extend do people aware on luminance environment by obtaining occupant’s feedback. The results of a survey are conducted with taking into consideration on the occupant's respond of daylight availability in work area by using four different layout in office building and the responses of two groups of workers within the same building with different characterized of fenestrations. The acceptable daylight availability and illuminance levels by occupant for each room can be seen from the field experiment based on photo simulation using High Dynamic Range ( HDR) images and survey on different layout in office building. This study of daylight distribution in an open plan will result the findings on preferred opening sizes, acceptable illuminance level and visual comfort. Through these variables, it becomes the parameter to this research. It is observed that the office buildings are not designed for daylight utilization, with average DF lower than 1.5 per cent and not all the office building has achieved MS1525 :2007 minimum WPI recommendation of 300-500 lux when electric lights were on. The combination of daylighting and artificial light were still needed in office building even though there was plenty of sunlight in this country which was abundance. More than 60 per cent of occupants felt the distribution of daylighting is uneven and caused visual discomfort when electric lights were off. The relationship between luminous condition and visual discomfort had the significant to peoples’ attitudes toward windows .This resulting key will provide better understanding for the development of window opening, internal shading control for the office occupants and acceptable illuminance level in office building in Malaysia.

Keywords : Daylight ; Daylighting ; Occupant satisfaction ; Post-occupancy evaluation ; Visual discomfort

13 Ref# 032/MAL/11/SD

Factors Influencing the use of Good Quality Improved Rice Seed in Nigeria: Implication for Sustainable Rice productivity

Bola Amoke Awotide a, Taiwo Timothy Awoyemi b, Aliou Diagne c a, b, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. c Africa Rice Centre, Cotonou, Benin Republic. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract: In Nigeria, at least 57 improved rice varieties have been developed by the national and international research institutes and efforts were also made to disseminate them to the rice farmers. This is based on the premise that improved rice varieties hold the key to increase in rice productivity. Despite these efforts, majority of the farmers still cultivate local varieties and those that have adopted improved varieties use see largely pas harvest, which are believed to be low quality. Hence, this study utilized primary data collected in 2010 with the aid of a well structured questionnaire administered on 600 rice farming households in Nigeria to obtain information about the determinates of the use of good quality improved rice seed among the rice farming households in Nigeria. The study reveals that only 20% of the respondents obtained their seeds supply from formal supplier of certified improved rice seed of high quality. The study also shows that good quality seed have positive effects on output and yield of the farmers. There is a difference of 130 kg between the output of the users of good quality seed and the non-users. The users of good quality seed also recorded an average yield of 2209 g/ha, while the non-users recorded 1768 kg/ha. Using the average treatment effect estimation technique to analyse the factors influencing the use of good quality seed, the analysis shows that access to the seed, native of the study area and membership of an organization were the variables that significantly influence a farmer’s decision to use good quality seed. Hence we recommend that farmers should be encouraged to belong to an association which can enlighten them about the benefit of the use of good quality seed and factors that would further enhance access to certified improved rice seed should be improved.

Keywords: Improved, productivity, quality seed sustainability use.

14 Ref# 035/MAL/11/SD

Development of Watershed Project Outcomes Scale: Beneficiaries and Administrators Perspectives in an Iranian Sample

Sohrab Nazari a, Siamak Khodarahimi b a, b Islamic Azad University-Eghlid Branch, Eglid, Fars Province, Iran a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract: The purpose of this research study was to examine validity of Watershed Project Outcomes Scale (WPOS), the effects of beneficiaries’ demographics on their viewpoint and compare their perspectives with administrators toward watershed project outcomes. Participants included 289 beneficiaries and 21 watersheds administrators. A demographic questionnaire and Watershed Project Outcomes Scale used in this study. Resulting data demonstrated that WPOS is a multidimensional construct with four factors, including: Cultural development, economic development, social welfare, and positive psychosocial transformation. Females and non-inhabitants beneficiaries had significant better viewpoints toward watersheds outcomes than males and inhabitants. Furthermore, beneficiaries’ level of education and their local used language were been effective on their viewpoints toward watersheds outcomes. The governmental administrators had significant higher positive viewpoints in WPOS and its all subscales than watersheds beneficiaries.

Keywords: Administrators, Beneficiaries, Demographics, Watershed, Watershed Project Outcomes Scale.

15 Ref# 038/MAL/11/SD

Farmers Perception And Knowledge of Environmental Problems Affection Sustainable Food Production in the Federal Capital Territory Abuja , Nigeria.

Michael Adedotun Oke a a Agric –link Multipurpose Cooperative Society Limited, Garki Abuja Nigeria. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract: This study examined farmers perception and knowledge of environmental problems affecting their food production . A Total of 12O farmers randomly selected from six communities in Guabe ,Kuje council of Federal Capital Territory in Abuja were used for the study . Data were collected from respondents using interview schedule and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statics. Results showed that soil erosion , soil nutrient depletion and deforestation are the top major environment problems affecting food production in the study area. It was therefore recommended and there is a need for the integration of environmental issues into messages , formulate policy, that ensure food production , regular dissemination of Agricultural information by the extension agent and the needs for international organization to empower farmers ,through education /training programs in environmental conservation methods to boost sustainable food production.

Keywords: Deforestation, Environmental, Farmers, Food Production, soil erosion

16 Ref# 040/MAL/11/SD

The African Case of Microenterprise In The Light of Islamic Development Financing

Masudul Alam Choudhury a a Department of Economics and Finance, College of Commerce and Economics, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract What can bring about and sustain the life of microenterprise and microcredit for poverty alleviation? The answer is given in this paper by way of the epistemology of organic unity of markets, finance and society premised on the essential outlook of how the Islamic worldview prevails in this tripartite interrelationship. This paper settles this issue of integrative development financing to bring about participation between markets, finance and society in a complementary way so as to connect the poor with mainstream economic order by raising their productivity and market access. Such transformations are necessary for survival of microenterprises in today’s world of bitter competition and conflict between the rich and poor. The argument launched here is that the competition model of microenterprises is not appropriate for the sustainability and poverty alleviation. Contrarily, an epistemic foundation of unity reflected in a participatory development framework is necessary. Islamic finance ought to be studied within such an alternative comprehensive model of organic unity. Systemic unity is equivalent to participation by complementarities between the three subsystems comprising sustainability. These are namely markets, finance and society as these are represented by their variables. This paper thus establishes a model of general-system equilibrium between these embedded subsystems in order to study the possibility of poverty alleviation by means of Islamic financing of microenterprise and microcredit. The model formalized here is argued to be the appropriate one for Africa in the area of participatory development of microenterprises and poverty alleviation. The example of microenterprises in Sudan is studied in the context of a general-system model.

Keywords: comparative microenterprise and socioeconomic development, microenterprise in Sudan, Islamic development financing.

17 Ref#: 043/MAL/11/SD

Evaluation of Surge flow effective on advanced time in furrow irrigation

Sohrab Nazari a, Said Mohammad Reza khadem b a, b Islamic Azad University-Eghlid Branch, Iran. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The purpose of this research study was to Evaluation of Surge flow effective on advanced time in furrow irrigation. In furrow irrigation systems, distribution of uniform moisture along the furrow length depends on the advance rate. If advance rate is higher, distribution in the soil is better. Because surge flow for furrow irrigation introduced more advance rate, less deep percolation, more uniformity distribution of water and capability of automation. Consequently higher efficiency that enable to developed in surface irrigation. In surge flow irrigation water is delivered to the furrow on an intermittent basis rather than conventional continuous application. In this study with goal compared advance time in the continuous and surge flow and evaluation cycle time (on and off time) create tests in field. Created tests with three discharge (0.6, 0.9 and 1.5 l/s) and three cycle time (10,20 and 30 minutes). The results showed that the velocity of advance under surge flow was higher than continuous flow and cycle time with 20 minute on time and discharge 1.5 l/s more than the other Treatment

Keywords: Development, Irrigation Management, Surge Irrigation, Furrow Irrigation, Advanced Time

18 Ref: 045/MAL/11/SD

Study of Farmers Attitude toward New Irrigation Methods in an Iranian Sample City, and Providing Appropriate Strategies for Its Acceptance

Ali Sisakhti a, Siamak Khodarahimi b a Islamic Azad University-Eghlid Branch, Iran. b Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This study aimed to examine farmers' attitude toward new irrigation methods in the Eghlid city, Fars Province, Iran. The new irrigation methods including: Pressured irrigation, sub irrigation, hydroflum and surge. However, the roles of demographics (i.e. age, gender, level of education, experience in agriculture per year, type of land ownership, technical knowledge, general income per year, location of residence, and costs of irrigation methods) were investigated on farmers' attitude toward irrigation methods in the present study. All data gathered within a survey design in 400 participants that selected by ration sampling method from Ahmadabad, Dejkord, Sedeh, Bakan, Asepas, Shahrmeyan, Khonjesht and Dashte-e-Toghor areas. Measures were a demographics sheet and the Farmers' Attitude Scale toward Irrigation Methods (FASIM). The most important findings are as following: (i) Farmers have a positive attitude toward trickle, springler, sub irrigation, hydroflum and surge procedures as new irrigation methods in the Eghlid city; (ii) Demographics involving age, gender, level of education, location of agriculture area, income, land size for farming, technical knowledge, consultation with agriculture professionals, and participation in agriculture training programs have significant influences on farmers’ attitude toward new irrigation methods.

Keywords: Farmers, Attitude, Irrigation Methods

19 Ref: 046/MAL/11/SD

An Investigation of Beneficiaries’ Expectation in the Provision of Low-income Housing in South Africa

Aigbavboa Clinton Ohis a, Thwala Wellington Didi b a, b Department of Construction Management & Quantity Surveying, a Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Low-income housing provision has been a major focus of the government in post-apartheid urban South Africa. While success can be noted, there is a growing concern on the housing expectations and satisfaction of the occupants. Utilizing post-occupancy survey conducted in four locations that had benefited from the government housing subsidy scheme, the research identifies how the expectations of the occupants of low income housing can be met in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. The result from the post-occupancy survey revealed that most of the beneficiaries’ housing needs were not met, as a majority of the respondents informed that they had expected bigger units, however, when they were allocated the houses, the expectation was not met. However, a major obstacle while the respondent’s expectation was not met pointed toward the lack of consultation between the Department of Human Settlement and the occupants. A comparison is also made to ascertain the correlation between meeting of occupant’s expectation and the maintenance of the houses. It is suggested that the government should carry out occupants need assessment and on a consistence basis employ post-occupancy survey to inform, improve and guarantee the expectation and housing satisfaction of the beneficiaries’ of the subsidized housing units.

Keywords: Low- income, Housing beneficiaries, Housing subsidy, Post-occupancy survey

20 Ref# 051/MAL/11/SD

Hospital Waste Management: Bangladesh

Tarannum Dana a a Department of Population Science, Social Science Faculty, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Hospital waste is infectious and hazardous which poses serious threats to environmental health and requires specific treatment and management prior to its final disposal. Appropriate and safe management of healthcare waste is acknowledged globally. WHO and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have emphasised the need to handle and dispose of hospital waste from the healthcare establishments in proper ways. City Corporations are responsible for solid waste management in the country. However the collection of the waste is often irregular, leading to unsanitary conditions near the primary collection points. Many towns do not have the capacity to collect all the waste, and often proper sanitary disposal is problematic. In Bangladesh hospital waste management is growing with an ever-increasing number of hospitals, clinics, and diagnostic laboratories especially in Dhaka City. Thus healthcare waste management is neglected and it falls under the auspices of the local municipal bodies which are responsible for the collection, removal and disposal of different kinds of wastes from public places. This paper aims to discover and understand the current situation of healthcare waste management that includes waste handling, collection and disposal as well as the knowledge and awareness level of individuals involved in healthcare. Furthermore, the paper also explores alternative options for the management of hospital wastes that is environmentally friendly. Research on this critical issue has been very limited, and there is a serious shortage of information which is essentials for strategic for planning.

Keywords: collection, disposal, hospital waste, management, segregation, treatment

21 Ref#: 052/MAL/11/SD

Comparison of surge and continuous furrow method for Zea Mays in the Eglid plain

Ali Ghorbani Kahrizsangi a, Sohrab Nazari b a Department of Agriculture Islamic Azad University-Eglid Branch, Iran. b Department of Water Engineering Islamic Azad University-Eglid Branch, Iran. b Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The study was conducted to evaluate surge irrigation against continuous irrigation in terms of irrigation and water use to produce Zea Mays (var. indentata SC 704). The experiments were conducted in the loam clay soil of Agriculture Research Station Islamic Azad University Eglid (Fars province). The furrows were 120 m long and 0.6 m center-center width with 0.002 m/m of slop. The treatments consisted of randomized complete block design (RCBD) of four treatments CF (continuous flow) and SF surge flow where SF1 (15 min on- off time), SF2 (20 min on- off time) and SF3 (30 min on- off time) with three replication. The results showed that based on water use difference between CF and SF treatments was significant. As well as the average of water use in SF2 and SF3 treatments were lower than compared the other treatments. But based on yield silage did not exit difference significant between CF and SF3. Thus, because SF3 treatment is lower than water use and high yield silage compared the other treatments are recommended.

Keywords: Surge flow, continuous irrigation, Zea Mays, water use, yield silage

22 Ref#: 054/MAL/11/SD

Toward Sustainable Economic Development: From “Metropolis” to “Oligopolies” through Integrated New Economic Activities

Tamer Abdel Aziz a a Architecture Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. a General Organization for Physical Planning (GOPP), Cairo, Egypt. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract While many definitions of the term “sustainability “ have been introduced over the years, the most commonly cited definition states that sustainable development is development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. And one of the field of Sustainable Development (SD) is the economic sustainability,which is a collection of methods to create and sustain development which seeks to relieve poverty, create equitable standards of living, satisfy the basic needs of all peoples and produce Sustainable Economic growth. Nowadays developing countries is facing a great problem in their economic development and finding a new job opportunities. And this paper will focus on how developing countries can achieve sustainable economic development on regional level through new urbanization; and to be transformed from metropolitan cities to oligopolies cities. First part will represent a literature view on the “New Urbanisation” principles then the “Oligopolies” theory which is one of the most important theories that shows the different development paths of the cities of the world from local centers to Oligopolies cities. Then the paper will give an Internatinal examples for the “New Economic Activities” which are not depending on just natural resources and to make diversities in the Economic bases. And finally it will study the way of how these “New Economies” can be integrated together on Regional and International levels to help in competing on the global levels to be Oligopolies, and to increase their GDP and minimize the unemployment rate to achieve Economic sustainable development as this will be one of the gates for sustainable cities. Keywords: Oligopolies, Sustainable Economic development, New Economies Activities, New Urbanization, World Power Poles.

23 Ref# 055/MAL/11/SD

The Legal Feasibility of Imposing Shipping Controls in Straits Used for International Navigation: A Study of the Straits of Malacca and Singapore

Mohd Hazmi bin Mohd Rusli a a Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security (ANCORS), University of Wollongong, Australia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The Straits of Malacca and Singapore are two of the most significant straits for international shipping activities. The navigational regime of foreign vessels in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore is governed by Part III of the LOSC. It prescribes that vessels and aircraft of all flags may exercise the unimpeded right of transit passage while navigating through straits used for international navigation. With the projected steady increase of navigational traffic through the Straits of Malacca and Singapore each year, this situation would eventually create intricate situations for the littoral States of Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore particularly in protecting the marine environment of the Straits from vessel-source pollution. The Straits are currently facing many environmental problems as a result of heavy shipping activities. This article examines the current issues pertaining to marine pollution that is affecting the well-being of the marine environment of the Straits of Malacca and Singapore. This article also discusses the current as well as the potential future environmental protection measures that the littoral States could consider resorting to, and the possible legal consequences as a result of the implementation of such measures. This article concludes by suggesting ways and proposals to achieve environmental sustainability in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore.

Keywords: Environmental Sustainability, Law of the Sea, Marine Environment, Straits of Malacca and Singapore

24 Ref: 058/MAL/11/SD

Application of Coconut Fiber in Cement Block Industry

G.A.P Gampathi a a Department of Civil Engineering , PNG University of Technology , PMB , Lae, Morobe Province , Papua New Guinea. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract In the recent times, seismic effects have become major governing factor in analysis, design and construction of structures in Papua New Guinea. This is mainly due to the occurrence of severe earthquakes in the region. As to the current construction practices, most of the earthquake resistive structures are designed with cement hollow block providing require reinforcements. However, this construction method is very expensive and not affordable for middle class families. Therefore, an experiment was carried out by author to find out the suitability of coconut fiber application in cement hollow block work. The experimental study was focused to apply coir fiber to enhance the shear strength of cement hollow block as a cost effective and sustainable practical solution.

The results presented in this paper on the basis of the results of the testing about 40 cement hollow blocks carried out by the author for various percentages of coir fiber by cement weight . It can be seen from the experimental result that shear strength of cement hollow block can be increased by 40 % with addition of 3 % coconut fiber by cement weight to cement hollow blocks mixture. Therefore using coir fiber reinforced cement hollow block instead of normal cement hollow block; required steel quantity can be reduced. Hence overall construction cost of earthquake resistive walls can be reduced.

Keywords: Cement hollow block, Coir fiber, Earthquake, Seismic effects, Sustainable

25 Ref#: 059/MAL/11/SD

Analysis of Trends in the Variability of Monthly and Annual Temperatures of Enugu Urban.

Ifeanyi C. Enete a, M.A. Ijioma b a Department of Geography and Meteorology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University,Awka, Nigeria. b Department of Geography, Abia State University,Uturu, Nigeria Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Increasing temperature has assumed a dominant feature of our planet in recent decades. Such basic information on the impact of land use changes, increased population and greenhouse build-up on climate modifications have not been well documented in Enugu Urban. We began the monitoring of temperature variability from 1970 to 2009. Measurements include monthly and annual temperature. Temperature data for 40 years was used for the determination of temperature variability in Enugu Urban. Based on this, the city was partitioned into four distinct phases via phase of initial development and coal exploitation, phase of rapid development, phase of coal abandonment, and phase of large scale development. This paper discussed these results and concludes that there is evidence for an increasing frequency in the number of months in which record high temperatures occur. Consequently, a few adaptation and mitigation strategies were recommended.

Keywords: Temperature changes, urbanization, Enugu state

26 Ref: 060/MAL/11/SD

Effects of Gas Flaring on Soil Nutrients in Ekpan, Ogunu and Ekunede Itsekiri communities, Delta State, Nigeria.

Abstract The study was on effects of gas flaring on soil nutrients in Ekpan, Ogunu and Ekunede Itesekiri Communities of Delta State. Laboratory analysis was done on soil pH, nitrogen, exchangeable acidity electrical conductivity, calcium, phosphorous, organic carbon and magnesium to demonstrate the effects of gas flaring on soil nutrients. Mann-Whitney “U” test statistical technique was employed in analyzing the data. The result showed observable decline in the occurrence of some basic soil nutrients due to gas flaring. The soil test revealed that the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium in the soil increased with distance away from gas flaring sites.

Keywords: Gas flaring, laboratory analysis, soil nutrients, poor yield and agricultural productivity.

27 Ref#: 062/MAL/11/SD

Efficiency of the coagulation-flocculation for the leachate treatment

Lee Mao Rui a, Zawawi Bin Daud b a, b,Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Leachate will be treated by using coagulation-flocculation. Coagulation and flocculation are essential process in a number of diverse disciplines, including biochemistry, cheese manufacturing and in water and waste water treatment. It is effective for removing high concentration organic pollutant and heavy metals in wastewater. However, coagulation-flocculation examined the effectiveness of alum and ferric chloride as well as the use of cationic polymer and micro zeolite on removal of suspended solid (SS), color, COD and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3N) from leachate. The coagulant dosage has typically been determined through jar test, which requires a long experiment time in a field water treatment plant.

Keywords: coagulation-flocculation, leachate, polymers, micro zeolite

28 Ref#: 065/MAL/11/SD withdrawn

29 Ref#: 069/MAL/11/SD

Impact of Good Governance in Sustainable Development: Challenges and Opportunities

Sherif Abdul Raheem Ajiteru a, Taofeek Muhammed Thanni b a Department of Political Science, International Islamic University, Malaysia. b International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization, International Islamic University, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Despite the fact that some developing countries are taking a concrete and bold step to redress the concerns issues of corruption and injustice. It is undeniable fact that government should take the bull by the horn and address the cankerworm of dungeon corruption by setting and enacting a law to get rid of pervasive corruption in our life. However, many countries have lost hope that menace of corruption cannot be stopped because is being regarded as part and parcel of our day to day activities and difficult to combat if at all to be removed or eliminated. This paper is an attempt to find a long lasting solution to the damages and setbacks that corruption has dearly contributed for. Moreover, sustainable development and good governance are marriage that cannot be separated if any success can be achieved. It is advisable for every government to take a giant stride and address the issues of corruption in all sectors of the economy, so as to achieve a great economic breakthrough and develop all other areas of economy. Whenever we talk about good governance, we are talking about a visionary’s leadership, selfless, charismatic and committed to the cause of the country. A country cannot be developed without a focused, dedicated, disciplined, committed and visionary leader. This simply constitutes exactly the issue the paper seeks to examine.

Keywords: Good governance, sustainable development, pervasive corruption, visionary leadership

30 Ref#: 071/MAL/11/SD

Climate change: A threat to agriculture and food security in Pakistan

Shoukat Ali a, Tanvir Ali b, Babar Shahbaz c, Munir Ahmad d a,b,c,d Division of Education and Extension, Department of Agricultural Extension, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Climate change is a greatest challenge facing the world at the beginning of this century. Increasing concentration of CO2, rising surface temperature and rainfall pattern are the changing climate trends. Extreme weather events may occur like heat waves, droughts, wind storms and floods due to climatic changes. Unprecedented flood has been observed in Pakistan in 2010 which has swamped one fifth of Pakistan, left 13.8 million people homeless and 1600 dead. It is likely worst natural disaster to date attributable to climate change. In the same year, temperature reached record high as 53.7 C in Mohenjo-Daro, Pakistan. Climate change has negative impact on agriculture. Agriculture is a backbone of Pakistan's economy and its food security is highly dependent on it. It is the second largest sector, accounting for over 21% of GDP, and remains by far the largest employer, absorbing 45% of the country’s total labor force. Nearly 62% of the country’s population resides in rural areas, and is directly or indirectly linked with agriculture for their livelihood. But, growth in the crop subsector has been falling for the past three decades. Decreasing agricultural productivity can be associated with a trend analyses of the historical data for a period of 1971-2000 which depict that winter season temperatures have increased in Pakistan during the past 30 years. Pakistan has inadequate physical and institutional infrastructure to cope the impact of climate change. Only better policy interventions and capacity building of institutions can help reduce the adverse impacts of climate change

Keywords: Agriculture, Climate change, extream weather events, Food security, livelihoods

31 Ref#: 073/MAL/11/SD

Ways to Realizing and Enhancing Food Security Cum Utilization of Modern Tools and Abolition of Traditional Methods: A Case Of South West Nigeria

Sherif Abdul Raheem Ajiteru a a Department of Political Science, International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization a International Islamic University Malaysia a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This paper aims at suggesting various ways that can be used to improve the well-being and livelihood of developing countries. However, it attempts to reinventing better developing countries by adopt certain equipment to boost food security among the third world countries in its entirety. Thus, it has been quite a while or more than decades that developing countries have been facing enormous food shortages, such as mass poverty, drought, famine and host of others. Moreover, this paper will serve as an agent to raise salient issues affecting developing countries. In light of this, when we talk of better developing countries we need to adopt certain approaches to bode well and maximize food security of the developing countries. Therefore, it is very obvious that third world countries are underperformed and marginalized due to some notable factors which we shall address later on in this paper. In summation, there is urgent need for utilization of modern tools to avoid, food shortages, and marginalization.

Keywords: Economic upheaval, marginalization, utilization of sophisticated tools and marginalization

32 Ref#074/MAL/11/SD

Socio-Economic and Political Implications of Environmental Education Among the Poor Rural Dwellers: A Case of Southwest Nigeria

Sherif Abdul Raheem Ajiteru a, Taofeek Muhammed Thanni,b a Department of Political Science, International Islamic University, Malaysia. b International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization, International Islamic University, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Arguably, various factors contribute to poor environmental health phenomena. Such factors range from political, social, economic, to infrastructural factors among others. However, environmental hazard has been noted to cause serious damages to human beings, animals, plants and even the ecosystem. As such, today the issue of environmental degradation, climate change and global warming has become a serious debate among the scholars. This paper attempts to investigate the economic, social and political implications of environmental health education with special reference to poor people in the South West Nigeria. The major challenge that this paper attempts to address, is how to improve the livelihood in its entire ramification of rural dwellers in Southwest Nigeria most especially the poor people. In summation this paper will critically address the socio-economic and political implications of environmental health education among the poor. Perhaps, Nigeria can serve as an exemplary template for other developing countries.

Keywords: Environmental Education and awareness, Health policy, rural dwellers, global warming, ecosystem

33 Ref#: 075/MAL/11/SD

Self Assessment of Pakistan’s Agricultural Extension Agents in Human Behavior/Public Relation for Sustainable Development

Muhammad Zafarullah Khan a, Raheel Saqib b a Department of Agricultural Extension Education & Communication, Faculty of Rural Social Sciences, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural University Peshawar Pakistan b Department of Agricultural Extension Education & Communication, Faculty of Rural Social Sciences, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural University Peshawar, Pakistan / Tsukuba University Japan. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The primary focus of this study is to determine the human behavior/public relation of Agricultural Extension Officers (AEOs) posted at Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. Agricultural Extension Officers (AEOs) play the role of hub in the Agricultural Extension Department to educate the farmer’s behavior about modern production technologies instead of primitive farming methods for sustainable development and they must have thorough knowledge of various motivational techniques. Self assessed responses of AEOs stationed in all the districts (25) of the province. A four part questionnaire consisting of 5-point likert scale was used to identify and level of intensity from AEOs. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Human behavior which brought out success stories of innovations by using indigenous technical knowledge and technical expertise provided by extension personnel in achieving targets for sustainable development through agriculture. There were differences in the professional competencies in human behavior/public relation in various aspects based on self assessment of AEOs. The study showed that there were significant differences in the professional competencies of the agricultural officials classified by their attendance in training programs provided and professional qualifications from Bachelor level to Doctorate level. A positive relationship was found among the AEOs who were highly qualified and trained. A significant gap between existing and expected levels show the need of in service training to train AEOs in motivating the farmers having different personalities/psychological types.

Keywords: Agricultural Extension Officer, human behavior,/public relation, self assessment, and Sustainable Development

34 Ref#: 077/MAL/11/SD

Green House Gases and Black Carbon

Ankita Mittal a a Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law, Mahindera Kothi, The Mall, Patiala, Punjab, India. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The race of development, coupled with the insatiable needs of man has caused irreparable loss to our Environment. With the advancement of technological perspectives the environment has depleted to significant level and also has caused ecological changes. Developed countries continue to emit enormous amount of harmful gases in the environment, further degrading the quality of ecosystem. By the virtue of the enormous developmental projects running throughout the planet there has been a substantial loss to the environment, giving rise to the problems like climate change, global warming, ozone depletion, etc. The local issues have now taken a shape of International Agenda which has caught the attention of many multinational organisations. As a result of the same concern Copenhagen Summit checked the emission of Green House Gases and Black Carbon into the environment and formulated policies to regulate the same. Black carbon is 200 times more potent than Carbon Dioxide. As much as 40% of current net warming is attributable to black carbon, pointed out by Dr. W. David Montgomery, Robert E. Baron and Dr. Sugandha D. Tuladhar.1 Keeping in note the probable consequences of the ever-increasing Green House Gases and Black Carbon, there is an urgent need to address the issue and initiate a step to reduce the emission of these gases to keep the planet cool and healthy.

Keywords: Black Carbon, Copenhagen Summit, Global Warming, International Reaction

1 Retrieved from http://fixtheclimate.com/component-1/the-solutions-new-research/black-carbon/ 35 Ref#:079/MAL/11/SD

The Success of Sustainability Education for Communities in the Developing World

a Pornchai Chaiyamart a Green Hall, University of Minnesota St Paul, MN, USA. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Knowledge for sustainable development plays an important role in the western world but is often ignored in the eastern world. People in some developing areas claim an understanding of sustainability concepts and practices and use this to gain benefits from the government. This study focuses on the case of villagers who received negative effects from the Pak Mun Dam in Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand. This dam caused many problems before it was built and is still causing problems for the people who used to live in the surrounding area. Local residents lost fishing jobs, with average income decreasing from $858 annually to only $333. The number of species in the surrounding area also decreased from 265 (1994) to 95 species. Due to these changes, members of the younger generation migrated to cities to find other sources of income, leaving only elders and children in the village. This is the issue upon which residents’ request that the government open the sluice gate of Pak Mun Dam is based. Their knowledge and understanding of sustainability theory has been derived from sources such as prior education, NGOs, and the government. The government’s agreement to open the dam’s gate for 4 months did not provide satisfaction to local residents. Although these residents have been protesting the dam’s impact on their lives for 10 years, a solution does not seem to have been reached. The primary benefit from this study will be a possible solution to this issue. Additionally, this study will investigate which factors affect the decision-making of local residents, including socio-economic, environmental, and informational factors. For this study, a choice model is used to test residents by providing them options to accept or reject a new livelihood project with potentially high socio-economic benefits. The results will show which information sources play a significant role in their decision-making process regarding the preservation of the environment: prior education, NGOs, third party, or government, the trust of local residents for NGOs, government and the third party. If local residents choose the new livelihood project with higher socio- economic benefits, this would suggest that their information base in regard to sustainability theory was not sufficient. The data collecting will be interviewing the local residents in Khong Jiam district, Ubon Ratchathani province, Thailand, who live down the Mun River whom directly get impact from the dam. The study’s outcome will provide more information to the government to improve curriculum or provide more efficient programs regarding environmental concerns. Moreover, the result will provide better solutions to the conflict between the government and the local residents such that local residents can continue pursuing their livelihood with the greatest possible satisfaction (utility). This will allow the government to end its concern over this issue and the local residents they can start their new lives instead of wasting time over decade for this issue. At this moment, result and conclusion are not provided but the results are in process and will be provided at the meeting.

Keywords: Choice model, development, Pak Mun Dam, sustainable, Thailand

36 Ref#:084/MAL/11/SD

Ethnicity-Militarism in Nigeria Democratization: A Typology and An Assessment

Emma Chukwuemeka a, Rose Anazodo b, Francisca Ogo Ezeigwe c a, b Department of Public Administration, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka Nigeria. c Department of Public Administration, Federal Polytechnic Oko, Nigeria. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Democratic governance and politics in Nigeria appear to be problematic due to ethnic consciousness and militarism in democratic practice. Ethnicity is the soldiering slogan or concept employed by the elites in Nigeria to mobilize and unify a category of people who have a common culture, myth of common origin and inhabit a particular territory who speak the same language. The objective indicator of oneness especially the myth of common origin and common language were manipulated by the elites particularly the petit bourgeoisie to ensure a monolithic support in politics. Political party formation to say the least is based on ethnicity.. The paper adopted content analysis technique. It is the opinion of the paper that the economy of Nigeria should be organized to make it more productive and also to devise a vision of society within which each person can reasonably perceive that equity and social justice are firmly on the national agenda. Furthermore development of national political education and making it part of school curriculum, is also a panacea to end ethnic politics and ethnic consciousness in Nigeria.

Keywords: Democratization, Ethnicity, Military, Politics, Party

37 Ref#: 087/MAL/11/SD

Cogeneration of Biochar and Energy from Rice Hull: Towards Sustainable Agriculture in Marginalized Philippine Farms

Ricardo F. Orge a, b John Eric O. Abon b a, b Rice Engineering and Mechanization Division, Philippine Rice Research Institute Maligaya, Science City of Muňoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This study seeks to integrate both energy and food security alongside pollution mitigation activities at farmers’ level. In particular, it aims to utilize the heat generated during the production of rice hull (RH) biochar for pumping water. A small boiler and a jet pump were designed, fabricated, and retrofitted into the PhilRice-developed continuous- type RH carbonizer. The boiler was used to recover the heat from the exothermic carbonization process in converting water into steam. The generated steam was then used as the motive fluid of the jet pump for pumping water. A complete set up of the carbonizer-pump system was established to evaluate its technical feasibility. Performance test results showed that the system, equipped with a 5mm jet pump, was able to pump water from a pond (2.1m suction head) at a discharge rate of at least 15.5 liters/min, consuming 22.7 kg RH/h while producing biochar at 9.1 kg/h and a smokeless emission with CO content of 431 ppm. Higher discharge rates were observed at higher operating pressures. The minimum operating pressure by which the system could no longer pump water was 2.8 kg/cm2.

Keywords: Biochar; Carbonization; Jet pump; Rice hull; Sustainable agriculture.

38 Ref#: 089/MAL/11/SD

Industry and Agriculture: A Sustainable India Barddhaman District Model

Er. Sayantan Sarkar a a National Institute Of Construction Management and Research, Pune, India a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract For the first time in history, our generation has the opportunity to end extreme poverty in the world’s most developing nations. Mr. P Chidambaram, the honorable Home minister of India once said that, India would have a better economy if it only comprised of Western and Southern India. Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Surat and Pune are few of the examples of India’s urbanization. Eastern India (West Bengal, Bihar, Assam and Orissa) contributes 30% of agricultural and mining support to our nation. Inspite of fertile lands and ore mines, these parts are considered under-developed parts of India. Lack of Governance and citizen participation has blessed them with this curse. My research is not only to develop a whole new city, but also to build sustainable rural areas surrounding the city.

Barddhaman district of West Bengal is having the advantage of both industrial and agricultural development. I want a development of a new city, without destroying the agricultural lands. The last three year of India’s growth has seen the death of many farmers. Cities are built, but on the verge of the acquisition of cultivated lands. Those farmers are left without livelihood. My research is to have urbanization in terms of both industrial cities and agricultural townships.

We need to build new cities to support the GDP growth, stop migration to already developed cities and help transforming the surrounding villages to sustainable towns. If we try investing in the rural sector (Eastern India), depending on their base activity of revenue generation, and help them to transform into towns, can expect a far economically developed nation. This topic is about how tomorrow’s wealth will be created, and introduction of “Third World Job”, the unnoticed work we do, without pay.

Keywords: Agri-Business, Economic Base, Education, Citizen Participation.

39 Ref#: 092/MAL/11/SD

Reversing Entropy To Sustainability: The Moral Dimension

Masudul Alam Choudhury a a College of Commerce and Economics, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. a Trisakti University, Jakarta, Indonesia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Sustainability and entropy are concepts more than simply relating to environment and physical systems of energy dissipation, respectively. In the moral, social and co-integrated socio-scientific planes of human experience sustainability is essentially the positive action and response between the episteme of unity of knowledge and its social reconstruction of the unified world-system. Such a praxis of knowledge and experience lies at the core of the moral law of unity. It involves learning and process in the light of the complementary and participatory nature of unity of knowledge as the episteme of action, response and dynamics in relation to the ecological problem under study.

In the Qur’an sustainability as precept is equated with the fundamental objective of creation and life. Since knowledge has ever-increasing potential, so does the possibility of entropy to return back to sustainability, even after a regime ecological decadence. This kind of reversal of entropy is tantamount to mankind’s possibility to return to the moral law by self-actualization and redemption. The moral, ethical and worldly issues embedded in such a treatment of ecology2, sustainability and reversal of entropy are of deep import for epistemological formalism, institutionalism and empirical and policy applications at large.

This paper expounds that worldview by developing a general-system understanding of ecology, sustainability, reversal of entropy and the population interrelationships embedded in the moral domain. The Qur’anic worldview is highlighted on this theme due to its singular centricity on the monotheistic episteme (unity of knowledge) and the unified world-system (i.e. ecology, sustainability and reversal from entropy).

Keywords: entropy, sustainability, Islam and ecology, Bangladesh population-ecology relationship.

2 Our emphasis in this paper is on ecology and ecological functions. Environment is a subset of the great ecological common. 40 Ref#: 093/MAL/11/SD

Status of the KALAHI (Kapit-bisig Laban sa Kahirapan) Program: Basis for a Collaboration Framework for Sectoral Program Management of the Regional Development Council.

Joanne E. Camus-Rivera a a Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State Unversity, South La Union Campus, Agoo, La Union Agoo, La Union, Philippines. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This study evaluated the status of the KALAHI Program of Region 1 as a basis in evolving a collaboration framework for the sectoral program management of the Regional Development Council.

It specifically studied the (1) level of functional performance of the Regional KALAHI Convergence Group along: (a) Planning, (b) Investment programming, (c) Budgeting, and (d) Monitoring and evaluation, (2) the degree of fulfillment of responsibilities of the Regional KALAHI Convergence Group; (3) the extent of collaboration of the local government units, private sector, and regional line agencies in the implementation of the KALAHI Program (4) the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the KALAHI Program and (5) the status of the KALAHI Program The study also formulated a collaboration framework for sectoral program management of the Regional Development Council based on the status of the program.

The study used the descriptive survey research design. There were 152 respondents distributed as follows: 17 private sector, 51 regional line agencies, and 84 LGUs broken down into four (4) provinces, 19 municipalities and 61 barangays. A questionnaire was used as the main tool in gathering the data which in turn were analyzed using frequency counts and weighted means.

Keywords: collaboration framework, KALAHI Program, local government units, private sector, Regional Line Agencies, Sectoral program management,

41 Ref#: 095/MAL/11/SD

Small Scale Water Resources Development Projects of LGED: A Participatory Approach in Food Production & Employment Generation through Sustainable Surface Water Management in Bangladesh

Md. Abdur Rouf a Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) LGED Bhaban, RDEC (Level-6), Agargaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Food security and surface water management has become a critical need in Bangladesh because of growing demand of food and water. With vision of enhancing food production and employment generation, Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) Bangladesh gets involved at local level surface water management in 1962. As an apex public organization, LGED performs overall planning and management of surface water at local level by confirming people participation. With past experience, LGED started participatory Small Scale Water Resources Development Sector Project (SSWRDSP) in 1995 and built about 580 sub-projects where stakeholder’s involvement in decision making process has become an integral part of sustainable development in surface water management.

The purpose of the paper is to explore the potential contributions of sustainable surface water management in socio- economic development through food production and employment generation at the rural level. It reviews relevant external secondary data sources and internal SSWRDSPs which include sub-project based field data obtained for formulation, implementation, and performance evaluation of SSWRDSPs. Primary sources included extensive field visits, household survey and sub-project beneficiary and Water Management Cooperative Association (WMCA) interviews. Transcripts of field visit, field notes, and relevant literature are analyzed on the basis of themes, patterns and data’s of interrelationships among those that addressed the research goal. To ensure true reflection, quantity and quality of data gets highest degree of priority. It is found that well-designed management of surface water resources is vital and essential in ensuring food security and rural employment.

Keywords: Surface water management, Food production, Employment generation, Sustainable development, Participatory approach

42 Ref#: 102/MAL/11/SD

Unhygienic Living Conditions and Health Problems: A Study in Selected Slums of Dhaka City

Tarannum Dana a a Department of Population Sciences University of Dhaka, Bangladesh. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract In Dhaka significantly the numbers of slums are increasing everyday due to heavy influx of migrants from rural areas. In these slum areas all sorts of services are inadequate and general environmental scenario is hazardous. Data has been collected from field survey, some secondary sources and focused group discussion. The study focuses on the status and practice regarding water, sanitation and hygiene. This paper has also explored that assessment of water resource availability and quality at source point of consumption; problems faced in getting safe drinking water; and knowledge of the features of hygienic latrine; awareness about health. The study is based on the health problems highlighting factors affecting the health of the population in slums for example due to general environmental condition, water supply system and the sanitation system. The study also focuses on other various reasons associated to poor living condition and their impact on health of the slum population. It is suggested that if conditions are to be improved then the problem of the poor living conditions and the health service needs to be addressed through the application of proper measures and planning by the different sectors of government and private sectors.

Keywords: Dhaka; Environment; Garbage; Health status; Health Problems; Pollution; Sanitation; Slum; Water;

43 Ref#:109/MAL/11/SD

Federalist Approach to Integration in West Africa: From Theory to Reality

Adeoye O Akinola a a Department of Political Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The engulfing wind of globalization, the seeming success of European federal-regionalism, and failures of national governments to instigate internal development necessitated West African efforts at sub-regional integration. Also, the attractions of federalism informed Economic Community of West African States’ (ECOWAS) decision to audit the federalists approach to regional integration as the most practicable means of reconciling socio-economic and political impasse that characterized the sub-region. West African political elites realized the need for supranational organization transcending the extant system of national states and re-allocating their existing sovereignty within regional central authority as a sure path to development. Literature is replete with functionalist and federalist theory of integration, while there are exhaustive studies on sub- regional integration in West Africa, but there remained a dearth of research on the practicality of federalist approach to integration in West Africa. This paper, therefore seeks to examine the efforts of drivers of ECOWAS’ integration to establish cross cultural socio-political and economic institutions which is a necessary condition for federalism, explores the various tenets of federalism under a supranational administration, and engages in intellectual discourse on the application of federalist theory into West African states’ integration process. It was discovered that ECOWAS’ effort in adopting federalist approach to West African sub-regional integration is desirable, and that federalism is suited for institutionalized socio-cultural diversity embedded in the quest for sustainable development in West Africa. The results showed that federalism presented a direct challenge to the nation state, offered alternative to unitary states and represents the most radical expression of supranational paradigm. The study concludes by recognizing the opportunities federalism offered West African integration process, and argued that the federalist theory, as against functionalism, presents the best approach to sub-regional integration in West Africa.

Keywords: Development, Federalism, Functionalism, Regional Integration, Theory.

44 Ref#:114/MAL/11/SD

The Classing Sacredness Approach: A New Strategy to Save the Urban Classed Forests in Africa

Emile N. Houngbo a a Department of Rural Economics and Sociology, National Higher School of Agriculture Ketou (ENSTA-Ketou), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Benin . aCorresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract A great place is presently attributed to forest because of its potential for carbon sequestration. Tropical forests support much of the Earth’s biological diversity; produce much of the world’s oxygen, store large amounts of carbon, and contribute substantially to the global economy. More than rural forest, urban forest is of greater utility because of it can serve as a buffer of atmospheric pollution and as a least cost natural laboratory for pedagogic activities of several schools. Unfortunately, the capacity of the tropical forests to provide these services is reduced each year as a result of continuing deforestation and forest degradation. The area of primary forests declined by more than 40 million ha per year since 2000, including the deforestation of 13 million ha, mostly in the tropics. At the opposite of the sacred forests, it’s observed in Africa a higher annual deforestation rate of the classed forests in general and the urban classed forests in particular. This study aimed at analyzing the socio-cultural foundation of this sustained transgression of the administrative dispositions by the populations. A case study was applied to the classed forest of Abomey (Abomey District) in the middle Benin and the classed forest of Kilir (Djougou District) in the northern Benin. Four techniques were used for information collection: literature review, the forests cartography, interview of the traditional authorities, and focus group analysis with the stakeholders of each forest. The data and information analysis revealed the total ignorance of socio-cultural aspects at the classing of the two forests and in the present management system. This suggests the necessity of an integrated approach of the urban classed forests management in Africa: the Classing Sacredness Approach.

Keywords: Abomey, Benin, Kilir, Sacredness, Urban Forests.

45 Ref#:117/MAL/11/SD

Identify the Necessary Duties of Iranian Public Agricultural Extension Service under Pluralistic Context: (Perceptions of agricultural extension administrators )

Mostafa Moradi Kafraj a, Ahmad Rezvanfar b, Iraj Malek Mohammadi c a, b, c Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, College of Agricultural Economics and Development, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The main purpose of this study was to identify the duties of public agricultural extension service under pluralistic context according to perceptions of agricultural extension administrators. The study population consists of 346 agricultural extension administrators in townships of Iran. Statistical sample was selected through simple random sampling technique and a survey study was applied as a methodology of research work. On the basis of review of the literature, data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Content and face validity of instrument were established by investigating the attitudes of specialists. Questionnaire reliability was estimated by calculating Cronbach's Alpha (α=0.91). Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was utilized to summarize the variables of the research to determine the new roles for public agricultural extension service. The factor analyses results suggest that, all items load on four constructs indicate: managerial, empowerment, institution building and developmental role.

Keywords: Agricultural Extension Administrators, Public Extension System, Reform, Pluralism

46 Ref#:118/MAL/11/SD

Preparing for Decentralization of Public Agricultural Extension Services

Abstract Tendency of governments has changed from economy dominance to privatization and decentralization. The purpose of this study was to identify variables and factors affecting the successful implementation of decentralization of agricultural extension services. Methodology: the statistical population consists of faculty members and agricultural extension administrators. Statistical sample was selected through simple random sampling technique. A survey study was applied as a methodology of research work. On the basis of review of the literature, data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Content and face validity of instrument were established by investigating the attitudes of specialists. Questionnaire reliability was estimated by calculating Cronbach's Alpha (α= 0.91). Findings revealed that infrastructure elements, participative, adaptive and supportive factors are needed to decentralization of agricultural extension services. Implications: development of economical and social infrastructures are the most important and fundamental factor to achieve a decentralized Public Agricultural Extension Services. To decentralization of agricultural extension services, Public Agricultural Extension Services should empower farmers. Also, informing extension staff about goals and philosophy of decentralization is another task of decision makers in the early stages of reforms.

Keywords:Agricultural extension reforms, decentralization, Iranian Agricultural Extension Services.

47 Ref#:120/MAL/11/SD

Science, Technology and Society (STS) Elements Inventory for Palestinian Society

Marwan M. A. Abualrob a a Department of Education, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Arab American University, Jenin, West Bank, Palestine. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The purpose of this study was to set a list of STS elements for Palestinian society. The initial list of STS elements was developed based on literature review. A panel of experts in science education and curriculum were trusted to establish content validity for the list. The modified list introduced in the form of a poll to science teachers and supervisors. This form of poll was then introduced to different categories of science teachers and supervisors. The results indicate that the Cronbach alpha coefficient reliability test of the importance domain was found to be 0.812, and the suitability to be domain was found to be 0.836. Therefore, the list of STS was reliable.

Keywords: Science, technology, and Society (STS) – STS Elements

48 Ref#:121/MAL/11/SD

Dissemination process for innovation in Indonesia: A case study of the Prima Tani Livestock System Program in East Nusa Tenggara

Enti Sirnawati a a Natural and Rural System Management, The University of Queensland, Australia. a Indonesian Center for Agricultural Technology Assessment and Development (ICATAD), Indonesia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Analysis of the Dissemination of Innovation Technology in the ‘Prima Tani’ program, Indonesia, was done by evaluating its success from farmers’ point of view of their changes in farming practices after the innovation was introduced. The focus was to analyze practice changes focusing changes in knowledge, attitude, skill, aspiration, and the practice change (KASAP) caused by the innovation that had been delivered. Data was collected by interviewing and doing field observation with twenty-four cooperative farmers. The main findings showed the increased of farmers’ knowledge regarding to the technology introduced. However, their Practice changes was not always in line with the increased knowledge of four technology introduced. The cattle shed innovation was adopted successful; in contrast, the biogas innovation was the least adopted. Based on findings, characteristics of the innovation are one aspect that contributes to the successfulness of the innovation being adopted. Assistance from the technology expert and extension officers will accelerate the adoption of technology.

Keywords: Practice change, Adoption rate, Livestock Innovations, Barrier on Adoption, Cattle

49 Ref#: 122/MAL/11/SD

Sustainability and intergenerational equity with varying discount rate: The case of renewable resource

Nik Hashim Nik Mustapha a, Azlina Abdul Aziz b a Centre for Socio-Economic Development (CSD) University of Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), Malaysia. b Department of Economics, Faculty of Management and Economics University of Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), Malaysia. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract The relationship between natural resource exploitation and the discount rate in economic theory is well documented. The discount rate is deemed to influence resource utilization such that a higher discount rate will speed up natural resource exploitation in market oriented economy and a lowering rate will act otherwise. This fact is proven mathematically and is known as the Hotlling lemma. Basically an optimal utilization of renewable natural resource is attained when its growth rate per time is equated to the existing discount rate. The current study attempts to establish the fact that discount rate which is used as the discounting factor in dynamic optimization is technically useful for the attainment of production sustainability of a renewable resource. However, it has a far reaching economic and environmental implication in terms of resource distribution pertaining to the equity issue between the present and future generation. The finding seems to suggest that higher discount rate would favor greater exploitation of resource, thus raises the issue of resource sustainability in long run. Using panel data from forestry resource the linear fixed and random effect demand functions were estimated. A simplified dynamic optimization technique was then applied with the objective to investigate the impact of varying discount rate on the renewable forestry resource and thus the distribution of natural resource in the light of intergenerational equity distributional issue. The mathematical objective of intertemporal optimization equity issue is to maximize the net social benefit between the economic and environmental benefits and costs. Environmental degradation which tends to increase following intensity of resource exploitation was observed.

Keywords: discount rate, natural resource use, intergenerational justice, intertemporal optimization and sustainability.

50 Ref#:133/MAL/11/SD

Estimation of Crop Coefficient of Rice at Rupandehi District of Nepal

Govinda Bhandari a, Rijan Bhakta Kayastha b a, b Department of Science and Engineering, School of Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This study is carried out to estimate the Crop coefficient (Kc) for Rice. A lysimeter is installed to estimate potential evapotranspiration (PET) at the experimental farm of Agricultural Research Center of Bhairahawa, which is located in western part of Nepal. The Blaney-Criddle formula is used to estimate the Kc for rice. The estimated values of Kc for rice at the four crop growth stages (initial, crop development, mid season/reproductive and late season/maturity) were 2.92, 1.85, 0.43 and 0.12. Average value of Kc for Rice is 1.33, which is estimated from measured crop PET and using temperature data. Aridity index (AI), the ratio of precipitation to PET, is an important parameter to determine the dryness of a region. The value of AI at the Rice growing season (August to November, 2010) in Bhairahawa is 1.16, and is classified as a more humid region.

Keywords: aridity index, crop coefficient, lysimeter, Nepal, Rice

51 Ref#:134/MAL/11/SD

Comparison of Improved and Traditional Cooking stove user in terms of firewood consumption. A Study of Chhekampar VDC (MCA), Gorkha District, Nepal

Sanjeev Poudel a a National College, Center for Development Studies, Kathmandu University, Nepal. a South Asia Watch on Trade, Economics and Environment (SAWTEE), Tukucha Marg, Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This paper intends to compare between improved and the traditional stoves user of Chhekampar Village Development Committee (VDC), Gorkha district, with regard to firewood consumption. Stratified random sampling was done to collect primary data using structured questionnaire from 61 households out of 244 households. The major variables used to analyze the firewood consumptions of the households are Stove type, Family Size, Livestock Holdings, Frequency of firewood collection, time taken to gather the firewood from the nearest forest, Altitude, amount of firewood collected at once, amount of firewood used per day. The results reveal that all the respondents are totally dependent on the firewood and animal dried dung as a primary source of energy for cooking purpose. Moreover, the results showed that using improved stoves reduced firewood consumption by 620.5 kg per capita/year, and household firewood savings by NRs 71357.5 per capita/year. Carbon Emissions of traditional cooking stoves user is more than ICS user by 1135.51 Kg per capita/ year. Improved stoves users agreed that, ICS have many advantages over the traditional one.

Keywords: Altitude, Chhekampar VDC, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Forest, Improved cooking stove (ICS) user

52 Ref#:135/MAL/11/SD

Organizing and Empowering the Informal Settlement of Gulshan Kanshahr Neighborhood, Tehran

Somayeh Ziari a, Ahmad Pourahma b, Hosien Hataminejad c, Reza Ziari d a,b,c,d Geography and Town Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Iran. Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Organizing and empowering informal settlements in urban neighborhoods, especially in big cities, is among the major issues for urban planning these days. Consequently, the same issue will be studied for the case of Gulshan neighborhood (Khak Sefid) located in East of Tehran. In this study a descriptive - analytical method has been used. The covered population includes 13,767 households (53,458 people) and the sample size covers 194 heads of households. Random sampling method has been employed. In order to determine and measure factors affecting the organization of informal settlements in Gulshan neighborhood, 24 variables were studied in the framework of existing facilities and needs as variables influencing the organization of informal settlements. Factor analysis was used to identify the main factors. Based on the factor analysis, these 24 variables involving in organizing informal settlement of Gulshan neighborhood were grouped into 6 factors. Among these six factors, the first factor includes: the possibility of supplying power from unauthorized network, construction without permit by the municipality, environmental protection, observance of technical principles and standards in housing construction and the level of satisfaction with Tehran city council. In the second factor: health care facilities, sanitation, timely garbage collection and access to safe water, in the third factor: trafficking, theft and drug addiction, in the fourth factor: actions offensive to sense of morality, street harassment, and fraud, in the fifth factor: green space, life satisfaction and satisfaction with the Gulshan neighborhood council, and finally in the sixth factor educational facilities were covered. The weightings of factors indicate that the first factor, i.e. physical factor, with the value of 4.229 is the most influential factor in organizing the informal settlements in Gulshan neighborhood. Social and economic factor, with value of 2.228, is in the second place. Among the variables examined in relation to land ownership, two variables, namely the reason of selecting the location and the floor area were meaningful (with meaningfulness level of 0.95% and 0.98%). Since most of residents in Gulshan neighborhood are tenants (about 35.6%) and only 22.7% of residents possess property along with title deeds, the lower rental prices than other areas is a main factor in choosing this neighborhood for residence and most of units used by residents have a low floor area. These factors have a direct impact on the type of the ownership and ownership type has, in turn, its own impacts on formation of informal settlements and manifest itself in the location of residence, floor area of residential units, type and level of income of households and number of rooms and floors in residential units which ultimately trigger the formation of informal settlements. Among the evaluated variables associated with physical conditions, variables related to materials used in residential buildings, facilities of residential units and the number of rooms in residential units were meaningful (up to 0.98%). Physical situation of most of units used by residents was not suitable and this has a direct impact on intensifying the process of informal settlement is in the Gulshan neighborhood. At the end of the paper, empowering and organizing strategies have been presented.

Keywords: Organizing, Empowerment, Land Ownership, Participation, Gulshan Neighborhood.

53 Ref#:141/MAL/11/SD

Towards Sustainable Peace: Government of Sri Lanka as the Primary Actor in Post-Conflict Peace-building Efforts

Ajith Balasooriya a a Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation (IDEC), Hiroshima University, Japan. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract To achieve the goal of sustainable peace, post-conflict peace-building in Sri Lanka explores new dimensions of contemporary peace-building though the success is yet to be evaluated.The GoSL’s “miracle winning” of the conflict against the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) has not brought a comprehensive answer to the underlying causes of the conflict, though, the absence of war was prevalent for the last two years. Therefore, to achieve sustainable peace the country, as the primary actor to its people or the winner of the conflict, the GoSL has to go ahead with clear and comprehensive peace-building activities to overcome prolonged causes of the conflict. Some of the GoSL’s “monopolise Sinhalese strategies” and implementations have shown its limited capacity to deal with underlying causes both in national and local levels rather than its “nationally populated political interests”. Many activities in post-conflict peace-building aim to address the surface of the existing issues. There could not be seen any credible mechanism to bring justice, accountability and post-conflict reconciliation for conflict affected civilians rather than the military dominated partial mechanisms. Therefore, GoSL has to overcome multiple challenges on post-conflict peace-building particularly both in internally and internationally.

Keywords: Primary actor; Post-conflict peace-building, Sustainable peace, The Government of Sri Lanka

54 Ref#: 142/MAL/11/SD

Linkage Between Economy, Agricultural Land Use and Forest Processes - A Case Study of Selangor, Malaysia.

Akeem Olawale Olaniyi a, Ahmad Makmom Abdullah b; Mohammad Firuz Ramli c , Alias Mohd Sood d a,b,c Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, University Putra Malaysia. Serdang, Darul Eshan, Selangor, Malaysia d Department of Forest Production, Faculty of Forestry, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Darul Eshan, , Selangor, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract A research is conducted to investigate the linkages between economy, agricultural land use and spatial processes of different forest classes in Selangor, Malaysia with the aim of examining the spatio – temporal dynamics of the relationships and the processes over time. Basic spatial metrics such as the percentage of landscape occupied by different forest classes (PLAND), Patch Density (PD), Largest Patch Index (LPI), Patch Area (PA), Edge Density (ED), FRAC_AM - area of different forest types were determined in a GIS environment and these were linked with the economy, agricultural land use and forest consumption using multiple regression analysis. Findings show that there are significant inconsistent change in spatial metrics of forest classes over time. Moreso, at every time period, the inland forest class suffers greater loss than any other forest types and this could be attributed to agricultural expansion policy of the government at such times. Furthermore, spatial metrics were correlated with the natural logarithms of the population density, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), agricultural land use and forest consumption using multiple regression analysis. It was found that the population density and GDP were only able to explain 36.1% and 50.6% of the observed changes in the forest processes respectively while agricultural expansion and forest consumption were responsible for 56.6% and 65.0% of the change in forest spatial processes respectively. However, it was found that there were remarkable improvement in forest spatial metrics from 1990 till 2000 indicating that the forest restoration efforts of the government has started yielding positive effect. While the effort of the government forest restoration is commendable, yet a political will is still required in forest conservation (particularly the mangrove forest) in order to achieve sustainable economic transition as contained in the Vision 2020 development agenda.

Keywords: degradation, population density, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), spatial metrics spatio-temporal, Vision 2020.

55 Ref#:143/MAL/11/SD

Waste weir for safe disposal of excess runoff from field in degraded watershed of Kandhamal district , Orissa.

C.R.Subudhi a a Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology,Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, India. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract A trial was conducted during 2005-06 & 2006-06 at All India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture Phulbani,Orissa ,India., with an objective to obtain the water loss and economics of the lined ponds .There were three treatments T1-Lined pond with soil cement plaster (6:1) 8cm thickness ,T2-Unlined pond,T-3-No pond.10% of the cropped area was dug for construction of the pond in Lined and Unlined pond treatments. The size of the pond is 7m top widths, 1m-bottom width, 3m heights, and 1:1side slope. The water harvested in pond was reutilized for the pumpkin crop, which was sown only in Lined pond treatment, as there was no water available in unlined pond so the crop was not sown there. Lined pond with soil cement (6:1) plaster of 8cm thickness gave highest Tomato yield of 4.8 t/ha during kharif 2008-09 and radish root yield of 25.5 t/ha in rabi seasons of 2008-09.. The water loss was 326 lit/day in lined pond and 24,000 lit/day in unlined pond. The benefit: cost ratio in lined pond was 3.04 as compared to 1.64 in unlined pond during 2008-09. The light textured well-drained upland soils in North Eastern Ghat Zone provide scope for cultivation of vegetables during rainy season. The intermittent dryspells and terminal drought affect the performance of those high value crops in most of the years. About 25% of the rainfall is lost as run-off. Harvesting of this run-off water in farm pond with proper lining will conserve the run-off water and recycling of this water for life-saving irrigation will protect the crop from drought/dryspell grown in 90% of land area. The ponds will be helpful for sustainability in productivity of dryland crops. Soil structure and organic matter status decide the water holding capacity of the soil. Soil physico-chemical characteristics depend on the systems of nutrient management. Keeping those points in view, the present experiment involving two water management systems (no pond and pond) has been designed.

Keywords: waste disposal, unlined pond, lined pond treatment, dry spells, dry land crops

56 Ref#: 144/MAL/11/SD

Studying Daylight in Classrooms and Its Relationship with the Architectural Configuration: Case Study of Schools in Pune.

Poorva Ujwal Keskar a, Neha Karkhanis b, Pradnya Nesarikar c Department of Environmental Planning and Architecture, Dr.B.N.College of Architecture,Pune,India Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract The prime function of a classroom space is to facilitate environment for learning. The success of the teaching methods used conventionally i.e. blackboard teaching, depends on the visual environment in the classroom space. A comfortable visual environment is a function of the architectural configuration of the classroom space which tailors the daylight that enters the classroom. A research captured in Greening America’s Schools: Costs and Benefits, states that the light supplied by the sun is of high quality and glare free, and can improve academic performance by 20%. Employing daylight to create a comfortable visual environment not only improves the performance of the students but also reduces the energy consumption for lighting, which amounts to 26% for a school building. Careful design decisions on orientation, openings, shading devices and light carrying devices could employ daylight, reducing the need for artificial lighting. Problem statement: This paper will study the day lit environment of classrooms in schools in Pune, India with respect to their architectural configuration. The research will focus on the quantity and quality of daylight in the classrooms. Approach: The methodology of the study is measurement of illumination using lux meter in various classrooms, on a particular day within intervals of 2 hours, analyzing and comparing the results throughout the day. Results: The expected results would be the change in quantity and quality of day light by change in architectural configuration. Conclusion: This study will conclude on various factors that affect the daylight and will lay down certain standards which can be followed to provide optimum illumination in a classroom. Retrofitting measures will be suggested for improving the daylight environment in the classrooms. The performance of the retrofit measures will be assessed using software simulation tool, ECOTECT and RADIANCE.

Keywords: Architectural configuration, classrooms, daylight, Pune, RADIANCE

57 Ref#:145/MAL/11/SD

Land Use and Benefit Arrangements in Papua New Guinea Mining: Dawn of a new Era?

Benedict Y. Imbun a a School of Management, University of Western Sydney, Penrith South DC NSW, Australia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract For any large scale resource extraction project in Papua New Guinea (PNG) securing of land from customary landowners is critical for its operations. This paper examines various land use and benefit arrangements applicable to mining currently in place, which had evolved over the last few decades. Largely encapsulated in pluralistic framework agreements, they had benefited from land tenure debates, civil uprisings, government initiatives, and savvy landowners. The pluralistic process encouraging key stakeholder involvement, particularly customary landowner participation and therefore materializing of their demands in benefit arrangements in project is an innovate piece of sustainable mineral policy development in PNG. The paper discusses these benefit arrangements in the context of government policy prescriptions and local community grievances. It concludes that the post- Bougainville period has led to a change of the old enclave model of mining development to a broad based sustainable and community development in the country. Although it has just begun and it is hard to predict how this model of mining led development in rural PNG will span out in the long run. However, in the mean time, the real landowner partnership with developers and government in the management and operation of mining projects in the country is proving to be a positive outcome for everyone.

Keywords: Development, Landowners, Mining companies, Papua New Guinea, Sustainability

58 Ref: 146/MAL/11/SD

Land Ownership and Sustainable Resource Management: Lessons from the Protected Area Management of Mount Pulag National Park, Philippines.

Doreen Ingosan Allasiw a a Department of Agriculture, BPI Compound, Guisad, Baguio City, Philippines. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Mt. Pulag National Park is the second highest mountain in the Philippines rising to 2,922 meters above sea level and covering a total area of 11,500 hectares, deemed as the watershed cradle of Northern Philippines; it supplies irrigation to the main rice producing provinces of the country. Furthermore, Mt. Pulag is hailed as the last frontier of mossy forest in the Philippines. It is also the home of two groups of indigenous peoples called the Ibaloi and Kalanguya.

In 1992, the implementation of the National Integrated and Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act provided for the establishment and management of protected areas in the Philippines. This law served as the legal basis for in situ conservation of biological diversity through the appropriate management of ecologically important areas for conservation and sustainable development.

Unfortunately, in the area around Mt. Pulag National Park, the enactment of NIPAS renewed the resentment of the indigenous residents to the state, which dates way back to the colonial times. According to the local people, the state merely treated the place as a resource base without any regard to the peoples’ sentiments. The initial declaration of Mt. Pulag as a national park itself, in 1989, was deemed prejudiced by the local inhabitants of the area. Thus, re- affirming its status as a protected area thru the NIPAS act was like pouring salt to an open wound.

This paper centers on the effects of the establishment of Mt. Pulag as a national park and afterwards the enactment of the NIPAS law to the way the local people managed the forest resources. Through the comparison of the peoples’ behavior before and after the protected area status, this paper aims to draw lessons on how to better manage national parks in order to achieve sustainability of resources without withholding development opportunities for the locals living within and around the protected area.

Keywords: indigenous people, national park, protected area management, sustainable development, sustainable resource management

59 Ref#: 147/MAL/11/SD

Agricultural development in the Mara ecosystem: Implications for wildlife conservation and management

Noah Sitati a a Department of Tourism Management, Moi University, Kenya. Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The Mara ecosystem, a seventh wonder of the world due to the unique annual migration of wildebeests is one of the leading tourist destinations in Kenya and Africa in general. The high tourism numbers received translates into high revenue accrued, making the Narok County the richest destination in east and central Africa. However, the local communities living adjacent to the famous Masai Mara National Reserve whose land also supports over 65% of the wildlife population live in extreme poverty due to inequitable distribution of revenue accrued while the land owners again bear the costs of living with wildlife. As a result, the pastoral landowners lease land for small, medium and large scale cultivation which threatens wildlife conservation and management efforts since Masai Mara National Reserve is not a complete ecological entity and the future of wildlife conservation in the ecosystem depend their seasonal dispersal between the protected area and the adjacent dispersal areas. This paper examines the implication of farming on wildlife by analyzing land use change overtime and the associated human-wildlife conflicts. It also analyzes the local communities’ attitudes and perceptions towards wildlife conservation. The study employed remote sensing techniques, questionnaire surveys and monitoring and recording of conflict incidences to gather data. The general results show a decline in wildlife dispersal areas due to farm encroachment. Crop farming increases conflict in form of crop raiding and the affected local communities have developed a negative attitude towards wildlife conservation and hence not willing to continue living with wildlife. The loss of the dispersal areas results in a decline in wildlife population which will have an implication on tourism development in the Mara ecosystem. There is need, therefore, for clear legal frameworks that will reconcile conservation and agricultural development in rich wildlife dispersal areas and ensure equitable distribution of benefits with land owners.

Keywords: attitudes, cultivation, wildlife, tourism benefits,

60 Ref#: 150/MAL/11/SD

Supplemental Iirrigation to Mitigate Dry-spells in Dry Sub-humid Region of Maiduguri in Borno State of Nigeria

Mustapha, A.B. a, Chiroma, A.M.b a Department of Agric. Engineering, Ramat Polytechnic, Maiduguri, Nigeria. b Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria. aCorresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract Four irrigation regimes were laid out in a randomized complete block design at the Teaching and Research Farm of Ramat Polytechnic, Maiduguri located in dry sub-humid zone of Borno State during the 2009 rainy season to determine the effect of supplemental irrigation on the growth and yield of rainfed pearl millet. The soil of the study area was well drained with high infiltration rate. Sandy loam was observed within the 60cm depth and sandy in the lower horizons (60-200cm). The soils were slightly acid at the surface but tended to be neutral at the lower horizons. There were low organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous contents but high potassium content was recorded. The CROPWAT version 8.0 of the FAO was used to determine the seasonal pearl millet crop water requirement, effective rainfall and irrigation requirements as 445mm, 248mm and 145mm, respectively. The water excess of field capacity lost to deep percolation was 219mm while 246mm of irrigation depth was used to supplement rainfall at different stages of growth. The irrigation water applied throughout the growing as at when required gave the highest yield of 2260.42kg ha-1. Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed for number of tillers per plant, leaf width, number of panicles per hectare, panicle length, stover weight, chaff weight and grain yield. It was observed that multiple irrigations produced more yield than the other treatments. It is therefore more suited to the dry sub-humid agroecological conditions of Maiduguri and its adoption can bring substantial yield of pearl millet per unit water and land area.

Keywords: CROPWAT, Dry sub-humid, Pearl millet, Rainfed, Supplemental

61 Ref#: 163/MAL/11/SD

An analysis of farmer field school (FFS) as a potential source of advanced technology dissemination among the farmers of district Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Muhammad Ali a, Muhammad Sajjad Haider b a Department of Agricultural Extension and Communication, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. b Allied Bank Limited, Jaran wala Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Pakistan is a developing country with agro-based economy. Several extension approaches, designed primarily to improve the living standard of rural people through increased agricultural production and improve farm income, have been tried but in vain. In recent years, a number of developmental agencies, including the World Bank, have promoted farmer field schools (FFS) as a more effective approach to extend science-based knowledge and practices to farmers. The FFS training program utilizes participatory methods “to help farmers develop their analytical skills, critical thinking, creativity, and help them learn to make better decisions. The present study is therefore, conducted to assess FFS as a potential source of latest agricultural technology transfer for farming community in Faisalabad, Pakistan. The analysis revealed that an overwhelming majority 90.87 % received latest package of agricultural technologies from Agriculture Officers. The data collected by “survey” method was analyzed through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and results indicated that new seeds of crops with the mean value of 2.574, bio Aab (liquid fertilizer) with mean value of 2.689 and application of advance agricultural machinery (mean value=2.733) were found significantly important for amelioration in yield per acre. Accordingly conclusions were drawn and suggestions were made for the improvement of the function of farmer field schools in transferring improved agriculture technologies among the farmers of District Faisalabad. It is hoped that the results of the study will be helpful to ameliorate the working efficiency of the farmer field schools staff and also useful for the appropriate and effective training of farmers. Moreover this will pave the way for the planning of new future projects to strengthen the farmer field school (FFS) approach.

Keywords: Farmer Field School; Agriculture technology transfer; Agriculture Extension; Decision making; Participatory approaches

62 Ref#: 165/MAL/11/SD

Sustainable Livelihood in Imperatives of Sustainable Development and management : Bundelkhand Scenario

Asha Sharma a, Madhuban Pandey b a Aravali Institute of Management, Dadhich- Bhawan, Sardarpura, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. b Development Alternatives, TARA Livelihood Academy, India. Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The Sustainable Livelihoods is a way of thinking about the objectives, scope and priorities for development. There is no set sustainable livelihoods measurement to measure it though there are some core principles and parameters that underlie sustainable development and management. Contribution for continuous progress and development is fundamental to the creation of sustainable livelihoods. People can satisfy their basic needs and empower themselves to create their own livelihoods rather than be permanently dependent on the support from government and other institute.

In this research paper, main emphasis has been made on analysis of concept and need of sustainability management. Research Methodology is to be used while conducting this study, takes qualitative approach. Data has to be collected from multiple sources of evidence to understand the importance of sustainability management, in addition to books, journals and news papers; we have to rely on different websites and other professional magazines. Additional data of last five years from 2006-10 has to be collected through questionnaires and personal interviews with people of various villages of Bundelkhand. We studied a comparative analysis of Coming to the findings, there is utmost need to create awareness, implement and follow sustainable development and management for sustainability of livelihood in today’s world of to make their tomorrow better.

In this paper last 5 years data of the livelihood resource, life standards facility, income generation resource and resource availability and adoptability of Bundelkhand district has been taken. In order to evaluate and conclude the research, tools like, mean, standard deviation, correlation and chi-square test have been used. It is found that people are so progressive mind to adopt the change. Although speed of development is quite slow still it is sustainable. There is ultimate change in life style and living standard in people of the area.

Keywords: Globalization, Green Natural Environment, Sustainable development, Sustainable Management, Sustainable livelihood.

63 Ref#: 166/MAL/11/SD

Teachers’ Perceptions about the STS Teaching and Learning Materials

Marwan M. A. Abualrob a a Department of Education, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Arab American University, Jenin, West Bank, Palestine. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This paper outlines Teachers’ Perceptions about the STS Teaching and Learning Materials (modules) and elicit teachers’ perceptions about infusing the developed modules instead of the existing textbook, which was part of a bigger study to establish a science, technology and society (STS) foundation in the Ninth Grade Science curriculum in Palestine. Both interviews and questionnaire were used to answer the research question “What are the teachers’ perceptions about the final developed STS teaching and learning materials (modules) for Ninth Grade Science?” of this paper. Teachers’ overall impression about the final version of the STS teaching and learning materials was positive. The teachers also gave high scores to most of the items in the survey evaluation of the modules. In addition, the teachers agreed that the final STS teaching and learning materials (Modules) could be used in the infusion instead of the existing textbook.

Keywords: STS teaching, curriculum, learning materials, science and technology

64 Ref#: 167/MAL/11/SD

Energy Crisis and Sustainable Development in Africa: Perspectives of Some Nigerians on Awareness, Causes and Way Forward

Emmanuel E. Achor a a Department of Curriculum and Teaching, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract Focusing on some Nigerians’ extent of awareness, possible causes and the way forward on energy crisis, this paper examined the status of energy crisis in Africa and its strong link to development in the Continent using Nigeria (the so called giant of Africa) as a case study. Four hundred and forty nine (N = 449) post graduate students from Benue State University and University of Agriculture all in Makurdi (representing 33 out of 36 States in Nigeria) responded to “Perception of Energy Crisis in Nigeria Questionnaire (PECNQ) developed and validated by the researcher. The instrument which has a reliability coefficient of 0.79 using Cronbach Alpha was used to collect data which were analysed using frequency, means, standard deviation and rank order. The results show among others that even the educated are only aware to a little extent on the extent of energy crisis in Nigeria; most people are not conscious of the contributions of the society through poor maintenance culture and waste to the crisis. However, corruption, conscientization and illiteracy ranked highest among factors that lead to energy crisis. On the other hand, a change in attitude to life was considered the most important step towards elimination of energy crisis followed by the need for mass literacy campaign, education of the generally poor rural populace and drastic reduction in population through birth control and tax on extra number of children above the maximum allowed.

Keywords: Energy, energy crises, Nigeria, Africa, development

65 Ref#:168/MAL/11/SD

Spatial Variability of Soil Properties in the Sokoto-Rima Floodplains-Nigeria

I. Z. Talhaa , S.S Noma b , H.R. Bakari c a Department of Agric Technology, Ramat Polytechnic Maiduguri-Nigeria. b Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering Usmanu Danfodiyo Universty Sokoto-Nigeria. c Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Maiduguri-Nigeria. Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This paper applies statistical procedure to a soil chronosequence on the Sokoto–Rima floodplains to analyze the spatial distribution of several soil properties. Statistical procedure focus on analyzing differences between soil units. Profile description accompanied by sampling for the determination of physical and chemical properties and their variability assessed. Four soil units were identified and named GRS1, GRS2, GRS3, and GRS4. GRS2 occupies the largest portion of the study area accounting for over 40% of the entire site. Soil variability across landscapes is well known and results from the combination of geomorphologic and pedogenetic processes. Bulk and particle density variability was low (least) in all the soil units. Variability of porosity was medium in soil unit 1 whereas all other soil units were least. . The pH values were consistently least variable, in all the soil units. The coefficient variation of organic carbon was generally low (least), total nitrogen variability was high in soil unit 1 and 4 while soil units 2 and 3 were moderate. Available P was least variable in soil units 1 and 4 having moderate variability in soil unit 2 while highly variable in soil unit 3. Mg was generally medium in variability. K variability was low (least) in the soil units 1 and soil unit 4 was medium (moderate) whereas soil units 2 and 3 were highly variable. Variability in C: N ratio and Ca was moderate throughout the soil units. Na variability was moderate in soils unit 2 and 4 whilst soil unit 1 and 3 were high in variation. CEC (cation exchange capacity) was least variable in soil units 2 and 3, and moderate (medium) in soil unit 1 as well as having high CV value in soil unit 4. Variability in ECEC was generally moderate. Percent base saturation was low variable in soil units 1 and 4 while medium in soil units 2 and 3. These have implications for crop production.

Keywords: spatial variability, soil, sokoto-rima and flood plains.

66 Ref#: 169/MAL/11/SD

Sustainable Neighbourhood Adaptation in Malaysia by Elemental Approach

M.Vikneswaran a, Mohd. Ismid Mohd. Said b , Rozana Zakaria c a BPKP, Ministry of Defence, Jalan Padang Tembak 50634 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. b,c Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81300 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia. Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract In recent decade, the sustainability was emphasised to become the foundation of planning and design of building structures and infrastructures. Therefore, the land use development for neighbourhood construction should be protected from being overused and devastated. Malaysia should have more consent on sustainable neighbourhood planning and design so that the future generation can be benefited from this type of sustainable development. Sustainable neighbourhood meet the diverse needs of existing and future residents, are sensitive to their environment, and contribute to a high quality of life. The main concern of this study is to introduce the Sustainable Neighbourhood Elements (SNEs) into the current practice of sustainable neighbourhood planning and design in Malaysia. Sustainable neighbourhood concept was integrated with 21 green space elements to form the SNEs where they can be applied into the current planning and design system. Issues pertaining Malaysia’s sustainable neighbourhood were also discussed. To assist planners and stakeholders involved in the planning and design process, a preliminary set of decision making model and evaluation framework has been developed based on the SNEs which urban designers can manipulate to suit the current need. It must be stressed that the model are preliminary and their role is to act as a catalyst in adapting new ideas into the planning and urban design process.

Keywords: Sustainable development; sustainable neighbourhood; sustainable neighbourhood elements.

67 Ref#: 170/MAL/11/SD

Empowering Stakeholders towards better working conditions through green factories: An Action Research in India

Gagan Preet Kaur a, Puja Gupta b , Matt Syal c a, b Department of Resource Management and Design Application, Lady Irwin College, University Of Delhi, Delhi. c Construction Management of Planning, Design and Construction, Michigan State University, USA. Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract The need of sustainable development is picking up pace, with one of the major concerns being to provide healthy environment for citizens to live and work. The Industrial sector has pursued its manufacturing operations without giving much attention to environmental and health issues. This has resulted in an impact on resources, human health and wellbeing. Thus in this context, Indian Green Building Council has developed green factory rating system which can help address issues like energy efficiency, conservation of natural, betterment of working conditions and enhanced productivity. Its adoption can be accelerated by generating awareness amongst stakeholders of manufacturing sector to voluntarily adopt green practices for their factory buildings. The research brings out the action oriented approach followed to generate awareness amongst stakeholders regarding the green factory rating system with special reference to Indoor Environment Quality technologies since it has major impact on the health and productivity of the workers. Also, newer technologies used for Indoor Environment Quality by operational green factories were also studied in detail. Newer technologies employed by existing green factories, as revealed by the study were Building flush out, entryway systems, high efficiency filters and so forth. Taking these as a framework, a training programme was prepared to generate awareness. The training programme, dealt in imparting knowledge on various issues such as sustainable development, green built environment, green factory rating system etc. It consisted of modules assisted with comprehensive tools like presentations, videos, pamphlet, training manual and handouts. The training programme resulted in change in knowledge and perception of stakeholders which was statistically analyzed. This change helped them to understand and appreciate how their practices and preferences in their factory buildings can contribute to good working environment thereby leading to a holistic goal of sustainable development. Thus, such interventions can be taken up at a wider scale to motivate community stakeholders to adopt green building guidelines.

Keywords: Green factory rating system; Industrial sector; Indoor environment quality technologies; sustainable development; training programme

68 Ref#: 171/MAL/11/SD

Greening of Existing Buildings in India: An insight into Catalysts and Hindrances

Meenal Jain a, Meenakshi Mital b , Matt Syal c a,b Department of Resource Management and Design Application, Lady Irwin College, University of Delhi, India. c School of Planning, Design & Construction, Michigan State University, USA. Corresponding authour: [email protected] Abstract Sustainable Development is one of the biggest challenges in today’s scenario. Development cannot subsist on a deteriorating environmental resource base; the environment cannot be protected when growth leaves out of account the costs of environmental destruction. Construction is an essential part of any country’s infrastructure and industrial development. The Indian economy is also witnessing a major growth in the real estate sector. The way we design, build, and operate buildings has negative impact on planet as buildings use resources such as energy, water, generate waste and emit potentially harmful atmospheric emissions which are ultimately contributing to climate change. Buildings account for more than one third of total energy use and its associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across the world. At the same time, this sector has the largest potential for cutting GHG emissions responsible for global warming. Thus, it is imminent to go in for green buildings which would bring in energy efficiency and reduce the carbon footprint of the building sector. In developing countries like India, there is a huge stock of existing buildings that are not so efficient and thus, there is an immense potential for energy efficiency measures in the country. Also, considering the current economic challenges, retrofitting an existing building can be more cost effective than building a new facility. Designing major renovations and retrofits for existing buildings to include sustainability initiatives reduces operation costs and environmental impacts, and can increase building resiliency. Worldwide, a variety of assessment programs have been developed around environmental and energy impacts of buildings. The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System, developed by the U.S. Green Building Council, provides a suite of standards for environmentally sustainable construction. The LEED for Existing Buildings (LEED-EB) is intended to provide the existing building stock an entry point into the LEED certification process. It has become an important benchmark of sustainable building operations and maintenance. But still, there are only a handful of people concerned about making their existing set-up green. The present paper, thus, throws light on the hindrances and catalysts associated with LEED-EB as a tool for greening of existing buildings.

Case study method was adopted to have a better understanding of the processes involved in the route to greening of existing buildings. The study was undertaken in India in two buildings, one certified under LEED-EB and the other registered under it and case studies were developed for the same. Hindrances and catalysts associated with LEED- EB were studied from the perspective of project managers, architects and green building consultants associated with LEED-EB projects. For the purpose of data collection, Questionnaire and Interview Schedule were used as the tools. A checklist was an intrinsic part of the questionnaire to make a profile in terms of LEED-EB credits that they had gone for. In addition, the tool was administered on some other green building consultants who were not associated with LEED-EB projects to get a wider perspective on the hindrances and catalysts associated with the process.

On analyzing the data, Prestige, image and reduction in operational costs were found to be major catalysts behind LEED-EB. Better rental value, social responsibility, Improved Indoor Environmental Quality emerged as catalysts with medium and minor importance. The major hindrances were found to be high renovation costs, difficulty in meeting prerequisites and unavailability of the required data for LEED-EB submission. Some hindrances with medium and minor importance were resistance to make changes in the existing buildings, lack of skilled professionals, difficulty in retrofitting, lack of awareness among the stakeholders, lack of technology and no immediate benefit. Adopting the green initiatives in the existing buildings and taking the LEED-EB certification will prove to be a very useful tool in minimizing the negative impact of such a large number of existing buildings on the environment and would ultimately result in the sustainable development of the society in the long run. The catalysts being revealed need to be made overt and hindrances which have been brought forth by the study can be worked upon so that LEED-EB certification gains momentum and the stakeholders start taking initiatives to give the country a sustainable path towards a green built environment.

Keywords: Green buildings, Existing buildings, Hindrances and Catalysts, LEED-EB.

69 Ref#: 172/MAL/11/SD

The Micrographs of Calcium Oxalate Crystals in Pandanus Species

Eshak, Z. a, Mohsin, H. F. b, Abdul Wahab, I. c Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan. Malaysia. Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract In this paper, the micrographs of calcium oxalate crystal (CaC2O4.H2O), extracted from natural samples, specifically from the Pandanus genus (family: Pandanaceae), are presented. The crystal holds a significant attribute for guiding plant taxonomists and archaeologists in the investigation of sustainable plant species. From the literature, this stable mineral exists in higher plant species and commonly consists of five basic morphological types; (1) needle-shaped raphides, (2) rectangular or pencil-shaped styolids, (3) mace-head-shaped aggregates called druses, (4) block-shaped aggregates called crystal sand, and (5) variously shaped prisms. Its size and appearance can differ within and between the plant families. Advanced resolution analyses of calcium oxalate raphides were published using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy. Through SEM, another four general characteristics of raphides (Types I–IV) could be distinguished. In one of our phytochemical investigations of Pandanus species, we would like to examine whether this plant genus could produce the same form of crystal in the same tissue. Therefore, the crystals are extracted based on methodologies, adapted from Crowther, A. (2009a, 2009b). Both leaves and roots organs were firstly macerated in 70% ethanol. Then, the ethanolic suspensions were agitated and the aliquots were transferred to the microscope slides and allowed to air dry. The slides were examined by using Leica Microsystems Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM), followed by SEM. In our findings, the samples from P. amaryfollius, P. conoideus, P. leram and P. pygmaeus contain needle-shaped raphides, as reported for P. dubius. This screening could support the crystals’ distinctiveness are probably under the plant genetic control.

Keywords: calcium, crystals, oxalate, Pandanus, sustainable.

70 Ref#: 176/MAL/11/SD

Agroforestry Sustains Agricultural Development through Efficient Land-Use Systems

Md. Sarwar Jahan a,, M. Zulfikar Rahman b a Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. b Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Agroforestry is an integrated approach of using the interactive benefits from combining agricultural and forestry technologies to create productive, profitable, and sustainable land-use systems. Whether agroforestry practice sustains agricultural development, this study was conducted to find out the opinion of the farmers on the effects of agroforestry on sustainable agricultural development (SAD). Selected farmer’s characteristics were analyzed to explore the relationship with their opinion on the effects of agroforestry on SAD. Data were obtained from 120 randomly selected respondents. Agroforestry covers 0.52 ha land per farmer. Farmers more than 60% acquired knowledge on agroforestry from non-government organization (NGO). Majority (88%) of the farmers confirmed that there was positive effect of agroforestry on SAD. Correlation analysis indicates that the characteristics of the farmers such as education, farm size, annual income, communication exposure, and knowledge on agroforestry showed significantly positive relationship and rest insignificantly positive relationship with their opinion on the effects of agroforestry on SAD. Taken together, this study confirmed that agroforestry practices might sustain agricultural development through sustainable land-use systems. Therefore, agroforestry practices increase farmer’s income, forest coverage and keep environment friendly.

Keywords: Agroforestry, sustainable agriculture development, tree, sustainable land use

71 Ref#:177/MAL/11/SD

Impact of Evironmental Challenges on Aquatic Productivity

Oyekanmi, Funmilayo Bosede a a Agricultural Sciences, School of VOTEC, Osun State College of Education, P.M.B. 5089, Ilesa, Nigeria. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Aquatic resources do not operate within a stable environmental context. Environmental variation has overwhelming effects on these resources and on the ecosystem that support them. In considering environmental variation as they affect aquatic resources (emphasis on fish resources) the physical, ecological, political and socio-cultural factors are highlighted as important variable in the degradation of the aquatic environment in Nigeria. One of the threats to the anticipated increase in aquatic production in Nigeria today, particularly, the highly valued fin and shell fishes, has been a sustained degradation of the environments. The various aquatic environment utilizable and considered suitable for aquatic production has been negatively affected by uncontrolled and uncoordinated industrial, agricultural, domestic and chemical effluent discharges through human activities. This paper examines the effects of a continued environmental degradation on aquatic living resources in inland waters that have hitherto hindered the capacity of the ecosystems for a sustainable fish production, suggestions are made to control the present trend of negative environmental effects on inland aquatic living resources.

Keywords: aquatic environment, ecosystems, degradation, nutritional component

72 Ref#: 178/MAL/11/SD

Diagnoses based on Green Management Model for identification of improvement plans (The Case study of an Iranian Pipe and Equipment Company in steel industry)

Mehrnoush Dowlat Madani a, Jalal Haghighat Monfared b a,b Faculty of management, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran branch, Tehran, Iran. Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Green management approach is a new managerial strategy to develop the organization Enablers (leadership - policy and strategy - corporate partners - corporate resources - processing) for sustainable business success (financial - social and environmental results) that helps to naturalize behaviors and the functions associated with learning and creativity and innovation to become Industrial competitiveness. During recent years, increasing environmental pollution by various industries and consequently the incidence of global protests, Green management tries to keep a stable relationship between the enablers and the success of an organization. Four years later Iran Green Management Association was formed with the aim of improving and integrating all of the organizational criteria and tries to assess the five main criteria and consequently enhance the environmental, social and economic results. The "Green Management Award" in the UN-affiliated organization called the "Energy Globe" has been registered and has a universal validity. The study is diagnoses based on Green Management Award model for Identification of improvement plans in the case study of The Sadid Pipe and Equipment Company in steel industry that has been conducted by the researcher during 2010 to 2011. The study is divided to two quality and quantity parts. This research has been carried out in quantity part, while reviewing the current models used in diagnoses, enumerating the reasons necessary to implement green management in organizations and with using the Green Management Association of Check List has its validity and reliability. In the next phase by using quality analysis, the group of experts on corporate executives and some experts in the fields has been formed and the results of the quantitative sector in research with an organizational diagnoses approach is of qualitative analysis. The first, evidence from the existence of the diagnoses in enablers and consequently in the results of three in sustainable success area were identified then they based on the company's main problem. After that the condition causing these symptoms or evidences obtained separately in internal different areas of Sadid Pipe and Equipment company examined , analyzed and while presented the list of the most common causes of each complication, solutions in order to address weaknesses and overcoming the diagnoses of company was proposed that if the company runs that, it can significantly eliminates the problems of this part of steel industry and improves the Environmental, Social and Economic results of company.

Keywords: Green Management, Enablers, Sustainable success, Diagnoses

73 Ref#: 179/MAL/11/SD

Gender Discrimination in Leadership Positions and Sustainable Development in Nigeria A Study of Oyo State Civil Service

Adebimpe A. Adenugba a, Sunday Ayodeji Omolawal b a,b Department of Sociology. Faculty of the Social Sciences,University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Gender issues haven taken a central stage in the discourse relating to sustainable development across the globe. This is because the world has come to realize and accept the indispensable role of women and their great potentials in evolving a new economic order and in accentuating the pace of sustainable development. Unfortunately, the question arises on whether this laudable shift pictures the situation in Nigeria. Using the Oyo State Civil service as a case study, this paper examines the issue of leadership positions with a view to ascertaining to what extent women occupy leadership positions which will empower them towards developmental challenges on sustainable development. The research design for the study entailed a triangulation of both qualitative and quantitative methods of research. Four hundred and seventy respondents were selected using the stratified sampling and purposive techniques. Data was collected using questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Quantitative data was analyzed with the use of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to generate frequency tables while the qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis. Results of the study showed that truly there exists a certain pattern in the leadership of the civil service that is based alongside gender issues and that men are more favored in assuming these leadership positions. Despite the fair policy environment of the public service that allows for equal academic and professional advancement, it was realized that there existed inhibiting factors to the realization of this advancement for women. 42.9% claim that sexual harassment was a major inhibitor as it creates a hostile working environment for women. 60.4% of the respondents agreed that men barely tolerate women in leadership positions, 53.1% of respondents claimed that women are indeed discriminated against in appointment to leadership positions. A probability value of 0.012 derived from the Chi-Sq test showed a significant difference in the rate of promotion of women to positions of leadership as against men. An overwhelming 80.5% attested that men and women display equal level of intelligence and competence but the patriarchy nature of the Nigerian culture has created the glass ceilings that have made it very difficult for women to move up despite their high productivity. The study concluded that there is indeed a paucity of women in the leadership positions in Oyo State civil service which gives them less access to decision makings in the society. It recommended that all aspects of the Nigerian culture that encourages patriarchy should be put aside, and that policies that address gender equity should be thoroughly adopted and implemented at all levels so that both gender could have the chance to contribute to the efforts geared towards sustainable development.

Key words: Civil Service, Gender, Gender Discrimination, Leadership Patriarchy.

74 Ref#:183/MAL/11/SD

Residential and Industrial compatibility by Mixed Land use, Zoning and Urban Design Case Study Vardavard near Tehran Metropolis

Mostafa Taleshi a, Sara Bishehii b a,b Payam e Noor university, Tehran, Iran. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract One of the problems and limitations of rapid urban development in developing countries is the interference of industrial and residential land uses. Hence, the separation of urban spaces for reducing environmental damage and increasing the citizenship comfort through intervention in urban policies is essential. One of the interference policies in urban context is to use compatibility strategy or mixed land use. This articles tries to introduce a suitable pattern of residential land use with industrial in an urban area named Vardavard in west of Tehran, Iran. This area was a rural settlement near Tehran that following industrialization of the country and especially Tehran some small and big industries had began to grow around it. Almost, with filling the context of this area by industrial factories and continued residential construction, some problems such as lack of adequate urban services, industrial and residential transportation interference and more importantly the pollution from industries appeared. Recent urban planning policies like emit the industries from distance of 120 Kilo meters of Tehran or controlling the residential construction were faced with opposition. Our approach, here, is not to remove one of these because each of which has their roots and continues their existence until now. And also from economical view, these industrial land uses creates employment opportunities for residents of these area. With using zoning and mixed land use method and also urban design tools we try to create compatibility. In this study by identifying the pattern of residential and industrial uses spatial distribution, their relationship, analyzing the transportation pattern, identifying type of industries, open spaces, street network for both people and truck, it is tried to categorize and zone the area into some portion with a specific character, to segregate residential and industries transportation and where it is possible make compatibility between two land uses. To achieve a mix of industrial and residential uses we assumed a shift from heavy to light industries. We sure this method supports some sustainability principals: creating comfort and walk able environment, mix land uses, compact development and managing redevelopment opportunity within existing areas.

Key words: Residential land use, Industrial land use, Mixed land use, Compatibility, Urban space, Tehran

75 Ref#: 184/MAL/11/SD

Water and wastewater minimization in Tehran petroleum refinery through water pinch analysis using single contaminant approach

Shahin Mohammadnejad a, Abtin Ataei b , Fatemeh Ebadati c , Fatemeh Lotfi d , g Gholam Reza Nabi Bidhendi e , Naser Mehrdadi f , Foroogh Shadman Lahiji a,c Ministry of Industries and Mines, Tehran, Iran, b Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. d Cleaner Production Promoter Co. Ltd., Tehran, Iran e, f University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. g Institute of agricultural and food policy studies, University Putra Malaysia (UTM), Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This study aims to find an appropriate way to minimize water utility in the petrochemical and petroleum industries due to high rate of water consumption. For this purpose, Tehran petroleum refinery has been well studied. In this research, three key contaminants including suspended solid, hardness as well as COD have been considered to analyze the water network. These key contaminants were analyzed separately as a single contaminant and the amount of required fresh water was calculated for both of them. In this stage, amount of freshwater was reduced about 60.9 m3/h (17%), 203 m3/h (59.7%) and 143 m3/h (42.5%) in terms of suspended solids, hardness and COD respectively. Water minimization within operations for SS is less. Therefore, this contaminant is a limiting contaminant and can be selected as a key contaminant.

Keywords: water minimization, mass transfer, water reuse, petroleum

76 Ref#:185/MAL/11/SD

Conceptualization of the Development STS Materials

Marwan M. A. Abualrob a a Department of Education, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Arab American University, Jenin, West Bank, Palestine. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This study presented the conceptualization of Development Materials (STS module), which was part of a bigger study to establish a science, technology and society (STS) foundation in the Ninth Grade Science curriculum in Palestine. It was discussed the STS approach and constructivism, followed by a discussion of constructivism and instructional design. It was then described the instructional design models used as a guide in developing the STS teaching and learning materials (modules) in this study. Furthermore, this study discussed the formative and summative evaluation carried out in this developmental research and the appropriate methods employed for the formative and summative evaluation. Some essential features and criteria of high-quality teaching and learning materials and the process of material development were also discussed. Finally, this study discussed the conceptual framework of the Development Materials (STS module).

Keywords: Science, technology, and Society (STS), Constructivism, Instructional Design; STS Materials

77 Ref#:187/MAL/11/SD

Secondary School Students’ Energy Literacy: Effect of Gender and School Location

Lay Yoon Fah a, Khoo Chwee Hoon b , Elyna Tony Munting c , Collins Andrew Chong d a School of Education and Social Development, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia. b Science and Mathematics Department, Teacher Education Institute- Kent Campus, Tuaran, Sabah, Malaysia. C SMK. Apin-Apin, Keningau, Sabah, Malaysia. d SM. St. Michael, Penampang, Sabah, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Energy is the “underlying currency that governs everything humans do with each other and with the natural environment that supports them.” Our reliance on energy-rich sources of fossil fuels has created the underpinnings of modern society, enabling mobility, industrial growth, domestic comfort, unprecedented lavish food supply, and economic prosperity. As we move into a future with limited fossil fuels resources and worsening environmental conditions, our society is faced with defining new directions with respect to energy consumption, resources, and independence. Energy literacy encompasses three dimensions: Content knowledge (cognitive), sensitivity and attitude (affective); and intentions/behaviours. An informed, energy-literate public is more likely to be engaged in the decision making process, and will be better equipped to make thoughtful, responsible energy-related decisions, choices, and actions. Unfortunately, a number of studies have shown that people are generally ill-prepared to actively contribute to solving our energy problems, largely because they lack energy-related knowledge and awareness. Hence, the primary purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of gender and school location of secondary school students on their energy literacy. The secondary purpose is to investigate if there is a correlation among the afore-mentioned components of energy literacy. The ultimate goal of this study is to investigate the contribution of students’ energy-related knowledge and attitudes on their energy-related behaviors. This was a non- experimental quantitative research. Sample survey method was used to collect data by using ‘Energy Literacy Questionnaire’. Independent samples t-test, Pearson product-moment correlation, and multiple linear regression were used to test the stated null hypotheses at a predetermined significance level, alpha = .05. A broad and efficient measure of energy literacy for secondary school students may prove useful for determining baseline energy literacy levels among groups of students, as well as to assess the effectiveness of energy education programmes for improving energy literacy. Such assessment would provide valuable programmes feedback, enabling greater strides toward better educational programmes, wider implementation of these programmes in our classrooms, and improved energy literacy.

Keywords: Energy literacy, Energy-related Attitudes, Energy-related Behaviors, Energy-related Knowledge, Gender, School location, Secondary school students

78 Ref#: 194/MAL/11SD

Indigenous People’s Participation in Land Development Project in Selected areas of Sarawak

Spencer Empading Sanggin a, Neilson Ilan Mersat b aDepartment of Development Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia. bDepartment of Politics and International Relations, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Sarawak is the largest state in Malaysia and much of its lands are still very much undeveloped. Land development is an important approach to develop the rural areas of Sarawak. This study looks at how the rural communities are responding to the land development projects implemented which are commercially oriented. The study was carried out in the Betong and Sri Aman Division of Sarawak with the primary aim of exploring pertinent issues and problems faced by the people and the agencies during the course of the implementation of the projects. More specifically the study’s objective was to identify the livelihood strategies of the indigenous people (i.e. the Ibans) who are affected by the large scale land development projects. In addition, the study also attempt to study issues faced by the implementing agencies (i.e. SALCRA) during the pre and post- implementation period. The study used both qualitative as well as quantitative methods of data collection. The selected respondents were the local scheme’s participants, i.e. local landowners in Saratok-Saribas and Sri-Aman-Lubok Antu areas and personnel in the respective oil palm schemes. The study revealed that some of the indigenous people were quite skeptical of the large scale land development project as they are not familiar with the concept. Nevertheless, after much efforts made by the personnel from the implementing agency in collaboration with community leaders, majority of the indigenous landowners agreed to participate in the projects by allowing their Native lands to be opened up for the oil palm plantations. As time passed by, many active participants began to abandon their jobs with the oil palm schemes and pursued other economic activities to sustain their livelihood. To this day, many of the people who used to be engaged as workers in the plantation ended up being absentee-landowners.

Keywords: Land development, Iban, Indigenous people, livelihood strategies

79 Ref#:198/MAL/11/SD

The Plan for Modernisation of Agriculture and Sustainable Development in Uganda: A Case of Kigarama Village

Ndinawe Byekwaso a a Teacher Education and Development Studies, Kyambogo University, Uganda. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Uganda has implemented the policy of liberalisation to commercialise and consequently modernise agriculture under the Plan for Modernisation of Agriculture (PMA). The paper examines the effect of the mentioned plan not only on food security but also on sustainable farming in Uganda in the context of Brundtland Report’s definition of sustainable development. Using the information from Kigarama Village, in which the author was born, grew up and is always in touch by frequently going there, plus other relevant encountered experiences as well as documentary evidence, the paper establishes that the mentioned plan has not only caused increased food insecurity but has also led to the degradation of the environment. With the increasing commercialisation of production, the growing of high food value but labour intensive crops has been discouraged while the growing of high commercial value crops has been emphasised. As a result, communal land, which in the past was preserved not only as a public property but also as a way of preserving the environment, has been cleared. In addition, the use of pesticides in farming, without considering their health as well as environmental consequences, is on the increase.

On the other hand, the practice by peasant farmers to sell most of their produce during the harvesting season in order to meet the costs of modern living is now common, leading to hunger and malnutrition, while the frequent price fluctuations as well as the poor terms of trade for agricultural produce are driving the youth out of farming.

Keywords: Agriculture, Modernization, Plan, Sustainable Development

80 Ref#:201/MAL/11/SD

The Role of R&D Management in Productivity Improvement: A Case Study of an Iranian Company

Reihaneh Montazeri Shatouri a, Wan Khairuzzaman Wan Ismail a a, b International Business School, UTM International Campus, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Research and Development (R&D) department creates new products and provides technological improvements for current products through innovative methods. This study investigates the most important roles of R&D on Iranian society improvement. The authors explore the most common types of R&D activities and the industries which benefited most from an active R&D unit in Iran. This research uses quantitative analysis obtained from primary and secondary data. The primary data has been retrieved from a survey questionnaire and the secondary data acquired from an investigation on Mazandaran, one of the provinces in the north of Iran, by some Iranian researchers. Based on the secondary data, most R&D activities in Iran are focused on cost reduction and upgrading productivity while the most common industries that benefit from R&D unit are metallic, machinery and equipment design, and automotive industry. In addition, the survey reveals that the primary effects of R&D on society improvement in rank order include: Industry improvement, economic growth, using professional human resources, creation productivity and creativity culture, creation competitive and innovative environment, and increasing people knowledge. Generally, low budget and insufficient supply of highly skilled scientists and engineers are two important obstacles for R&D in Iran. Whereas R&D has resulted in improvement in the Iranian society, transfer of contemporary knowledge into the international market is still lacking.

Keywords: Human resource, improvement, productivity, R&D, transfer of knowledge.

81 Ref#:202/MAL/11/SD

Socio-Economic Factors Affecting Participation in Farm Forestry Among Farming Households in The Sahelian Environment of Borno State, Nigeria.

Mustapha, S.B a, Bzugu, P.M a, Shettima B.G and b , Sulumbe, I. M. b a Department of Agricultural Extension services, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria. b Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract The study analysed the social and economic factors affecting the decision to participate in farm forestry by farmers in the Sahelian environment of Borno State, Nigeria. Interview schedules were administered to 168 respondents which were analysed using descriptive (frequency distribution and rank order) and inferential (chi-square test) statistics. The study revealed that among the social characteristics of the respondents, age (X2=13.264; P ≤ 0.05) and household size(X2 = 11.344; P≤0.05) were statistically significant. The result also, indicated that all the economic characteristics; Farm size(X2=9.862; P≤0.05), Land Ownership(X2=7.269; P≤0.05), Educational Level(X2=16.723; P≤0.05) and Non Farm Income(X2= 18.236; P≤0.05) were statistically significant. The most important reasons for participation in farm forestry include the need for fuel wood (41.67%) and increased agricultural productivity (40.48%) of the respondents. The respondents had an agreed (mean score= 3.60) perception on the benefits of farm forestry. The major constraints affecting the decision to participate in farm forestry were lack of access to agricultural credit, followed by livestock browsing and incidence of bush fire. Policy recommendations were suggested to include the development of programmes to aid farming households to participate in farm forestry with increased access to credits and extension services coupled with vigorously pursued policy regulations on the environment.

Keywords: Borno State, Factors, Farm forestry, Participation,Sahelian environment

82 Ref#:203/MAL/11/SD

Assessment of the Effectiveness of Lake Chad Research Institute “Adopted Villages Scheme” in the Dissemination of Improved Farm Technologies in Borno State, Nigeria.

Mustapha, S. B a; Gwary, M.M b; Nuhu, H.S c, and P.A. Samaila d a, b,c, d Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension Services, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria a Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract This study assessed the effectiveness of “Adopted Villages Scheme” as an approach to improved technology dissemination among beneficiaries in Borno State, Nigeria. Structured interview schedules were used to obtain information from all the thirty (30) participants in Dalori and Dusuman adopted villages of Lake Chad Research Institute (LCRI) Maiduguri. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive (frequencies, percentages and mean scores) and inferential (chi-square analysis) statistics. The results showed that there was high level of awareness (more than 80%) of improved technologies by respondents. Findings also revealed that most (70%) of the respondents became aware of improved farm technologies on monthly basis. The level of participation of respondents in trial of improved technologies being disseminated was high in both the high yielding ( X =2.836) and early maturing ( X =2.60) millet varieties. Result and method demonstration was the most effective ( X =2.93) technique used in disseminating improved farm technologies to the respondents. The result equally indicated that result/method demonstration and farmer field school were statistically significant; X2 calculated (9.800) and (6.812) > P- value (5.991) and (5.991) respectively in effectiveness of dissemination of improved farm technologies in the study area. Lack of finance ( X =2.96) was the major problem affecting the effectiveness of the scheme. It was recommended that loan disbursement under the scheme and basic inputs such as fertilizer, chemicals and implements, be made adequate at the right and at subsidized rates to the beneficiaries.

Keywords: Adopted villages, Assessment, Borno State, Effectiveness, Farm technologies

83 Ref#:205/MAL/11/SD

Gender Based Discrimination in Rural Labour Market: A Study of Two South Indian Villages

E. Krishna Rao a a Centre for Study of Social Exclusion and Inclusive Policy, Pondicherry University, R.V.Nagar, Kalapet, Puducherry, India. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Women in rural India are involved in myriad activities, ranging from crop production to the management of household resources. It is also important to keep in mind the fact that women also spend a substantial part of their time in the management of live stock, poultry etc. According to 2001 census report about 72 percent of the entire female working force was engaged in agricultural operations in India. Thus it amply justifies that the women contributes more to the Indian agriculture than male, even though, since long time they were not given equal wages as compared to the men. It is often argued that since women do less labourious work than men they received lower wages than men. But the wage discrimination of women exists even for similar type of work performed by men and women. Labour wage differences between men and women are not a new issue for debate but it is surprising at even after several efforts made by the government to remove this evil from the agrarian society, it still prevails extensively. The wage discrimination on the basis of gender in Indian agriculture is live issue for the discussion. Moreover, it is very important in the context of vehement changes in Indian economic and social structure. The women literacy levels and their organizational unity have been significantly climbing up one hand, and the state and central governments have been enacting the laws for their welfare and development on the other hand. But the inequality is persisting remarkably in the agricultural sector. Thus an assessment is needed to checkout weather these laws are being provided economic justice to the women in our Indian agricultural sector, particularly at village level. With this background in this paper an attempt has been made (i) to examine the prevailing labour market organizational structure at micro level (ii) to study the rural wage market structure and wage rates for different operations and (iii) to explore the importance of women in agriculture and their discrimination in rural wage market.

Keywords: Discrimination, Employment, Labour Market, Gender, Wages

84 Ref#: 206/MAL/11/SD

The role of non-enzyme antioxidant in retaining the cell membranes of wheat lines in the drought stress conditions

Parisa Sharifi a, Reza Amirniya b, Hashem Hadi c a,b,c National University of Uremia branch, Uremia, Iran. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract In this study to consider the oxidative stress resulted from drought stress and the tolerance mechanism to this stress, the lines which were sensitive (SARA-BW-F6-06-85-86-29-1) and semi-tolerant ( DH-2049-3 and HN7/OROFEN//BGN8/3/SERI/4/ …) to drought in form of factorial in the accidental complete block design basis are considered in three replications and dry conditions. In this study, the cultivar has three level and the drought stress has two level ( stress and lack of drought stress) and the time of drought stress has three level ( Stress was respectively in the time periods, 215, 229,236 days after cultivation ,). The samples of leaves which have been prepared to specify the total amount of soluble antioxidants in the water, ascorbate and glutathione, their reduction form and also lipid peroxidation is used. The results showed that the total amount of ascorbate in DH-2049-3 line was increased and the total amount of glutathione in the last time period of stress compared to the control status was decreased. If in the lines HN7/OROFEN//BGN8/3/SERI/4/ and SARA-BW-F6-06-85-86-29-1 by increasing the stress intensity in the last time period of sampling, the amount of ascorbate was decreased and the total amount of glutathione was not changed but the reduction form of both antioxidants in the studied lines with increasing the stress intensity in the last time period of sampling has been decreased. Among the studied lines, always the line of DH-2049-3 compared to both of other lines has specified the maximum amount of ascorbate and glutathione for itself.also the results of this study shows that the amount of antioxidants of ascorbate and glutathione had a negative relation with lipid peroxidation that all the results can be as an evidence for increasing the drought tolerance in the line of DH-2049-3 compared to both of other lines.

Keywords: ascorbate, drought stress, glutathione, stability of cell membrane, wheat.

85 Ref#207/MAL/11/SD

Not Avilable

86 Ref#:208/MAL/11/SD

An alternative view of Integrated Sustainable Development through a Time-Spatial Lens

Per Assmo a, Elin Wihlborg b a, b Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, Sweden. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The conventional monetary market oriented economic view of development is the dominant approach of development, despite its shortcomings and inability to include social and environmental aspects into long term processes of change. Essential values are often concealed or even excluded in conventional monetary analyses, which are fundamental for integrated sustainable livelihoods.

Using a time-spatial perspective, building on Hägerstrand’s time-geography, this article aims to elaborate upon an alternative conceptual development approach. The time-spatial model open for an alternative constructive approach to analyze and physically anchoring socio-economic and ecological processes extended over time. Such a view thereby contrasts and reaches beyond the conventional monetary market growth strategy.

Combining the conceptual discussion with empirical illustrations from rural livelihoods in Sweden, the article highlight new alternative political-economic analytical tools and strategies to achieve sustainable sound integrated socio-, economic-, and ecological development processes.

Keywords: criticism, development, theory, time-geography

87 Ref#: 209/MAL/11/SD

Ensuring Sustainable Development by worsening Gender? A case of the effect of the forest policy on gender relations of Indigenous people in CHT in Bangladesh

Helal Hossain Dhali a a Department of Women and Gender Studies, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Forest is one of the key word or construct of development discourse and recently, in 1992, it has been incorporated in Agenda 21 of Earth Summit. The participation and rights of indigenous people and women has been emphasised there. But, as a responsible body when the state formulates any policy it imposes the ‘monoculture of knowledge’ which goes against the rights of indigenous people and women. Concerning this critical view to development policy this study aims to analyse the effect of the forest policy on gender relations of indigenous people to contribute the literature of gender and development, particularly in the field of forest policy by displaying the discrepancies between the principles of the policy and its actual effects. After studying the forest policy of Bangladesh and investigating the implementation and the effect of the policy, this study argues that the policy has been formulated as a national policy for over all development where its effect has been negative to the indigenous people and their gender relations in CHT. Furthermore, the effect has not been found similar rather different as they are not homogenous group and the outcomes of the policy has intersected with age, status and gender. This intersectional effect has mainly widened the status gap among the villagers, made women vulnerable, and worsened the gender relations which lead to gender inequality.

Keywords: Development discourse, Forest Policy, Gender Relations, State Policy, Sustainable development

88 Ref#210/MAL/11/SD

Determinants of Adaptation to Deforestation among Farmers in Madagali Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria.

Mustapha, S.B a, Undiandeye, U. C b, Bawa, D. B. c, Abdullahi, A.d a,b,c,d Department of Agricultural Extension Services, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria. Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The study examined the determinants of adaptation to deforestation among farmers in Madagali Local Government Area of Adamawa state, Nigeria. Structured interview schedule were used to obtain information from 200 respondents selected through simple random sampling techniques. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive (frequencies and percentages) and inferential (chi – square test) statistics. The result indicated that majority (84%) of the respondents were male with 21-40 years of age representing 58.50%. The study also showed that most (45%) of the respondents had attained post primary education with majority (80%) having 6 and above years of farming experience. The respondents perceived fuel wood extraction as the major (42%) cause of deforestation in the study area. The result showed that the most (30.50%) frequently employed adaptation strategy against deforestation was reducing quantity of fire wood consumption. The study further showed that the factors which significantly influenced adaptation to deforestation among the respondents were age, farming experience and educational status with X2=9.216, 8.697 and 11.238 at P<0.05 respectively. While those factors which did not influence adaptation to deforestation among the respondents were gender, access to agricultural credit and access to extension services with X2=1.286, 7.923 and 5.862 at P<0.05 respectively. The major constraints faced by respondents in adaptation to deforestation were lack of capital and lack of accessible alternative energy. The study recommends that awareness campaign should be mounted to increase the level of knowledge of respondents on the significance of adaptation to deforestation. Respondents should also be encouraged towards establishment of adaptation cooperative societies in order to take advantage of some government policies and programmes.

Keywords: Adaptation, Deforestation, Determinants, Farmers, Nigeria.

89 Ref#:212/MAL/11/SD

Sustainable Agricultural Development

P. Malliga a, Krishna Moorthy b, S, K.Chitra Devi c Marine Biotecnology, Bharathidasan University, Tamil Nadu, India. Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Organic farming seems to be more appropriate as it considered the important aspects like sustainable. Organic Agriculture is the most important sector for ensuring food security, alleviating poverty and conserving the vital natural resources that the world’s present and future generation will be entirely dependent upon for their survival and well being, in the name of development, the environmental resources have been beyond comprehension. Intensive use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides has been an important tool in the drive for increased crop production. In fact more fertilizers consumption is a good indication of agricultural productivity but depletion of soil fertility is commonly observed in soils. Due to heavy use of chemical herbicides, pesticides and intensification of agricultural production during the past few decades has led to other harmful effects like nitrate in the ground water, contamination of food materials, eutrophication, stratospheric changes etc. High agricultural inputs are unlikely to be sustainable for very long unless the inputs are correctly judged in terms of both their quality and quantity. To escape from these harmful effects, must be aware about natural farming, principles of integrated farming and biofertilizer production and its applications. Organic Farming seems to be more appropriate as it considered the important aspects like sustainable natural resources and environment. It is a production system, which favors maximum use of organic materials like crop residues, FYM, compost, green manure, oil cakes, bio-fertilizers, biogas slurry etc. to improve soil health from the different experiment, microbial fertilizers like Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Blue green algae, Azolla etc. have increased the yield and also played important role for minimizing the harmful effect of pesticides and herbicides. There is urgent need to involve more and more scientist to identify the thrust area of research for the development of eco-friendly production technology.

Keywords: Azolla, bio-fertilizer, cyanobacteria, FYM, organic farming

90 Ref#:215/MAL/11/SD

Promoting sustainable tourism through Community Based Natural Resource Management in Namibia

Julia Janis a a Department of Economic and Political Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Until 1990 Namibia was characterised by segregative policies of apartheid and fortress type of conservation that excluded the majority from conservation efforts and benefits. Since 1996 rural communities throughout the country have been able to establish communal conservancies, the aim of which is to allocate ownership and management rights over natural resources and concessionary rights for tourism development. The Namibian Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) has been regarded as a success story internationally. The success has been measured in terms of increased biodiversity and economic benefits especially from tourism to the rural communities. Despite the achievements, however, CBNRM involves various challenges such as human-wildlife conflicts and management of tourism income. This paper analyses the Namibian CBNRM programme through literature and empirical material from several communal conservancies collected in 2006, 2007 and 2008. The conceptual framework is based on the sustainable tourism discourse and the strategic pillars of CBNRM. The three interconnected pillars are tourism, conservation and benefits. Commitment to conservation is assumed to lead to improved biodiversity and potential for tourism. These imply that rural communities receive benefits from tourism, which in turn is expected to enhance their further commitment to conservation efforts. The paper analyses how these pillars are materialised in the empirical cases in Namibia and what challenges they involve. The paper argues that although tourism brings important income that can be used for poverty reduction measures, its impact on commitment to conservation is not as clear-cut. Restricted access to land use and human-wildlife conflicts are some of the major challenges, which imply direct impacts on people’s livelihoods. Furthermore, rural communities’ limited experience and skills in tourism and their reliance on donors and the private sector in tourism development create additional challenges for CBNRM.

Keywords: benefits, communities, conservation, Namibia, tourism

91 Ref#: 216/MAL/11/SD

The Strategic Planning of Post Disaster Reconstruction (A Case Study of Banda Aceh’s Reconstruction)

Aulia Sofyan a a Aceh Provincial Government, Jl. Syech Muda, Wali E-19 Banda Aceh, Indonesia a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This paper investigates the reconstruction of Banda Aceh after the disastrous earthquake and tsunami of December, 2004. It fits the investigation within a framework derived from the literature on disaster studies and disaster recovery. The fundamental issue addressed in the paper is the delays apparent in the reconstruction process even though a new government agency (BRR, or the Aceh and Nias Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Agency) was created to expedite reconstruction. The questions that underpin the research are concerned with the factors that hinder and support effective and speedy reconstruction.

The study used a number of research approaches, including interviews with 50 members of the community, with public figures, with representatives of donor organizations and NGOs from abroad and with national, provincial and local government officials. The interviews were supported by data from focus group discussions, as well as official reports and documents and the wider literature. The author was also able to use participant observation to support and guide the other research methodologies. The author was able to work closely with BRR in discussing in the field problems and obstacles that faced the implementation of BRR programs. The field work for the study was carried out in two six-month periods in 2005 and 2006.

The research showed the approach needed for an effective reconstruction program in Aceh should enhance communication among stakeholders, build stronger coordination mechanisms amongst these stakeholders, build an effective bureaucracy working within an effective governance system, improve community involvement in the recovery process, strengthen the local government capacity and increase the level of practical and effective commitment from donors and NGOs. These are all aspects that have been listed in the literature as components of effective reconstruction after natural disasters. In general, the thesis research supports these conclusions. An issue that was of special significance in Banda Aceh was the impact of the level of international sympathy and support. Although this is a feature of many international disaster responses the reconstruction in Banda Aceh showed how critical is the actual level of delivery of assistance compared to the level of promises of assistance. The general recovery process faced obstacles that arose from the presence and absence of factors that can aid reconstruction: lack of communication among stakeholders, lack of coordination among stakeholders, ineffective bureaucracy, lack of community participation, lack of human resources, and unfulfilled promises to the communities.However, the case study showed that factors that strongly support the rehabilitation and reconstruction in Aceh are the strong budgetary commitment by central government, strong financial support from donors and NGOs and the powerful mandate of BRR to aid the reconstruction. A special circumstance that applied in Banda Aceh was the ceasefire agreements in the preceding civil strife and the agreement of both sides to assist in the reconstruction.

Keywords: Reconstruction, Post-Disaster, Recovery, Planning, Disaster Management

92 Ref#:217/MAL/11/SD

A Proposal for Prototype Package of Green Affordable Home: Using Fast Track Wall System

Muhd Zaimi Abd Majid a, Hasannudin Bin Lamitb, Ali Keyvanfar c and Arezou Shafaghat d a, c, d Construction Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor, 81310, Malaysia, b Sustainable Research Alliance (SUTRA), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, 81310, Malaysia, a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Adopting from CIDB annual report, Malaysian housing demands is 4% per year (280,000 establishments per year equals to nearly 2,800 projects); it is while, the figure only is highlighting first-time house buyer’s statistics. Furthermore, understanding population growth statistics provides us to expect even more housing demand in near future. Considering previewed statements, dynamic increasing demands for residential building construction enforce us to enhance the main project measurement including project’s “time”, “cost” and “quality” while there is construction elimination in use of “human resource”, and “machineries”. Based on that, there is some initiative to go through industrial building system methods proposed by CIDB highlighted in strategic plan. More than that also, it is important to aid building construction to decrease its environmental defects. These environmental defects can be understood based under “construction based defects” (it includes construction, expansions and renovation of the building)”. Recently, there is enrichment of construction in managing cost, time and quality, using Fast-Track Wall (FTW). Regarding the previewed statements, this study is to consider FTW as the case for green affordable housing. Thus the aim of this study is to develop a prototype green affordable home which can be applied in Malaysia considering humid region environments. Therefore, the study is proposed to conduct research in three research teams. First research team tasks to investigate green materials in the FTW- affordable home. Second research team tasks to investigate green energy requirement in the FTW-affordable home. And, third research team tasks to investigate green social requirement in the FTW-affordable home. Relatively, each team will follow the research objective including methodology in three research phases. The phases include; Phase I (Preliminary Investigation), Phase II (Desk and laboratory study), Phase III (Full-scale test study). Significant of this study are; the development of “Green” Affordable home suite to the “local” requirement of the “humid region”, as a “sustainable” construction solution (fast, environmental friendly, cost efficient and productive). In fact, final product would enhance the construction of affordable housing in Malaysia a sustainable manner.

Keywords: Fast-Track Wall System, First-Time House Buyer, Green Affordable Housing, Sustainable Construction

93 Ref#:218/MAL/11/SD

Conceptual Intelligent Building (IB) Design Framework to Improve the Level of User Comfort Towards Sustainable Energy Efficient Strategies: Proposal Validation

Muhd Zaimi Abd Majid a, Hasannudin Bin Lamit b, Ali Keyvanfar c , Arezou Shafaghat d a, c, d Construction Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, 81310, Malaysia, b Sustainable Research Alliance (SUTRA), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, 81310, Malaysia, a Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract This study followed triple bottom line of sustainability to enhance building design (social, environmental and economic performance) to justify the research hypothesis. Thus study focused on Intelligent Building (IB) (as case of common accepted “economic” performance of building). Furthermore, study highlights needs in practice and gap in research to improve the level of user comfort (as case of “social” performance as well as “environmental” performance of building) in future IB design. Finally, Study proposed a conceptual IB design framework to improving level of user comfort with “sustainable” energy efficient strategy. To validate the framework study within a novel group decision making session and steps try to establish proposed conceptual framework. The final proposed framework is accepted with the professional evolved with high research power.

Keywords: Intelligent Building (IB), Energy Efficient in Building, Building User Comfort, IB Design Framework, Sustainable Thinking

94 Ref#:219/MAL/11/SD

Building thoughtfulness ontology for sustainable decision making

Musarrat Jabeen a a International Relations Department, University of Balochistan, Sariab Road, Quetta, Pakistan. a Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Purpose Thoughtfulness3 has received little attention in Decision Support System (DSS); at local-regional and international levels. Based on this concern this paper focuses on developing prototype architecture of thoughtfulness ontology for decision support system that can help top level decision making. The DSS with addition of thoughtfulness is intended to be used to construct thoughtfulness in decision making.

Findings Typically the decisions are influenced by five factors and variables that are based on self DSS, Social DSS, Organizational DSS, Political DSS and Power DSS. A ring road of thoughtfulness is required to inscribe in five of DSS’s.

Design/methodology/approach The systemic approach is applied to assess thoughtfulness in DSS with two paradigms; one is time and the other is space. Time is defined as the impact of bygone thoughtfulness vis-à-vis relationship with human and natural environment. Space is defined as the impact of globalization4 on thought of business and society. In this research, we propose to integrate thoughtfulness to DSS. The process will begin with extraction of key concepts and relationships between thoughtfulness, sustainable decision making. The paper will presents a case study that contains clear concepts for the thoughtfulness and sustainable decisions.

Originality/value Thoughtfulness has not often been referred to in the realm of decision making. It is not tended to think of thoughtfulness as something that, like muscles, can be worked out and strengthened. This study emphasizes the construction of thoughtfulness. We believe it is useful for DSS in general, and present a call to arms for further research into DSS. The intended users are the top decision makers.

Keywords: Decision support system, governance system, sustainable decision making, thoughtfulness ontology,

3 Thoughtfulness institutes relation with sustainable development based on equity and environment.

4 Globalization: increased intensity and frequency of relations at global level among individuals, states and organizations determining sustainable development. 95 Ref#:221/MAL/11/SD

Simulation Studies on the Magnetic Filed Distribution for the Generator’s Permanent Magnet

Mohd Farriz Basar a, Mohd Shahrieel Aras b, Mohd Hendra Hairi c, Muhamad Khairi Aripin d, Nurhazwani Mohd Yusof e a JTKE, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Ayer Keroh, Melaka, Malaysia. b,c,d,e Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Ayer Keroh, Melaka, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This paper presents about the computer simulation studies on the magnetic flux density distribution which applies to the permanent magnet of generator. The concept of magnetic flux density distribution is very important and is related in designing the generator. The objectives of this project are to investigate the magnetic field at generator and to study magnetic flux distribution using MagNet software. Magnetic flux density distribution is analyzed by simulation using MagNet software to see the effect of magnetic field distribution with varying the magnet material and permeability, number of poles and shapes of permanent magnet. There are three different simulations which is simulate on two different types of magnet material, design on number of poles and design on shape of permanent magnet. The first simulation covered on two different types of magnet material; copper and aluminum. The permeability was varied 100, 1 000, and 10 000 for both types of magnet material. Each value of permeability was tested on no of turns. The constant parameter is 100 Amp/turn. The result was viewed on magnetic energy and magnetic flux. Second and third simulation covered on design on number of poles and shape of permanent magnet, respectively. Both simulations have some constant parameters which are current, number of turns and material of stator and rotor. The results were viewed on magnetic flux density, force, torque, speed and power. From the simulation result, it shows that the aluminum material is higher than copper in magnetic field distribution. This material has high magnetic field distribution value when varied the number of turn, current per turn and the relative permeability. As the parameter was increased the magnetic field density of aluminum was increased.

Keywords: flux density, magnetic field distribution, MagNet software, permanent magnet, permeability

96 Ref#:223/MAL/11/SD

The Real Time Implementation of Auto Tune PID Controller for Coupled Tank

Norhaslinda Hasim a, Mohd Farriz Basar b, Mohd Hairi Rozelan c a, b Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Ayer Keroh, Melaka, Malaysia. C Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Ayer Keroh, Melaka, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This paper studies about the real time implementation of auto tune PID controller for coupled tank. Auto Tune of PID controller is to provide real-time applications that enable it to operate automatically with no interruption or environment change at the level of water in the coupled tank. With the combination of two types of control systems fuzzy logic controller and PID controller, hence created one of the control system called Auto Tune of PID controller to overcome the problems that occurred on these two types of control systems. Auto Tune of PID controller is developed by MATLAB as a simulation tool to obtain the stability of the system with change the Propotional, Integral and Derivative value from Fuzzy Logic rules to meet the specifications of the water level for coupled tank. The main objectives of this project are to develop the Auto Tune of PID Controller for coupled tank where used to control the water level stability of the coupled tank. Besides that, it covers the study about Auto Tune PID controller system to perform a modeling of Coupled Tank. In order to improve the efficiency and stability of water level control, this project also analyzes the graph of the transient response and steady state error. In addition, the response between auto tune PID controllers with conventional PID controller also will be analyzed. Finally, the real time results show the response of the system is more stable although got disturbance from environment change.

Keywords: coupled tank, fuzzy logic, MATLAB, PID controller, water level

97 Ref#: 224/MAL/11/SD

Electoral Violence and Democratization in Nigeria: The 2007 Experience

Adedokun Adebisi Modupe a a Department of Political Science,, Obafemi Awolowo University, OAU, Ile-ife, Nigeria. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The study reconsidered the critical problem of democratization in Nigeria, most importantly the impact of electoral violence in the Nigerian democratic project. Most scholars asserted that electoral violence has been and still is a major problem militating against the effectiveness of democratization process in Nigeria. Also traced was the history of elections in Nigeria right from the colonial era down to 2003 general elections. The 2007 elections were also examined being the core of the research

Keywords: Election: a formal decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office; Electoral violence: any form of violence as a result of differences in views, opinions and practices during the process of election which can be categorised into pre-election, during election and post-election; Democracy: government of the people, by the people and for the people; Democratization: refers to the transition into a more democratic political regime, usually consolidating it; Violence: any form of act or physical assault as a result of differences in views, opinions and practices that leads to the various individuals or groups involved sustaining injury or death.

Introduction Nigeria’s transition to democracy has been rough showing occasional relapse to authoritarianism. The quality of election which is one of the mechanisms for gauging the extent of democratic consolidation has shown evidence of progressive decline over the three polls conducted in 1999, 2003 and 2007. The culminating incidence of electoral violence so far in Nigeria can be attached to the 2007 general elections. The violence occurred on the three different phases namely before the 2007 general elections, during 2007 general elections and after 2007 general elections. The First Republic and Second Republic were over thrown particularly because of electoral violence and other incompetency leveled against the deposed civilian administration. The Third Republic which was supposed to resolve the challenge of free and fair elections was annulled by the then head of state, Ibrahim Babangida. Nigeria’s National Electoral Commission (INEC) experienced significance problems including politicization and lack of independence; lack of transparency in its operation and decision making; persistence failure to make adequate logistical arrangements for both voters’ registration and polling. The 2007 General Elections did not live up to hopes and expectations of the Nigerian people and the process were not considered credible. Methodology The research methodology focused on the use of both primary and secondary sources of data. The primary source rely on the distribution of three hundred questionnaires, which was distributed in the three senatorial districts in Osun State. Ile Ife was selected in Osun east, Osogbo in Osun central and Ede in Osun west. The secondary source was the examination and critique of works of different scholars on the research work, reviewing various literatures on democratization and electoral violence in Nigeria with the use of internet-based materials, newspapers, magazines and textbooks. Result The sad history of electoral violence has serious implications for Nigeria democratic process because the phenomenon is growing rather than declining. However, the purpose of elections is never allowed to prevail basically because of the pernicious effect which electoral violence has on the credibility of election results. Some of the key finding of the research showed that the win-at-all-cost attitude of politicians and the motive to clinch to elective post by all means have been seen has one of the various causes of electoral violence in Nigeria. Furthermore, politicians have taken advantage of the corruption and weakness inherent in the electoral system to engage in electoral violence. Also, weak penalties for those who have committed one form of offence in relation to election enable the same to repeat itself. Also, electoral violence negatively affects the political participation of people. In relation to the decline in political participation, the ineffectiveness of security agents have also negatively affected elections in Nigeria. All the above findings pointed to the problems and challenges of electoral violence which have serious implications for security, social and economic development of Nigeria. Conclusion In conclusion, a three-prolonged antidote comprising anti-corruption, economic and social development, security sectors reforms as well as good governance and electoral reforms remained a sure path to the consolidation of democracy in Nigeria; hence, Nigeria would be regarded as a member of the committee of “advanced Democracies”.

98 Ref: 225/MAL/11/SD

Is The ‘Public’ A Discursive Construct? Reflection from Gender Perspective on Water Management Experiences of Selective Countries?

Md. Mokhlesur Rahman a a Save the Children Australia, Dhanmondi R/A, Dhaka, Bangladesh. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The purpose of this article is to investigate whether the term ‘public’ discursively construct. To do so, it intends to go through the historical travelling of planning theory with special emphasis on feminist engagement. It also seeks to analyse gender planning in common resources management drawing insight from three cases of Zimbabwe, Thailand and India. The aim is to discern from insights on resources use, institution and incentives to show how the notion of public fluid and the consequences of this fluidity for women’s gendered interests. The paper analyzes the findings in relation with importance of participation in governance concern and two types of human development with gender dimension and women empowerment approaches. It concludes that ‘public’ is a discursively construct and which has gendered consequences.

Keywords : Discursive; Feminist engagement; Gender; Planning; Public versus Private.

99 Ref#:227/MAL/11/SD

Population dynamics of lady bird beetle on vegetable crops and harmful effect of insecticides

Sunil Kr. Ghosh a a Department of Agricultural Entomology, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya (Agri.University), PO: Pundibari, Dist: Coochbehar, West Bengal- 736165, India. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Among the different predators lady bird beetles play an important roll in the natural suppression of destructive insect pests viz., jassid, aphid, thrips, mites and eggs of many other insect pests infesting vegetable crops. Coccinella sp., an important lady bird beetle in the sub-Himalayan region of north-east India was found very active on different insect pests of brinjal throughout the year and its population was recorded higher (4.87 Coccinella/plant) during March-April (11th standard week) when the mean temperature, mean relative humidity and weekly rainfall were 23.8°C, 74.2 % and 8.2 mm respectively and then declined gradually. Coccinella incidence showed significant positive correlation (p= 0.05) with maximum temperature and significant negative correlation with maximum, minimum and mean relative humidity whereas with minimum and mean temperature and rainfall the correlation was negative but non-significant. The population of Coccinella was found throughout the growing period of ladysfinger in the kharif season, and the population was found higher (3.5/plant) during 3rd and 4th week of July in active vegetative growth of the crop. From field evaluation of insecticides on brinjal it was revealed that insecticides of biological origin were relatively less harmful to Coccinella than synthetic ones. The pathogens, Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner and Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin caused significant lower killing of the predator (less than 40 %) whereas the synthetic insecticides, DDVP and malathion caused significantly higher killing (more than 50 %). Botanical and microbial insecticides are biopesticides having less or no hazardous effects on bio-agents, human health and the environment, and therefore, they can be incorporated in IPM programmes and organic farming.

Key words: Predator, biopesticides, vegetable IPM, organic farming

100 Ref#: 228/MAL/11/SD

Withdrawn

101 Ref#: 229/MAL/11/SD

Development of Smart Pico Hydro Generation System for Domestic Building

Mohd Farriz Basar a, Muhamad Sharil Yahaya b, Hidayat Zainuddin c, Kamaruzzaman Sopian d a JTKE, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Ayer Keroh, Melaka, Malaysia. b,c Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Ayer Keroh, Melaka, Malaysia. d SERI, UKM, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This paper describes the development of smart pico hydro generation system for domestic building. Non-renewable energy resources such as petroleum, coal, gas and nuclear generation cannot be restored once it has been used. The resources would cause the greenhouse gas emissions and would have adverse effects on the country due to climate changes. Furthermore, the economic impact to the resources increasing the electrical tariff and lead to the major monthly overhead to consumer. Normally, pico hydro power system is found at rural or hilly area. Typical system will operate using upper water reservoir which is a few meter high from ground. However, in smart pico hydro generation system, it prove that potential of consuming water distributed to houses at town area has potential of kinetic energy to spin small scale generator turbine for electricity generation. It relates to generating environmental friendly electrical energy in domestic building thru a compact hydro power generator. Free electricity is generated when the household using the pipe water throughout the routine activities. In fact, this innovation puts some benefit to the daily activities like bathe, laundry and cooks and also reduces the energy consumption. Besides, this product also contributes for reducing the environmental pollution impact from electrical power generation industry. The pressure from the inherent water flow inside the pipeline is used to rotate the turbine of the smart pico hydro in order to drive the generator and simultaneously produce the electricity. This smart pico hydro can be fixed permanently at utility’s main tank or otherwise, it also can be installed to the house water pipe easily. The average water pressure in a day at domestic building is 15 psi and this amount of pressure is able to rotate the turbine at 1,200 rpm, which corresponding to produce voltage up to 15 volt dc voltage.

Keywords: domestic building, pico hydro, pipe water, pollution, renewable energy

102 Ref#: 230/MAL/11/SD

The analysis of inputs consumption sustainability in Iranian paddy fields (Case study of Gilan province)

Ebrahimi Mohammad Sadegh a, Amini Amir Mozafar b, Yousefi Ali c a,b,c Department of Rural Development, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Land consolidation is a strategy for the development of Iranian rice-growing regions. The most important of Land- consolidation programs is to decrease consumption of chemical inputs (fertilizer and toxins) in paddy fields, thus enhancing sustainability. This study compares the consumption of inputs in traditional and developed paddy fields in Iran, based on a case study of Gilan province. The research was conducted in the form of a survey study. The data for this research was collected from 176 farmers who work traditional rice fields and 188 farmers who are part of a farm- development program in Gilan province, who were selected using a stratified random sampling procedure. Data was collected through a questionnaire. The reliability of questionnaire was determined by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.75) after conducting a pilot study. Analysis of the survey results showed that the average consumption of chemical fertilizer in developed paddy fields (363 kg of fertilizers per hectare) was greater than that in traditional paddy fields (308 kg/ha). In contrast, developed paddy fields used less toxins (6.4 kg/ha) than traditional paddy fields (8.3 kg/ha). The t-test showed that in two groups of farmers, the farmers of developed paddy lands used significantly more chemical toxins and manure, and significantly less chemical fertilizer, than farmers of traditional paddy lands.

Key words: Sustainability Consumption, Chemical Inputs, Paddy Fields, Gilan Province.

103 Ref#: 231/MAL/11/SD

The Alternative Method in Harnessing the Solar Power using a Peltier Cell and Glass Vase for Replaces typical PV cell.

Mohd Farriz Basar a, Norhaslinda Hasim b, Azri Ab Aziz c a JTKE, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Ayer Keroh, Melaka, Malaysia. b, c Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Ayer Keroh, Melaka, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This paper describes about the alternative method in harnessing the solar cell using a peltier cell and glass vase. Most electricity is generated using non renewable energy sources where the main drawback of these sources is pollution. Burning any fossil fuel produces carbon dioxide, which contributes to the greenhouse effect. Considering the issue of global warming and other issues facing by the world today, people nowadays try to implement green technologies such as solar power energy for their needs. Photovoltaic solar cell is the most efficient solar collector in the world. However, the PV cell is quite costly due to the material used to develop the PV cell. Therefore, as an alternative way in collecting solar energy, peltier module and glass vase can be used as a thermal collector. The glass vase is assigned to create hot and cold condition; and channel the hot air and cold air to the peltier surface and finally peltier will convert it to electricity. According to the preliminary result, it gives a meaningful indicator to this effort to replacing the PV cell and applying the glass vase. As a final point, the idea that has been proposed in this paper would provide an understanding of the principle in harnessing solar energy in a new method and furthermore give a significant contribution for further research.

Keywords: glass vase, greenhouse effect, peltier cell, photovoltaic, solar power

104 Ref#: 232/MAL/11/SD

Optimized Modeling Urban Development Plans in Iran with a Sustainable Development Approach

Alireza Gharagozlou a, Mojgan Hejrani Diarjan b a Geomatics College of National Cartographic Cente, Azadi Sq. Meraj Ave., Iran. b National Cartographic Center, Iran. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Presenting proper optimized Decision Making models for urban development plans is an important phase in the planning procedure especially when we want to using environmental modeling and GIS technology. The “environment” is a universal concept. While urban aspects and urban planning often reveal a limited and fixed idea of the concept of the “environment” in our minds, the “environment”, is in fact a much wider concept than that. In this article emphasize the complexity of the environment and to show how an optimized urban development models for planning can be created in this wider “environmental” context, with the help of GIS. The use of GIS technique during the last decade are increasing being applied now for identification of natural resources and for the management of urban and environmental projects for the major cities in Iran, But the practice of analyzing the presenting optimized development models with the use of GIS in national level for presenting urban plans is a profitable experience.

Keywords: Analysis, GIS, Land Use Planning, Modeling, Sustainable Development, Urban Planning

105 Ref# 233/MAL/11/SD

The Overview on the Consequence of Geometrical Dimensioning: ISO 1101 with the Effect of Work piece Length in CNC Machining.

Mohd Farriz Basar a, Mohd Irman Ramli b, Norhaslinda Hasim c a JTKE, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Ayer Keroh, Melaka, Malaysia. b,c JTKE, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Ayer Keroh, Melaka, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Computer Numerical Control (CNC) turning machines known to deliver components at a faster production rate with optimum manufacturing accuracy. The aim of this paper is to reveal the effect of workpiece length in CNC machining. This research examines the effect of such errors on part geometry that are straightness and roundness produced by CNC Turning during machining. Aluminum Alloy (6061) will be used as the material. The errors studied are related to ISO 1101: Geometrical Dimensioning and Tolerances whereby roundness and straightness are being considered. The roundness was measured at 15 points for each workpiece. Meanwhile for straightness, there were 12 data collected which are from 0° until 330° respectively. Besides that, the measurement for surface roughness is taken for 3 times at 5 points readings of each sample. Moreover, the roughness of the workpiece surface will be observed. There are four different of length of materials that will be used in this project that are 100mm, 180mm, 200mm and 280mm. The cutting parameter that are cutting feed, depth of cut and cutting speed will be fixed. Coated carbide is used as the cutting tool in the CNC machining. In this project, the Formtester MMQ 44 machine is used to measure the straightness and roundness, while for the roughness Mitutoyo is used. The roundness, straightness and surface finish data that will be collected and analyzed. The suitable length of workpiece that able to give minimum errors will be discussed in this paper. .

Keywords: aluminum alloy, computer numerical control (CNC), straightness, roundness, roughness

106 Ref#: 235/MAL/11/SD

Cassava / maize intercrop performance and soil nutrient changes with an organic – based fertilizer

Ayoola, O.T a, Makinde. E.A b a Farming Systems Research & Extension Program, Institute of Agriculture Research & Training, Ibadan, Nigeria b Department. of Horticulture, University Of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Field trials were conducted in the forest vegetation (Ibadan) and the derived savannah (Ilora) zones of south west Nigeria to assess the yield performance of cassava/maize intercrop and soil nutrient changes with sole and some combined ratios of organic-based fertilizer(OBF) and inorganic fertilizer. Sole OBF was assessed at 2.5; 5.0 and 10.0 t ha-1 while 400 kg ha-1 NPK 15-15-15 served as the sole inorganic fertilizer treatment. The combined treatments were: 2.5t ha-1 OBF + 100 kg ha-1 NPK 15-15-15 and 5t ha-1 OBF+ 100 kg ha-1 NPK 15-15-15. An unfertilized treatment served as the control treatment. Maize grain yield was highest with application of 5 t ha-1 OBF+ 100 kg ha-1 NPK. It gave a mean yield of 2.45 t ha -1 at Ibadan and 2.49 t ha-1 at Ilora. Cassava root yield was however highest with 10 t ha-1 OBF. It gave a mean yield of 14.55 t ha-1 at Ibadan and 12.52 t ha-1 at Ilora. Soil N, P, K and Organic C was most increased with 10 t ha-1 OBF and 5 t ha-1 OBF+NPK. Crop yields and soil nutrient status decreased with no fertilizer application. Cassava –maize intercrop gives optimum yields with highest soil N, P, K increase with 10 t ha-1 OBF.

Keywords: Cassava; Maize; NPK; Organic – based fertilizer.

107 Ref#: 237/MAL/11/SD

Assessment of Cassava Processing and Storage Technologies Used by Farmers in Cross River State, Nigeria

Angba, A. O. a a Department of Agriculture, Economics/Extension University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This study was designed to assess the cassava processing/storage technologies used by farmers in Cross River State, Nigeria. This was achieved by identifying the available cassava processing and storage methods and also examining the factors influencing the adoption of available technologies. Stratified Random sampling technique was used to select 500 respondents from five villages in the L.G.A. Structured questionnaire was used to elicit information from the farmers. The result indicated that most of the respondents were men (58%), old aged (59%) and without formal education (63%). Most of the respondents were also married (82%) and cultivated less than one hectare of farmland (57%). Some of the major products from cassava processing includes: garri, fufu and starch. The main method of storage includes pit, heap and sun drying. Major factors influencing the adoption of the technologies were cost of technology, simplicity and existing socio-cultural environment. Chi-square (χ2) test showed that there were significant relationship between age, marital status, income, farmsize and adoption of cassava processing/storage techniques (χ2 = 45.980, 108.080, 31.440, 62.640; p<0.05). Consequently, there is a stronger need for special consideration for farmers' socio-economic conditions and farmsize, while designing cassava processing/storage technologies. Also there is a need to revisit the waning non-formal education via extension services in the study area.

Key words: Assessment, Cassava, processing, storage and technologies

108 Ref#: 238/MAL/11/SD

Farmers’ Use of Environmentally Sustainable Practices in Cross River State, Nigeria

Angba,A.O. a and Ogar, David b a Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria b Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria a Correspondence: e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract The survey deals with an assessment of farmers’ use of environmentally sustainable practices in Cross River State, Nigeria. To achieve the aim of this study, the available types of environmentally sustainable practices and farmers’ level of awareness were identified, the extent of use and reasons for use or non use were examined, also the attitude of farmers towards environmentally sustainable practices were also determined. The multi-stage random sampling technique was used to draw a sample of 363 farmers in the state. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data for the study. The result showed that 98.9% of the respondents were above 30 years and had a mean age of 41.4 years and about 78% were literate. The mean gross income was N132,348 with about 28.4% earning N160,000 per annum or more. Average farm size was 2.1 hectares. Chi-square (χ2) results showed that there were significant relationship between education, gender, degree of contact with extension and use of environmentally sustainable practices (χ2=18.02; 16.20; 18.96; p<0.05). Analysis of variance test showed a significant difference in the use of the practices in the three agricultural zones (F=54.479, P<0.05). This difference is an indication of the adaptability of the practices in each zone. Therefore, farmers should be encouraged to adopt environmentally sustainable practices that are adaptable to their environmental conditions. This will consequently reduce cost and increase output.

Keywords: Assessment, Environmentally, Farmers, Practices and Sustainable

109 Ref#: 240/MAL/11/SD

Sidewalk Design Decision Making Model Based on Walking Behaviour Pattern Recognition: Proposal Validation

Hasannudin Bin Lamit a, Muhd Zaimi Abd. Majid b, Arezou Shafaghat c, Ali Keyvanfar d a Sustainable Research Alliance (SUTRA), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, 81310, Malaysia. b,c,d Construction Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Urban planners, urban designers, and transportation planners have a long-time investigation about effect of the environment in travel behavior; specifically, ‘walkability’as one of the core aspects of ‘Travel Behavior’. Evaluation of the factors that influence this marker needs further extension than just the physical boundaries of desirable walking behavior. This research is to examine a comprehensive approach for evaluating walkability based on a combination of the aspects which are conceptual and applicable approaches. The former is to consider assessing the urban physical charecteristics that is responsible for enhancing walking Behavior, and indirectly influences walkability in walking areas. The latter is to consider assessing the influence of residents’ decision making patterns as either generating walking, or encouraging and supporting it within walking trips .While the most successful techniques for incorporating the environment into walking behavior research have lots of lacks and weaknesses, this research intend to develop a new analysis technique base on Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique. This research will introduce the modified-Analytical Hierarchy Process (m-AHP) technique which used to sort the walking behavior indicators by a priority order. Finally, it creates a “Decision Making Model” which able to evaluate residents’ preferences on choosing the specific routs to a destination base on the overall quality of sidewalk for walking. This research will create this model to evaluate accurately the performance of various ‘waling behavior’ facets which is under new urbanism development and urban sustainable development. The ‘Sidewalk Design Decision Making Model’ has high potential to be applied in any urban context and neighborhood areas.

Keywords: Decision Making Model, Modified-AHP Analysis Technique, Walking Behaviour Pattern Recognition

110 Ref#:241/MAL/11/SD

Executive Information Site Management System for Monitoring Project Performance: System Requirement Study

Muhd Zaimi Abd. Majid a, Wan Zahran Zakaria b, Ali Keyvanfar c a, c Construction Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia. b Technology Management Centre (CTMC), Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Progress monitoring and control is one of the most important tasks of managing projects. Basically, construction works produce a lot of information that are required by top managements to track the work progress at site. A recent issue highlighted by top managements is the inefficiency in obtaining information from project sites on time. Hence, the focus of this research is to establish a computerized information system that can be utilized by top managements in order to evaluate the construction progress, known as Executive Information Site Monitoring System (EISMS). In order to develop EISMS, a Classic Waterfall Model has been considered as a basis for the system development whereby it began with identifying the system requirement followed by the system design (product design and detail design), coding, integration and finally the system testing and implementation. As relevancy to research field, this paper focuses on the development of system requirement. The research is presented in two study phases. In the first phase, initially it was conducted a descriptive survey study on “important futures”, followed by a descriptive study also on managerial priorities in Key Performance Indicators (KPI) of EISMS. The survey results “work progress” as the most “important features” for the system. Furthermore, the survey addresses managerial priorities on KPI to be emphasized in EISMS. As the study shows, development of the system requires three primary databases which include planned work schedule, 3D-CAD drawing, and actual work completion at site. In second phase, it is to elaborate propose EISMS framework model. Furthermore, it designed in a novel monitoring and control algorithm to track the “work progress”. Initially, it was to compute planned and actual work progress and thus the schedule variance at any selected specific date. Within this study, a trial based version of EISMS schedule variance analysis was implemented during the construction phase of one case study to investigate any shortcoming of a developed system in calculating schedule variance of project.

Keywords: Construction Project Management, Executive Information System, Project Progress Monitoring, Site Progress

111 Ref#: 244/MAL/11/SD

Climate Change and Local Agenda 21 Nexus between environmental and climate change decisions in Lake Macquarie, Australia

Anisha Pradhan a, Krishna K. Shrestha b a, b Urban and Regional Planning and Policy, Faculty of Architecture, Design and Planning, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The important role of local governments to address many environmental issues is recognised by the United Nation’s Agenda 21. Yet, the question of whether and how the role of local governments is framed within the context of addressing climate change impacts is largely unresolved. This paper aims to investigate the role of local government in decision making about environmental and climate change issues at the local level within the context of Lake Macquarie City Council in NSW, Australia. It examines the historical development of policy approaches to environmental issues in Lake Macquarie City Council, as well as draws upon the literature review. It then focuses on the analysis of Lake Macquarie’s strategic plan - Lifestyle 2030 - to identify the nexus between the decisions about environmental and climate change issues. The paper advances the argument about what has been characterised as the ‘missing opportunity’ – the failure of the local governments to connect between the inter- related issues of environment and climate change in their decision making, thus not realising the overarching intent of the international agreement – Agenda 21 to place significant trust in local actions. Issues of power and resources are central to the issue of effective connection in decisions about climate change and environmental issues. The paper concludes by highlighting the need to re-contextualise the policy process to bring about effective integration of climate and environmental decisions that promote sustainable development.

Keywords: Agenda 21; climate change; environment; local government; sustainable development

112 Ref#:245/MAL/11/SD

How Custom-Built Rain Simulators Counter the Effects of Failed Monsoons: An Agricultural and Hydrological Study.

Tushar Agarwal a, Peeyush Khare b, Sat Ghosh c,d a,b Civil Engineering Department, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India. c School of Mechanical and Building Sciences, VIT University Vellore, India, d School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract In this paper, we present new research results on hydrological and agricultural applications of a cost effective Rain Simulator devised by us-the first paper received world wide publicity during EGU 2011 and mainly described its fabrication, operation and uniqueness. A further careful analysis of monsoon records reveals that the years 1972, 1987, 2002 and 2009 had deficit south-west monsoon precipitations in India. This not only slowed down the country’s economy, but also saw a spurt of needless farmer suicides, which could have been averted with the use of Rain Simulators. We suggest that with government subsidies, our rain simulators, particularly suitable for cultivating crops such as cotton grown on individual plots, be used every time the nation experiences a deficit monsoon. Costing only USD 300 a piece, our simulators are affordable by an average Indian farmer (based on his purchasing power parity).

This study ensured that the resultant drop size distributions for both the north-east and the south-west monsoons broadly matched recently measured rain droplet spectra. At a constant nozzle pressure (varying between 17 to 35 psi), for different cross-wind speeds (varying between 1.5 ms-1 to 4.5 ms-1), there is a critical nozzle angle at which the areal coverage is optimum at 45 square feet. This suggests that with a government subsidy, if five of these portable simulators are used, then an average Indian cotton farmland can be hydrated during lean seasons. These results can inform manufacturers worldwide to design products matching a nation’s precipitation profile.

Keywords: Rainfall Simulator, Drop size distribution, Monsoon

113 Ref#:251/MAL/11/SD

Rule of Law, Physical Planning and Urban Governance in Nigeria: A Panacea to Sustainable Urban Development

Ganiyu Olalekan Bakare a a Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Nigeria as a nation is presently being faced with numerous problems emanating from lack of rule of law, so also the challenges of building an enduring and sustainable democracy that has become a hard nut to crack. For a just and fair society to be achieved, it must be built on credible political institutions worthy of sustaining our towns and cities, which must allow democratic values to deepen in such a way that, rule of law and due process will replace rule of force and arbitrariness, that has become so endemic in Nigerian system and refuses to be relegated to the background. However the fledging civilian to civilian rule and urban good governance will depend largely on the extent to which both the leaders and the led are able to operate under the tenet of human rights and due process as opposed to regime of arbitrariness, lawlessness, corruption and graft, that has continue to earns the country a pronounced position in the comity of backward and corrupt nations of the world. This paper intends to chronicle the, relevance and essentials of rule of law to physical planning and urban good governance in Nigeria, basically to ensure strict compliance of rule of law as it affect physical planning in Nigerian towns and cities, while at the same time, ensure that nobody lives above the law, in other to protect the orderly development of the physical environment according to stipulated planning rules and regulations, and how to deal with urban physical planning challenges in future, because continuous successive good governance is a panacea to strengthen the compliance, and enforcement of sustainable physical urban development.

Keywords: Rule of Law, Good Urban Governance, Public Participation, Physical Planning and Sustainable Urban Development.

114 Ref#: 252/MAL/11/SD

Factors Affecting Site Remediation of diesel contaminated soils using surfactants

A.K.Darban a,H.Ganjdoust b,E. Salehian c, A. Khodadadi d a,b,c,d Faculty of Engineering,Tarbiat Modares University, Modares Environmental Research Center (MERC), Tehran, Iran. d Alameh Tabatabee University, Iran. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Oil spillage has a major impact on the ecosystem into which it is released pollutants into crops and aquacultures through contamination of the groundwater and soils which is one of the most concerns in term of sustainable development. In this study remediation of diesel contaminated soil in the column with 15 cm height and 4m diameter was investigated. Soil column was contaminated with diesel in amount of 10 000 and 20 000 ppm. After 72 hours washing of soil with SDS with concentration of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 was started. For study the effect of the washing solution pH, all tests were repeated with 4, 7, 9 and 11 values for pH. Also for study the effect of surfactant on soil remediation, soil was washed with water without surfactant. All tests were continued up to 10 pore volume and the trend of remediation and permeability of soil during the test was investigated. Results showed that in all states the quantity of remediation for acidic states is very low and efficiency of remediation when using only water is about (1:3) of maximum amount. For soil with initial contaminant concentration of 10 000 ppm the maximum efficiency is for surfactant in the concentration of 0.3 and pH = 11 and for soil with initial contamination amount of 20 000 ppm the maximum efficiency is for surfactant in the concentration of 0.1 and pH = 11. By increasing the amount of surfactant concentration, the permeability of soil decreased and in pH = 11 the amount of permeability is maximum. With increasing initial contamination quantity rate of increasing of remediation and permeability decreased. Consequently in the low level of contamination the effect of washing solution pH value in soil remediation and permeability is more in comparing with high level of contamination.

Keywords: Soil Remediation; Surfactants, Solution pH; Diesel

115 Ref#: 254/MAL/11/SD

Sustainability and Society: Issues and Mitigation

Manmohan Singh Gill a a Department of Sociology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The ideological frame to support the generation of profit and surplus has encouraged the over-use of natural resources besides eroding the symbiotic relationship between man and environmnet. The idea of sustainability has been forwarded to curtail the reckless use of resources so as to avoid conflict over resource use within and between generations. And also between the economic and political power holders who indirectly enhance their power and by exercising control over the resources. Based on secondary sources, this paper attempts to highlight those issues that directly or indirectly have a bearing on sustainability of resources and society at large. As the process has eroded or distorted the environmental priorities, the available course to address the issue is through actions that promote the social fabrics of those social institutions that strengthen the social system to attain higher form of value system. The analysis emphasize on encouraging familial and religious values promoting community participation without marginalization of the appropriated class. In addition, such efforts may restore the symbiotic relationship between man and environment.

Keywords: Ecologically impaired society, Higher order values, Marginalization, Sustainable development, sustainability.

116 Ref#: 258/MAL/11/SD

Sustainable Agriculture: A Study of Introduction of Arid Agriculture and Paradigm Shift in Agricultural System

Ijaz Rasool Noorka a a Faculty of Agriculture, University college of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Pakistan. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract "Farmers are the only indispensable people on the face of the earth." — Li Zhaoxing, Ambassador, China "The diligent farmer plants trees, of which he himself will never see the fruit." — Cicero These two quotes sum up the challenges of sustainable agriculture, educating farmers to tie up the climate change issues and its adaptation to farming in dry conditions. Agriculture having a strong link with wise management of natural resources, renewable energy management, freshwater recharge, farmer education and judicious food consumption. An introduction of wheat water stress tolerant genotypes is the roadmap to improve their yields potential in contrasting environment. The current irrigated agriculture lacks to fulfill the growing population needs, which arises the need of arid agriculture on fertile as well as on reclaimed soil and by the saved water an abundant food may produced to address population pressure. The climate changing impacts have an assessment to combat predictable tribulations. A large section of the mitigation impending of agriculture comes into sight from water stress that produces a diversity of tolerant varieties having potential to reduce vulnerability to climate change. An experiment was conducted to calculate the effect of water stress and climate change. Most of promising genotypes has set the trend towards sustainability. It is prime duty of agriculturist to introduce resource conservation technologies (RCT) to ensure food security and ultimately sustainable development. It is also deducted that to overcome climate change implications a profound scientific based sustainable environment is critical to increase farm income and resources, to alleviate poverty, minimizing food shortage up to zero hunger. Fostering rural communities’ self reliance is of paramount importance in combating current and potential negative impacts of climate change. In order to build resilience at the very local, National and International level, substantial development programs and participatory decision-making, provision of adequate capacity building opportunities and effectual public delivery systems are indispensable.

Keywords: Adaptation, climate change, decision making, development, sustainable,

117 Ref#: 260/MAL/11/SD

Role of NGOs in sustainable development of Indian Society

Indu Sharma a a Department of Political Science and Art, Ismail National PG College Meerut,Uttar Pradesh, India. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Sustainable development refers a process of mutual endeavor that calls for the involvement of people in all the segments of society, means overall development of the society. During recent years these has been a growing realization of important role that Voluntary Organization, now known better as Non- Government Organizations (NGOs), can play important role in Sustainable Development. India has a rich tradition in voluntary service. But the role of NGOs in social welfare and social development is yet to be understood even after four decades of planning. This is particularly true for bringing about decentralized development with a focus on upliftment of the weaker sections of the society. The emergence of such an approach has been largely due to the disillusionment with the earlier adopted strategy of development dominated by the overbearing role of the state as well as the spectacular performance of several NGOs in different parts of the country. Government has also realized the immense potential of NGOs in the sustainable development process as can be seen from the approach adopted since the seventh five year plan. The objective of this paper is to study the strategy and role of NGOs in Sustainable development that has taken place in the Indian society. This paper finds that there is a great role of NGOs in combating corruption, enactment of Right to Information, Women Empowerment, Organic farming, creating awareness in the society and decreasing child abuse and child trafficking etc. These NGOs work in many fields of the society where there is need of development. The paper also concludes that NGOs play an important role in sustainable development (means development of all the segments of the society).

Keywords: Awareness, Corruption, Indian Society, NGOS, Sustainable Development

118 Ref#: 263/MAL/11/SD

Triumphant and sustainable wheat production in the wake of water stress to mitigate Climate Change and ensure Food Security in farming system of Pakistan

Muhammad Afzal a, Ijaz Rasool Noorka b, Saba Tabasum c a,b.c Faculty of Agriculture, University college of Agriculture,University of Sargodha, Pakistan. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract It is believed that climate change is no longer an issue but an undisputable reality for the distant future. Climate change is already taking place, and its impacts are being felt particularly in South Asian countries, mostly affecting the poorest people. Developing countries economies are shaken by adverse effect of climate change because agriculture remained an important economic factor in economic growth. Thus, climate change has the potential to act as a ‘risk multiplier’ in poorest economies of the world, Climate change and increasing climate variability has threatened the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG). Despites government efforts to provide all the agricultural inputs, agriculture still stagnate and even towards decline. The field study on water stress farming system in wheat crop was carried out at University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha during summer season 2009-10. Scientific and technological development is not enough in itself. It is critical to make sure that sustainability and poverty reduction remain the guiding principles. We use our resources, harness our intellect, and direct our knowledge to benefit the poor, the hungry and the marginalized. The paper recommends that, the climate change management issues raised be translated into decision and or policy by the stakeholders, in order to ensure food security. Higher yields on current agricultural land and the reclamation of abandoned land must be the source of increased food production to meet a growing population, as the development of virgin land for agricultural use is unsustainable. Climatic limitations in some parts of the world will make such an increase in production difficult to achieve.

Keywords: Agriculture, climate change, development, food security, sustainable,

119 Ref#: 264/MAL/11/SD

Assessment of the Utilisation of Basic Literacy Education for Sustainable Development Among Adult Learners in Rural Communities of Oyo and Ondo States, Nigeria

Adeshina Abideen Olojede a a Department of Continuing Education and Community Development, Faculty of Education and Arts, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai, Niger State, Nigeria a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The need to expand adult learning programmes for economic growth and sustainable development has made the issue of utilisation of basic literacy education germane in developing countries. Evidently, there have been rekindle interests and efforts in the provision of basic literacy in Nigeria, particularly towards mobilising both public and private funds for such programmes. However, there seems to be a dearth of studies that empirically show the extent to which the people actually utilise the skills acquired in adult literacy. This study, therefore, investigated adult learners’ utilisation of the basic literacy education for sustainable development in Oyo and Ondo state, Nigeria. Survey research design of ex-post facto type was adopted. A total of 1,310 adult learners (Oyo: 579, Ondo: 731) were selected through stratified and simple random sampling techniques. Literacy Access Questionnaire (r = 0.81) was used to obtain data for the study. This was complemented with six sessions of Focus Group Discussion (FGDs) with adult learners. One research question and two hypotheses were raised, answered and tested at 0.05 level of significance. Data were analysed using frequency counts, percentages and multi regression. The study revealed that a significant relationship exist between utilisation of basic literacy education and sustainable development in the two states (F (3, 1306 =.550, p < 0.05). Some of the beneficiaries use skills acquired in issuing receipts to customers, saving and withdrawing money in banks, farmers became better users of fertilizers and sales of farm produce; assist and supervise their children school work. The FGD also shows that the beneficiaries used skills acquired for their life-improvement activities and they want further improvement opportunities. There is the need for improved funding of adult literacy and organisers of adult literacy programmes need to work collaboratively with learners in developing curriculum that meets their basic life-improvement as well as increase post literacy activities that will help in sustaining the skills acquired.

Keywords: Adult Learners, Basic Literacy, Rural Communities, Utilisation

120 Ref#: 266/MAL/11/SD

Post-Mining Land-Use Methods Optimum Ranking, Using Multi Attribute Decision Techniques With Regard to Sustainable Resources Management

Narrei. S a, Osanloo.M b a,b Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Hafez Avenue, Tehran, Iran. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Developing of mining areas should comply with sustainable development principles so as to ensure sustainable development of mine, to unify social, economical and the ecological efficiency. The selection of reclamation method is a complex multi-person, multi-criteria decision problem while sustainable development challenges facing the minerals and metals industry need a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach based upon reliable data and transparent methodical approaches. The aim of this study is to propose a combined Multi-Criteria Decision-Making approach (MCDM) to evaluate the post-mining land-use methods with the use of effective and major criteria in respect to the user’s preference orders. In this paper, a Mined Land Suitability Analysis (MLSA) framework containing fifty numbers of leading evaluation attributes and also eight possible groups of post mining land uses for a mined land is used. This study utilizes entropy, weighted least square and AHP techniques to obtain the relative weights of attributes. Once the global weight vector of the attributes is calculated using these three methods, they are incorporated into the decision matrices and passed to the ranking techniques. SAW (Simple Additive Weighting), TOPSIS (Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution) and Compromise Programing are used for ranking the alternatives. In other words the post-mining land-use methods ordered with nine ranking procedures. Due to specific approach of each of the above methods, and their advantages and disadvantages; the set of orders are not the same and for further aggregation, three ordering techniques employed to final ranking of the alternatives. Based on the statistical analysis two ranking methods excluded from nine procedures and average aggregated approach employed to rank the options. This procedure has been used for ordering the post-mining land use methods in a hypothetical mine. Accordingly construction of the mined land is the most appropriate method for the hypothetical mine in this article.

Keywords: AHP, entropy, post-mining land-use, statistical analysis, TOPSIS.

121 Ref#: 268/MAL/11/SD

Exergy analysis of High Temperature Biomass Gasification

Ethel D. Kasembe a, Geoffrey R. John b and Cuthbert F. Mhilu c a, b, c College of Engineering and Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. b Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract Biomass gasification is considered as one of the most promising thermo-chemical technologies but the gasifier unit renders itself to internal inefficiencies. This paper addresses the gasifier performance analysis using the exergy analysis modeling which utilizes both the first and second laws of thermodynamics. An exergy model incorporating a chemical equilibrium model is developed. Gasification is envisaged to be carried out at atmospheric pressure of 1 bar with the typical biomass feed, sugarcane bagasse, represented by the formula CH1.42 O0.65 N0.0026 at the temperature range of 800-1400K. In the model, the exergy contained in the biomass was converted into chemical exergy of the product gas, physical exergy, the rest was the unavailable energy due to process of irreversibilities (losses). The model evaluated the product gas molar concentrations and efficiency. The results from the model showed that the mole concentration of H2 increased from 9.8% to 23.7% and the formation of CO2 ranges from 5.6% to 12.1%. While this is the case for H2 and CO2, CO mole concentration is reduced from 26.9% to 17.4%. The maximum efficiencies value obtained based on chemical energy and physical exergy was lower than the efficiency value based on chemical exergy (84.64% vs. 76.94%). This is because the sensible or physical heat (used for drying biomass) is less beneficial for the efficiency based on total exergy. Hence, the gasification efficiency can be improved by increasing the temperature with the change of equivalence ratio (ER) and with the addition of heat in the process.

Keywords: Biomass; Efficiency; Equilibrium Model; Exergy Analysis; High Temperature Gasification

122 Ref#: 269/MAL/11/SD

GHG Emission and Abatement Potential Assessment: The Case of Solid Waste Management System in Metro Manila, Philippines

Jovelyn Ferrer a a Center for Sustainable Human Development, Development Academy of the Philippines San Miguel Ave., Ortigas Center, Pasig City, Philippines. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Management of solid waste has always been a problem in our society. With economic growth, lifestyle changes and population increase, challenges are expected to aggravate. The negative impacts related to solid waste management (SWM) can be considered as a local problem with global implication considering the resource, energy and greenhouse gas emission associated with it. The goal of this study is to assess the challenges of SWM in Metro Manila, Philippines in terms of GHG emission as well as the abatement potentials.

SWM is recognized as an important contributor to global warming due to methane (CH4) emission from solid waste disposal sites. Through the first-order decay method, emission from the region’s solid waste disposal sites was quantified. The resulting amount of CH4 emission was used to estimate the potential of utilizing LFG (landfill gas) for energy. The estimate shows significant amount of energy that could be provided by LFG-to-energy instead of fossil fuel source.

Over all greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from SWM practice was also assessed through the life-cycle inventory. Among the SWM elements considered are collection, transportation and landfilling. The result affirms that CH4 from landfilling has the greatest contribution to the SWM GHG emission. Although emission from the fuel consumption when collecting and transporting is very low as compared to landfilling emission, it is still important to be addressed for environmental protection and economic benefits. As the scenarios suggest, emission could be reduced if the amount of waste to be transported will be lessened and if the LFG will be recovered and used for energy.

Keywords: GHG emission, landfill, methane, solid waste management, waste-to-energy

123 Ref#: 270/MAL/11/SD

Review of Permeable Pavement Systems in Malaysia Conditions

Ismail Abustan a, Meor Othman Hamzah b, Mohd Aminur Rashid c a,b,c School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia. c Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The intention of this review paper is to summaries the wide-range but diffuses literature on mainly permeable pavement systems (PPS), highlight current trends in research and industry, and to recommend future areas of research and development. Permeable pavements are alternatives to traditional impervious asphalt and concrete pavements.

Interconnected void spaces in the pavement allow for water to infiltrate into a subsurface storage zone during rainfall events with 3000 mm/hr. Infiltration of stormwater runoff reduces runoff peaks and runoff volumes as the climate of Malaysia is equatorial with high humidity. It has an annual rainfall volume of 320 billion cubic meters (bcm) for Peninsular Malaysia; 194 bcm for Sabah, and 476 bcm for Sarawak.

The development of PPS as an integral part of sustainable drainage systems is reviewed in the context of traditional and modern urban drainage. Permeable pavements can operate as efficient hydrocarbon traps and powerful in-situ bioreactors. Particular highlight is given to detailed design, maintenance and water quality control aspects. The most important target pollutants are hydrocarbons, heavy metals and nutrients. The advantages and disadvantages of different PPS are discussed with the help of recent case studies.

The latest innovations are highlighted and explained, and their potential for further research work is outlined. Recent research of this new type of permeable pavement using honeycomb shaped modular from recycled polyvinyl chloride, PVC can store and collect rain, provide erosion and sediment control, effectively convey and deliver water, and protect natural areas is on the development. This recycling pavement system is shows potential.

Keywords: Porous pavement, Sustainable drainage system, permeable pavement

124 Ref#: 271/MAL/11/SD

A 3-Dimensional Numerical Study of a Flow within a Permeable Pavement

Ismail Abustan a, Meor Othman Hamzah b, Mohd Aminur Rashid c a,b,c School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia. c Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This numerical study has been performed to predict the flow patterns and characteristics within permeable pavement. Throughout the design and planning period for future construction are increasingly integrating computational fluid dynamics (CFD) into the process. As a result, engineers are interested in the reliability of CFD software to provide accurate flow data for a wide range of structures. CFD results have generally been in agreement with physical model experimental data.

A commercially known software, FLOW-3D, is applied to numerically solve the Navier-stokes equations for solution domains which are separated into three regions with overlapping boundaries to efficiently accommodate the grid resolutions, namely the honeycomb shaped modular, gravel and combined honeycomb shaped modular with gravel fill. The filtration of the fluid within the interstices of a permeable pavement, is evaluated by integrating the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations (RANS) inside the voids rather than making use of the widespread “porous media” approach, such for example in Hsu et. al. (2002) and Lara et al (2006).

The calculated results such as pressure, velocities, flow rate, surface height are compared with the scale model data where available. The permeable pavement infiltration is in a good agreement with the measurement based on previous study by Yoo et al (2002).

In conclusion, the results from numerical simulation are generally well agreed with the existing data and flow information such as flow patterns at increased flow, discharge rate and pressure is obtained to be used for engineering design purpose. Overall, the potential for Flow-3D to model various geometries and configurations appears great. It should be noted that CFD should not be considered a complete replacement for physical modelling; however, it can definitely be used as a supplementary tool throughout the pavement design process.

Keywords: Three-dimensional model, permeable pavement, infiltration, FLOW-3D.

125 Ref#: 272/MAL/11/SD

Problems facing by women of interior Sindh in making and selling their Handicrafts

Nosheen Munir a, Masood Ahmed b, Saima Khan c, Batool Karimi d a,b,c,d Sustainable Development Research Center (SDRC) Shaheed Zulifqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST) Karachi, Pakistan a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This study is based on rural development especially in making and selling of the handicrafts products, as handicrafts production is considered as a major part of economy for developing countries, it is important form of employment and the best source for poverty eradication. Handicrafts business plays vital role in uplifting the economic conditions of the community therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to identify the key problems which are facing by rural community of Sindh,”Jaffer Jokhio Village” in making and selling their handicrafts products, it may be limited supply of raw material, unavailability of skilled labour, Lack of technology, Marketing issues, poor access to credit facility reluctant to adopt new methods of production etc, and this study will also find out the target market for handicrafts goods and also identify the availability of proper marketing channels for selling and promoting their handicrafts goods of rural communities, based on our results we will be implementing the strategies to overcome their problems taking place for handicrafts selling, such as by providing them quality raw material, micro credit loan facility etc. And we will also be arranging small training programs for skilled and unskilled women/girls of Jaffer Jokhio village in order to enhance their entrepreneurship skills for embroidery and adopt the modern technique of working, tools and machineries will also be provided to them, As researcher we will be helping them in marketing their business by making documentaries of their handicrafts, accessibility of their handicrafts products for customers through digital marketing tools.

Keywords: Constraints, Handicrafts, Marketing, Rural Development, Selling

126 Ref#: 273/MAL/11/SD

Developing Indicators of Ecological Landscape: Moving Forward with Sustainability initiative for Qatar

Hatem Galal A Ibrahim a a Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract According to Central Intelligence Agency5, Oil and gas have made Qatar the second highest per-capita income country - following Liechtenstein. The economy of Qatar is one of the active economies in the Middle East with a rapid growth in the construction sector. Since the mid-1980's, there has been a major breakthrough in the economic situation. The recent infrastructure boom and economic growth has revealed that Qatar is among the countries with the highest water consumption per capita. According to (Public health Trade Mission, 2010)6 Qatar consumes over 219 million gallons of water per day, 99% of which comes from desalination plants with an expensive process of water treatment and water consumption is expected to reach 380 million gallons per day by 2013. According to its geographical location and climate, Qatar is classified as a hot subtropical desert, and has no rivers or lakes. The primary source of fresh water is the ground water and Arabian Gulf. Surface water is very limited; only after a good winter rainfall, water may be seen in depressions, wadis and runnels for a short time. In line with the previous and as Human Demand Outstrips Nature’s Supply7 cited that the footprint of high income countries is 3 times that of middle income countries and 5 times that of low income countries, it is clear that moving the development capacity forward is important for reflecting a good predictor of economic system output in Qatar. Accordingly the sustainable development has become more urgent in Qatar. However, managing for sustainability will be impossible without tools that allow us to account for our demand on, and supply of ecological resources for different variables of sustainability. The paper intends to introduce the framework for ecological landscape indicators, which includes: 1) Identifying policy and guidance, 2) develop indicators, and 3) develop appropriate monitoring program. This paper is focusing on developing indicators for ecological landscape assessment to be used in Qatar as a second phase of the introduced framework.

Keywords: Ecological Landscape, Ecosystem Classification, Landscape dynamics , Sustainable Development, Qatar .

5 Central Intelligence Agency, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/qa.html 6 Public health trade mission, June 5-10, 2010, mission statement, http://www.buyusa.gov/qatar/en/191.html 7 http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/all_publications/living_planet_report/demands_on_our_planet/ 127 Ref#: 274/MAL/11/SD

Sustainable forest governance in a changing climate: Impacts of REDD program on the livelihood of poor communities in Nepalese community forestry

Shaligram Neupane a, Krishna K. Shrestha b a,b Urban and Regional Planning and Policy, Faculty of Architecture, Design and Planning University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Sustainable forest governance is critical to a debate over how multi-faceted impacts of climate change can be addressed at the local community level. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) is a financial incentive-based carbon emission reduction program of the United Nations (UN) which will likely change the ways community forests in many developing countries are accessed and used. In particular, the REDD program may reduce the access and use of forest products to poor communities who are heavily dependent on forests for their livelihoods. This paper aims to investigate whether and how the REDD program affects community forestry program in Nepal, particularly in relation to the livelihoods of forest dependent poor communities. It examines conceptual and policy aspects of REDD program in respect to Nepalese community forestry policy through the literature review, and also draws upon the current research in three community forestry cases. It then focuses on the analysis of impacts of the REDD program, viz.– a) access and use of community forests for poor communities, b) benefit and costs of REDD program to poor communities, and c) benefits (or costs) sharing mechanism (i.e. who gets what, when and how?). The paper identifies issues of REDD program in relation to community forestry and local livelihoods, particularly the livelihoods of the poorer groups. The paper provides a critique of the market driven, financial incentive-based REDD program to be not sympathetic to the decentralized forest governance. Despite community forestry has proven to be more equitable than the top-down centralized approach to forest governance, we argue that REDD seems to encourage the top-down approach, and therefore it seems to be anti- community forestry. Further, it does not really safeguard the interest and need of poor and disadvantaged communities who are directly dependent on forests. The paper concludes by underpinning the need to rethink forest governance in a changing climate with due consideration of persisting poverty in many developing countries.

Keywords: community forestry, equity, forest governance, Nepal and REDD

128 Ref#: 277/MAL/11/SD

Factors Influencing public intention towards purchasing green food in Malaysia

Phuah Kit Teng a, Golnaz Rezai b, Zainalabidin Mohamed c, Mad Nasir Shamsudin d a,b,c,d Department of Agribusiness and Information Systems, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Food is the most basic need for all human being. However, shifts in the demographic and economic structures have influenced the food consumption pattern directly or indirectly. Changes in the consumers’ lifestyle, taste and preferences, food safety awareness, environmental protection, health and animal welfare have a great impact on the demand for healthy and nutritious foods. Green foods are used to name as a healthy, environmental friendly, concern on food safety and animal welfare products. However, the concept of green foods is still very new in Malaysia and there is only a little knowledge about what factors influence the public intention to purchase green foods. These paper aims to assess consumers’ perception and the factors that can influence their perception towards green foods consumption in Malaysia. 1355 respondents were interviewed. Descriptive statistic and factor analysis were used to analyze the information on public intention to purchase green foods. Factor analysis was used to determine the factors which can influence the consumers’ purchasing behaviour and binary logistic model was used to determine the extent to which selected socio-economic/demographic characteristics and the extracted factors form factor analysis influence the public intention to purchase green foods. The results indicated that socio-demographic variables play an important role in explaining consumers’ green purchasing behaviour. The major factors determining Malaysian consumers’ green purchasing behaviour are consumers’ referent, knowledge towards green foods, purpose to purchase green foods, motivation to consume green foods, green concept understanding and product price.

Keywords: Binary logistic regression, factor analysis, green foods, intention, Malaysia

129 Ref#: 282/MAL/11/SD

Teaching Financial Literacy to Entrepreneurs for Sustainable Development

Mohsen Rahmandoust a, Ishak Mad shah b, Mahshad Norouzi c, Hossein Hakimpoor d, Naser Khani e a, b Faculty of Management and Human Resources Development, Universiti Teknologi, Malaysia. c Faculty of Management, Kar Higher Education Institute d Islamic Azad University, Birjand Branch, Iran. e Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch, Iran. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Current world economy crises could be prevented by increasing public financial literacy. Moreover, entrepreneurs are considered economic engines of each society and the success rate of entrepreneurs could be improved by increasing financial literacy of entrepreneurs. In addition, since entrepreneurial success can significantly lead to sustainable development of each society, entrepreneurial strength is one of the common roles of policy makers. This study briefly reviews the importance of financial literacy and tries to consider some important points of its teaching contents and process. At the end, some suggestions have been presented for further research.

Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurial Success, Entrepreneurial Learning, Financial Literacy, Sustainable Development

130 Ref#: 287/MAL/11/SD

Sustainable Organizational Capability: A Reflection on the Main Building Blocks

Ibrahim Ndoma a , Nik Rosnah Wan Abdullah b a Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. b Tun Abdul Razak School of Government, Universiti Tun Abdul Razak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract In this article, we examine the critical leadership practices that herald the capacity of public agencies to effectively meet organizational objectives. In line with best practices in many OECD countries, we selected and screened the leadership and leadership practices in Australia’s public service in an effort to understand and extricate the leadership elements that might be useful for public agencies in developing countries. Drawing largely from evidence-based leadership practices from documented sources, we analyzed the framework of the senior executive service and systematically organized the pertinent performance-based management practices that help organizations to identify the staffing and skills requirements of the changing and future organizational environment. Based on our analysis, we observed that performance-based management practices, which underpin organizational capabilities and performance thereof, are results of effortful learning steered by senior executives with acute leadership foresight and managerial competences. This observation is skewed on the fact that senior executives are the fulcrum on which public agencies revolve as they are looked up to by subordinate cadres for business directions and depended on by political leaders to shape policy choices and guide implementation strategies. It is on these notes we suggest the need for organizations to assess their leadership credentials and performance-based management practices, and benchmark them against best practices outlined in this article.

Keywords: organizational capability, performance, senior executive service, performance-based practices, Australian public service

131 Ref#: 288/MAL/11/SD

The role of urban planning in achieving sustainable urban development

Fereshte Ahmadi a , Shirin Toghyani b a, b Faculty of Art & Architecture & Urbanism Collage, Najaf Abad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The Sustainable development strategies’ focus is on five dimensions: economic sustainability, social sustainability, ecological sustainability, sustainable spatial development, and cultural continuity. Thus, sustainable housing is one of the fundamental pillars of sustainable development, and sustainable urban development can be discussed in this context. The target of sustainable urban development process is to achieve the status of "sustainability" in urban communities and also to create or to strengthen the sustainability’s characteristics of economic, social, cultural and environmental city. This essay tries first to have a brief review on the history of sustainable development. Then, it continues to find out how to promote that concept and why it is necessary to be focused through different definitions. To understand the principles and pillars of sustainable development, based on the current worlds’ environmental, economic, social and political realities, concepts, words and condition of the Earth Summit, the Rio Declaration and the Works Program of 21 and the different experts and researchers’ views are used. Then by reviewing the principles and concepts of sustainable development (in general), a primary concept of sustainable urban development (in particular) is achieved. Finally, some general suggestions are made on the sustainable urban development, urban planning and the importance of providing realization conditions of the urban sustainable development. What is important here is to emphasis on Physical – space considerations which are under focus in this research too. And the most important points which should be considered as a Physical consideration in sustainable settlement is also mentioned in this paper. By comparing what should be done with what is today common in urban development planning, and according to above-mentioned comments and topics, it can be concluded that to achieve the urban sustainability, It is necessary to make some structural reforms and to create some deep and fundamental changes in all levels of society, especially in the three levels of: ‘government and management’,‘technology’ and ‘life methods’

Keywords: Sustainable Development – Urban Sustainable Development - Urban planning-development Strategies

132 Ref#: 289/MAL/11/SD

Importance of Environmental Ecotourism Planning for Sustainable Development Mir Mehrdad Mirsanjari a , a Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Malayer University, Iran. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Before any research paper addressing sustainable development can help, their needs to be an examination of the various definitions that have been used. For this reason then, this article will discuss a few of the different definitions of Environmental Ecotourism Planning that are available before delineating the definition that most suits the discussion for this paper.

In the present scenario, due to Environmental activities, environmental degradation is in an alarming rate and it results in various environmental issues. Science and advanced technology can however only help the process of global sustainable environment in a limited way but they cannot deliver it. The success of the technology lies in its implementation part.The communication perspective opens the door to other kinds of tools that environmental Ecotourism Planning can use in order to improve Sustainable Development.

It stands to reason that there are many differences between the developing world and the developed world when it comes to issues of sustainability and sustainable community development. The physical environment, economy, and social make up of these two regions of the world are very different and therefore are subject to different problems, requiring individual methods of approach and research Ecotourism creates an impact on natural ecosystems but more importantly, it offers a way to promote conservation in ecologically fragile regions; benefit the economies of local communities; provide the public with a nature-based education experience. Sustainable development is an important aspect of ecotourism development that involves harvesting our natural resources without depleting or permanently harming them.

Keywords: Environmental Eco-Tourism, Planning, Sustainable Development

133 Ref#: 290/MAL/11/SD

Necessity of Consistence of Urban Management with Sustainable Development

Shirin Toghyani a, Fereshte Ahmadi b a, b Faculty of Art & Architecture & Urbanism Collage, Najaf Abad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The rapid growth of urbanization (especially in developing countries) has created major social, economic and physical problems such as: an increase in urban poverty, inadequate access to key services and housing, alienation of citizens, the creation of slums, inadequate transportation systems and failure of the city’s main facilities. And these problems have made clear the necessary comprehensive consideration of the useful strategies and solutions to improve the urban residents’ conditions. Among topics such as urban environment, transportation, safety and urban planning, the urban management is a very important factor that has so much increasing and important impact on the other growing and productive urban life factors. But the growing trend of the urbanization and the economic, social and environmental problems, and failure of management and common controls in the above-mentioned issues have made it inevitable to reform the management and planning methods of urban development. In this respect, a new approach has been created on the city management which is: managing a city to improve the urban management and sustainable growth of urban region at the local level through following the national economic - social – political aims. In this regard, globalization and the important role of large cities in this process, the issue of urban sustainable management has been put in the agenda of Cultural - Scientific Organization of UNESCO. As sustainable development is a development that responds to the current needs without reducing the ability of future generations in responding to their needs, therefore, it can be said that urban management is a precondition for sustainable development. But the main discussion here is how to perform the city management. As in some cases, the combination between the effective institutions on urban management and their function and result of their management shows the methods and principles that being used, are not only in the indirection of sustainable development but even further, they may violate the basic principal of the sustainable development. For example, gaps in urban management and lack of a uniform management and gaps in planning and activities, inconsistencies of different sectors, weak efficiency, inflexible and dependent organizational structure of urban management, non- commitment of people in urban administration, no fund for city administration budgets, lack of defined funds in this regard, the gap between the service distribution organizations, service improvement organizations are the most important problems of urban management and sustainable development. Studying the challenge between urban management and sustainable development principles, this paper is trying to show that to achieve sustainable development principles, there is no solution but to change the urban management principles in the light of sustainable development.

Keywords: urban management, sustainable development, city, city institutions.

134 Ref#: 293/MAL/11/SD

Using Plastic Bags and Its Damaging Impact on Environment and Agriculture

Md. Abdul Jalil a, Md. Nannu Mian b a Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Economics and Management International Islamic University, Malaysia. b Faculty of Law, International Islamic University Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Thousands of plastic factories are producing tons of plastic bags which are very popularly used by the people for shopping purposes because of its ease, cheapness and convenience of use but its very hazardous negative impact is never highlighted or, at the very least, openly discussed in a more serious tone. Many countries have banned these bags due to public concern over the serious negative impact on the environment and agriculture, especially, in agricultural countries, such as, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, South Africa, etc. In this research paper, descriptive and analytical research methodology has been used to present our ideas. The paper focuses on the sustainable agricultural and economic development in Malaysia and other countries by finding out alternatives to the use of the ubiquitous plastic bags.

Keywords: Plastic bags, environmental degradation, impact on agriculture, non-biodegradable, sustainable development, alternatives to plastic bags.

135 Ref#: 297/MAL/11/SD

Socio-cultural factors associated with biomass fuels in peri-urban areas of Ado Ekiti, Nigeria

Oluwakemi B. Akintan a a School of Geography, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The total reliance on biomass fuels freely collected from the forests has been the major means of meeting household energy demands in developing countries. The burning of these fuels – wood, charcoal, sawdust, crop residues and animal dung often compromise air quality in homes, especially when cooking is carried out in open fires. This paper analyses the socio-cultural factors associated with indoor air pollution in peri-urban areas of Ado Ekiti, Southwest Nigeria. A survey of households in these areas expound on the traditional values the people have in keeping to and persevering norms, as against the problem of indoor air pollution linked with the burning of biomass fuels. Furthermore, as revealed, perceptions about the use of some type of trees show that adherence to ethnic norms and values has made these householders fail to see the health impact(s) from exposure to indoor air pollution in their communities. Hence, in understanding indoor air pollution in developing countries, it is important to consider the underlying socio-cultural contexts peculiar to each environment so that appropriate interventions can be provided. Not only should focus be on socio-economic factors (income, education, age, occupation etc), but also on traditional beliefs and norms which do also contribute to the use of biomass fuels for cooking and lighting in developing countries.

Keywords: biomass fuel; indoor air pollution; socio-cultural context

136 Ref#: 300/MAL/11/SD

Integrating Biological Aspects into River Water Quality Research in Malaysia: An Opinion

Azamuddin Arsad a , Ismail Abustan b, Che Salmah Md. Rawi c , Syafalni d a Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. bDepartment of Water Resources, School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. c Department of Entomology, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. d Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract Assessment on rivers and streams water quality should incorporate aspects of chemical, physical, and biological. The objective of this paper was to review the current primary concerned aspects and practiced method in river water quality research in Malaysia. The present day, method of determining river water quality in Malaysia is based mainly on physical and chemical parameters. Concentration on chemical and physical parameters is particularly surprising in judging natural waters where the main aim is often preservation of biological amenities. Numerous studies have indicated biological method has many advantages over chemical and physical method such as, cheaper, easier, less time consuming, reliable, and can give indications of water quality for a long period of time. We do not advocate to abandoning physical and chemical assessments, rather, we note the inadequacy of the assessments to give complete information on river water quality. Therefore, Malaysia should start to anticipate and integrate the biological aspects into water quality studies, and extensively make use of them to improve water quality monitoring in Malaysia. Successfulness on this will enhance water quality monitoring and management in Malaysia.

Keywords: Biological aspects, Malaysia, River monitoring, Water quality.

137 Ref#:303/MAL/11/SD

Bus Rapid Transit System: A Milestone for Sustainable Transport: A Case Study of Janmarg Brts, Ahmedabad, India

Anuj Jaiswal a, K. K. Dhote b, R. Yadu Krishnan c, Devansh Jain d a,b,c,d Department of Architecture & Planning, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract A sustainable transport system must provide mobility and accessibility to all urban residents in a safe and environment-friendly mode of transport. There is increase in the use of personal transport in the urban area. The rapid growth in the number of motor vehicles has resulted in severe traffic congestion and air pollution in many cities of the country.

One of the most important technical innovations in the transportation field has nothing to do with vehicle technology or alternative fuels. Rather, they involve the way bus services are operated and infrastructure is used to optimize their speed, comfort, and capacity. The U.S. Federal Transit Administration (FTA) has helped to popularize a term for such measures: Bus Rapid Transit, or BRT.

Bus rapid transit (BRT) is a term applied to a variety of public transportation systems using buses to provide faster, more efficient service than an ordinary bus line. The goal of these systems is to approach the service quality of rail transit while still enjoying the cost savings and flexibility of bus transit.

Ahmedabad has become the first city in South Asia to receive award for sustainable transport system. It has bagged for successful implementation of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system. This Paper examines the impact of BRT System on Ahmedabad’s transport sector and the changes that can be brought about by introduction of BRT System in other cities. BRTS Ahmedabad has improved access for local riders and advanced public transportation systems while reducing the environmental impacts of transportation. Moving people quickly, at a low cost, with reduced greenhouse gases and air pollutants helps cities grappling with rapid growth, congestion and environmental concerns.

Keywords: Bus Rapid Transit, Janmarg, Sustainable transport, Public Transport.

138 Ref#: 304/MAL/11/SD

Proposing a Collaborative Development System: Health-Care Collaboration System (HCCS)

Ikhlas Fuad Zamzami a , Md. Nesar Uddin b , Hanan A. A. Fatani c a,b,c Kulliyyah of Information and Communication Technology, International Islamic University Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Health Sector is one of the most important sectors of a country. Obviously, compared to decades ago health-care centers have advanced significantly, especially with the implementation of hospital management system, enterprise resource planner and supply chain management. In addition, telemedicine has opened a new arena in health sector. However, there have been several attempts by researchers to examine electronic collaboration between the healthcare centers owing to inadequate collaborative systems in place for the health-care centers. This paper investigates the current situation of health-care collaboration system, and come up with a proposal for a deployment approach that can be adopted for implementing collaborative systems in health care centers.

Keywords: Collaborative system, Health-Care organization, Information exchanging; System Integration

139 Ref#: 305/MAL/11/SD

Scanning of Microalgae Species for Biological CO2 Fixation at a Malaysian Coastal Coal-Fired Power Station

Muhammad Nazry Chik a, Liyana Yahya b , Mohd Hariffin Boosroh c, Lokman Shamsudin d a,b Emission and Waste Management Unit, TNB Research Sdn. Bhd, Malaysia. c Generation & Environment Division, TNB Research Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia. d Faculty of Science and Biotechnology, Universiti Selangor (UNISEL), Malaysia. Corresponding author: [email protected]

Extended Abstract One of the pillars for a sustainable development is the care for the environment. Under it, carbon emission / footprint in g.CO2/kWh or g.CO2/acre, is an indicator if one needs to quantify ‘sustainability’. In power generation industries, there is a growing concern to reduce the emission of CO2, especially from a fossil-fueled power plant. There are various approaches to reduce CO2 from power plants; namely pre-combustion, oxy-fuel and post-combustion technologies, in broader terms. Under pos-combustion technologies, there are applicable processes like chemical/physical absorption, adsorption, and membrane separation. Apart from these, there is also a biological way of fixing CO2. This is done by autotrophic microalgae which ‘fix’ CO2 through the common natural photosynthesis process. Conceptually, CO2-rich flue gas from a fossil fuelled power plant exhaust is fed into a reactor containing microalgae medium. This process can offer a more sustainable approach in reducing CO2 emission, and due to its multiple value-added byproducts, can promote to an integrated inter-industry symbiosis. Most of these power plants are located by sea sides due to the availability of abundant sea water for cooling purposes. This paper, thus, aims to identify some locally available microalgae species in the vicinity of such power plants. Use of locally available microalgae species can facilitate and ease-out the biologically CO2 fixation process at the site, due to reduced amount of resources and duration needed for acclimatizing the species. The sampling of microalgae species was done at the offshore of TNB’s Janamanjung Power Plant. This 3 x 700 MW coal-fired power plant is located in the district of Manjung, Perak, along the Straits of Malacca, west coast of Malaysia. Three locations of samplings were identified in the vicinity of this power plant, as tabulated in Table 1and mapped in Figure 1 below.

Table 1. Particulars of the sampling sites

Site ID GPS Coordinate Approximate Remarks Distance from Power Plant Site 1 N 4o 9.435’; 2.5 km Near lighthouse @ Teluk E 100o 37.079’ Rubiah Site 2 N 4o 8.195’; 2.4 km Near coal jetty E 100o 38.103’ Site 3 N 4o 2.675’; 14 km At mouth of Perak river E 100o 41.859’

140 Figure 1. Spatial map of sampling sites

Samples were taken using plankton net of 35 m net size. The net was submerged about 3 m below the surface of water, using a rope from a stationary boat. The net was then pulled up vertically using rope and pulley assembly, as depicted in Figure 2. The net was later sprayed with in-situ sea water, before collected by a sampling bottle attached at the end of the net.

Figure 2. Taking sample using plankton net

Physical properties like luminance, temperature, pH, dissolved O2 and salinity were measured at each site and samples, using lux meter and EUTECH’s portable multimeter model CyberScan PCD 650. Samples were kept in 500 mL plastic bottles, labeled and deposited in a cool-box during transportation to laboratory. At the laboratory, 3- phosphate content (PO4 ) was later determined using spectrophotometer. Summary of these average physical and chemical properties is tabulated in

141 Table 2.

Table 2. Summary of physical and chemical properties

Properties Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Luminance [klux] 26.6 31.25 8.05 Temperature [oC] 30.5 29.6 29.0 pH 7.97 8.36 7.50 Dissolved O2 [%] 89.85 92.3 83.3 Salinity [ppt] 45.09 63.84 58.00 Phosphate [mg/L] 2.05 2.50 > 4

From

Table 2 above, it was obvious to note that sample at Site 3 contains much higher phosphate due to its location at the Perak river mouth that spews rich surface run-offs containing nutrients, among others. Peak microalgae production in the water column also occurred at Site 3, reaching a maximum value of 64.3 cell/ ml cell population. The samples were then concentrated using sedimentation methods. Samples were cultured and sub-cultured using the Conway medium - as the broad spectrum medium for enrichment of microalgae growth - while the modified Zarrouk Medium is used for the cell propagation of selected species of flagellate. Identification of available species was done based on their morphology characteristics examined under microscope. The main bulk of the microalgae were comprised of diatoms, flagellates, ciliophora and blue green algae. Dominant flagellate algae encountered were species of Isochrysis, Tetraselmis, Nannochloropsis as well as the blue-green algae, Trichodesmium; while those of diatom were species of Nitzschia, Chaetoceros, Coscinodiscus, Navicula and Asterionella. Among these, microalgae species Isochrysis has been identified to be dominant, in terms of cell counts, in all the samples.

142 Figure 3. Typical microalgae species Isochrysis

In order to further assess suitability of these species for the biological CO2 fixation, further works would involve culturing these species in a photobioreactor, where a CO2 fixation rate can be calculated.

Keywords: Global warming, CO2 fixation, microalgae

143 Ref#: 306/MAL/11/SD

Preparation of Facilities Needed and Perception of Occupants in the Old Folks Home : Case Study in Ipoh Dan Johor Bahru

Shalini A. P. Sanmargaraja a, Seow Ta Wee b a, b Technology Management, Business dan Entrepreneurship Faculty (FPTPK), Building and Real Estate Department, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM). a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract With constant increment in the number of elderly generation in the community, there are demands for preparing special facilities inside and outside the buildings especially in the old folk’s home in order to provide a quality life for the veterans. Nowadays, the society is so materialistic that they are oblivious to their responsibility towards their parents by sending them to the old folk’s home. There is insufficiency of facilities to accommodate the number of occupants which are increasing day by day. Focuses of this study are to identify the existing facilities and to identify the perceptions of occupants in the old folk’s home. The proposed research methodologies are observation and questionnaires. From the research, it shows that manager of the homes are having financial problem to provide facilities required. The number of temporary residents who are also troublesome to the managers to plan new facilities. All the respondents suggested that it would be good if the facilities are repaired and improved to increase the number of facilities provided in the line with the increment of the veterans in the community. The management of the old folk’s home keeps on giving excuses regarding inadequate facilities but they don’t realize that it’s their responsibility to provide such facilities no matter what problems they are facing in order to implement the facilities improvement planning. Management should avoid pointing on other party to clear their name. The results of research shows that all the facilities in the buildings are limited, the facilities must be repaired and upgraded to increase the quality facilities. Preparation and facility management is expected to improve the quality of life of the veterans. Upgrading suggestions can be divided into a few parts which are outdoor design, interior design and signage inside and outside of the old folk’s home.

Keywords: Facility Management System, Disabled Person, Old Folk’s Home,Older Generation, Quality of Life

144 Ref#: 307/MAL/11/SD

Preliminary study on the morphometry analysis of the Red Palm Weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) adults: A new invasive pest of coconut palms in Terengganu

Wahizatul Afzan Azmi a, Abdul Rahman Bin Abd. Razak b, Angela Wong Siew Yeung c a Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. b Department of Agro technology, Faculty of Agro technology & Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. c Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This study was intended to investigate the differences of morphological characters between males and females of the Red Palm Weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus adults from Terengganu, Malaysia. This was the first time that the morphometry analysis of the species have been reported from Peninsular Malaysia. No significant differences were detected in length and width, type or shape of body, pronotum, elytra, fore leg, antennae and mouthpart between sexes. However, males have significantly shorter rostrum compared with females (p > 0.05). Although R. ferrugineus is morphologically similar between sexes, plenty of strong sexual dimorphisms were observed. Sexes of this species can be distinguished by the presence of rostral setae on male rostrum, presence of longer and denser setae on ventral side of front tibia of male’s fore leg, and shape of the pygidium of both sexes. The coloration which ranges from ferrugineus to reddish-brown and to black, together with the markings on the pronotum, is characteristic of the species. However, considerable marked variation in pronotal markings in conjunction with variation in shape, size and number of markings on the pronotum, make this species is difficult to study. Therefore, as size, coloration and shape alone is not of specific value and often useless in classification, revision of the taxonomic status utilizing molecular techniques will be applied for further investigation. Outcomes from this morphometric study is hoped will give a better understanding on the taxonomy of this species, and could be one of the most considerable importance to develop new control strategy of this invasive pest.

Keywords: female, male, morphometry analysis, Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus.

145 Ref#: 308/MAL/11/SD

Study of Strategic Eco-Tourism Potential Based on Sustainable Development and Management

Mir Mehrdad Mirsanjari a, Mitra Ossadat Mirsanjari b a Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Malayer University, Iran. b School of Health Sciences, PPSK,, University Science Malaysia Kubang Kerian,Malaysia a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract While the focus of ecotourism has largely been on rural or sensitive areas, the vast majority of tourists visit an urban environment. This article examines how the ecotourists developed the concept of urban green tourism a concept that promotes environmental responsibility, local economic vitality, cultural diversity and experiential richness.Basic aspects of sustainable housing design such as increasing density, mixed use and proximity to public transport are being adopted increasingly in Developed cities. Assessment of the uptake of sustainable planning initiatives reveals the prevalence of a decidedly neoliberal agenda which shies away from the more substantial challenges ecocity design and community-based enterprise may represent. Such community-based initiatives must, however, be supported at a broader scale, to avoid possible outsourcing of governmental responsibility or the relegation of sustainable design to the sole realm of the wealthy. This article elaborates on the promises and challenges permeating the management for development of ecocities community and highlights eco and green spaces and natural sustainable transportation options among other features. The development and launch of the map is discussed and some of the problems encountered are examined. Key strategies for launching ecotourism products are presented in the recommendations.

Keywords: Strategic Eco-Tourism. Potential Planning. Sustainable, Development, Management

146 Ref#: 310/MAL/11/SD

Adaptation of Arrowroot (Maranta Arundinacea) Processing Technologies in Typhoon Prone Marginal Areas in Bicol

Arnulfo P. Malinis a, Christopher O. Pacardo b a Bicol University College of Agriculture and Forestry, Guinobatan, Albay, Philippines. b Bicol University Polangui Campus, Polangui, Albay, Philippines. b Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Adaptation of the arrowroot processing technologies developed by BUCAF, Guinobatan, Albay in 2004, and tested in the Province of Marinduque in 2006, is conducted in typhoon prone marginal areas in Bicol. Mr. Jimmy Ibarreta of Bgy. Morera, Guinobatan, Albay was the farmer cooperator of the project. Planting of local varieties of arrowroot was done at BUCAF, Guinobatan, Albay. Production ranges from 1.7 to 2.5 kg/m2 for shaded and open areas respectively. The size of rhizomes is smaller than that of the Marinduque variety by 20% in length and in diameter. Processing Plant analysis showed a capacity of 1000 kg/day with starch recovery of 12-14%, machine efficiencies ranges from 86 to 99%. The operational cost of the processing system was at P7.00/kg to include P2.00/kg from washing to water removal, drying at 1.50/kg, and buying price of P5.00/kg for fresh tubers. Economic analysis resulted to an ROI of 41.53% at 960 hours annual use. Added value per kg of processed arrowroot is at P2.20/kg excluding by-products. The processing arrowroot is technically and economically feasible in producing quality starch. Commercialization of the technology shall be done in Bicol and Laguna marginal areas.

Keyword: Arrowroot, Machines, Marginal areas, Mechanized Technologies, Processing

147 Ref#: 311/MAL/11/SD

From Growth to Development Sustainability in Developing Countries: A Conceptual Framework

Himayatullah Khan a a Institute of Development Studies,, KPK Agricultural University, Peshawar-25000, Pakistan a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The term sustainability is linked with the nexus of economic development, environmental quality, and social equity. This term was evolved in 1972, when the world community first acknowledged the link between quality of life and environmental quality at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm. However, in 1987 sustainable development was defined as “development that can meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. This called for the need for integrated decision making which may be capable of balancing the economic and social needs of the people with the regenerative capacity of the natural environment. This paper examines the concept, measures, history and challenges of sustainable development in the context of the world economy and delineates the difference between economic growth and economic development. The study also investigates the core values of development. It also probes in to the major pillars on which sustainable development rests. The paper finds that the factors governing sustainable development includes saving and investment, poverty, population, pollution, participation, policy and market failures, and prevention and management of disasters. The paper concludes that consumption, production and distribution are the three major challenges and determinants of sustainable development.

Keywords: Developing Countries, Economic Development, Growth, Sustainability, Sustainable Development.

148 Ref#: 312/MAL/11/SD

Assessment on Water Quality of Abandoned Mining Pond to Be Upgraded as Retention Facilities

Husna Takaijudina , Sheikh Ahmad Kamil Sheikh Ahmad Tajuddin b , Ahmad Mustafa Hashim c a,b,c Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia a Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract The ex-mining ponds in Malaysia remained unproductive and improperly used. Thus, it has a potential to be upgraded as storage system as well as treatment system. The aim of this paper is to assess the potential of ex-mining pond in treating the some of the effluent from various types of industrial areas. Two ex-mining ponds at Taiping were selected as a case study. Water sampling, in-situ testing and laboratory experimental work were conducted within 6 months monitoring. Results found that four parameters (DO, COD, and NH3-N) are most significant to the water quality. According to the result, the abandoned ponds in the study area are polluted where the water quality standard falls under Class III and IV. However, these ponds have potential for runoff treatment because of the reduction of concentration of each parameter at pond itself. It is recommended to integrate the pond with other treatment facilities such as infiltration trench or bioswales to enhance the performance of the pond.

Keywords: Ex-mining pond; Industrial effluent; Monitoring; Water quality; Treatment facilities.

149 Ref#: 318/MAL/11/SD

The Role of Biodiversity for Sustainable Environment

Mir Mehrdad Mirsanjari a , Mitra Mirsanjari b a Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Malayer University, Iran. b PPSKHealth sciences, USM,Kubang Kerian, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Scientific research on human-environmental interactions is now a budding sustainability science. The concept recognises that the well-being of human society is closely related to the well-being of natural ecosystems. Traditional knowledge is vital for sustainability of natural resources including forests, water, and agro ecosystems across landscape continuum spanning from households through farms, village, commons and wilderness. This article identifies recent developments in local knowledge research and interface this with the challenges that contemporary society faces and how local knowledge can be useful to address the biodiversity conservation. Humanity faces exceptional challenge of eroding natural resources and declining ecosystems services due to a multitude of threats created by unprecedented growth and consumerism. Also imperilled is the biodiversity and sustainability of the essential ecological processes and life support systems in human dominated ecosystems across scales. Indeed, human-domination of earth is evident in global change biodiversity extinctions and disruption of ecosystem functions. Ecological problems coupled with unequal access to resources results in human ill-being and threats to the livelihood security of the world's poorest.

Keywords: Biodiversity, Sustainable, Environment, agro-ecosystem

150 Ref#: 319/MAL/11/SD

Housing Preference in Shah Alam

Mariatul Liza bt Meor Gheda a, Hasmanira Bt Mokhtar b, Norhayati bt Hussain c a School of Architecture, Building & Design, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract An urban area has always been the focus of developers to build houses to meet local communities’ needs, especially those working in the urban environment itself. However, many of the developers tend to focus mainly on providing prestige’s houses such as bungalows or high end condominiums which are quite expensive and unaffordable to many. Left with no options due to financial constraint, the low and middle income earners, forced to live on the outskirt or beyond, even though they work in the city. Consequently, they will be marginalized and lose out on the development benefits that the city would provide. A better development of urban area should be able to provide more choices on living in order to have a good balance society with variety socio-economic activities that offer job opportunities and attractive package as place to work and live.

Therefore, this study aims to identify the factors affecting housing preferences and investigate house buyer’s priority in housing preference in order to promote housing reform in urban area. Through an analysis, attributes of people’s housing preference such as a housing price, location, environment, security and design are identified. Shah Alam, a rapidly growing capital city of Selangor State in Malaysia was identified as a case study. The city, located about 25 kilometers west of Kuala Lumpur, is known for its housing areas and commercial centers served about half of a million citizens. By identifying preferences and its priority, stakeholders including the local government and housing developers may respond to the advancement of housing marketization in the area. This study concludes that location and environment is the main priority that influenced housing preference. Next is purchasing criteria and security aspect was considered as the third priority.

Keywords: Housing preference, location and environment, purchasing criteria, security

151 Ref#: 321/MAL/11/SD

Wastage, Wealth and Woes: Competitive Consumption and its Impacts on Social and Natural Environment in Bangladesh.

Masudur Rahman a a Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Nordland, Norway. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Development studies have mostly focused on macro-economic factors and consumption indexes as indicators for development. Those paid little attention to complex chain of links between consumption and underdevelopment. The Human Development report 1998 recognised the connections between competitive spending and affluence of some, which in turn deepen poverty and cause exclusion of many. This paper discusses how conspicuousness in consumption patterns and competition in display of wealth erode renewable resources and undermine the prospect of sustainable development in Bangladesh. It has economic sociological perspective, it makes the application of network analysis and it views demand for goods is a by product of social forces. New economic sociology explicitly puts emphasis on interpersonal effects on consumer demand. Granovetter and Soong argue that what one buys is shaped by his interaction that takes place within and between networks. This paper sheds more lights on consumption as interaction process. Based upon findings of a study on consumption behaviour of the rich in Dhaka, Bangladesh, it advances the argument that consumption is important for the exercise of power and competition for resources and power. The rich in Dhaka, mainly political-bureaucratic- and business elites, direct their consumption and investments at forming coalitions, or ties with significant others, as wide as possible. Luxury consumption provides them connections with dispersed social networks, which they use for access to resources. They also compete for resources and power, which may take pervasive forms and have negative impacts on social and natural environment.

Keywords: Consumption; Embeddedness; Network analysis; Power; Sustainability

152 Ref#: 323/MAL/11/SD

Enterprise-Wide Risk Management Best Practices: The Critical Success Factors

Norlida Abdul Manaba , Siti Norezam Othmanb, Isahak Kassim c a Banking & Risk Management Department, College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), Sintok, Kedah. Malaysia. b Operations and Technology Management Department, College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), Sintok, Kedah. Malaysia. c Faculty of Information Technology and Quantitative Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This paper examines the critical success factors of effective Enterprise-Wide Risk Management (EWRM) practices that have an effect on shareholder value. Financial and non-financial companies of Public Listed Companies (PLCs) of service sector had been chosen as a population to determine the crucial factors that should be considered for a success implementation of EWRM. A triangulation approach was adopted to get an enriched data collection and analysis for the study. From a survey on 14 financial companies and 41 non-financial companies and 4 companies of a case study, it is found that organisational culture is a most critical factor which contributes more to a success implementation of EWRM and has an effect on shareholder value. Significantly, the function and the effectiveness of other critical success factors were depended on strong organisational culture. The other EWRM critical success factors identified were risk management base, compliance, resource, cross-functional staff, knowledge management, and authority or power.

Keywords: Enterprise Risk management, Critical Success Factors, Shareholder Value

153 Ref#: 327/MAL/11/SD

Analyses on lending problems of agriculture and agro-industry in Albania

Anila Mançka a a Faculty of Economy, University “Fan S. Noli”, Korçë, Albania. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Agriculture is a very important sector in Albanian economy, and it must be credited. The lack of financing is one of the main problems that stumbles the development of agriculture. This sector in Albania is less loaned than in other countries of Europe. The main aim of this research paper is the evaluation of agriculture and agro-industry crediting problem as well as some recommendations for the improvement of the situation. For this purpose here are some objectives which are: 1. Analyses on agricultural development in Albania and their role in economic development of the country. 2. The trends of credits and identification of low lending problems in agriculture and agro-industry. 3. Some recommendations for the improvement of the situation and the increase of loans in this sector which is very important for the economic development of the country. The methodology of research includes the study of literature, similar articles of journals, and national and international conferences; it also includes the statistical data collection from national authority like Statistical Institute, Albanian Bank, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Agriculture and Consumer Protection. For analyses and data elaboration is used MS EXEL program.

Keywords: agriculture sector; agro-industry; financing; loan.

154 Ref#: 328/MAL/11/SD

Mitigating Climate Risks Utilizing Good Practices Options in Upland Ecosystems of Bicol Region, Philippines

Angelo P. Candelaria a a Bicol University Research and Development Center, Bicol University, Legazpi City, Albay, Philippines. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Climate change is widely considered as one of the major threats to national development and stability. Managing climate risks in upland agriculture is one of the major challenges of today as it poses a serious peril to food security and the reduction of poverty. Bicol Region, Philippines, most particularly is witnessing a clear increase in extreme weather conditions mainly heavy rains, floods, typhoons and soil erosion or landslides - afflicting even a larger number of people across provinces and causing growing amounts of human and economic losses. Extreme climate events regularly affect the various sectors including the upland and rainfed agro-ecological zones. At present, there are no pronounced wet or dry season in the region as the climatic variability is very persistent. Impacts of extreme events caused by calamities frequently accumulate into hindering the development gains. Specifically, the frequent occurrence of rain due to La Niña during the cropping cycles for upland agro-ecological zones happens to be the dominant reason for crop investment failure and poor production. Likewise, effects of climate risks on these hazard prone areas are likely to increase the exposure of people, mainly the poor to loss of perceived revenues. Unless their vulnerabilities due to climate-related losses are addressed and reduced, the development of these marginal households can never be achieved. The paper highlights the good practices options adopted by farmers through the intensification of crop diversification strategies in addressing climate risks. Coupled with the application of soil analysis, organic farming techniques have showed promising results compared to the farming practices which were traditionally observed by farmers. The disaster risk management practices and approaches were recommended to upland vegetable farming communities to ensure production even at the onset of calamities.

Keywords: Climate Ecosystems Mitigating Risks Upland

155 Ref#: 330/MAL/11/SD

Sustainable Urban Neighbourhoods: The Need To Consider Residents’ Satisfaction

Abdul Ghani Salleh a a School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia a Corresponding authour : [email protected]

Abstract Residential and neighbourhood satisfaction is an important indicator of housing quality and condition which affects individuals’ quality of life. The features which determine their satisfaction are essential inputs in monitoring the success of sustainable development practice. This paper outlines the role of residential and neighbourhood satisfaction in studies investigating factors, such as dwelling units, housing services and neighbourhood facilities and environment, which affect the sustainability of the neighbourhoods. Through a broad review of literature on residential satisfaction and neighbourhood quality, the paper identifies many factors which affect satisfaction with the neighbourhood facilities and environment. The paper concludes that the difficulty of achieving sustainable neighbourhood development without considering residents’ satisfaction of neighbourhood facilities and environment. This implies the government should monitor the implementation of housing policies closely in order to achieve sustainable residential neighbourhood development .

Keywords: Environment, Neighbourhood facilities, Quality of life, Residential satisfaction, Sustainable development

156 Ref#: 332/MAL/11/SD

Local community participation in sustainable management of land and water resources in Iran

Reza Bagherian a a Agricultural Research, education and extension Organization (AREEO), Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute (SCWMRI), Tehran, Iran. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract During the last years, natural resources in Iran have suffered severe degradation. In this regard governments of Iran have established several policies to sustainable management of natural resources. Most of these efforts have taken top down strategy and often unsustainable. In recent year’s government has developed participatory approach in natural resources management in several rural areas. Hable-Rud basin Watershed Management Program (WMP) is one of these participatory programs to sustainable management of land and water resources in Iran which is initiated as a joint program of UNDP and Islamic Republic of Iran in 1997. The degree of popular participation in such programs is a major determinant of success or failure, but the factors which make participation efforts successful still remained a mystery. This study was designed to discover this mystery and aims to determine the factors that influence people’s participation in WMP. The data for this study were gathered from 200 respondents through personal interviews during August and September of 2008. The findings of study indicated that level of participation in WMP was moderate to low; however people preferred more involvement in social rather than economic and environmental activities of WMP. Correlation analysis showed that six factors have positive and significant relationship with level of participation in WMP. However, regression analysis discovered that five factors provided the best prediction for the level of participation in WMP and explained 45 % of the variation in level of participation. These five factors were; people’s satisfaction of prior programs, attitude toward WMP, knowledge of WMP, monthly income from alternative occupation, and met expectations of WMP.

Keywords: Community, Hable-Rud, Iran, Participation, Watershed Management

157 Ref#:333/MAL/11/SD

Strengthening Pakistan’s Economic Development through International Trade

Shabbir Ahmad a, Noor Al-Huda Abdul Karim b a University of Nizwa, Oman. b Department of Economics, Faculty of Management and Economics, Sultan Idris Education University, Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract In the present era of globalisation, trade policy in Pakistan has been made more liberal in order to gain more socio- economic benefits for local people. The main objective of this paper is to analyse Pakistan’s foreign trade and discuss how the variable, which is an important component of national income can help strengthen the country’s economic development. A set of annual time series data on Pakistan’s gross domestic product (GDP) from 1981 to 2010 was used to estimate the model of economic development that relates to trade variable. Using a simple regression method, the findings suggest that there is a significant influence of foreign trade on the country’s economic development in which the GDP variable is taken as its proxy. It confirms the theories of international trade that argue, in order for economic development to be achieved, foreign trade activity must be promoted. In the classical free trade theories of Adam Smith (1776) and David Ricardo (1817), discussion on international trade activity was focused on comparison of labour productivities between countries. The main point of these theories is that, economic development is strengthened when a country can minimise cost of labour and maximise production of output to increase level of exports to other country. In relation to Pakistan’s trade, the size of imports is always larger than the size of exports, which indicates trade deficit. Government intervention through strategic trade policy is therefore needed to increase exports through productivities of factors of production from potential economic sectors. Efforts to expand and increase overseas markets for exports are also important.

Keywords: Economic Development, Gross Domestic Product, International Trade, Productivities, Socio-Economic Benefits

158 Ref#: 334/MAL/11/SD

Impact of International Environmental Management System on Sustainability Index benchmarking for Small and Medium Enterprise

Venkataraman Narayanaswamy a, Kanesan Muthusamy b a, b Institute of Quality, Research & Innovation (IQRI),, Faculty of Science and Technology, Open University Malaysia b Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Sustainability is becoming an important tool towards our better future. More and more companies are looking into sustainability as their prime focus. Sustainability encompasses responsibilities towards social, energy, water, pollution and economic factors. Sustainability is the ability to sustain. One of the key factors considered for Sustainability Index (SI) is the implementation of international environmental management system, typically ISO 14001 system. As per Malaysian government estimates, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) contribute 37 per cent in the gross domestic product (GDP) of Malaysia by 2010.The objective of the study is to understand the impact of international environmental management system implementation by SME on sustainability index benchmarking. Positive and negative impacts besides concerns for implementing ISO 14001 management system were evaluated. Major barriers were identified as training, resources and cost. Recommendations for implementing environmental management system for SMEs include integration of management systems, eco-mapping, greening of supply chain and corporate reporting. Implementation of environmental management system has a strong bearing on the sustainability index benchmarking.

Keywords: Sustainability, Environment, Management System, Impacts, SME

159 Ref#:337/MAL/11/SD

Bacteriological Quality Monitoring and Sustainable Management of Beaches in Malaysia: Problems and Prospects

Asmat Ahmad a, Dada Ayokunle Christopher b, Gires Usup c a,b,c School of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Faculty Of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,Ukm Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Malaysia witnessed an intense promotion of tourism after the collapse of primary commodity prices in the 1980s. Increased tourism presents a tremendous demand for beach recreation among domestic and international tourists. Despite this growing demand, resolute government efforts to develop beaches as tourist destinations are invariably absent. With no incentives to monitor public beaches or to use them in a sustainable manner, they might eventually degenerate in quality as a result of influx of pollutants from beach users and sewage discharge pipes on the coast. There is therefore the need for concerted action plans with a view to promoting their sustainable use. The success of such is inevitably anchored on the availability of robust quality monitoring schemes. Although significant efforts have been made by the government in terms of collation and public disclosure of data related to bacteriological quality of rivers, beach water monitoring appears left out. This partly explains the dearth of published information related to beach water quality data. The meager information on quality of beaches in Malaysia are mainly found on internet blogs and these have a bias for aesthetic quality. Translating subjective viewpoints on available beaches into sustainable policies remains a major challenge. The research community could help bridge the gap by generating scientific data based on carefully planned experimental designs, for the overall purpose of aiding sustainable beach policy development. However, the attention of the academia seems far from this direction, partly owing to the national drive for a tenacious focus on biotechnology as Malaysia prioritizes its Vision 2020 ambition. As part of an on-going nation-wide surveillance study on the bacteriological quality of recreational beaches, this paper draws on a situation analysis with a view to proffering recommendations that could herald the birth of workable policies ultimately aimed at the sustainable beach management in Malaysia.

Keywords: Beaches, Quality Monitoring, Sustainable Management, Malaysia.

160 Ref#: 339/MAL/11/SD

Challenges Faced In Sustainably Managing The Tropical Rainforst In Papua New Guinea

Patricia Blazey a, a Macquarie University, Epping Road, Ryde, Sydney Australia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Papua New Guinea houses the largest remaining tropical rainforest in the Asia Pacific Region yet is under grave threat from ongoing deforestation and degradation. This article looks at the challenges faced in introducing an international treaty to protect tropical rainforests particularly as almost all tropical rainforests are housed in developing countries due to their geographical position. Lack of good legal governance, poor development of land laws and the presence of systemic corruption prevent their sustainable management. In PNG the manipulation of tribal landowners and the continuing disregard by local and foreign enterprises for what is a part of the ‘global commons’ is causing the continual destruction of the rainforest. Customary ownership resides with over 800 tribe’s surveys and no surveys have ever been undertaken to determine ownership boundaries as rainforest territories pass from one generation to the next. It is therefore not surprising that under these circumstances that corrupt dealings are regular events whereby aggressive logging companies enter into contracts with naïve tribe’s people what are often bogus thus depriving the tribes of their timber rights. This article explores these issues and the underlying reasons for them yet argues that an international rainforest treaty is essential if rainforests are to survive in their present form.

Keywords: Corruption, Deforestation, Degradation, Papua New Guinea, Rainforest

161 Ref#: 347/MAL/11/SD

Sustainable Transit Oriented Development: Solving Congestion Problem at Delhi

Anuj Jaiswal a, Kanishka Raj Rathore b, Devansh Jain c a,b,c Department of Architecture & Planning, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Urbanization is influencing development of any nation adversely. Rapid Urbanization especially in India is leading to severe problems such as urban poverty, environmental degradation, traffic congestion, etc. A sustainable approach to reduce these problems as well as ensure proper growth of the city is required urgently. A transit-oriented development (TOD) is thus an approach integrating land use and transit systems to maximize access to public transport and solve other problems. Transit Oriented Development incorporates designed residential and Commercial Centers providing proper accessibility to Transit and Non-motorized transportation and encouraging Transit Ridership. Delhi, the capital city of India, has a decennial population growth rate of over 45 % for last six decades. A phenomenal increase in the growth of vehicles (four wheelers, three wheelers, two wheelers and buses) has been observed during 1981-2001. Vehicles increased from 5.13 lakhs in 1981 to 32.38 lakhs in 2001, and the number of buses has grown from 8,600 to 41,483 during this period. There has been a rise of per capita trip rate from 0.72 in 1981 to 0.87 in 2001. Master Plan for Delhi, 1962 emphasized on a poly-nodal, polycentric, distribution of work centers, mainly based on road transport nodes which led to deformation between land use, transport and infrastructure and unplanned haphazard growth of the city. This paper explains the need of Transit oriented development, its importance and possible solutions to congestion problems in Delhi. Current scenario of Delhi transportation system and traffic problems has been studied and impact of implementation of transit oriented development has been identified. Growth trends and respective areas of Delhi are recognized and possible development through TOD is proposed. Equity of access to Transit, reducing dependency on private vehicles, utilization of private investment for funding of public facilities/affordable housing and conservation of environmentally sensitive areas through properly planned development are some of the key objectives of this research.

Keywords: Urbanization, Environmental Degradation, Urban Poverty, TOD-Transit Oriented Development, Transit Ridership.

162 Ref#:348/MAL/11/SD

Television and its role in culture promotion as one of the environmental component of sustainable development

Zeynab gharibzadeh a a Allameh Tabataba’i University ,Tehran, Iran. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The important role of mass media in the social, economical and political process is defined according to the interpretation of communication system. In fact, in one hand we must acquire a scientific and impeccable recognition of media as an agent, its function and its variable effects on the society and on the other hand, regarding the priority of natural environment expansion- as one of the main elements in the stable development process- and the attention it gains in the communicative studies of the present industrial world subjects, the present study highlights the present television situation and its capability in reflecting natural environment conservation culture to improve public knowledge and awareness. The reason for selection of this media refers to its widespread use, its wide range of addressees, its influential nature, potential abilities and finally its vast influence amplitude which can improve and priorize the natural environment conservation culture among people. In this regard, television's capability and range of influence from the view point of natural environment experts and also media experts is compared to that of natural environment experts working for television. Among the objectives of this study is to reach a set of ideas and solutions that can help television improve the natural environment conservation and expansion culture among people. The theoretical framework of this study is based on diffusion innovation, agenda setting and cultivation hypotheses. In order to reach the objectives of this study, DELPHY method, survey and Q were used of. The results of this study revealed that mass media- as the most important source of information- having a vast range of addressees, is the key instrument in developing the public knowledge and awareness and further propagating natural environment conservation culture helping the public confronting natural environment crisis more effectively. Media, informing on the potential elements threatening our environment, can definitely increase the policy-makers' responsibilities towards environmental issues by promulgating the government policies, promises and measures taken. Although the public media should be the most responsible in improving public awareness, it has so far paid the least attention to the natural environmental issues. Therefore media notification is an important source not only for the politicians but also for the whole people who can seek solutions for decreasing the natural environment threatening elements. The participants also share this in common that improving the knowledge and awareness of the people is the most important means which can help the conservation of out natural environment. They believe that nothing is really more important than knowing that our existence depends on a healthy environment and this is only media and especially television that has got the ability to improve this motivation and awareness in such a vast range of addressees.

Keywords: Instruction, Public opinion, Television, sustainable development, Media, Culture, Communication experts, Natural environment experts, Natural environment

163 Ref#:349/MAL/11/SD

Integrated Solid Waste Management as a Tool for Effective Sustainable Practice

Jibril D.J. a, Ibrahim A.S b, Dodo, Y.A.c , Sheelah. S d , Suleiman A.S e . a,b,d,e Department of Property Management, Faculty of Geo-information and Real Estate, c Department of Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Skudai, Johor Malaysia. a Correspondence authour: [email protected]

Abstract The purpose of this study is to deal with the minimization of solid waste collection system in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). The university has an approximately 35,000 staff and students, with increase in students population and infrastructural expansion hence, makes the management of UTM solid waste become a critical environmental issue in order to carter for this services. Design/methodology/approach - This paper evaluates the state of generation, source separation, collection, transfer/transport, disposal, characteristics, and management of the solid waste within the university environment. However, the paper x-rays the significances of effective cost reduction to the university using the integrated method of solid waste management, globally the per capital solid waste generation for every individual per day is between 0.5 to 0.8kg, and the university generation per day is between 15 – 16 tone thus given a chance for private waste collectors to be involved in managing the solid waste that is being generated in the university. Findings This paper proposes a new institutional and legislation framework for the proper management of solid waste and it also designed an integrated and cost effective management system, with priority to the environmental and public health protection. Meanwhile 3R system; Reduce, Re-use and Recycle were used in this study for the solid waste management hierarchy with emphasis on source reduction, intermediate treatment and final disposal. Practical implications this will help UTM tackle the problems cost effectiveness and environmental impacts related to solid waste management through the application of integrated solid waste management within the campus.

Keywords: Integrated Solid waste management, Practice, Sustainable, and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.

164 Ref#: 350/MAL/11/SD

The Effects of Fault Design on Building Maintenance: A Literature Review

Sheelah Sivanathan a, Jibril D. Jibril b, Jivasangeeta c, Puvaneswary Thanaraju d Yakubu Amin Dodo e , Suleiman Aliyu Shika f e Department of Property Management, a, b,c,d,f Faculty of Geo-information Sciences & Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia a Correspondence author: [email protected]

Abstract The paper describes the review of the effects of fault design on building maintenance. Building maintenance operation is very much impact on prolong the life expectancy of buildings and overall life cycle cost of facilities. The purpose of this paper is part of ongoing research; it intends to investigate the causes of buildings defects due to fault design. The causes of failure in constructed facilities are classified in three categories, namely, design deficiencies, construction, repair and maintenance. This study only focuses on design deficiencies. Essential part of life cycle of a building is design stage because most critical decisions are made at this stage (Arditi, 1999). These decisions will influence all decisions made in subsequent stage and vice versa. Studies have investigated that the vast of maintenance problem are due to fault design. Therefore, the design phase was a major source of problem for the subsequent phase if not well manages specified at the outset of project.

Keywords: Building defects, Fault design, Maintenance

165 Ref#: 353/MAL/11/SD

Human Capital and the Development of Manufacturing Sector in Malaysia

Noor Al-Huda Abdul Karim a, Shabbir Ahmad b a Department of Economics, Faculty of Management and Economics, Sultan Idris Education University, IPSI Building, Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia b University of Nizwa, Oman. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The First Industrial Master Plan (IMP1), 1986-1995 was introduced by the Government of Malaysia to accelerate the development of manufacturing sector in potential industries with a strategy of export-orientation. In the latest or the Third IMP, 2006-2020, industrialisation in Malaysia is riding on the theme “Malaysia-Towards Global Competitiveness”. In realising the existing series of industrial master plans, this paper is mainly aimed at examining the components of human capital and discussing their roles in achieving sustainable industrial development. For analysis purpose, a single-equation regression model of Malaysia’s development of manufacturing sector is formed, which covers the period from 1981 to 2010. The findings highlight the significance of human capital in which the variable of employment has the highest elasticity in contributing to the share of gross domestic product (GDP) of manufacturing sector. It is followed by labour productivity and human capital investment in education and health. Increasing in the number of job creations is expected to increase production of output to meet the market demand of local people and for exports. Moreover, increasing in labour productivity reduce cost of production and investment in education and health programmes assist in strengthening the skills, knowledge and capabilities of individual workers in the sector. The development of manufacturing sector clearly needs the development of human capital, which is an important input for the growth of output in a country. Cooperation between private sector and relevant institutions is thus encouraged to improve and upgrade human skills and talents in industrial activities. By this way, human capital can be enhanced to increase value-added products in various industries.

Keywords: Manufacturing Sector, Human Capital, Employment, Education, Health

166 Ref#: 354/MAL/11/SD

Classification of Taleghan rangelands for medical plants use and sustainable development

H. Arzani a, Gh. Azhdari b, A.R. Mousavi c a Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. Iran b Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. Iran c Faculty of Natural Resources, Industrial University of Esfahan, I.R. Iran a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Rangeland suitability is usually determined for recognition and assessment of its potential for apt utilization of this resource. This research performed to determine the capability of Taleghan rangelands for medical plants use in a sustainable utilization manner and to prepare the model of rangelands' suitability for medical plants. This model is based on the methodology introduced by FAO [1], considering the effective factors on each land use. Sampling process was done by stochastic-systematic method with four transects parallel with local slope and two transects perpendicular with the slope and using one square meter plots along with the transects in each vegetation type. All of the data had prepared by field surveys. Results show that in the medical plants sub-model, 28.9 percent of lands are located in the suitability class of S1, 33.5 percent in S2 class, 36.9 percent in S3 class and 0.7 percent in non- suitable class. These results could be used in land use planning, which may decrease the utilization risk, make the utilization units economic, increase the income of beneficiaries, and improve rangelands' condition.

Keywords: Range suitability model, Medical Plants, FAO, GIS, Taleghan

167 Ref#: 356/MAL/11/SD

Visualization of diesel jets through fuel injector nozzle

Peleowo, A. N.a , Law, C. b a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa. b Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg South Africa. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The fuel injector nozzle break fuels into droplets, form the spray pattern, and propel the droplets into a combustion chamber. The nozzles determine the amount of spray volume at a given operating pressure, the travel speed, and spacing of the jets of fuel. In fuel injection, the smallest possible droplet size is wanted for the most flow. This work presents an opportunity to use the Schlieren arrangement as a visualization method to view the flow of fuel from an injector nozzle which cannot be seen by the naked eye. The jet flow of Diesel Fuel through a three-hole fuel injector nozzle was investigated by Schlieren photography. A test rig was designed and constructed to accommodate the nozzle; optical mirrors were arranged according to Schlieren specifications in order to allow the jet to be photographed. The breakaway pressure of the nozzle was set at 80bar. A three-hole fuel injector nozzle in which each hole is 0.26mm in diameter and 120° apart was used; the third jet could not be seen from the images because the camera took x-y dimension images. The spray pattern observed from the two dimensional images of the jets developed were seen to be well dispersed. Su et al [3] found that emissions could be reduced in diesel engines if the injector nozzle produces smaller and more dispersed droplets.

Keywords: diesel, jet, nozzle, Schlieren, visualization

168 Ref#: 358/MAL/11/SD

Penang’s Response to Regional Tourism Crises: the Crisis Management Approach

Zahed Ghaderi a, Ahmad Puad Mat Som b a School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This paper investigates tourism crisis management issues, explores how tourism industry was affected by regional tourism crises, and discusses how the industry responded to them. The research uses content analysis from secondary data and qualitative semi-structured interviews with senior managers in tourism sectors from hotels, tour operators and travel agencies, airlines and State’s tourism organizations in Penang Island, Malaysia. The research identifies that tourism industry in Penang was affected by a series of regional crises and disasters. It also discusses various actions and strategies used by industry players to remedy the situations. Interestingly, the paper identifies that tourism crisis management plans were largely ignored by the industry players.

Keywords: tourism, crisis, management, Penang

169 Ref#: 359/MAL/11/SD

Biomass Conversion Technologies

Emberga T.T. a, Uhiara F.E. b, Nwigwe C. c, Amadi R.O d a,b.c.d Physics and Electronics Department, Federal Polytechnic Nekede-Owerri, Nigeria. a Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract The dominant biomass conversion technology consists of the combustion of biomass as fuel wood, and forest residues, or as process residues, such as biogases and black liquor. Many of the combustion processes in use today have poor environmental characteristics and low efficiency e.g cook stoves in developing countries; they are a major cause of respiratory disease and also contribute to greenhouse gas production.. Environmental technologies, especially those based on anaerobic digestion, are moving into commercialization following the large scale success of using landfill gas for power generation. Charcoal and ethanol (which are the leading biofuels), advances in the production of liquid fuels from lignocellulosics, and high efficiency integrated gasification combined cycles for electricity production are described.

Keywords: Biomass, Combustion, Conversion, Environment, Efficiency

170 Ref#: 361/MAL/11/SD

Relationship Between Economic Growth And Environmental Quality: An Empirical Analysis

Sharanjit Singh Dhillon a, Kuldeep Singh b a Punjab School of Economics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India. b Punjab School of Economics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India. a Corresponding author: [email protected].

Abstract The objective of this study is to examine the nature and extent of relationship between economic growth and environmental quality. The study used annual total freshwater withdrawals (billion cubic meters), organic water pollutant (BOD) emissions (kg per day), forest area (% of land area), animal species threatened, bird species threatened, plant species (higher) threatened, CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita), methane emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent), nitrous oxide emissions (thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent) and Other green house gas (GHGs) emissions - HFC, PFC and SF6 (thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent) as environmental variables and GDP per capita as proxy for economic development. The linear and non-linear (quadratic) regression models are applied to test the various possible relationships between the indicators of environment and income per capita. In case of fresh water withdrawals, water pollution (BOD) and GHGs emissions, positive and significant linear relationship were found. The linear relationship turned out to be negative and significant in case of methane emissions and nitrous oxide emissions. Only two variables plant species (higher) threatened and CO2 emissions have non linear (quadratic) relationship – an inverted U-shaped (Environmental Kuznets Curve) type of relationship with estimated turning points of per capita income $1215.474 and $86173.57 respectively. The regression result for forest area (% of land area), animal species threatened and bird species threatened variables were insignificant.

Keywords: Economic Growth; Environmental Kuznets Curve; Environmental Quality; GDP per capita.

171 Ref#: 362/MAL/11/SD

Get Your Schmooze on: Tensions, Perspectives, and Apradoxes in US-Latin America NGO Funding Relationships

Meghan Kallman a a Department of Sociology, Brown University, Maxcy Hall, George Street, Providence RI, USA. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Social problems, in development and otherwise, are increasingly being allocated to the third sector. This paper posits, however, that the third sector is fraught with processes that may themselves be socially problematic: the intent of this article is to look at these processes, and how they may impact our ability to solve problems via NGOs and other third sector organizations. This study looks at the relationship between grantors and non-governmental grantee organizations in the implementation of sustainable development programs in the United States and Latin America. The intent was to see if and how the process of securing funding and operating under structured financial conditions shapes or reshapes NGO energies. I was interested explicitly in the interface between nonprofit grantees and their private funders: in what the relationship looks like from each perspective, in how both sides make sense of it, and what the implications of such a relationship are for nonprofit work in general. Through a comparative ethnographic case study of funding relationships, including six grantor-grantee dyads, I find that the grantor-grantee interactions are highly subjective and complex, and that its nuances are disguised through different frames. I also find evidence of friction between discourses of activism and discourses of professionalism, and that foundation staff deal with these conflicts through a strategy of deliberate ambiguity. I theorize that the quality of these funding relationships could have strong impacts on the quality, success, and perceptions of success of sustainable development projects.

Keywords: Five words in alphabetical order: Foundations, Grantmaking, NGOs, North-South Partnerships, Social Movements

172 Ref#: 369/MAL/11/SD

Withdrwan

173 Ref#:371/MAL/11/SD

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174 Ref#: 372/MAL/11/SD

Sustainable Development Factors for Land Development in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia’s Campus

Rozana Zakariaa, Khalid Ahmed Mohamedb, Rosli Mohamad Zinc, Samaneh Zolfaghariand, Mehdi Nourbakhshe, Mohammad Ali Nekooief, R. Taherkhanig a,b,c,d,e,f,g Department of Structures and Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81300, Johor, Malaysia d Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract A university has a role for community development and should offer sustainable living within the neighborhoods. In this manner, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) plans to achieve sustainability in its campus. Therefore, the necessity for sustainability development factors came to the surface in order to illustrate in how the improvements achieve the proceeding of the plan. The aim of this paper is to identify the sustainable development factors that influence land development in UTM campus. Data for this study was obtained through a set of questionnaire which was distributed among students and staffs in the campus. The findings of this study show that the increment of the population of UTM especially the students, and the need to construct new buildings to hold this increment are two main reasons contributing to propose the sustainable development factors that lead to control land development in UTM campus.

Keywords: Green Campus; Sustainable Development; Sustainable Factors.

175 Ref#: 373/MAL/11/SD

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176 Ref#: 375/MAL/11/SD

Agile Supply Chain For Container Terminal

M.Kasypi a, MZ.Shah b a Department of Maritime Management, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia b Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Growth and survival of an organisation are depended on the systematic planning and execution. A model is needed as it is a description of a system. This paper provides a container terminal for understanding the Supply chain process within terminal compound. Container terminal systems and functions are similar with manufacturing and material handling. The skeleton of the process in mapping using IDEF0 function as a powerful business process reengineering tool to model the operational process of container terminal. This model emphasise on the supply chain agility of container terminal from IDEF technique. It is a foresight idea in designing a supply chain of container terminal model based on processes from practical and theoretical feedback to ensure the practicability.

Keywords: Agility, Container terminal, IDEF0, Supply chain

177 Ref#: 376/MAL/11/SD

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178 Ref#:377/MAL/11/SD

The Choice of Sustainable Housing towards Sustainable Development: A Case Study in Malaysia

Zuroni Md Jusoh a, Husniyah Abd Rahim b, Elistina Abu Bakar c, Askiah Jamaluddin d, Roziah Mohd Rasdi e, Zalika Md Zaini f a,b,c,d,e,f Department of Resource Management and Consumer Studies, Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract In Malaysia, sustainable housing concept has been introduced since year 2005. Recently, Malaysian government is trying to focus more on this concept of sustainable housing. This concept is consistent with the increasing awareness in Malaysian society towards the importance of sustainable development. Nevertheless, there is the need to balance the environmental conservation with economic development (Shafii, 2007). Generally, the objective of this study is to conduct an economic study on the household demand for sustainable housing in Malaysia. Specifically, this study intends to rank the attributes of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission, rainwater harvesting system, natural air ventilation and greeneries area according to its importance to consumers, to elicit consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for different options, to estimate the implicit price for each attribute and the tradeoffs among the attributes. Two Choice Set formats – generic and labeled formats, have been used to estimate the implicit price for the attributes. Self- administered questionnaires were used to obtain necessary data from 800 respondents among urban households of terrace houses in urban areas. Four zones consist of the North, Middle, East and South of Peninsular Malaysia was selected through multi-stage random sampling. One state has been chosen to represent each zone. The lists of the Municipal Councils were gathered from the government website and two of them were selected to represent the chosen states. Each of the selected Municipal Council was contacted to get the list of residential areas. Consequently, one hundred respondents who stayed in these residential areas had participated in this study. The choice model technique was applied to estimate the non market values for this study. This technique begins with the assignment of the product or service attributes to levels, followed by selection of the experimental design, construction of the choice sets, measurement of preferences, and estimation (Hanley et al., 2001). SAS 9.0 and LIMDEP 8.0 NLogit 3.0 software were utilized to analyze the choice model while SPSS for Windows version 18.0 program were used for descriptive and inferential analyses. Implicit prices for environmental attributes such as natural air ventilation, greeneries area, carbon dioxide (CO2) emission and rainwater harvesting system were estimated. The estimated implicit values for - sustainable housing attributes based on Multinomial Logit regression shows that natural air ventilation is the most important attribute. This is followed by greeneries area, carbon dioxide (CO2) emission and rainwater harvesting system. Compensating surplus (CpS) estimation shows that the respondents were willing to pay (WTP) a 30 percent premium to obtain all the modeled attributes of sustainable housing and to attain an improvement for a number of generic and technology-specific label choice sets. Nevertheless, the results estimated were higher for generic options. The findings also reveal that Malaysian society preferred sustainable housing as compared to conventional housing. Finally, the study discusses several policy implications and incentive scheme such as tax rebate for households or developers to stimulate the development of sustainable housing industry in Malaysia.

Keywords: Choice model, compensating surplus, implicit price, sustainable development, sustainable housing

179 Ref#: 378/MAL/11/SD

Impact of Violent Ethno-Religious Conflicts on Residential Property Value Determination in Jos Metropolis of Northern Nigeria: Regression Analysis Results

Rozilah Kasim a, Haris Md Noor b, Mohd Idrus Mohd Masirin c a,b,c Faculty of Technology Management, Business, University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Darul Ta’zim, Johor, Malaysia. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract This paper investigates space utilization for teaching and learning facilities at the higher education institutions (HEIs) in Malaysia. It explores the space utilization rate (U%), space frequency rate (F%) and space occupancy rate (O%) of teaching and learning facilities provisions which lead to the space requirements and improvement. The paper applies a qualitative research approach with interviews and document reviews as main source of data collection techniques. A G3 Building was chosen as a main case study for this research work as the building is a centralized teaching and learning facilities comprises of main lecture theatre, lecture rooms and tutorial rooms at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM). Rigorous data analysis using qualitative data analysis software was employed. Findings from the case study revealed that level of space utilization rate for teaching and learning at G3 Building, UTHM at a ‘satisfied’ level. This paper generates new knowledge about level of space utilizations for teaching and learning facilities provisions at HEIs in Malaysia. It can also lead to provide guidelines for future physical and infrastructure improvement and development in providing for teaching and learning facilities at HEIs in Malaysia.

Keywords: Facilities, Space utilization, Teaching and Learning, UTHM

180 Ref#: 381/MAL/11/SD

Measuring Corporate Sustainable Development in Facility Management with Key Performance Indicators

Mascha Reineck a, John Poltermann b, Michael May c, Andrea Pelzeter d a, d Berlin School of Economics and Law, Berlin, Germany. b,c University of Applied Sciences HTW Berlin, Germany. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract Although, sustainable development and CSR have become part of common every day news headlines, the scientific approaches on how to measure the sustainable business are quite limited. In contrast, research within economics, which adapts non-financial reports by using key performance indicators, increases continuously. But not only countries, cities and local communities are urged to implement sustainability by means of self developed strategies and environmental plans. Furthermore, the guidelines of Agenda 21 suggest that the private sector has to play a significant role for operationalizing the multidimensional concept in the future. The research project Return on Sustainability System (RoSS) seizes the demand of chapter 40 to develop indicators of sustainable development. In cooperation with professional partners three universities of applied sciences create a practical and relevant set of indicators including economic, ecologic and social aspects. Whereas the construction sector is already far advanced by adopting certification systems such as BREEAM or LEED, RoSS focuses on developing a performance measurement system for Facility Management (FM). A set of 20 to 30 indicators will be pointed out that reflect different aspects of sustainability as well as various processes in FM. To ensure practicability, a software tool for managing and monitoring the Key Performance Indicators was designed and will be presented.The main objective of RoSS is to identify and use the indicators that are supposed to provide more transparency and accuracy when acting sustainably.

Keywords: facility management, key performance indicator, sustainability monitoring IT tool, sustainability reporting

181 Ref#: 382/MAL/11/SD

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182 Ref#: 387/MAL/11/SD

The Role of Water, Food Security, and Poverty Alleviation in The Context of Sustainable Livelihoods

Rabiul Islama, Chamhuri Siwarb and Md. Anowar Hossain Bhuiyanc a,b,c Institute for Environment and Development, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi, Darul Ehsan, Selangor, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: email: [email protected]

Abstract This paper considers the issue of water security and food security for the poor in the context of sustainable livelihoods. The need to improve the contribution of water management to poverty alleviation means that there is a need for actions that make water more accessible to poor people. Pro-poor water and food governance, improved access to quality water and food services, pro-poor economic growth and livelihood improvement, community capacity building and empowerment, disaster prevention and mitigation, and management of the environment have been identified as a framework for action to improve water security and food security for the poor. The paper has three parts. First, we consider the case for water security which means that people and communities have reliable and adequate access to water to meet their different needs. Secondly, we address the food security indicators are all related to consumption, nutrition and health status. Thirdly, we suggest the development of sustainable livelihoods for the poor. The aim of this paper is to highlight and clarify the issues reported in the literature surrounding water security and food security for the poor. We conclude about the water security and food security for the development of sustainable livelihoods of the poor might be designed.

Keywords: Food security; Poverty alleviation; Sustainable livelihood; Water security.

183 Ref#:388/MAL/11/SD

The Role of Ecotourism for Sustainable Development in East Coast Economic Region (Ecer), Malaysia

Md. Anowar Hossain Bhuiyan a, Chamhuri Siwar b, Shaharuddin Mohamad Ismail c, Rabiul Islam d a,b,c,d Institute for Environment and Development, LESTARI, UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract Sustainable development is high potential for any community within economic, social, cultural, ecologic and physical constraints. Tourism can be sustainable if development meets the needs of tourists and local residents while protecting future opportunities. Ecotourism offers benefits for local residents, conservation, development and educational experiences. The East Coast Economic Region (ECER) holds over 51% of forest areas in the Peninsular Malaysia and a high proportion of environmentally sensitive areas. The present study discusses the potentialities of sustainable development in ECER through ecotourism. The aim of the study is identified the strengths and weakness of sustainable development in this region as well as ecotourism. Secondary data have used to address the objectives in this study. The study reveals that the main potentialities of sustainable development in ECER through ecotourism are increase per capita income, ecological and conservational benefit, improve the life condition, reduce poverty, respectful to local culture, positive attitude of local community, employment opportunity and regional growth. There are some obstacles also remaining in ECER for sustainable development. These are lack of integrated planning, improper entrepreneurship, inadequate infrastructure, poor community participation and inequitable development. The study has given emphasize on human development, social cohesion, environmental benefit, technological change, proper planning, infrastructure development and proper community involvement for sustainable development through ecotourism in ECER. Finally, if collective efforts can be taken for ecotourism activities in ECER, it will ensure the sustainable development in this region.

Keywords: ECER; Ecotourism; Regional development; Sustainable development.

184 Ref#:390/MAL/11/SD

Innovation in Vsmes of Pakistan: What Next!

Fazli Wadood a . Alina Shamsuddin b a, b Department of Technology Management, Faculty of Technology Management and Business Entrepreneur, University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract SMEs play a vital role in the most developing and developed nation. His role in the development of the economic growth and sustainability has been widely recognized. Due to its importance much emphasis has been put in through research and publication. Most research has covered on the characteristics of SMEs, its role in the economic development and its challenges in today’s competitive world. Consequently this paper focus on the uniqueness of the technology base SMEs. This study mainly focus on those SMEs which having informal structure, micro in size, located in remote and rural areas and work force are up to five persons, which after this will be called at Very Small and Medium Enterprises (VSMEs). It described the capability of these VSMEs to innovate and retain their competitiveness. Its therefore suggest a conceptual framework for the VSMEs as in input to the Government to provide funding and training on more effective and efficient manner.

Keywords: Invention, SMEs, Sustainability, Scarce Resources, VSMEs,

185 Ref#: 391/MAL/11/SD

Testing The Permanent Income Hypothesis: Micro Evidence From The East Coast Region of Malaysia

Noor Haslina Mohamad Akhir a, Nur AzuraSanusi b, Suriyani Muhamad c a,b,c Department of Economics, Faculty of Management and Economics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu. Malaysia. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract Based on the Milton Freidman views, permanent income has an impact on the total household consumption. The life cycle hypothesis stated that individual consumption is based on the changes in income. Both views emphasised on the relation between income and consumption. Based on PIH studied by Freidman in 1957, people opt to make a less saving when the expected future income to rise and it indicates the negative relationship between those two factors (P.N. Ireland, 1995). Meanwhile Robert Hall (1978) derived the Permanent Income Hypothesis from mathematical theory using the joint behavior of consumption, income and saving. In other related study by David Hage (1994), these three variables (consumption, income and saving) have been adopted to forecast the US economy in 1994. The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of income on household consumption using PIH. A total of 645 household samples have been collected from the East coast region of Malaysia. The estimation model utilized the cross-sectional regression with household income as a proxy to test the Permanent Income Hypothesis. The basic regression model take into account the basic variables for Permanent Income Hypothesis; income, saving and loan and socio-economic and demographic factors represented by age, educational level, job sector and household member. There were several important results based on this study; i) as household income increases by RM1.00, consumption rises by RM0.07 ii) as household saving increases by RM 1.00, household consumption goes up by RM0.45 and iii) as household loan increases by RM1.00, the household consumption increases by RM0.94. Apart from these results, there were also interesting findings revealed on the socio-economic and demographic factors on the household consumption patterns. From the regression estimation, the results indicated a positive significant relationship between household consumption as dependent variable with household income, loan, saving, education level, job sector and household member.

Keywords: Permanent Income Hypothesis, Household Consumption Pattern, East Coast Region.

186 Ref#: 392/MAL/11/SD

Problems in Urban Renewal Projects in China: A Sustainability Assessment of A Urban Renewal Project of St. Sofia Church Square and Its Surroundings

Tingting Cuia, Jing Yangb, Bo Songc a, Faulty of Built Environment, University of New South Wales, Kensington Campus, Australia b, School of Architecture and Building, Waterfront Campus, Deakin University, Australia c, College of Architecture and Urban Planning of Tongji University, China. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The term, ‘urban renewal’, has been widely utilized as an important development initiative in China to meet with the increasing demand for the old urban centres. The paper aims to investigate the issues and problems in these projects by utilizing the process of sustainability assessment. It uses a built environment checklist matrix assessment method to evaluate the level of sustainability in Harbin St. Sofia Church Square and its Surroundings urban renewal project. Based on the outcomes of the case study, the paper comes to the conclusion that there are three major causes to the problems in the urban renewal projects in China. Firstly, there is lack of reliable evaluation in the renewal process on the situation of existing context and the effectiveness of the projects. Secondly, the purely governmental-led process and the improper land use regulation in planning system results the planning legislations ineffective in controlling the renewal process. Thirdly, the urban renewal projects in China simply address the improvements of built environment and ignore the overall urban upgrading in terms of economical, social and environmental developments. Keywords: China, sustainability assessment, urban renewal projects, urban planning

187 Ref#: 393/MAL/11/SD

A study on environmental worldview of undergraduate business students in Malaysia

Shaharudin Yunus a, Mohd Helmy Rizal Abdullah b, Noor Maizudin Mohamad Noor c a,b,c Department of Management, Faculty of Business Administration, University of Management and Technology Malaysia. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract Malaysia has undergone rapid modernization and economic growth in the last few decades where such developments have transformed the country from an economic backwater in 1950s to one of the prominent economic powers in Asia. However, the developments have caused significant deteriorations towards the environment. Realizing on the importance of sustainable development, the government has undertaken numerous steps to ensure sustainability of the environment. The success of such environmental sustainability initiatives depends on the awareness of the current students who are going to be the future managers, leaders and stakeholders. The current study intends to explore the state of awareness on the environmental sustainability among the undergraduate business students in Malaysia. Revised New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) developed by Dunlap and Van Liere was utilized to measure the state of awareness towards environmental sustainability among the undergraduate business students. The instrument comprised of fifteen items pertaining to five areas which include reality of limits to growth, antianthropocentricism, the fragility of nature’s balance, rejection of exemptionalism, and the possibility of ecocrisis. A total of 307 undergraduate business students took part in the study. The questionnaires were distributed through lecturers teaching business related courses. Data analysis would be carried out to determine the general state of awareness on environmental sustainability among the students. The analysis would also indicate the level of awareness in the five specific areas as mentioned above. The results of the study would be very valuable for policy makers such as the government, universities, and business organizations in discovering the current state of awareness on environmental sustainability among future managers and leaders. The understanding on the present state of awareness on environmental sustainability among the students is an important platform for the policy makers to come up with effective environmental sustainability initiatives.

Keywords: environmental awareness, environmental sustainability, new ecological paradigm sustainable development, undergraduate students

188 Ref#: 395/MAL/11/SD

Our Common Future and Climatic Change Policy: Whose Security?

David Ross Olanya a a Department of Public Administration and Management, Gulu University, Uganda. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract: The expansion of first generation biofuels as an alternative energy creates conflicting policy of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. While leading industrial economies are being urged to reduce industrial carbon emissions substantially by 2020, the expansion of first generation biofuels is influencing deforestation of pristine forests, being driven by the demand to respond to energy crisis and profitable frontier, which is characterized by the growing interest between transnational corporations and governments. The deforestation poises even more degradation of vulnerable ecosystems and livelihoods of vulnerable peoples in Sub Saharan Africa. African pristine forests are being deforested in favor of foreign interests mainly in forest-rich countries with potential fertile land and water resources. Consumer countries are willing to accept biofuels without sustainability and respect to areas of high biodiversity. This does not answer the concept of sustainability as traditional tree species having more carbon stocks are being destroyed. Cutting down pristine forests contradicts the misleading idea that first generation biofuels is grown on marginal lands. Studies revealed that biofuels produced in tropical and a sub-tropical climate averagely yields higher productivity than biofuels grown in temperate climate regions. Africa location in a warmer climate and lower latitudes signifying comparative advantage in biofuels production and degraded land yields a much lower productivity as compared to the production on surplus agricultural land. These findings contradict assumptions that biofuels must be grown on marginal lands to protect untouched areas, biodiversity and avoid competing land uses. Whereas economic incentives to grow biofuels should concentrate on degraded, abandoned, or marginal lands, the potential use of degradable lands in Africa depends mainly on the suitability and availability. What is called ‘marginal’, ‘idle’, or ‘abandoned’ lands are owned and used by indigenous and local communities. The ‘first generation’ biofuels is more costly to our environment and generates more greenhouse gas emissions. It is less beneficial to Sub Saharan Africa because carbon-rich tropical forests are being cleared to create “biofuels carbon debt”. It is associated with water scarcity and deforestation of native vegetation for monoculture in coastal areas and forestlands. Our common future echoes the need to understand human security by asking at least these fundamental questions of security for whom and security for what values when answering the expansion of biofuels to meet foreign demand in Africa. This paper proposes the need for climatic policy that limits the probability of damage to one’s acquired values of human security. The concept of human security is fundamental for achieving Millennium Development Goal of environmental sustainability. The security of indigenous and local communities in the era of climatic change is only realized when they can manage their own needs, resource rights and values. It is the African environment as the prime values; not the profit motives of investors, energy demand of foreigners and the addition revenues, employment, infrastructure and income. African needs security from deforestation, which leads to increased green house emissions. The rural poor in Africa will bear the burden. They have carbon rights as form of property right. The vulnerability of the local populations to climatic change depends on the extent to which they depend on the natural resources and ecosystems, the sensitivity of the resources they depend on to climatic change, and their capacity to adapt to changes. They are vulnerable to climatic change because of low adaptive capacity. Forest resources play a critical role in achieving their environmental security being sources of food, medicine, cooking fuel, and ecosystem benefits such as climatic regulation. African can get its clean energy through hydro-power generations. It is blessed with the water resources. It is the first generation biofuels that is being commercialized, but negatively affects the environment. Because of inadequate deforestation data linked to first generation biofuels expansion, this article reviews existing literature, documentation and case studies. It examines the hotspots of landscapes where first generation biofuels development has been linked to direct land use change, especially in government aided deforestation of pristine forests. The article explores the misconception of biofuels being grown on marginal lands and the deforestation of pristine forests in the era of climatic change, how consumer countries are willing to accept the products without sustainability and respect to biodiversity, and lastly discuss the concept of human security in the African context.

Keywords: Africa, biofuels, climatic change, deforestation and sustainability

189 Ref#: 396/MAL/11/SD

Assessing Space Utilisation for Teaching and Learning Facilities at The Higher Education Institution: A Case Study Of G3 Building, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

Rozilah Kasim a, Haris Md Nor b, Mohd Idrus Mohd Masirin c a,b,c Faculty of Technology Management, Business, University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Darul Ta’zim, Johor, Malaysia. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Keywords: Facilities, Space utilization, Teaching and Learning, UTHM

190 Ref#: 398/MAL/11/SD

Business Accelerator Network: An Powerful Generator of Strategic Emerging Industries

Huojie Ye a, Shuhua Zhong b a,b College of Public Administration, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road, Wuhan, China. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract Technological innovation becomes increasingly important in the age of new economy. Therefore, service system for innovation has been in continually organizational change in order to improve innovation efficiency. For example, Technology Park, industrial laboratory, business incubator and business accelerator, are all serve for technological innovation. It could be foreseen that new organizational model for innovation service will emerge. In recent decades, the system shows the characteristics of professional, modularity and integration by network. This paper noted the newly founded organization in Southeast Michigan which is called Business Accelerator Network, and think it is an effective and productive organization for providing innovation resources. Development of Technology and economics makes business accelerator upgraded, while fostering emerging industries of strategic importance requires great support from business accelerator network (BAN). BAN, which integrates modularized professional service and participates in horizontal industrial division, is an important producer service that boosts emerging industries and perfects innovation environment. Centralized model, distributed model and mixed model are typical governance structure of BAN. Different model encounters different stage of innovation service market. In detail, Centralized model fits for the early market stage; mixed model fits for the developing market stage; and distributed model fits for mature market. The three models provide a practical path, for developing countries or region facing economic transition and technological change, to foster BAN.

Keywords: Business Accelerator Network; Organization of innovation service; modularity; networked; governance structure

191 Ref#: 399/MAL/11/SD

Local Agenda 21 Program Effectiveness in Seberang Perai Municipal Council, Penang, Malaysia

Zainal Md Zan a, Kamaruddin Ngah b a, b Centre for Policy Research and International Studies (CenPRIS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Local Agenda 21 (LA21) is a program for the community, the local authority and the private sector work together in planning for local areas to meet sustainable development. Through LA21, local communities can participate to identify the local issues of sustainable development and finally develop appropriate action plans to address issues that arise. In Malaysia, the LA21 program was started in 2000 involving four local authorities as a pilot project and its now expand to other Local Authority. However, the implementations of LA21 in Malaysia are still at an unsatisfactory level. This is because of a few factors that limit the involvement of stakeholders such as lack of trust between the parties involved, lack of commitment, lack of knowledge and awareness, lack of finance and staffing aspects to implement the LA21 (Mariana 2008, Hardev 2009). The purpose of this paper is to present the study results done in Penang, Malaysia by making the Seberang Perai Municipal Council as the case study. The study’s purpose is to analyse the effects of the LA21 program’s implementation executed by the Seberang Perai Municipal Council to the community by analysing several items such as the respondents’ perception on the KASA changes that are Knowledge, Attitude, Skills, Aspirations as well as Behavioural improvement.

Keywords: Effectiveness, Local Agenda 21, Local Authority, Malaysia, Sustainable Development

192 Ref#: 402/MAL/11/SD

Research for Japanese-like competency and assessment through challenges of eager schools for sustainability after the great earthquake and tsunami

Masamitsu Shinkawa a, Masahiro Arimoto b a, b Design, Measurement and Assessment in Education, Graduate school of education, Tohoku University, Hachiman Aoba-kuSendai City Miyagi Prefecture Japan. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract This article will attempt to examine active practices of schools in the Tohoku district, which eager teachers lead to cooperative learning by their own “formative” pedagogies and assessments, and reveal the basic framework of “Japanese competency” related to sustainability after the great earthquake and tsunami. First, we order various competencies which are recently discussed about importance for future in Japan, for example, “zest for living (Jap IKIRU-CHIKARA)", “Basic abilities as members of society (Syakaizin kisoryoku)”, “Competencies as a bachelor (Gakushi ryoku)”, “Fundamental and generic competencies of career education (Kisoteki hanyouteki nouryoku)”.In addition, by quoting knowledge of cognitive science about learning in Japan, the characteristics of Japanese competency including helpfulness, kindness, and cooperation which are seen in this disaster are explained. Secondly, several school practices in the Tohoku district are explained as Japanese teachers’ own pedagogies and assessments based on eager schools and communities. Regarding to each of practice both qualitative and quantitative data are collected by several surveys about schools participating in Associated Schools Project Network, which is a group for Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). In Japanese education the word of ‘assessment’ itself isn’t used generally except for special needs education but essence of ‘assessment’ is exposited in various original methods in classroom and teachers transform the prescriptive syllabus. Active learning by these practices probably sustains people’s amazing efforts against the huge disaster, 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami. Finally, the relationship of competency based on fuzzy and holistic knowledge and assessment is revealed as the basic framework of “Japanese-like competency” related to sustainability. The framework is expected to become the leading concept that Japanese strength cultivated is rediscovered in order to encourage people in disaster areas who must face difficult and unclear situation and build really ‘sustainable’ hometown and community.

Keywords: assessment, competency, Education for Sustainable Development, 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami

193 Ref#: 403/MAL/11/SD

Be Happy and Content with Low Budget? Lessons from Low Income Asian Countries

Chiung Ting Chang a a ICIS, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract The recent trend of government budget cut offers an opportunity of reviewing citizens’ dependence on government. What may substitute government expenditure while the private sector does not have more to spend with? If government support is not essential in specific aspects, how should citizens manage to maintain the welfare themselves? Is there a way to be happy and content with lower government spending? This paper looks into seven less wealthy countries in Asia with well-performed development indicators for answers. They are namely the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, Bhutan, Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. How social capital and human capital replace physical capital as well as financial capital may be observed in these societies. A prototype on development with low income, adjusted from the three pillars of Human Development Index, is adapted to explain how government spending is complemented by other social resources. Furthermore, implications on household demand and supply may worth further exploration. That is to recognise what spiritual assets, (environmental) health and aesthetics may contribute to comfort and satisfaction, as well as how human resources may replace material resources when appropriate.

Keywords: de-growth, government budget, life satisfaction, literacy, longevity

194 Ref#: 404/MAL/11/SD

Dynamics of Limnological Features of A Man Made Lake and a Waterfall in Relation to Prawn Abundance

Omoniyi, I.T a, Oyekanmi, F.B.b, Akegbejo-Samsons. Y. c a,c Department of Aquaculture of Fisheries Management, University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. b Department of Agricultural Science, Osun State College of Education, Ilesa, Osun State, Nigeria. b Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract Limnological features in relation to prawn catch at Asejire Lake and Erin-Ijesa waterfalls were studied from 2007 to 2009. The preponderance of M.vollenhovenii and C. africana in their natural habitats with intent towards acculturation was investigated. Sampling of each site for prawn abundance was bi- weekly. Prawns were collected with properly baited traps and scoop nets. Catches obtained from the two sites were isolated and conveyed in ice chest boxes to the laboratory for examination. Water samples were collected for physical and chemical water quality parameters assessment. Data collected were subjected to one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and where differences in mean existed Duncan Multiple Range test was carried out using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Abundance in terms of number, sex and age were more during the wet season with a peak in August. Both adults and juveniles showed a progressive increase from late dry season to mid-rainy season (August). The results of physical and chemical parameters revealed that the mean water Temperature, Transparency, Depth, Dissolved Oxygen, pH, Alkalinity, Total Dissolved Solid, Conductivity, Nitrate and phosphate were 27.52±2.050C, 1.5 ± 0.44m, 3.16±1.3m, 6.70±0.82mg/l, 7.28 ± 0.55, 144.17 ± 30.05mg/l, 388.46± 211.48mg/l, 82.90±1.60µohms/cm, 4.62±0.79mg/l and 0.27± 0.04mg/l respectively at Asejire lake which were not significantly different (P<0.05) from the values of Erin-Ijesa waterfalls which were 27.77 ± 2.270C, 1.71 ± 0.39m, 1.43±0.22m,6.21±0.77mg/l,7.25±0.68, 136.62±41.6mg/l,402.13±253.25mg/l,83.40±1.86µohms/cm,4.76±0.76mg/land0.28±0.05mg/ respectively. Both water bodies exhibited features that are typical of tropical environment, as almost similar limnological factors were recorded which fell within the range that can support aquatic life. High value in Condition factor for both species under investigation shows the total well being of the prawns and suitability of their environment for sustainability.

Keywords: Limnology, Asejire Lake, Erin-Ijesa waterfalls, Caridina africana, Macrobrachium vollenhovenii.

195 Ref#: 408/MAL/11/SD

The Perception about Green Home Purchasing towards Sustainable Development among Malaysian Consumer

Askiah Jamaluddin a, Zuroni Md Jusoh b, Husniyah Abd Rahim c, Elistina Abu Bakar d, Roziah Mohd Rasdi e, Zalika Md Zaini f a,b.c,d Department of Resource Management and Consumer Studies, Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia. e Department of Professional Development and Continuing Education, Faculty of Education, Universiti Putra Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Nowadays, people are more aware about sustainable development. Sustainable development is not about the environment per se but also about the society. The research about Green Home or Sustainable Housing related to environment has been studied by several researchers. While, the important of Green Home related to society is not highlighted yet. Therefore, the perception about Green Home purchasing towards sustainable development among Malaysian consumer was conducted. Green home concept is an effort made to reduce the impacts of pollution, saving energy and educate Malaysian people with sustainable lifestyle. Since 2005, Malaysian government has announced about green home concept. The green home concept is applicable with the increasing awareness in Malaysian society towards the importance of sustainable development. The purpose of this study is to explore the perception about Green Home purchasing towards sustainable development among Malaysian consumer. There were three main objectives has been developed to answer this purpose. Firstly, to study about the socio-economic background of the respondents. Secondly, to get understand about Malaysian consumer’s perception about Green Home purchasing. Thirdly, to analyze the relationship between socio-economic factors and the respondent’s perception about Green Home purchasing. Finally, to highlight the conclusion and recommendation based on research findings. The lists of the Municipal Councils were gathered from the government website. Each of the selected Municipal Council was contacted to get the list of residential areas. Self-administered questionnaires were used to obtain necessary data from 800 respondents among urban households of terrace houses in urban areas. Four zones consist of the North, Middle, East and South of Peninsular Malaysia was selected through multi-stage random sampling. SPSS for Windows version 18.0 program were used for descriptive and inferential analyses. Generally, the findings show that Malaysian consumer preferred green home as compared to conventional housing. The main perception for Malaysian consumer attempts to purchase the Green Home is related to healthy life, followed by cost saving and responsibility for future generations. Finally, the study highlighted several recommendations for households, developers and government to stimulate the sustainable development in Malaysia.

Keywords: Perception, Green Home, House Purchasing, Sustainable Development, Sustainable Lifestyle.

196 Ref#: 410/MAL/11/SD

Farmers’ Living Standard in the Selected Three Granaries Areas in Malaysia

Rika Terano a, Zainalabidin Mohamed b a,b Department of Agribusiness and Information Systems, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract Quality of Life (QoL) has been of an important issue in considering living standards and environment for people’s lives. It can enhance the future of humanity by better understanding the factors which have an impact on QoL. Since the late 1980s Malaysia economic growth has been driven by the advancement of industrial and manufacturing sectors. The development of manufacturing sector has created more job opportunities for people in the rural area to work in the sector along with the development of infrastructure that makes mobility more conducive for the rural people. The job creation for these rural people has one way or the other increase their household income, consequently their living standards and well being.. There are two approaches in measure people’s well-being; 1) living standard, and 2) measuring satisfaction perception for better QoL. Generally, living standards are measured by consumption and income through monetary approaches to basic need for life. Satisfation perception measures subjective satisfaction level which is related to feeling good about one’s life and one’s self. However governmental report in Malaysia focused on living standard in QoL and do not focus on satisfaction perception in QoL. Thus in order to improve QoL measurement it is necessary to look at both perspectives from objective in monetary and subjective in non-monetary approaches for achieving better dimension of the people's well-being. This study attempts to investigate the rural people’s concern and satisfaction perception towards their living standard and environment. We focus on paddy farmer's life which is generally major occupation in Malaysian rural area. Structured questions were developed to gather information on the paddy farmer’s satisfaction level to income, job, farming environment, neighbors and relatives in community, hobby and living environment. We aim to clarify what are the important concerns of farmer’s life in rural sector. Surveys were conducted among selected three paddy granary areas in Kedah, Negeri Sembilan and Terengganu. In the analytical part, we used factor analysis for selecting important concerns for determining important factor for QoL. It shows that farming system, technical support, relationship with other farmers in community was highly concerned by them. In order to clarify a mechanism between satisfaction perception and living standard and the environment, a regression analysis identified that farmer’s education, characteristics of farm household, residential location and the grouped latent 6 factors based on the earlier factor analysis were important variables in determining the level of satisfaction in the farmer’s living standard.

Keywords: granary areas, living standard, paddy farmer, Quality of Life, satisfaction perception

197 Ref#: 411/MAL/11/SD

A Survey of Demolition Works in Malaysia

Mohammadali Kazerooni Sadi a, Arham Abdullah b, Visvan A/L Navaratnam c Masoud Navazandeh Sajoudi d, Mehdi Nourbakhsh e, Samaneh Zolfagharian f, Fatemeh Torshizi g a,b,c,d,e,f,g Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM- Skudai- JB- Malaysia. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract As Malaysia continues to progress towards achieving a developed status, shortage of land and space will require existing structures to be demolished, in order to make way for new development. The dilemma of insufficient land in urban areas to sustain growth and cater for increasing modernization demands will augment to a critical level. Therefore, there is dire need to expedite research in the field of demolition works within the country. This research was aimed at developing an overview as well as assessing the potential of demolition operations in Malaysia. Two varying methodologies were adopted comprising a case study and a questionnaire survey. The former looked into the Lumba Kuda Flats demolition operations which formed part of the Gerbang Selatan Bersepadu project. On the other hand, the latter targeted feedback from the local industry’s professionals. The case study revealed that local contractors were capable of managing large scaled demolition projects in terms of project planning, demolition techniques, health and safety implementation as well as environmental management. All work aspects met the requirements of international standards and codes and complied with local legislation. The survey reported beneficial data which provided strong indication of the industry’s capabilities and identified problems plaguing the various aspects of demolition operations. In order to overcome the limitations and barriers presently faced, local professionals needed to look beyond and consider what the global demolition market had to offer. Apart from that, active government participation was extremely necessary in certain areas to provide long term and effective solutions. The benefits offered by the research are invaluable as it serves as a strong foundation and reference for developing future specifications, standards and legislation to govern demolition operations.

Keywords: Demolition, Demolition Techniques, Demolition Management

198 Ref#: 412/MAL/11/SD

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recovery Technique in Sustainable Demolition Waste Management

Mohammadali Kazerooni Sadi a, Arham Abdullah b, Masoud Navazandeh Sajoudi c, Mehdi Nourbakhsh d, Samaneh Zolfagharian e, Hamed Golzarpoor f, Fatemeh Torshizi g a,b,c,d,e,f Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia(UTM), UTM- Skudai- JB- Malaysia. g Department of Architecture, Islamic Azad University of Kerman, Iran. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Demolition industry consume substantial amount of raw materials in the process and the output is obviously the product and most importantly the waste material. Other than that, Demolition industry is well known as one of the worst environmental polluters. This study is to determine the use of waste minimization technique in creating sustainable waste management in order to identify the technique which has the most capabilities to reduce waste on- site. The objective is to assess the waste minimization techniques taken from the 4R concept which is reduce, reuse, recycle and recovery technique in minimizing the waste in Demolition waste management. Questionnaire has been distributed randomly across the district of Johor Bahru, and the data has been analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS) software to determine whether the output meet its original objective. The most used waste minimization technique found in 4R concept would be the waste reduction. This shows that local Demolition industry has the awareness to plan out the waste management planning but the implementation is still far from satisfying. This is has been proven with the result of second objective which shows that none of the techniques tested in the 4R concept gave a significant relationship in minimizing the waste produced on site. However among four techniques tested for this research, waste recycle gave significant difference. This shows that physical profit gave reasoning for the Demolition practitioners to adapt to this technique because the nature of the industry which is profit making.

Keywords: Demolition, Demolition Waste, Waste Management, Sustainable Demolition

199 Ref#: 413/MAL/11/SD

A Positive Analysis on the Performance of National S&T Programs: From the Perspectives of Inputs and Outputs

Lu Cui a, Shuhua Zhong b a, b College of Public Administration, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road, Hongshan district, Wuhan, China. a Corresponding author:[email protected]

Abstract In China, the National S&T Programs (NSTP) include the National Natural Science Foundation（NNSF）, the National Key Technologies R&D Program, National High Technology Research and Development Program (the National 863 Program), and the National Basic Research Program (the National 973 Program). During 2001-2009, the investment of NSTP kept increasing. And in its funded programs, the amount of published papers and patent were also increasing year by year. In detail, the fund of investment in NNSF kept increasing with an average annual growth rate of 19%. The amount of published papers in international journals in those funded programs kept increasing with an annual average growth rate of 17.55%. The National Key Technologies R&D Program has gained 25.483 billion yuan total finance allocations; During 2002-2009, the amount of published papers in international journals has summed up to 20,617, the foreign patent applications have reached 897 and the foreign patent authorizations have hit 189. The National 863 Program gained 33.872 billion yuan total finance allocations, a 14.8% average annual growth rate；in its funded projects, the number of published papers in international journals has totaled 66,612, and the foreign patent applications were 2,166, 497 of which gained the foreign patent authorization during 2002-2009. As to the National 973 Program, the total finance allocations added up to 11.483 billion yuan, a 20.12% annual average growth rate；from2002 to 2009 , the number of published papers in international journals in National 973 Program funded projects has reached 97,323, and in the 459 foreign patent applications, 133 of them have been authorized.

Keywords: China; National Natural Science Foundation; National Key Technologies R&D Program ; National 863 Program ; National 973 Program; National Key Technologies

200 Ref#: 414/MAL/11/SD

Preliminary Study on the Potential of Gracilaria Sp. As Bioremediator of Metals Contamination: The Dark- Adapted Quantum Yield and Chlorophyll A Content

L. Abu-Bakar a , H. Ahamad-Zakeri b a,b Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT),Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia b Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Algae-based biotechnologies for metals pollution control provide an attractive bioremoval method due to their ability to concentrate and tolerate high metal levels. This study is a preliminary study on the potential use of Gracilaria sp. as bioremediator of marine metals pollution. The effects of three metals (i.e. copper [Cu], lead [Pb], mercury [Hg]) on the dark-adapted quantum yield (i.e. Fv/Fm) and chlorophyll a (chl a) content of G. edulis and G. manilaensis were studied. The algae were exposed to 1 mg/mL of each of the metals individually for 8 h. The Fv/Fm of the algae was measured using a handheld fluorometer, AquaPen AP-P 100 (PIS, Czech Republic). Chl a of the algae were extracted in darkness at 4°C with dimethylformamide. Fv/Fm of both algae was decreased after the treatments except for G. manilaensis in Pb where it was unaffected. Fv/Fm of G. edulis was reduced significantly the most by Hg (48% of untreated algae), followed by Pb and Cu with more than 30%. Fv/Fm of G. manilaensis was reduced by both Cu and Hg with more than 23%. Interestingly, Cu and Pb did not have an effect on the chl a of G. edulis but a significant decrease of 34% was observed with Hg. A decrease in chl a was also observed in Cu for G. manilaensis. However, an increase in chl a was found in Pb and Hg for this alga. A reduction in Fv/Fm indicates that the algae were under metal stress except for G. manilaensis in Pb. The presence of Pb also seems to have a positive effect on G. manilaensis by increasing the chl a. An increase in chl a may also be an adaptive strategy of the alga to cope with the stress. Hg and Cu may have a phytotoxic effect on the chl a of G. edulis and G. manilaensis, respectively, which is confirmed by the Fv/Fm reduction. Further analysis would be done to confirm the results obtained in this study.

Keywords: Chlorophyll a, Fv/Fm, Gracilaria edulis, Gracilaria manilaensis, Heavy Metals.

201 Ref#: 415/MAL/11/SD

A Design Study of Sustainable Infectious Waste Management Systems for Small Healthcare Providers in North-Eastern Thailand.

Thawon Niyompanitpatana a, Elivio Bonollo b a,b Faculty of Arts and Design, University of Canberra, Bruce, Canberra ACT, Australia. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract This paper outlines the methodology, based on a systems design approach, used to investigate and develop an improved model of an infectious waste management system for small healthcare providers in North-Eastern Thailand, mindful of sustainability and health care requirements. As will be explained, this research is based on quantitative and qualitative mixed-methods of enquiry and data collection including surveying the views of groups of professionals from ten representative small healthcare providers. These groups of participants (representing the main stakeholders) included administrative staff and medical doctors, nurses and practitioners, and unskilled operational staff. Based on empirical interview survey data obtained from these groups, a parametric model of an infectious waste management system (IWMS) has been developed in order to identify the relevant parameters and constituent variables underpinning the effectiveness of the system. This model of an IWMS has seven important functional parameters, namely: (1) planning and design of the system, (2) administration and policy, (3) individual departmental procedures, (4) sustainable, infectious waste disposal methods, (5) periodic and monitoring and control, (6) commonly used products and equipment, and (7) prevailing cultural and social norms. It is supported by detailed empirical data of which a relevant sample will be presented and discussed. It will be shown that the systems design approach, along with related empirical investigations (inclusive of stakeholder views) can lead to improvements in the design and operation of infectious waste management systems for small health care providers in NE Thailand.

Keywords: infectious waste, infectious waste management system, small healthcare providers, system design

202 Ref#: 416/MAL/11/SD

An Analysis of Dynamic Econometric Relationship between R&D Input and Innovative Output in China

Yanan Yang a, Shuhua Zhong b a, b College of Public Administration, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyue Road, Wuhan, China. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstrat This paper is a further step toward closing the analytical gap in the extensive literature on the results of government and enterprises R&D efficiency on the innovative output by treating government R&D funding and enterprises R&D investment as inputs, considering patents and academic publications as outputs during 1990-2009 in China, which dynamics are adequately captured by the cointegration tests, error-correction models and Granger-causality tests. The empirical results evidently identified the long-lasting relationship between different R&D investment rate elasticity of respective innovative output, and the short-run rate elasticity and impact of government and enterprises R&D investment were smaller and statistically weaker than the long-run, while the Granger-causality tests were performed to determine the causal relationship between R&D inputs and outputs, the lag length tests were performed to facilitate the cointegration analysis, which indicated that both the government funding and enterprises investment had unidirectional granger relationships with scientific publication and patent application, however, the relationships between government funding and respective innovative output were stronger than enterprises investment, while the effect of enterprises investment on patent application was more direct and effective. Furthermore, the results also showed that it took two years for government funding, as for the enterprises investment it only took one year, which would have a significant impact on respective innovative output in China.

Keywords: Error Correction Model, Government Funding, Enterprises Investment, Patent application, Scientific Literature

203 Ref#: 417/MAL/11/SD

A comparative analysis of economic sustainability of small and large landholders in Punjab, India

Sukhwinder Singh a, Julian Park b a School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Early Gate, Reading, UK a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract The sustainability of agriculture has been a question of debate in the recent past, especially after the green revolution technologies have started impacting the ecology and rural livelihoods. Globally, about 85% of the farmers are smallholders (less than 2 ha) and 85% of them live in Asia. In the recent past, the average farm size in the developed countries has increased substantially whereas in India, it has declined from 1.84 to 1.21 ha. Indian Punjab has about 1 million farmers out of which 32% are smallholders. This figure was 56% in 1970s. The major reasons of this trend could include land redistribution or falling farm net profitability. Against this backcloth, the question of economic sustainability of smallholders has come into focus, especially in India where a large proportion of rural population earns its livelihood from relatively smaller landholdings. On the other hand, corporate farming has been continuously considered as a potential solution to meet the food security needs. However, some empirical studies suggest that per unit crop productivity of land declines with an increase in farm size though this relationship varies when soil quality and technological development are accounted for. Such a trend could be due to smallholders investing relatively more personal effort, rather than relying on the external inputs to produce more from the smallholdings. Therefore, it is suggested that the smallholders have the latent potential to produce a greater collective output thus contributing to food security and sustenance of their livelihoods. This would require agricultural policies that facilitate effective use of available resources. Based on a survey of 120 farmers, this paper compares the economic sustainability of small and large landholder across three agro-climatic zones of Indian Punjab. Data suggests that smallholders use farm inputs and natural resources more judiciously and earn better economic returns when compared to large landholders.

Keywords: food security, India, Punjab, smallholders, sustainability

204 Ref#:419/MAL/11/SD

Sustainable Tourism and Biodiversity Conservation in National Parks in Malaysia: A Need for Integration in the Management and Planning Activities

Siti Sarah Sulaimana, Rasyikah Md. Khalidb Noraziah Abu Bakarc a,b,cFaculty of Law, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstact Tourism industry has widened its scope from traditional tourism to a more sustainable one in the recent decades. Sustainable tourism, ecotourism or green tourism has been the latest jargon used by the industry to attract tourists to be more sustainable and enjoy their holiday in nature. If sustainable development refers to meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, sustainable tourism would denote tourism which respect and conserve, as well as not to harm biodiversity and socio-cultural balance. The greatest task to conserve the remaining biodiversity however may come down to some developing countries. They are now confronted with the real challenges to create sustainable community while coping with their rapid economic growth. Malaysia for instance has gazetted several national parks but those areas are exposed to illegal loggings and deforestation which will have great impact on its biodiversity. The remaining forests in Malaysia should be considered as a protected area as it plays a vital role in achieving specific conservation objectives. They are the sources of water supply, forest produce for human and animals as well as for recreational purposes and sustainable tourism activities. For that matter, under the National Physical Plan (NPP) of 2006, the protected Areas in peninsular Malaysia shall include all gazetted national and state parks, wildlife reserve or sanctuaries, marine parks, protected forests and other areas designated for statutory protection. It is the intention of this paper to highlight the policies designed for the conservation of Malaysian biodiversity. In particular, the paper will highlight legal framework and planning policies in the National Park and to assess its effectiveness in conserving its biodiversity. The paper conclude that the management and planning activities in the National Park must be integrated in order to ensure a proper and systematic usage of the biodiversity and for a successful and sustainable tourism activities.

Keywords: Biodiversity Conservation, Legal Framework, Malaysia, National Park, Planning Policy.

205 Ref#: 428/MAL/11/SD

The Legal Impact of Development Plans in Delivering Sustainable Development: A Reference to the Town and Country Planning Act 1976 and the Federal Territory (Planning) Act 1982

Siti Sarah Binti Sulaiman a, Ainul Jaria Maidin b a, b Ahmad Ibrahim Kulliyyah of Laws, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract Town and Country Planning Act 1976 (TCPA) and the Federal Territory (Planning) Act 1982 (FTA) have laid down important provisions relating to development plans which play a vital role in controlling the development of the country. The development plans which consist of National Physical Plan, Structure Plan, Local Plan and Special Area Plan is aimed to translate the government’s policies with regards to country’s development into action so that the development will be more systematic and sustainable. To be a fully developed country by the year 2020, Malaysia has put a great effort to utilize all available resources to boost up its status whether in economy, industry, technology, physical and infrastructure development as well as agricultural aspect. However, this effort posed a great danger to the environment sustainability should the authority failed to monitor and implement a proper development plan as required by the law. This paper intends to look into the role and impact of the development plans in regulating land use and development in the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur and other states in the Peninsular Malaysia particularly the State of Selangor and Penang. The TCPA and the FTA has given a difference approach towards the implementation of the development plans and this will directly affect the decision of the local authorities. Decided cases pertaining to this issue will also be discussed. Finally, at the end of the article recommendations and conclusion will be presented.

Keywords: Development plans, implementation, legislations, regulate, sustainable development.

206 Ref#: 430/MAL/11/SD

Structural Analysis of Soybean Markets in Guinea Savannah Zone Nigeria: Implications for Sustainable Soybean Production in Nigeria

Abdu Z a, Kushwaha S b, M. M. Abubakar c a Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria. b Department of Agricultural Economics, Banarasi Hindu University, India. c Animal Production Programme, School Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract The study examined the structure of soybean markets in Guinea Savannah zone Nigeria. Multi stage sampling technique was used in the study whereby six markets (Gboko, Wannune, Jos, Jingir, Giwa, and Jagindi markets) were purposively selected. In each market area 20 farmers and 60 traders were selected using simple random sampling technique, making a total sample size of 300 respondents comprising of 120 farmers and 180 traders. The data for the study were collected using pre tested structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using Simple descriptive statistics and Ginni coefficient ratio. The result of the analysis revealed that, there were many buyers and sellers of Soybean in the markets. The market participants were relatively well informed about prices and there were free entry and exit conditions in the markets. Produce differentiation is practiced as acknowledged by the majority of Farmers (84.17%) and Traders (86.11%) and Soybean is differentiated based on its colour, Grain size Grain weight and Cleanness. Majority (55%) of the farmers produced 1.4-5 tons while traders handling 2.1-4 tons, 32.1- 64 tons and 128.1-258 tons constituted 13.33%, 23.33% and 16.11% respectively. The Ginni Coefficient for business concentration of Rural Assemblers, Wholesalers and Retailers were 0.27, 0.25 and 0.11 respectively. The major Soybean production and marketing problems include high cost of transportation, high price fluctuation, inadequate supply and high cost of inputs, inadequate capital and market infrastructural facilities. Good road network, farm input supplies, Provision of market infrastructural facilities and credit will improve soybean production and marketing activities in the study area.

Key words: Structural Analysis, Soybean Markets, Nigeria, Sustainable soybean production

207 Ref#: 431/MAL/11/SD

An Early Assessment of BRAC Uganda Microfinance Programme: Estimate the Changes of Living Standard

Rifat Afroze a a Department of Applied Social Science, London Metropolitan University, London, UK a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract BRAC’s Microfinance Programme of Uganda, introduced in 2006, aims to provide critical services in microfinance for poor community. This study is an early assessment of the programme, and examined the changes of partake group compared with non-partake group in terms of their living standard, earning, loan and savings and welfare indicators. For assessing the impact of microfinance programme in Africa region, baseline and repeat surveys took place in Uganda. The surveys were designed as a randomized experiment, and don’t represent all the clients of BRAC Uganda. Baseline surveys were conducted during January to March, 2008 in four new branch offices (viz. Arua, Mbale, Mbarara and Nebbi) in Uganda. In each of these branches, 20 villages were identified by the credit officers as potential sites for microfinance. Among the 20 villages, 10 were randomly assigned for initiating microcredit and the rest as control. A second round survey was conducted during April/May, 2009. This population based panel survey included 2,807 households among which credit take-up rates are 10.71% and 7.57% in the treatment and control villages respectively. The factors that bring positive changes were also investigated. The study findings show a mixed picture: signs of an overall improvement for some particular issues are present, but every development takes time. Moreover, considerable changes occur in living standard of beneficiaries group. Overall though, BRAC’s Microfinance Programme hasn’t made a big impact on people’s lives yet. Although in some cases there is significant difference, it was not found in both groups.

Keywords: Enterprise, Living standard, Loan, Microfinance, Wage

208 Ref#: 433/MAL/11/SD

Empirical Investigation of Government Green Procurement (GGP) Practices in Malaysia

Khairul Naim Adham a, Chamhuri Siwar b a,b Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), National University of Malaysia (UKM) a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract Malaysian Government procurement plays an important role as a catalyst to economic development. However, as a rapidly developing countries, due consideration must be given to environmental conservation during the development process to avoid environmental degradation. For this reason, Malaysian government can use its immense purchasing power of 24-33 percent of GDP to minimize environmental impacts by implementing government green procurement (GGP) which is seen as a powerful tool to protect the environment. In the context of Malaysia, GGP is refers to the procurement of supplies, services and works by the public sectorr that takes into account environmental criteria to conserve and minimize the impact on the environment, accelerate the national economy and promote sustainable development. GGP is relatively a new concept in Malaysia and there is no such policy, regulation and legal framework with regards to GGP at this point of time. This study is one of the first attempts to empirically investigate the practice of GGP in Malaysia. This study is crucial to identify opportunities and barriers in implementing GGP in Malaysia and the findings will be expected to assist the Malaysian government to formulate strategies and adopt an appropriate approach to effectively implement the GGP.

Keywords: government procurement, green procurement, government green procurement (GGP), sustainable development

209 Ref#: 434/MAL/11/SD

Demographic-Social-Economic Lingkages towards Developed Country: ARDL Model Approach

Nur AzuraSanusi a, Mohd Fikri Mohamad b a,b Department of Economics, Faculty of Management and Economics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract Malaysia has been aiming to become a fully developed nation by the year 2020 and now it only has ten years left before the deadline. A host of world class infrastructure has been developed and the economic growth has been vibrant. However, the actual augmentation of the country’s GDP between the year 1991 and 2010 has approximately developed at an annual rate of 5.4 percent, well below the targeted rate to achieve the vision. The failure to achieve the targeted GDP’s growth began from the downfall of GDP in 1998 in the aftermath of the Asian Financial Crisis which began at the end of 1997. As a result, a gap as much as 26 percent was formed between the actual growth and the GDP’s target. Development should not be viewed purely on economic development. Instead, there has to be a balance between the development in social, politics, culture as well as spiritual. Therefore, holistic efforts in all aspects of development with special attention to economics, social and demography are needed to create a fully developed nation. Hence, the objective of this research is to examine the existing linkages between the demographical, social and economical growth in Malaysia. Data obtained using Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach covering the year 1970 until 2008 indicated that there is a lingkages between the variables both in short and long term period.

Key words: Vision 2020, Developed Country, Linkages, ARDL

210 Ref#: 436/MAL/11/SD

Factors Affecting Farmers’ Agro Tourism Involvement in Cameron Highlands, Pahang

Puvaneswaran Kunasekaran a, Sridar Ramachandran b, Zaiton Samdin c, Khairil Wahidin Awang d a Department of Department of Social and Development Science, Faculty of Human Ecology,University Putra Malaysia b,c Institute of Tropical, Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia d Department of Management and Marketing, Faculty of Economics and Management a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract This paper presents a review and understanding of the concept agro tourism as a sustainable tourism product. Data drawn from Cameron Highlands, Pahang, a well established agro tourism destination in Malaysia. Agro tourism or farm tourism is a subset of rural tourism which allows the tourists to experience the farming activities. Rural tourism is based on rural environment in general whereas agro tourism is based on the farm and farmer within the rural area. This means that agro tourism operations are based on the agricultural production (e.g., a tractor ride, self plucking, fishing, milking). The misconception of agro tourism as a product that is less profitable appeared due to the existence of other dominant rural tourism products such as eco tourism and nature tourism. Inadequate previous research on the farmers’ perception of agro tourism has created a clear gap in this area. Gaps identified include inadequate research done on agro tourism practices among farmers and their attitude towards diversifying agricultural to obtain added value. Naturalistic inquiry technique was used to elicit the data from ground. The awareness and knowledge of agro tourism practice from the point of view of the farmers were captured. The understanding of the farmers’ opinion on agro tourism is essential because they are the key players of the agro tourism industry. The results also show that the farmers from the concentrated tourism areas tended to have a positive perception of agro tourism, because they were directly involved in tourism. The outcome supports the social exchange theory, where it is evident that people who obtain benefits from tourism, support tourism.

Keywords: Agro tourism; Naturalistic inquiry; Sustainable tourism.

211 Ref#: 438/MAL/11/SD

A Review of Using K-Nearest Neighbours Method and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines Method in Rainfall-Runoff Modelling

Dewi Anneka Halid a, Ismail Atan b, Aminuddin Mohd Baki c a,b,c Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam, Malaysia a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract River can gives live to human but also can expose human safety and others life to the danger of flooding when hit by continuous heavy rainfall. Flood is a natural disaster that cannot be stopped or avoided, but all human should learn how to face this problem with maximum efforts to minimize the losses in terms of fatalities and economic. One of the remainder ways to minimize the flood problem is a constantly seek new knowledge and techniques to improve the flood forecasting system. In recent years, the main attention of flood mitigation is shifting to flood forecasting in non-structural measures because most of decision making regard to flood management relies heavily on prediction of flood by rainfall-runoff models .The reliability, fast, and accuracy of flood forecast is become essential to provide effective and early flood warning to people, and also to help in planning design for high strength hydraulic structure. The need to achieve these requirements has led to the development of data acquisition systems and mathematical models coupled with the increase availability of computer software technologies to develop better hydraulic simulation of flood. Therefore, the aim of this research is to study and evaluate the potential of non-linear regression techniques in river flood prediction. This paper will present review of two techniques of non-linear regression which are K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN) and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) methods.

Keywords: Effective, Flood forecasting, K-Nearest Neighbour, Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines, and Rainfall.

212 Ref#: 442/MAL/11/SD

The Influence of Culture and Industry on Environmental Reporting Practice among Malaysian Public Listed Companies

Sharifah Binti Buniamin a, Anis Binti Muhamad Husin b, Munira Binti Abd Karim c, Siti Nurul Izzati Binti Mohamed Noor d a,b,c,d Department of Accounting, College of Business Management and Accounting, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract Environmental problem is considered as one of the most significant problems due to its negative impact to the ecosystem. Thus, as the awareness of environmental concern increased, the obligation of a company will also increase since companies will have to disclose their activities in their annual reports. The aim of this study is to determine the practice of environmental reporting in corporate annual report among public listed companies in Malaysia and to investigate the impact of cultures and type of industry toward environmental reporting practice. The director ethnicity, professionalism and age are used as a proxy for cultures. The data is collected from the 2009 annual reports of 265 Malaysian Public Listed Companies. The results reveal that directors with accounting profession have a significant relationship with environmental reporting. This is due to their direct involvement in the decision of preparing the annual report and disclosure policies. Furthermore, the study found that, older directors tend to disclose environmental reporting because they are more concern about the environment compare to the younger directors

Keywords: culture, environmental reporting, industry, environmental reporting, Malaysia, public listed companies

213 Ref#: 443/MAL/11/SD

Energy Sustainability in Thailand

Montchai Pinitjitsamut a, a Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Faculty of Economics, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract This paper analyzes structural indicators of economic efficiency which relates to structure of energy resource used and country sustainability. An analysis of marginal efficiency for different energy resources is conducted to identify the level of impacts on energy efficiency. Energy efficiency is used as determinants of sustainable economic development for Thailand. Multivariate econometric analysis is applied to identify the energy efficiency amongst different energy resources and its magnitude. The findings present that the increasing of share of gas, electricity coal and agricultural residues will increase a whole country’s energy efficiency. While the accretion of oil inputs to economic system will make energy efficiency decline. Furthermore, energy efficiency is negatively associated with technology development. It reflects no actually extreme improvement on energy technology over the period of 1993- 2008. The results also suggest that management strategies and public policies directed towards R&D promotion should be reviewed on its improving economic efficiency performance and contributing to energy sustainability. The estimation results on marginal efficiency model for different energy resources illustrate that the energy consumption on oil and agricultural residues have the most marginal impact on economic output. It implies the public policy for enhancing the use of agriculture residues as an energy inputs is really need for energy sustainability in Thailand.

Keywords: Energy sustainability; Sustainable development; Energy efficiency

214 Ref#: 447/MAL/11/SD

Measuring the Sustainability of Tourism Development: Comparative on Methods and Applications

Masitah Muhibudin a, Badaruddin Mohamed b a,b Sustainable Tourism Research Cluster, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract In general, sustainable development is a concept that promotes the protection of resources in the future. The issues of sustainable development has been discussed and promoted worldwide in various fields including tourism. The elements of sustainable have been enforced to be considered in every development stage. Meanwhile, the World Tourism Organization (WTO) has promoted the application of sustainable indicator since the early 1990s as essential instruments for policy-making, planning and management processes at destinations. Despite growing number of revenue to local community and business operators, tourism brings other challenges towards the environmental protection. Each destination has limited resources that can be consumed by tourism activities. For example, the increased numbers of tourists will have negative consequences in its natural resources in which pressure from tourism activities, would lead to damage on physical and ecological features. As a result, various actions have been taken by the respective authorities to solve the problem by identifying various tools to measure the sustainability such as; Impact Assessment, Environmental Auditing (EA), Carrying Capacity (CC), Sustainable Tourism Benchmarking Tool (STBT), Certification and Eco-Labeling, and others. However, are those methods suitable for every type of tourism development? Recognizing the importance of sustainable elements in tourism development, this paper aims to review on previous studies or practices related with sustainable tourism. The review would comprise the framework, assessment approaches, criteria, indicator and others. However, there are arguments concerning on the assessment methods, which present more on theoretical rather than practical suitability which will be discussed further. On the other hand, the discussion also will be focused on the approaches that has been developed or practiced by few countries including Malaysia. It is perhaps through the discussions, we are able to have a better understanding of the complexities of approaches in measuring the sustainability in tourism development.

Keywords: assessment tools, indicators, sustainable tourism development

215 Ref#: 452/MAL/11/SD

Potential and Prospects of On-Site Slum Up-Gradation Program in Dhaka

Farzana Khatuna, Md. Muntasirb, Ishrat Islamc a,b,c Department of Urban & Regional Planning, BUET, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Dhaka is one of the fastest growing megacities in the world with high pace of population growth. Most of the urban poor are living in the slums areas in a very inhuman condition which leads to the overall degradation of urban environment. But these poor people contribute significantly to the urban economy through their services in different sectors. Housing for poor is one of the crucial factors which needs immediate attention but both public and private sector has failed to address this issue. This paper focuses on understanding the socio-economic and living condition of the slum people. Among the 4,900 slums in Dhaka city, five slums were selected and a questionnaire survey was conducted on 150 households. Findings reveal the substandard housing condition of the slum dwellers though they are paying on an average 11 tk/sq. ft. rent which is comparable to the house rents paid by many high/middle class residents of Dhaka. Finally an on-site upgradation plan for the slum has been developed in consultation with the slum dwellers. It is found that the slum dwellers are willing to pay more for a better living. It is also possible to recover some portion of the valuable urban land occupied by the existing slum dwellers. Finally a framework was developed for implementation and management purpose to make the whole upgradation scheme a feasible project and also for the participation of the slum people in this scheme.

Keywords: Dhaka; Mega City; On-Site Slum Upgradation; Slum.

216 Ref#: 453/MAL/11/SD

Water use optimization and management in urban green space, Case study: Mashhad city, Iran.

Mozhgan Sabet Teimouri a, Masoomeh Tavangar b, Farzaneh Razzaghian c a,b,c Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR) , Paradise of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad ,Mashhad, Iran. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract Mashhad is in the semiarid area of Midel-East.the weather in summer is warm and evaporation is very much. In this condition, operation of water reserves is more than rain content of plain Mashhad. Therefore, this problem causes water balance negative and thus the situation is critical. Water management in urban areas should be considered separately from other household water consumption, including drinking water, urban green space. Population of Mashhad is about 2.5 million and annually Mashhad has more than 20 million tourist concluded domestic and foreign tourists and pilgrimage. Therefore, green space and improve the ecological quality of existing green spaces in order to attract tourists is important for increase the durability of residence. Therefore, optimization of water use and management of green spaces, including the management of water resources and landscaping irrigation and planting of drought-resistant plant species appropriate to the climate, soil, pest control in the development of green space and it is the necessity looking Mashhad city management. Urban management and Mashhad municipality has decided to implement it. Documents relating to actions of the executive council, the data required in this study. In addition, it was necessary that information and data had complete with interviews to local executives. The survey results showed that 2,400 hectares of green space of Mashhad city is irrigated to use of water about 22.5million m3/year. Currently, Till now, municipal wastewater has not used for irrigation of green spaces in Mashhad. But based of programs municipal is that it will be use to new irrigation system, irrigation of green space of Mashhad with application treated wastewater in pressure irrigation. For design and implementation of irrigation system pressure had been cost of $ 4 trillion and there are 450 acres of green space of Mashhad will use to this irrigation method.

Keywords: Drought resistant plants, semi-arid, household, Mashhad, Water resource.

217 Ref#: 455/MAL/11/SD

Performance Assessment and the Decision to Participate in Small and Micro Agribusiness Enterprises in Delta State, Nigeria

Emmanuel O. Inoni a,Ogisi, O. Dicta b a,b Department of Agricultural Economics & Extension, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract In order to examine the performance of small and micro agribusiness enterprises (SMAE) as well as factors that determine entrepreneur’s participation, 561 enterprises were randomly drawn from urban and peri-urban locations in Delta State, Nigeria. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics Binary probit model was used to determine the effect of personal, family, farm and location characteristics on the decision to participate in small and micro agribusiness enterprises. The results of the probit analysis indicated that age of operator, household size, marital status, educational status positively affect the decision to operate a small agribusiness enterprise while wage employment and non farm income have a negative influence. Furthermore, the study found that majority of the enterprises were young with a median age of 6 years while about 50% of respondents were engaged in retail trading. About 30% of entrepreneurs had vocational and tertiary education; average household size was 9 persons per household with a mean age of 43 years. Food retailing had the highest average sales revenue/year (N= 209,270.00) (USD1,268.30) while the least was crop farming (N= 135,030.00) (USD 818.36). Income/worker/year ranged from N= 14,770.00 (USD 89.52 ) in food retailing to N= 27,850.00 (USD 168.79)5) in fish farming. The total workforce in the 561 SMAEs surveyed was 1971 persons; 1005 full-time staff and 966 casual workers with an average workforce of 3 persons/enterprise. Personal savings, friends and relatives, loans from cooperative societies, were the major sources of start-up capital. Lack of access to credit, high cost of credit and labour were the topmost constraints to SMAEs operations in Delta State, Nigeria. In order to expand their asset base and boost production, the development of business partnerships among SMAEs is recommended.

Keywords: Agribusiness enterprises; binary probi;t;; employment creation; marginal effects; participation decision;

218 Ref#:456/MAL/11/SD

Considerations in the Choice of Diversified Sources of Family Income

Nemia C. Mallari a a Department of Accountancy, Polytechnic University of the Philippines Bataan Campus, AFAB, Mariveles, Bataan, Philippines. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract Background In the Philippines, the basic source of income is through employment. More often, surmounting family expenses is difficult to achieve by an average family having only a single and limited income. Family income may be reduced only up to a certain point. To complement this incapability, one has to resort to borrowing. However, cost of money using private sources is very high which range from 5% - 20% per month to 5%-20% per day. As such, the usable income of the family tends to decrease periodically due to debt servicing. Financial difficulties may result to depression, decreased self worth leading to suicide, unanswered needs such as children being unable to be sent to school, health problems or even committing crimes such as estafa, theft and robbery. If expenses cannot be reduced, increasing the income may be a better alternative. Objectives This study aims to identify the diversified sources of income in the Philippines, to discuss the related income taxes imposed on the specific sources and to point out key factors and issues in diversifying sources of income. Methods A qualitative approach has been used to meet the objectives of the study. Data were collected from the books, newspapers and magazines and comprehensive search on internet websites. The Business Registration Office and the Office of the Bureau of Internal Revenue were visited to extract the number of businesses registered. 402 business owners and key informants were interviewed and 100 housekeepers were approached using survey forms and informal chats. Results Typology of income is described as active income, passive income and capital gains. Active income is earned from compensation, from a business which you own or which you are a part owner or any income earned where labor is expended. Passive income is derived from investments where very little effort is expended such as income from interest on deposits, royalties, prizes and winnings, and dividends. Capital gains are income derived from selling properties, shares of stock and bonds, and real property. Income tax of individual taxpayer was also discussed. Varied sources of income must be feasible and sustainable. There is no magic number as to how many income streams are necessary to reduce any financial risks. But having more than one source of income, when properly planned, may improve quality of life such as financial freedom, provide for sustainable health physically, mentally, and emotionally, may be a key factor for social responsibility and a well balanced family and social life and ultimately geared towards poverty alleviation. Choice of sources of income may be influenced by financial capability, aptitude, skills, competency, risks and threats and economic conditions.

Keywords: Typology, Family Income, caital gains, real property

219 Ref#: 457/MAL/11/SD

“Don’t Mess My Backyard”: Offshore Processing and Toxic Waste in Malaysia and South Korea

Sung-Ae Lee a a Department of International Studies, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract Discourses of international development now commonly pivot on the concept of sustainability, commonly understood as defined by the 1987 report, Our Common Future. Sustainable development is the ability to “meet the needs of the present generation without compromising needs of future generations” – that is, to enhance economies and social well being while at the same time protecting the environment. It is not a new observation that the developed world has a history of exporting industries and the unwanted by-products of certain industries to the developing world. For the purposes of this paper, I will include the by-products of chemical warfare in the category of what has been exported. The paper will focus on two issues that have been receiving attention in 2011: the disclosure that the US Army stationed in South Korea buried, at least at one site, a large array of toxic chemicals. Attention tended to focus on “Agent Orange” (dioxin) because of the extensively documented use of the herbicide in Vietnam (and drums buried at Camp Carroll in South Korea bore labels indicating that they were originally intended for use in Vietnam). It also transpired that covert use of Agent Orange had been made to clear the DMZ. Under the agreement with the South Korean Government, the US military is under no obligation to clean up the site, and the cost to do so would now be in excess of US$100 million. My second example is the agreement between the Malaysian Government and the Australian Rare Earth Elements company Lynas to build a plant in the Gebeng industrial zone in Pahang to process REE mined in Australia. The plant has produced conflict between national policy and the local population, inspired by the example of a Mitsubishi refinery at Bukit Merak (north central Malaysia) which was linked to increased health problems in the region. Mitsubishi denies the connection, but closed the refinery in 1992 and has since spent around $100 million to clean up the site, as well as donating $164,000 to local schools. Lynas avers that it looked at many countries for a location, and found that Malaysia best met the requirements of cheap energy, abundant water, a large supply of available chemicals, and a skilled workforce. (Although it should also be noted that environmental groups and the Green Party are strong in Australia.) In what ways will the Lynas plant be different, twenty years on, from Bukit Merak (where the REE were sourced on site from the tailings of tin mining)? Is it still a matter of a developed country shifting a problem, or is the situation now more complex? Local opposition to the Lynas plant forced the government to commission a report by representatives of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Opponents seemed confident that this would be an end to the matter, but instead the report concluded that the plant is expected to be safe and fully compliant with international standards. It will soon be operational. The paper will consider comparisons and contrasts that can be made between the two cases. Do race and class play an equally crucial role in the treatment of actual or potentially toxic substances? An obvious contrast is the contamination of aquifers in South Korea and plans by Lynas (commended by the review team) to find safe ways of recycling and reusing the residues, and hence minimising the waste to be disposed of. Is Lynas proposing a sustainable project?

Keywords: Malaysia, Local sector, Offshore processing, South Korea, Toxic Waste

220 Ref#: 459/MAL/11/SD

Identification of Sites Suitable for Artifical Recharging and Groundwater Flow Modeling in Noyyal River Basin, Tamilnadu, India.

J.Brema a, G.Prince Arulraj b a School of Civil Engineering, Karunya University, Coimbatore, India. a Department of Civil Engineering, S.N.S. College of Technology, Coimbatore, India. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract The stress on groundwater resources has become a point of concern for planners and researchers. The groundwater pumping is exceeding the recharge in many areas due to increased dependency on groundwater to cater the needs of the growing population. The assessment of groundwater potential and the identification of areas suitable for artificial recharging in the overdeveloped watersheds are very crucial in reducing the stress on the resources. Pankaj et al (2000) made a study to identify the groundwater potential zones and found that drainage density and lineaments are the important contributory factors to groundwater recharge. Sarkar et al (2001) conducted a multi- criterion evaluation based on drainage, lineament, lithology, slope and landuse and opined that high groundwater potentiality is in flood plains and river terraces. Sarvari et al (2006) conducted a study to identify suitable sites for artificial recharging by overlaying of the slope, surface infiltration, thickness and quality of sediment layers in GIS. Based on the literature, a study was carried out in the Noyyal river basin of Tamil Nadu, India to identify the areas suitable for artificial recharging using Geographical Information System (GIS). Noyyal basin is a water stressed basin, as cultivation of crops is the main occupation of the people. The areal extent of the basin is 3548 km2. The following factors were considered for the study: Landuse, Digital Elevation Model (DEM), soil, geology, lineaments, geomorphology, difference in elevation between the river and adjacent locations and distance from the recharge source(river). The landuse maps was derived from LISS-III image of the study area. The image was classified using supervised classification technique using ERDAS Imagine software and the classified image was digitized to obtain landuse map. DEM was derived from the slope map(contour map) of the study area. Soil, geology, lineament density and geomorphology raster maps were obtained from scanned copies of the district maps covering the basin. As the areas at lower elevations are more suitable for recharging a raster map was obtained showing the difference in elevation between the river and adjacent locations. As the water can be easily diverted to the nearby recharge sites another raster map was considered with the distance from the river as criteria. All the above mentioned input raster maps were reclassified by giving priority according to their influence factor for recharging. . After reclassifying all the input rasters, suitability map showing area suitable for groundwater recharging was obtained using weighted overlay approach of ArcGIS 9.2. Appropriate weightage has been assigned to each information layer according to its relative contribution towards the desired output. The factors geomorphology, landuse and lineament density were given higher weightage. In Tamilnadu (study area) the developmental activities are carried out blockwise. The districts in Tamilnadu are divided into taluks and further into blocks. To interpret the results in a better way, the suitability map was superimposed over the block map of the basin. From this analysis, it is found that 7 blocks (area of 659.26km2 of the basin area) out of total 21 blocks have more potential for groundwater recharging. Most of the suitable zones are well within the farming zone, therefore it becomes essential to consider recharging in these locations. Due to farming activities the groundwater level has declined considerably in the blocks such as Thondamuthur, Sulur, Avinashi and Palladam. In order to validate the study groundwater modeling for the basin was carried out using Visual MODFLOW2.8.1 software. The basin map, the depth of the various layers below the ground surface and permeability of the layers were given as input for this model. The model was run by giving recharge in the artificial recharge locations identified using ArcGIS 9.2 model, to simulate the pattern of groundwater movement and found that considerable recharge takes place in the identified locations. From the study conducted, GIS and the Visual MODFLOW models were developed for the Noyyal river basin, for identifying the artificial recharging locations in the basin and can be considered for implementation.

Keywords: Artificial recharge; Groundwater; Overlay analysis

221 Ref#: 464/MAL/11/SD

Sugarcane Biotechnology for Sustainable Environment and Rural Economic Growth

Kalpana Sengar a a Tissue culture laboratory, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Modipuram, Meerut, India. a Corresponding author : [email protected]

Abstract Sugarcane is the main cash crop of India, which gives 315 million tones production from 4.8 million hectare land. India has first position in the production of sugar. In India sugarcane industry, give a great employment after cotton industry. In the recent years, the sugar production has increased due to the increase production of sugarcane in this country. In future if we want to supply only with our production, there will be a pressure on the production due to the increase in population and it will be impossible to increase the production of sugarcane without new techniques and it will be again problematic to make the sufficient production of sugar. Till 2020 according to increase population of the country, to achieve the target for completing the demand of sugar by using new technique there is a need to develop such kind of new species which have resistant against insects, disease and other unfavorable conditions. With tissue culture technique it is possible to develop new species of sugarcane which have high sucrose as well as high production. In our country till 2010 the demand of sugar will be 40 million tones for which it is necessary to increase the production of sugarcane. This work can be possible through tissue culture technique because this technique can provide the self employment as well as can make the business of sugarcane seed. Tissue culture is the process whereby small pieces of living tissue (explants) are isolated from an organism and grown aseptically for indefinite periods on a nutrient medium. For good success in plant tissue culture, it is good to start with explant that is meristems because these cells are capable of rapid proliferation. The used explants include buds, root tips, nodal segments or germinating seeds and these are placed on suitable culture media where they grow into an undifferentiated mass known as callus. Tissue culture techniques are being exploited to enhance crop production and to aid crop improvement efforts. Faster clonal multiplication is being exploited on commercial scale for many horticultural species e.g. oil palm, menthe, roses, carnation, etc. Tissue cultured somatic tissues are now routinely being used for conservation of these species whose seeds are recalcitrant or ones which do not produce seed at all.

Keyword: sugarcane, tissue culture technology, meristem, clonal multiplication, callus.

222 Ref#: 465/MAL/11/SD

A GIS Based Tool to Estimate Transport Demand Associated with Land Use Changes Expected at an Expressway Interchange Township Development

Pettagan Chameera Prasad De Silva a, Saman Bandara b a,b Transport Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The first ever expressway in Sri Lanka is scheduled to be open by the end of 2012 and the authorities are planning for township developments at three of the expressway interchanges closer to the City of Colombo. A number of different land use and transport infrastructure proposals have been put forward but there is no tool to evaluate the effectiveness of transportation infrastructure proposals or to identify the traffic impacts due to land use developments. Models available for intercity travel demand estimation cannot be used for this macro and micro level planning and not having sufficient traffic and travel related information is another serious issue faced by the planners. The objective of this paper is to present a tool developed based on GIS to facilitate the travel demand estimation within the township development area. This tool makes use of the outputs of intercity demand models and distributes the trip ends within the study area using land use and local area transport network using GIS tools. This tool is based on Arc GIS software and Visual Basic has been used for different tool development. Demographic information available on smallest level administrative divisions (Grama Niladhari Divisions), and traffic counts and surveys carried out at strategic locations are used for the traffic flow distribution. GIS tools developed to find out link and node independent paths, trip generations and trip attractions based on land use information are used to evaluate different alternatives. This tool is transferable to any geographic area and can be customized depending on the level of data availability. A case study representing one of the townships (Kottawa at the end of Southern Expressway) is presented to demonstrate the application of this tool.

Keywords: Expressway, GIS applications, Interchanges, Land Use Planning, Traffic Demand Estimation

223 Ref#: 467/MAL/11/SD

An Investigation of the Influence of the Flooded Household Environments on Maternal Health of Flood Plain Dwellers in Makurdi

Arc Irene D. Mngutyo a a Geography department, Faculty of Social Sciences, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Flooding negatively affects the quality of household environments. Studies indicate that household environments are decisive on health, more so maternal health. Makurdi town located in the Benue valley is experiencing increased seasonal flooding attributed to climate change and anthropogenic factors. This study has investigated the effect of flooded household environments on maternal health of flood plains dwellers in Makurdi. Structured questionnaires were administered on 20 female flood plain dwellers randomly sampled in the residential neighborhoods of Wadata, Akpehe, Idye, Logo, low level and Wurukum, giving a total of 120 respondents. The household environment was assessed using five parameters namely water supply, cooking environment, surrounding environment, household waste disposal and sleeping environment. These parameters were used as variables and tested for correlation with women who have given birth. Results indicate that in the flood plains, 82% of the women have children and one in every four pregnancies is lost. The cooking environment in the flood plain households is classified as fair, human waste disposal environment is classified as average while generated wastes environment is poor. The sleeping environment and water supply environments in the flood plains are classified as good. Women who are having children correlated with the sleep environment shows a positive relationship (+ 0.011). Surrounding environment correlated with women who are producing children shows a positive relationship (+ 0.033). Productive women in the flood plains correlated positively (+0.056) with the cooking environment. With the waste environment there was a negative correlation (-0.098) and the water supply environment correlated with productive women indicates also a positive relationship (+0.68). This research demonstrates that maternal health is compromised in floodplain environments in Makurdi and Improving household environments should be crucial and should be taken into consideration when policy decisions are taken concerning planning for these areas.

Keywords: Cities, Developing Nations, Flooding, Household Environment, Maternal health.

224 Ref#: 471/MAL/11/SD

Sustainable Development on Highland Areas: A Case study of Genting Highland, Pahang

Mohd Fauzi Sukiman a , Nurbaidura Salimb, Badaruddin Mohamed c a,b,c Sustainable Tourism Research Cluster (STRC), USM Penang, Malaysia. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract The quality and quantity of lodging supply are critical factors in determining tourism’s success in any tourist destinations. In Malaysia, the development of tourist accommodations has been based on speculation due to lack of reliable data to support feasibility study and realistic trend analyses. One of the top destinations in Malaysia is highland areas as tourists can enjoy beautiful scenery view from the hill top with its cold breezy fresh air. Over the years, tourist arrivals to highland areas increased up to 600,000 tourists every year, forcing the potential stakeholders to invest and develop more lodgings, facilities and proper infrastructures to cater tourists’ needs. In achieving sustainability of tourism development, developers sometimes pay no heed to the planning guidelines as they are too eager about profit and investment of the development. Carrying capacity is one of the planning tools to measure sustainable development. Uncontrolled development has resulted an oversupply of lodging capacity; particularly hotels in highland areas will cause long term impacts towards physical environments and inevitable negative impacts on average occupancy rates. By referring to Genting Highland as a case study, this paper intends to discuss the critical issues arise due to the oversupply of lodging in highland area. Spatial and non-spatial data on lodging establishments were stored into integrated database of ESRI’s ArcView system which was further mapped as data layers in Geographic Information System (GIS). Outcomes of this study will show distributional maps of accommodations that existed since 1970s until present, which demonstrate the lodging evolution and development patterns in the study area. This study provides tourism stakeholders, hotel entrepreneurs, tourism operators and potential developers with insights into planning and developing new tourism accommodations based on the potential development sites as well as promotes a better integration of spatial planning of tourism development in highland areas.

Keywords: carrying capacity, highland area, lodging supply, lodging evolution and development pattern, sustainable development, spatial planning

225 Ref#: 472/MAL/11/SD

Total Factor Productivity in the Colombian Manufacturing Industry

Raúl A. Chamorro Narváez a a Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera, Edificio, Bogota, Colombia. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract The purpose of the paper is to measure and to analyze total factor productivity –TFP- growth in the Colombian manufacturing industry over the period 1985-2007. During this period, specifically from the early 90s, Colombia applied several policy actions aiming at increasing trade openness of its economy. Thus, it is possible to analyze performance of several subsectors of the Colombian manufacturing industry before and after trade liberalization. TFP growth is measured by using Harberger’s Two-Deflator Method, whose main characteristic is that although it is a robust method, is not difficult to use, and the amount of data needed for calculations is easier to handle with, compared with traditional methods. The results of the paper show that manufacturing productivity was higher after the trade liberalization process was largely consolidated.

Keywords: Productivity, Policy actions, liberalizations, total factor productivity

226 Ref#: 474/MAL/11/SD

Producing GCM by Incorporating Incinerated Scheduled Waste Slag and Recycled Waste SLS (Soda Lime Silicate) Glass

Dilip Arudra a , Jariah binti Muhammad Juoi b a Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal, Melaka,Malaysia. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract Bottom slag which is the residue from the incineration of scheduled waste is studied and it is incorporated with recycled waste glass (SLS) to produce Glass composite material (GCM). This research aims in applying the GCM production method on the bottom slag in order to avoid land site disposal method which is been practised in treating the bottom slag. Incineration of scheduled waste in Malaysia annually generates about 13,300 tonnes of bottom slag, and land site disposal of this residue causes environmental health issues and reduces the availability of land to sustain the nation’s development. GCM production has been extensively applied in immobilizing radioactive waste and due to its high durability through chemical incorporation and physical encapsulation of the waste into glass structure, it is been an interest as an alternative treatment for bottom slag through incorporation with recycled (SLS) glass.Glass has been a waste stream in most of the nation where the necessary for recycling is in high priority. The bottom slag is milled and sieved until 75 micron of particle size and is applied as well for the SLS glass. The powders are then palleted by die compaction method using a stainless steel die and pressed into 13mm diameter of round pallets and 18 mm x 18 mm x 4mm of square pallets with force of 3 tonne. Waste loading effect is studied as well whereby pallets of waste wt% 40%, %50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100 % is produced in both sizes. All the compacted powder is than sintered at 800 C with heating rate of 2 C/min and 1 hour soaking of time. Physical analysis on bulk density, apparent porosity, and water absorption is to be studied according to ASTM C-373 standard. Microhardness test according to ASTM⁰ C1327 is conducted.⁰ Microstructure analysis is conducted using Scanning Electron Microscope, EVO 50 (Carl Zeiss,SMT U.K) and phase analysis by XRD (X-ray diffraction) method.

Keywords: Glass Composite Material, Incinerated Scheduled Waste slag, soda lime silicate, sintering, waste loading effect

227 Ref#: 478/MAL/11/SD

Environmental Conscious Behaviour among Male and Female Malaysian Consumers

Zuraidah, Ramlya , Nor Hashima, Hashimb , Wan Kalthom, Yahyab , Siti Aishah, Mohamad b a Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia bUniversiti Teknologi MARA Pahang, Kampus Jengka, Lintasan Semarak, Bandar Pusat Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract This paper aims to investigate gender differences in perceived consumer effectiveness (PCE), environmental concern (EC) and environmental conscious behavior among Malaysian consumers. A survey has been developed and administered with total sample of 319 achieved across the country. Statistical analysis using SPSS is employed to examine the comparison between the two groups. Results from independent t-test shows that there was significant difference between male and females in PCE than EC. In addition, findings reveal female consumers are more positive than their male counterparts when they engage in environmental conscious behavior. Likewise, results indicate PCE is the most significant predictor of environmental conscious behavior among both male and female Malaysian consumers. These findings may assist Malaysian policy makers in making decisions related to environmental education and protection as well as for marketers to fine-tune their target consumers with environmentally focused promotional campaigns and marketing programmes

Keywords: Environmental Concern, Ecologically Conscious Consumer, Perceived Consumer Effectiveness, gender.

228 Ref#: 480/MAL/11/SD

Sustainable Urban Transport in Singapore: A Balanced Scorecard

Md. Habibur Rahmana and Chin Hoong Chorb a, b Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Singapore is a city state nation with a small area of about 710 square kilometres yet a dense population of 5 million with higher economic growth and denser commercial activities. This Asian tiger nation is often recognized for its very high yet smartly maintained huge and smooth traffic flow on its urban streets. While the success and achievements of Singapore land transport case can be a role-model to follow for other cities there are still challenging areas in its urban transport without a proper addressing of which may hinder betterment of its sustainability in the long run. Therefore while on the one hand it is necessary to record the successful aspects and learn their root underlying factors it is also essential, on the other hand, to identify the major critical and challenging areas which may stand against its long term sustainability. In order to address these two key issues it is necessary to make a holistic evaluation of the sustainability performance of Singapore urban transport. In the past, studies mainly focused on certain aspects while others remained ignored resulting in the lack of a balanced evaluation for urban transport of this city state. The aim of this study is to evaluate the sustainability of Singapore urban land transport in the framework of a Balanced Scorecard. The Balanced Scorecard reviews Singapore’s land transport system with a holistic framework of sustainability. Results show that the efficient institutional structure, deployment of advanced technologies, a world class land transport infrastructure system, good level of air quality, innovative approaches towards problems and strict control over private vehicles are key areas of high performance whereas poor and moderate performing areas include mainly energy consumption, global carbon emission and public participation. In addition to these, major areas where further improvements are needed include service level of public transport, especially buses, congestion management, facilitation of non-motorized transport and car sharing and promotion of green vehicles.

Keywords: Balanced Scorecard; Singapore; Sustainability; Sustainable Development; Urban Transport

229 Ref#: 481/MAL/11/SD

Demographic-Social-Economic Lingkages towards Developed Country: ARDL Model Approach

Mohd Fikri Mohamad a, Nur Azura Sanusi b a, b Department of Economics, Faculty of Management and Economics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Keywords: ARDL, Developed Country, Linkages, Vision 2020

230 Ref#: 482/MAL/11/SD

An Equation to Estimate the Demand for Intra-City Travel: A Case Study in Moratuwa City Area

P.C.P. De Silva a , R.M.P.N.S. Bandara b, Saman Bandara c a, c Department of Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka. b Department of Town & Country Planning, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract In a country or a region, the viability and economic success of communities have been, to a major extent, determined be efficiency of the transportation infrastructure. In transport planning, two major approaches can be seen namely intra-city and inter-city planning. The different nature of the intra-city and inter-city travel behavior is well acknowledged in the literature. Therefore, to make informed transportation planning decisions on intra-city level, planners and engineers have to be able to predict travel characteristics and usage of transport services under different socio-economic scenarios, transport services and land use configurations comparing to inter-city travel demand estimations. Most of the available intra-city travel demand models are from developed countries and based on particular city. Thus, there is a huge gap applying these to cities in the developing world because of the wholly diverse state of affairs. Other than that, local area networks are governed by local governments, who are having less investment capacities and lack of technical know-how. Therefore, problems exist in applying models also due to the lack of knowledge, necessary equipments and necessary maintenance works.

This paper comes up with a simplified equation, which is a paper written one, to determine the link flows on a local area network rather than a model. This equation was backed by the real conditions prevails in the Moratuwa City Area. The paper first collected the relevant parameters for intra-city travel demand estimations with the help of present such models, literatures, observations and different transportation surveys. Traffic counts and data related to selected parameters were collected in each link within the study area. Then paper identified relationships between present link flows and data on parameters comparing all links and finally paper decided an equation using SPSS for future estimates.

Keywords: equation, intra-city, parameter, SPSS, travel behavior

231 Ref#: 483/MAL/11/SD

Analysis of Agrarian Reforms Actions in Saharan Areas: Looking For a Sustainable Development of Arid and Marginal Lands in Tunisia.

Mohamed Amir Bouzaida a, Dalel Ouerchefani b a, b Instiut des Régions Arides, Route du Djorf, Médenine, Tunisia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Tunisia, with its geographical location and its climate that varies from north to south and its history, has significant regional disparities. Regional and Rural Development policies, aiming theoretically to reduce the imbalance between these areas, was for decades the base of the National Development agenda. During last decades the National Rural Development Strategy has developed many actions. We can mention amoung theses actions, the plan of development of drylands and marginal areas (Saharian Southern, Chott Djérid, R'jim Maatoug, central Tunisia, so on.). This plan tries the implementation of a global approach providing an optimal mobilization of natural resources and to preserve their functions. Such approach has promoted the participation of development actors, target groups, socio-professional groups, NGOs and administration. We are focusing in this study in the agrarian reforms actions carried out in Saharan Tunisia, looking for a sustainable development, through a colonization process, evaluating socio-economical impacts and to discover if there is some environmental problems of such actions.

Keywords: Colonization Processes, Development Policies, Dry-lands, Natural Resources. Saharan Tunisia.

232 Ref#: 488/MAL/11/SD

Indicators and Indices: Keeping the Global Environment Under Review

Nafiseh Jafarzadeh a a Centre for International & Environmental Law, Macquarie Law School, Macquarie University, Epping Road, Ryde, NSW, Australia. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract The dramatic increase in environmental changes and developmental challenges has raised concerns that appear on all social and political agenda. All these challenges and their interactions highlight an urgent need to detect unexpected changes and have more reliable and comprehensive information to reflect improvement or deterioration of the state of the environment. In this regard, explore adequate measures of progress and monitoring towards sustainable development have taken on a new urgency and ‘keeping the global environment under review’, launched by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) in 1972. Since sustainable development is a dynamic process of changes among economic development, environmental quality and social equity it requires an integrated decision-making process in consistent with future as well as present needs. Therefore, the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) in 1992 which designed to holistically address the three ‘pillars’ of sustainable development also called for the identification of concrete policy measures and international cooperation for providing information for decision-making. Indeed disclosing information, publishing data and measuring process in order to identify whether policies has been effective assist policymakers to move toward global agreed targets. In particular, policymakers demand for standardised and easily understandable information to make sustainable and appropriate decisions among competing policy options. The crucial need to have more accurate data and capture a picture of progress generated indicators and indices as a necessary pre-requisite tool for governance. Indicators and indices by simplify and quantify information of complex issues facilitate communication with decision-makers and the public. Indeed, they provide valuable information for monitoring and enable to make some rough estimates of the state of environment. In this regard, the efforts to develop indicators and indices, as a science and policy tool, have been increased to measure progress towards sustainable development. These initiatives are important and practical steps to better inform governments and societies about the state of the environment and move towards a sustainable future. In the realm of international environmental law, like other disciplines, developing core sets of consistent and relevant indicators have been explored to track environmental performance and determine whether countries are complying with their legal obligations. However, based on the field and subject there is various range of indicators and indices. Therefore different technical definitions and framework is generated in the various disciplines. On the other hand, inadequacies in the available data, lack of basic statistical information on the environment and also insufficient policy indicators can lead to misinterpretation for policymakers. Therefore, a stundardised process involving an integrated approach is required in order to develop measurable indicators and indices and to avoid ambiguity. This paper is a preliminary investigation into the policy indicators and indices, their current trends and challenges to examine their important role and how standardised indicators and indices could facilitate implementation of, and improved compliance with, international environmental agreements.

Keywords: Indicators, indices, international environmental law, science-policy interface, sustainable development.

233 Ref#: 490/MAL/11/SD

Potential of Rainwater Harvesting Implementation in Malaysia from Multiple Economic Impacts Measures

Nurul Farhana Mohd Rais a ,Sarajul Fikri Mohamed b a,b Department of Quantity Surveying, Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 83100 Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract Rapid urbanization induced by population growth will face water shortages due to increase demand of water and it is expected to be more severe in the future. According to the National Water Resources Report 2000-2050 by the Economic Planning Unit, the demand for treated water would grow between 2% and 3.5% annually for Selangor, Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya, thus the major cities in Malaysia possibly will face a water crisis situation. It was also mentioned that in 2014, these cities will face an expected water deficit of 476 m/l/d when demand exceeds supply. Rainwater harvesting (RHW) is one of the promising, but challenging system and its approach into a building as an effective way to minimize the use of treated water can help to cope with water deficit. Due to limited knowledge and promotion on this system, the RWH practice is unpopular in this country despite the high total rainfall amount in Malaysia. A proper design with economic impact characteristic will significantly give good effect not only to a project, but also the opportunity it represents. This paper is to identify the importance of RWH system in sustainable development and its potential of utilization benefits for new development. The significant of RWH on environmental and economic impacts are also discussed.

Keywords: Economic impact, Rainwater harvesting system, Sustainable development, Water shortages.

234 Ref#: 493/MAL/11/SD

Sustainable Development on Highland Areas: A Case study of Genting Highland, Pahang

Nurbaidura Salim a, Mohd Fauzi Sukiman b, Badaruddin Mohamed c a,b,c Sustainable Tourism Research Cluster (STRC), School of Housing, Building and Planning USM Penang, Malaysia. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Keywords: carrying capacity, highland area, lodging supply, lodging evolution and development pattern, sustainable development, spatial planning

235 Ref#: 495/MAL/11/SD

The Enhancement for Better Sustainable Corporate Properties in Nairobi, Kenya

Ahmed Abukar a, Rozilah Kasim b a,b University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Malaysia b Office for international affair, University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract This paper has discussed on the improvement of sustainable corporate properties in Kenya. The methodology used for this paper is document review. A formalized technique of data collection involving the examination of existing records or documents. Critical literature review was made regarding Fortune 500 and similar companies around the world,” says Eric Bowles Vice President and Director of Research for Core Net Global. “These findings reinforce what we are hearing from clients every day: more and more companies are recognizing the business case for sustainability, and their corporate real estate departments are charged with making it happen to a large extent,” said Ben Breslau, Vice President, Director of Occupier Research at Jones Lang LaSalle. Document review informed the research process to varying degrees. The findings show that there is significant progress of project in line with built environment of construction and manufacturing sectors. Investment opportunities in this sector range from urban renewal and construction of middle and low income housing to income housing to the manufacturing and supply of building materials and components. H Young & Co (EA) is one of East Africa's leading construction groups with numerous civil engineering, road construction, structural steel works and electrical mechanical installation projects. Future research is necessary to be done in other sectors of the economy regarding corporation’s real estate.

Keywords: corporate properties, Kenya, sustainability

236 Ref#: 497/MAL/11/SD

Public Perception of the Ethical Aspects of Cross-Species Gene Transfers in Animals

Latifah Amina, Mohd Hanafy Gausmian b , Nik Marzuki Sidikc a Centre for General Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan , Malaysia. b, c Faculty of Science and Technology Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan , Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine the ethical perception of modern biotechnology in general and several cross- species gene transfers in animals among the Malaysian public. Results from the survey on 434 stakeholders showed that the respondents did not perceived modern biotechnology as very threatening to the natural order of things and recognized the high promise that modern biotechnology could provide to society. However they also stressed that human does not have the absolute rights to modify living things and perceived modern biotechnology in general as moderately risky, have moderate confidence on biotechnology regulation and stressed the high need for proper labeling of modern biotechnology products. The stakeholders also claimed that they were not very familiar with the four biotechnology applications surveyed. Animal to animal gene transfers were perceived as more beneficial, less risky and more acceptable compared to the transfers of human or synthetic human genes into animals.

Keywords: Cross-species gene transfer, Ethical aspects, Malaysia, Modern biotechnology, Perception

237 Ref#: 500/MAL/11/SD

Exploring the Views of Farmers

Rosales Carreón Jesús a, Jorna René b, Faber Niels c, van Haren Rob d a,b,c,d Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Frisian Akademy (KNAW, Leeuwarden), Landleven 5, 9742 AK Groningen Netherland. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract In the Netherlands, the agricultural sector is facing a major challenge, which is the transition towards a sustainable agriculture. The discussion thus far has been at a conceptual, macro level. A more deep approach to sustainability involves examining who is using this term, and how. For example, how does sustainability operate at the farm level? Hence, it is relevant to investigate the knowledge processes of the main actors in agriculture: farmers. For knowledge processes, we mean the processes that (individual) farmers undertake to understand the information they receive. These processes are divided in two domains, static domain, which deals with the way an individual structures knowledge; and dynamic domain, which deals with the thinking processes of an individual. Our study proposes to explore the two domains of knowledge held by farmers in the Netherlands. Individual structures of knowledge will be explored through cognitive mapping exercise. Thinking patterns will be explored through protocol analysis. Both the cognitive maps and the protocol analysis have to be analyzed to reveal commonalities and differences among farmers. This manuscript contributes to research on knowledge of sustainability, which has barely penetrated discussion within the agricultural sector. It shows cognitive mapping and protocol analysis might be effective techniques for investigating the meaning of a subject like sustainable agriculture.

Keywords: Agriculture, Cognitive Mapping, Knowledge, Sustainability, Protocol Analysis.

238 OIDA Publications Ontario International Development Agency 287 Second Avenue South Sudbury, Ontario, P3B 4H6 Canada. Printed in Canada

239 Ontario International Development Agency, Canada.

OIDA International Conference on Sustainable Development ISSN 1923-6670

Accepted Abstracts Session Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH)

OIDA International Conference on Sustainable Development 2011

Jointly presented by

2 Ref#: 002/MAL/11/SSH

Art Ability of Blind Students Aged Thirteen to Fifteen Years in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Fahad Alshemmeri a, Abu Talib Putih b, Nabeel Abedalaziz c a, b Faculty of Education, Educational foundation, University of Malaya,50633 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia c Faculty of Education,Educational psychology and counseling, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia c Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The present study was conducted to explore art ability of the middle team blind students in the King Dom of Saudi Arabia. Specifically, The present study sought answers to the following questions: Is the progress in the blind students’ ability to make different forms of art increases across ages? Do the students’ ability of different ages show significant difference by gender? Is the rate of progress in the blind students’ ability to make different art forms different by age and gender? Is there a significant difference in the blind students’ art ability between those studying in special schools and those in integrated schools? Is there a relation between the blind students’ art ability and their academic achievement?. A total of 238 (155 male and 85 female) blind students in the intermediate classes (71 students in class 7, 93 student in class 8, and 74 student in class 9) participated in the study. The samples have been selected from 31 integrated schools and 4 special schools (i.e., 140 student in special schools, and 98 student in integrated schools). The assessment model (checklists) to assess three dimensions of art ability (i.e. Drawing, Handcraft, and Clay) were developed. Data analyzed using MANOVA analysis. The study indicated that: (1) the progress in the blind students’ ability to make different forms of art increases across ages. (2) there is no gender-related differences in art ability and its dimensions. (3) there is an interaction effect of gender and age in the drawing. (4) there is significant differences in the blind students’ art ability between those studying in special schools and those in integrated schools for the students in integrated schools. (5) there are significant positive relations between art ability and academic achievement ( i.e. Social studies, Mathematics, English language, and Science).

Keywords: Art ability, Blind, Clay, Drawing, Handcraft.

3 Ref#: 003/MAL/11/SSH

Assessment of Students Attitudes Towards Scientific Calculators Use in Mathematics Instruction

Nabeel Abedalaziz a a Faculty of Education, Department of Educational psychology and counseling, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate students attitudes toward scientific calculator use in mathematics instruction. Specifically, the present study sought answers to the following questions: What is the overall profile of students attitudes towards scientific calculators use in mathematics instruction? Do students attitudes towards scientific calculators use in mathematics instruction differ in terms of gender variable? Do students attitudes towards scientific calculators use in mathematics instruction differ in terms of grade level variable? Do students attitudes towards scientific calculators use in mathematics instruction differ in terms of school type variable? A total of 313 middle team students were participated in this study. Attitudes scale to assess students attitudes toward the use of scientific calculators was developed. Results of the study show that attitudes of students towards calculators use are at high level. No significant differences were found between students attitudes toward calculators use related with gender, class, and school type (i.e. public and private).

Keywords: Anxiety, Attitudes, Calculators, Enjoyment, Usefulness

4 Ref# 004/MAL/11/SSH

Lady Liberty : Constructing the Jungian Self in Gender Parity and Linguistic Diversity

Domenec Mendez a a IES Sentmenat – LiveScripts Non-profit Association, Spain. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract While Western society is seemingly lying on a coach with crisis of identity and values, her artwork gives away our true desires and expectations which properly interpreted should relieve at least part of the anxiety and pain.

Therefore, on one hand, the first chapter of this book uses plain female iconography to shed some light on the unconscious dynamics of gender inequality from a Jungian perspective, which apparently confirms a tangible collective unconscious directing human will and course like in a flock of birds or a school of fish.

On the other hand, second chapter employs the same Jungian archetype of the Self to point out the possibilities of cognate vocabulary, movie transcripts and ICT (Internet and communication technologies) to recreate a private tuition environment in a regular Multi-functional classroom of foreign language teaching.

Lady Liberty offers a fresh perspective to deal with gender issues, equality, prostitution, language diversity and identity, the implementation of historical linguistics in applied linguistics and globalization, so it is intended for the general public, especially teachers, professors, students of humanities and arts, foreign language students, researching scholars and institutions as well as public officers and enterpreneurs.

Keywords: Archetypes, Collective-unconscious, Cognate, Gender, ICT.

5 Ref #: 009/MAL/11/SSH

Sustainable Development and Infrastructural Financing: Which Way Out?

Adesina-Uthman Ganiyat Adejoke a , Taofiq Hassan Choudry b Shamsher Mohd Ramadili Mohd c a,b,c Faculty of Economics and Management, Department of Accounting and Finance, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The need for business entities, corporate institutions and government to generate sufficient cash flow to meet its financial obligations and infrastructure financing in the course of their businesses cannot be over-emphasized. Meeting financial obligation by these three categories in the economic; especially the government; usually has a long term effect on growth and development, socio-economic well-being of the individual in the society and equitable distribution of wealth within the financial system. Therefore, in achieving main sustainable developmental targets in developed and developing countries, infrastructure becomes indispensable. Inefficient public finance and external borrowing has led to financial and debt crisis in many countries (developed and developing) globally. This has called for a rethink on alternative infrastructure and debt financing. This paper therefore; having examined Malaysia Sukuk performance; came to a conclusion that Sukuk (ethical financing) is probably an alternative way out of infrastructural investment financing for sustainable development. Malaysia Sukuk performance was assessed under two-factor Heart, Jarrow and Morton (HJM) term structure of profit rate model employing MATLAB statistical tools. It was revealed that despite what could be termed as ‘adequate returns and successes’ in the Sukuk market so far; investors are getting lower returns than they should be getting on their investments. This is an indication of a greater potential in this market. The sections are divided into: introduction, Sukuk and infrastructural financing for sustainable development; Malaysian corporate institutions and sovereign government Sukuk yield’s performance; and concludes with a call to action.

Key words: Infrastructure, Profit rate, Sukuk, Sustainable development, Term structure.

6 Ref#: 014/MAL/11/SSH

Assessing ‘Wisconsin Works’: An Analysis State Responses to Welfare Reform on the Earnings and Employment of Single Mothers in Wisconsin, 1990 – 2000

Gabriel Tourek a a University of Michigan, Innovations for Poverty Action a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This paper presents an analysis of the impact of the Wisconsin Works (W-2) job placement program on the earnings and employment of single mothers in Wisconsin. Though there has been significant research directed towards understanding the effects of state initiatives developed in response to welfare reform, this analysis evaluates the particular impact of public works programs on single mothers, whose households, pre-1996, comprised the vast majority of welfare recipients. The impacts of public jobs initiatives on earnings, number of weeks worked, and employment status are taken as outcomes, disaggregated by race. Compared to African American single mothers in the control category, Wisconsin resident African American single mothers find higher earning potential. These women, as an analytical group, show a relative gain of 2.9 percentage points in mean annual income and a 5.3 percentage point gain in hourly wage over the period. While this analysis affirms the hypothesis that state-level public works programs produced gains, in general, for single mothers losing access recipient status post-1996, differential effects across race associated with Wisconsin residency suggest a story of varying access to the benefits of state public works initiatives.

Keywords: poverty, single mothers, TANF, welfare, Wisconsin Works

7 Ref #: 020/MAL/11/SSH

Epistemological Beliefs of Students at high Schools; a Survey Study in Malaysia

Wail Ismail a, Nabeel Abedalaziz b, Zahrah Husein c a,c Faculty of Education, Educational foundation, University of Malaya,Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia b Faculty of Education, Department of educational psychology and counseling, University of Malaya a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract: The Epistemological beliefs refer to the individuals concepts about the nature of knowledge and the nature of learning process, and reflects the viewpoint of the individual about what and how knowledge can be acquired and the degree of certainty. The present study sought answers to the following questions: What are the overall epistemological beliefs of high schools students in Malaysia? Do epistemological beliefs of Malaysian students at high schools differ by gender? Do epistemological beliefs of Malaysian students at high schools differ by the type of school? Is there a relation between epistemological beliefs and academic achievement?

Epistemological beliefs scale compressed of 62 items measures five components of beliefs (i.e. Quick Learning, knowledge, Certain Knowledge, Omniscient authority, innate ability, and simple knowledge) was administered to a sample of 154 high school students in Malaysia. Descriptive statistics, One way MANOVA, multiple comparisons, ANOVA analyses were used. Results indicated that: (1) males scored higher than female’s in epistemological beliefs in innate ability, whereas both males and female are similar in Quick Learning, knowledge, Certain Knowledge, Omniscient authority, and simple knowledge), (2) epistemological beliefs components differ by the school type, and (3) there is a significant positive relation between epistemological beliefs and academic achievement.

Keywords: Quick Learning, knowledge, Certain Knowledge, Omniscient authority, innate ability, and simple knowledge

8 Ref# 028/MAL/11/SSH

The Culture of Individualism and Collectivism in Balancing Accountability and Innovation in Education An Islamic Perspective

Mohammed Borhandden Musah a a Institute of Education, International Islamic University Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract: The concept of individualism and collectivism has been widely studied with reference to the cultural elements, which have nothing in common pertaining to integrity. That is, individualism and collectivism always stand in sharp contrast to each other. In other words, these concepts occupy opposing edges of the platform that seeks to shape lifestyle and attitude of societies. As such, this paper discusses individualism and collectivism from Islamic perspective, highlighting the interplay between these two inseparable concepts. A qualitative approach in which a conceptualisation technique was employed to investigate the concepts presented. The study finds that Islam treats individualism and collectivism as inseparable characteristics that imbued in human innate. Furthermore, the study projects insightful implications of individualism and collectivism with particular reference to education authorities.

Keywords: individualism, collectivism, accountability, Islamic perspective, innovation.

9 Ref# 033/MAL/11/SSH

Impact of Access to Subsidized Certified Improved Rice Seed on poverty Reduction: Evidence from Rice Farming Households in Nigeria

Bola Amoke Awotide a, Aliou Diagne b, Taiwo Timothy Awoyemi c, Vivian Titilayo Ojehomon d a, c Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria b Africa Rice Centre, Cotonou, Benin Republic d National Cereal Research Institute(NCRI), Bida, Niger state, Nigeria. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This study adopted the Randomized Control Trial (RCT) method to access the impact of the use of subsidized certified rice seed on yield, poverty and rice farmers’ revenue. The respondents were divided into two distinct groups: the treated and the control. The farmers in the treated group were given voucher to procure certified seed from designated agro-dealers at subsidized rate, while the farmers in the control group were not given. Two separate data set were utilized for this study: A baseline data collected in 2008 prior to the distribution of the seed and a post intervention data collected after the 2010 production season. The data was collected with the aid of a well structured questionnaire. The study reveals that the area cultivated increased from 2.0ha before the intervention to 3.5ha after the intervention. Also yield increased from 200kg/ha in 2008 to 4200kg/ha in 2010. In addition, there was a significant decrease in the proportion of the population below the poverty line after the intervention. The percentage of poor below the poverty line which was 52%(male), 28%(female), 50% (total) in 2008 reduced to 40%(male), 22%(female) and 36%(total) in 2010 after the intervention. To access the impact of the intervention on the beneficiaries, the study adopted the Local Average Treatment Effect (LATE) estimation technique. The study reveals that the intervention has a positive impact of 114kg/ha on rice yield and also a significant positive impact of N32158.00 on the farmers’ revenue. The findings of this study shows that the use of subsidized improved certified seed can lead to a sustainable increase in rice production, therefore we recommend that provision of subsidized certified rice seed should be included as a component of agricultural development strategies in Nigeria.

Keywords: Farmers, Impact, Improved, Nigeria, Rice. Voucher.

10 Ref: 039/MAL/11/SSH

Students' Orientation Towards Interpersonal Communication in Online Social Networking Sites

Bakare Kazeem Kayode a, Ikhlas F. Zamzami b, Akeem Olowolayemo c a Institute Of Education International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), b,c Dept Of Information Systems, Faculty of Information & Technology, International Islamic University. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Interpersonal communication and privacy has been a subject of discussion long before the advent of computer networks, however, the notion of interpersonal communication and privacy has taken a dramatic turn due to the proliferation of information technology tools and applications, which is further aggravated by the social networking sites which allow users to display their profile information to be viewed and shared by millions of online visitors. This study empirically tested a theoretical model of the orientation of students toward interpersonal communication in online social network sites which according to literature constituted by three dimensional constructs. Random sampling procedure was carried out in two kulliyahs (Faculty) at International Islamic university Malaysia (IIUM), in which 340 students were selected from a population of 2000 undergraduate students. A total of 26 items tested from an instrument that has been used in previous studies, each item is expected to measure one of the three orientations dimension. The analysis result confirms that the orientation of students towards interpersonal communication in online social network sites is a multi-dimensional construct consisting of social attraction, physical attraction and task attraction. In addition, since substantial numbers of research studies have been reported to have employed one or more of these measures, this research was therefore examined to evaluate their reliability and validity. It is concluded that all these measures are reasonably reliable and valid. However, since the reliabilities found in literatures have been highly varied, it was therefore determined that improved measures should be used in the future. Thus, a revised and improved version of these measures using Confirmatory factor Analysis (CFA) are reported and recommended in this study for future research.

Keywords: communication, networking, physical, social, task

11 Ref: 044/MAL/11/SSH

Enhancing Critical Thinking Skills Through Online Tools: A Case of Teacher Trainees

Soon-Yin Tan a a Teacher Training Institute, Tuanku Bainun Campus, Bukit Mertajam, Penang, Malaysia a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract While the value and importance of critical thinking is without doubt, the challenge for instructors actually lies in enhancing the students’ critical thinking skills within the confines of a traditional classroom. In developing Asian countries, the challenge is further complicated by a cultural trait among the students: passiveness and non- participation in class. Technological advances and the availability of a wide array of teaching resources in the Internet, however, have opened up exciting and innovative instructional techniques that may be used to overcome student passiveness and enhance critical thinking skills. This paper reports on the use of three online thinking tools, namely, the Visual Ranking Tool, Seeing Reason Tool and also Showing Evidence Tools, which have been developed and made available by Intel Corporation. It assesses the effectiveness of these online tools in encouraging participation and enhancing critical thinking in higher education, and discusses practical problems and their solutions in integrating online tools in the traditional classroom. The analysis is grounded in a case study of a semester long integration of three online thinking tools for a graduate level subject in a teacher training institution. Pre- and post-tests were conducted. Besides, qualitative interviews and observations were also carried out during the semester. The study reveals that the use of these online thinking tools results in a significant increase in the trainees’ critical thinking ability in completing their assignments.

Keywords: critical thinking skills, Intel, online thinking tools, teacher trainees

12 Ref#: 047/MAL/11/SSH

Challenges to Sustainable development and the Role of religions and Value-based approaches

Nawal El-Gack a a International Studies, Faculty of Arts and Design University of Canberra, ACT, Australia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The dominant development paradigms tend to focus on wealth, production and consumption. They rely solely on science and technology to resolve challenges related to development and environmental conservation while dismissing local knowledge. Indigenous values, traditions and moral responsibilities concerning the preservation of the earth’s resources are not fully accommodated in sustainable development strategies. In practice the roles, strengths, and essence of traditional knowledge are excluded from development interventions. Religion and beliefs, in particular, significantly influence billions of lives, in providing a respectful code of conduct and advice. If traditional knowledge and spiritual values are neglected, advanced technologies and discoveries alone will not ensure the sustainability of the earth’s resources. In this regard, this paper addresses some challenges to sustainable development, specifically, the excessive use of resources and the impact of conflict and war on development. In addressing these issues the paper will devote attention to Islamic teachings, which refer explicitly to natural resources and how mankind should utilize and protect these during peace and war. The paper provides suggestions on how religions and indigenous values can contribute to resolving current environmental problems.

Keywords: sustainable Development, excessiveness, wars, conflicts, religions, Islam,

13 Ref# 056/MAL/11/SSH

Cultural Practices and Female Adolescent Self Concept in Weh Village-Cameroon

Fonkeng Epah George a ; Ntem Njang Cecilia b a Faculty of Arts, Letters and Social Sciences, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon. b Higher Teachers Training college, Yaounde, Cameroon. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract: This work addresses the relationship between cultural practices and self-concept amongst female adolescents in the Weh village in the Menchum division of the North West region of Cameroon. Self-concept is defined as that which makes a person to be truly and intrinsically oneself beyond the variation of his/her consciousness. Becoming oneself for a female adolescent of Weh village, for example implies being self-conscious and not limiting herself. The fact that the female adolescent of Weh perceives herself negatively due to the barrier created by gender differences imbued in the culture can seriously, hamper harmonious development, particularly when such cultural practices affect her representations or perception. Thus the general objective of the study was to examine the effects that cultural practices have on the self-concept of female adolescents. Data collected through a random sampling technique was analysed quantitatively using the Pearson Product Moment correlation and qualitatively we used content analysis. The results obtained led to the conclusion that cultural practices negatively affect the self-concept of the female adolescents of Weh village with strong factors such as participation in decision making and access to education impacting more than others with negative consequences on development.

Keywords: Adolescent, Culture, Self concept, Weh

14 Ref#: 063/MAL/11/SSH

The Era of Globalisation and Ethnical Developments in the Middle East (Current challenges and perspectives of the future

Akbar Valadbigi a, Shahab Ghobadi b a, b Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj Branch, Kurdistan, Iran Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Ethnicities and nations are nowadays engaged in identity-related issues and their subsequent challenges more than ever. In the present paper, the major identity-related challenges of the Middle Eastern ethnicities are discussed from the point of view of globalisation. There are various and contradictory insights on globalisation, nation, and ethnicity. This paper seeks to discuss these subjects while holding a cultural view and go on to suggest solutions like tolerance, opportunity-making, paying attention to the elites, and maintaining plurality. Globalisation in the Middle East, at least during the last three decades has functioned as a double-edged sword; at one hand, it has promoted employment and increasing ethnic and identity diversities and movements; at the other hand, however, it has sought to equalize ethnic-identity relations, and create structural development in unsuitable patterns on consumption, conflict making, cultural genocide, collapse of plurality and so on.

Our main emphasis is on cultural mechanisms and plural opportunities that can be considered as some excellent opportunities for the governments of the Middle East and be applied as a unique alternative to mitigate the current destructive conflicts. Then, we argue that civil society, tolerance and considering diplomatic relations, viewing the existing differences as opportunity ,and morally supporting the identities are some rational solutions for the region's government in the era of globalisation.

Keywords: Civil society, cultural mechanisms, ethnic and identity-related issues, Globalisation, the Middle East

15 Ref#: 064/MAL/11/SSH

Challenges and potentials of ethnic identity in the process of globalization (A review over the sociological-political aspects of the problem in the Middle East region)

Akbar Valadbigi a, Shahab Ghobadi b a, b Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj Branch, Kurdistan, Iran Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract For centuries, the Middle East and its ethnicities have been the focus of sociological-political studies. Having rich natural resources, multiple identities, multi-ethnic societies, dictator governments, and the far-too often interventions of the international agents in the region have made the Middle East as an outstanding potential for regional studies. The recent turmoil of North African was our major motives in preparing the present paper. The current paper, however, tends to explore a triangle its sides being: globalization, the Middle East, and ethnic identity. It also draws on both for and against approaches to the process of globalization. Along with arguing the mechanisms and interactions happening between globalization and ethnic identity in the context of the Middle East, our paper seeks to investigate the many challenges and opportunities that globalization brings about for the region. It is taken for granted that any study on the current developments of the Middle East should give special attention to identity and especially ethnic identity.

Keywords: Ethnic identity, Globalization, Regional Studies, The Middle east

16 Ref#: 066/MAL/11/SSH

The Effect of Social Competence on Social Development of Nigerian Children

Arinze Ngwube a a Educational Research for West and Central Africa Nigerian Chapter Faculty of Education, University of Lagos, Nigeria. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The importance of education cannot be over emphasized especially the education of the child. The National policy on education, stipulated the objectives of education in Nigeria which includes the education of the child. Early childhood Education is very essential because, it is the basic education that prepares a child to be an achiever in his/her educational career in latter life. The study aimed at examining social competences of children in the three geopolitical zones in Nigeria, which comprised the south West (Lagos) the South South (portharcourt) and the North south (Kano).In the three states selected for the study, a total of twelve schools consisting of two private and two public schools were selected from each state. Also the study explored two local government areas selected from each of the three states.480 pupils were selected for the study. The descriptive survey research was employed in the assessment of the opinions of the respondents and the respondents were sampled with the aid of stratified random sampling technique. While the questionnaire was used to collect data, both the descriptive and interential tools used in the analysis as of the data collected. The results obtained at the end of the data analyses showed that: pupils who did not attend the preschool showed low academic/poor social competences; that most children who attended the preschool could read correctly before leaving the preschool; and that children who failed to attend the preschool repeated classes unlike those who attended. It was recommended that the attendance of the preschool across the nation should be made compulsory. In this light, government should establish a policy that will make it compulsory for any child between the ages of 04-06 to attend preschool in Nigeria.

Keywords: Social Competence, Social Development, Nigerian, Children, Education

17 Ref#: 068/MAL/11/SSH

The Americans led developed countries have been behaving communism

Xu Han-You a a Department Of Internal and Emergency Medicine, Clinical Institute, Workers Hospital of Nanyang Textile Corporation, Henan Province, China. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract There is a new breakthrough politics theory that was first concluded by the author. The new theory is being supported by lots of facts. The new theory may prevent worldwide war and bleeding and promote peace and development. It is known to all that the politic system of China is so called mainly communism. Lots of facts indicate that the Americans lead developed countries have been behaving communisms. From the civil war of the America to the No. 1 country in the world, from the foreign and inner policy of the United States , the United States of the America has been doing the communism in principle. So as the other developed countries, like United Kingdom , Sweden, etc.. The United States has a long history of extending a helping hand to those people overseas struggling to make a better life, recover from a disaster or striving to live in a free and democratic country. It is this caring that stands as a hallmark of the United States around the world -- and shows the world their true character as a nation in expanding democracy and making a better life for all. The Americans lead developed countries used to spend lots of on the international issues, like peace, development and security, even waging war to achieve their fair viewpoint. Though there are some disagrees with their behaving. Though the Americans lead developed countries do not consider communism as their philosophy. But the principle spirit is the same as that of the countries of communism. In fact, they are the new types of communism countries. The new breakthrough politics theory can pave the way for peace and development around the world and prevent worldwide from war and bleeding. If we adopted to the new politics theory. The world would be better and better.

Keywords: Americans; Communism; China; Developed countries; Peace and development; Political theory.

18 Ref#: 072/MAL/11/SSH

Values Undermining Sustainability in Developing Economics: A Case Study of Nigeria

Chukwugozie Maduka a a Department of Philosophy and Religions, University of Benin, Nigeria. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Sustainable development has often been viewed as stable growth which is adequately grounded to create the basis for yet additional growth. This means that sustainable development can come into place only when there are solid and renewable structures like requisite skills, production capacity, appropriate technology, capacity building and appreciable resources utilization. This is in contradistinction to other possible focus of development from outside which may not be built on enduring home grown structures. Sustainable development, then, which happens to be the very type of development urgently needed by most developing nation, is often to be the very thing deluding them. What is even more intriguing and perplexing is that some of such developing countries like Nigeria earn enormous income from sale of oil, say, and other minerals. Yet, at the end of the day, there is hardly any cumulative upward developmental movement. Government after government take control of affairs of the state and pass through the same cycle of repetitive programmes and errors – nothing new is ever added to what was already there. This study attempts to examine key development efforts in Nigeria in the last two decades so as to expose the values that might have undermined the attainment and progression of sustainable development. Some of the values to be explored are corporate ones such as accountability, self-reliance, capacity building, creativity, integrity, policy stability and maintenance culture. Others are personal values such as honesty, hard work, patriotism and active citizenship. The methodology to be used in this investigation will be somewhat comparative. In this wise, the values which had been responsible for the upward development sustainability at different stages in the more developed economics of USA, China, Japan; in the fast developing countries of Singapore, Malaysia and Brazil will be compared with what presently prevails in Nigeria and some other Africa countries. The heart of this study then will be to compare the indices of cooperate and individual values that promote or hinder sustainable development so as to uncover why in spite of the huge returns from oil annually, Nigeria, for instance, is still at the backwaters as far as development is concerned. It is considered that the outcome of this study will be of value not only for Nigeria but for most other developing countries.

Keywords: sustainability, production capacity, technology, active citizenship

19 Ref#: 076/MAL/11/SSH

Impact of the Private Healthcare Facilities and Services Act 1988 (Act 586) & Regulations 2006 on the medical practice in corporate private hospitals in Malaysia

Nik Rosnah Wan Abdullah a, Lee Kwee Heng b a Tun Abdul Razak School of Government, Universiti Tun Abdul Razak, Malaysia. b Public Administration & Political Studies, Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Malaya, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This is a preliminary study which examines the impact of the “Private Healthcare Facilities and Services Act 1988 (Act 586) & Regulations 2006 (PHFA)” on the medical practice in the corporate private hospitals (for profit) in Malaysia since its implementation with effect from 1st May, 2006. This historical Act 586 regulates all private healthcare facilities and services for the first time in the country after 35 years replacing the Hospital Act 1971. The rapid development of corporate private hospitals from the mid-1980s, which was in line with the “Malaysia Incorporated” concept had led to an unprecedented growth of corporate private hospitals, the repercussions of which, had wide social economic implications in the health care sector which resulted in inequitable medical and health resources, and in some resulted in poorer quality of care. It is not uncommon to hear negative media reports of unethical practice in the management of some of these private healthcare facilities: questionable hospitals’ charges and padded bills; denied emergency services due to economic reasons, unreported assessable deaths, are some of the major concerns to policy makers. Further, it has been reported that professional medical indemnity and incident reports as a result of adverse events, medical errors and negligence in private hospitals are on the rise. Recognising the urgent need to address the issues of accessibility, equity, and quality care under a new regulatory framework, the Malaysian Government stated explicitly the intention of the government that it would gradually reduce its role in the provision of health services and increase its regulatory and enforcement functions in the Seventh Malaysia Plan (1996-2000), the government’s five-year development plans, and gazetted a comprehensive Act, Private Healthcare Facilities and Services Act 1988 (Act 586) in May, 2006. This study takes a close look at the regulation at work on ten study hospitals in the Klang Valley. The research methodology is designed by utilizing case studies and employs exploratory qualitative approach using key informant perception interviews and personal communications to obtain the relevant data. The research design encompasses two levels of studies, one at the corporate private hospitals sector as the regulatees and the other level at the Ministry of Health, Malaysia as the regulatory principal authority. Using the agency theoretical framework, the study examines whether the regulatory intervention have the desired effect on the behaviour of both the regulator and regulatees, and whether regulatory intervention achieve the Government’s stated objectives of accessibility, equity and quality care. The empirical findings among others indicate that full compliance to the provisions of the Act 586 and its regulations remains a challenge in the corporate private hospitals. On the other hand, while the Act 586 provides the enforcement capacity, the Ministry of Health Malaysia, as the regulatory body appears to be constrained with the insufficient human resources and information capacity. Faced with this challenge, the regulatory body seems to adopt a cautious and a non-controversial approach of “row less but steer more” in its role in driving the private health sector.

Keyword: Healthcare, private hospitals, regulations, Malaysia.

20 Ref#: 080/MAL/11/SSH

. Challenges of the Global Economic Integration and Reforming the United Nations and the World Bank

Ravshanbek Dalimov a a Economics Department, National University of Uzbekistan, Uzbekistan a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The article outlines evolution of the main economic groupings showing that the global economic integration is inevitable. The article argues that one of the fundamental approaches to regulate the world markets and exclude the downturns in global financial system is to set up world supranational bodies based on the EU experience. The United Nations, the World Bank and International Monetary Fund may be restructured for these purposes as the world parliament, world central bank and world inter-regional fund, following the course for global economic integration to be set by leading economic blocs of the planet.

Keywords: Global economic integration, reforming the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Global economic growth, Llong term prosperity of nations

21 Ref#: 091/MAL/11/SSH

Iranian EFL Teachers’ Attitude to Post-Observation Supervisory Dialogue

Sasan Baleghizadeh a a Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Letters & Human Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, Iran. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract There is no doubt that classroom observation for the sake of supervising teachers is both a rewarding and a challenging experience. It is rewarding in that it involves helping a younger colleague grow professionally. Nevertheless, it is, at times, challenging inasmuch as it requires criticizing people for their imperfect practice. It is because of such challenges that supervising teachers is likely to create tension between teachers and observers. This tension is heightened particularly during the post-observation conference, when teachers and observers begin to critically review the observed lesson. Experienced supervisors should be cautious about delivering their criticism and at the same time saving the face of the supervisee. In other words, they should take into account both cognitive and affective factors during the post-observation conference. The purpose of the present study was to explore the attitude of a group of Iranian English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers to cognitive and affective domains. The findings collected through short interviews revealed that almost all female teachers were in favor of supervisory dialogues that are affectively supportive, while the majority of male teachers preferred cognitively informative conferences.

Keywords: Affect, classroom observation, cognition, supervisory dialogue

22 Ref#:094/MAL/11/SSH

Multiple Human Schema and Communicative-Informative Sources Use: An Application of Q-Methodology

Mansour Shahvali a , Bijan Abadi b a, b Department of Agricultural Extension & Education, Shiraz University, Iran, Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The present study has been conducted with purpose of developing communicative-informative model for Yazd city's greenhouse growers using schema theory. Performing Q methodology using factor analysis, loaded different variables on five factors (human philosophy nature, ideological, economic, social, and environmental-conservational beliefs) as greenhouse growers' schema were identified. Running AMOS, it was also unveiled that philosophical, ideological, social, and economic schema significantly and directly influence on personal communicative- informative sources use (PCISs), while environmental-conservational schemata directly, indirectly, and significantly influences on PCISs use. This study provides a suitable model for planners wanting to develop more effectively appropriate communicative and informative strategies for specific target groups.

Keywords: Schema, Communicative-Informative Sources, Q-methodology.

23 Ref#:103/MAL/11/SSH

Factors influence online advertising on Malaysian consumers

Hani Suhaila Binti Ramli a, Peong Kwee Kim b , Noor Effandi Bin Ahmad c , Muhammad Saduqqi Bin Mahmud d a,b,c,d Multimedia University (Malacca Campus), Jalan Ayer Keroh Lama, Melaka, Malaysia. b Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Online advertising is a famous tool that used for all size of companies either in large or small businesses. Most of them use the online as a medium to market and promote their products and services in the current market today. It eases of customers buying their products and services in a faster way, quality, cheaper price and convenience. As a result, they are not only can attract more new customers and having low cost of operations, however, they also could increase their business profits.

Keywords: Factors, Online Advertising, Consumers

24 Ref#: 104/MAL/11/SSH

Teachers' Perceptions of their Job Satisfaction and Turnover: A case study of some schools in Sultanate of Oman

Rawdha Khalfan Rashid Al-Neimi a , Ismail Hussein Amzat b a,b Department of Education Foundation and Administration, college of Education, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman. b Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This research investigates if there is any significant relationship between Basic School teachers' job satisfaction (salary, promotion, recognition, teaching itself, teaching loads and other issues related to teaching) and teachers' turnover in Al-Dahirah, Al-Dakhelya and Muscat. Besides, it studies what could be the main reasons for teachers leaving teaching profession at this particular moment at those regions. Besides, this research has designed a model that could help Omani Ministry of Education generally and specifically at Al-Dahirah, Al-Dakhelya and Muscat regions in improving issues related to teachers such as knowing what motivate teachers, what could improve teaching and learning; teacher's welfare; voices; concerns and why teachers tend to leave teaching profession. For data collection, questionnaires were distributed to 223 selected teachers at Basic Education Schools at Al-Dahirah, Al-Dakhelya and Muscat regions. For the data analysis, this research has used different advanced statistical analyses such as Principle Component Analysis (PCA) for construct validity. Besides, Measurement Model or Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to determine each factor indicator and predictor that leads to teacher's job satisfaction and the causes of turnover amongst some teachers in Al-Dahirah, Al-Dakhelya and Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. The findings of this research show that teachers at Al-Zahira, Al-Dakhelya and Muscat were overwhelmed with teaching and workloads. Their income or salary is less than what they deserved. A strong relationship was found between issues related to teaching and teaching overloads. Therefore, teaching, workloads, salary or income and issues related to teaching were found to be the reasons behind teacher leaving profession or turnover at Al- Dahirah, Al-Dakhelya and Muscat.

Keywords: School; Sultanate of Oman; Job Satisfaction; Teacher; Turnover

25 Ref#: 105/MAL/11/SSH

Improving Education System in Oman through School Curriculum, Teaching methods and evaluation: what is needed?

Maryam Salim AL-Maskri a , Sheikha Hamed AL-Mukhinib ,Ismail Hussein Amzat c a,b,c Department of Education Foundation and Administration, College of Education, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman. c Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The education system in the Sultanate of Oman has witnessed many changes and improvements in align with the global educational standard. However, the journey of improving the education system to have well-established and completed system is continuous and the room for upgrading is wide opened. This research came into being to explore about the elements and suggestions that are needed to improve the educational system in Oman in terms of school curriculum, teaching methods and evaluation system. Thus, it strives to describe types of information that should be embedded in the school system for improvement and changes that should be occurred for further development. To answer those inquiries, five lecturers were interviewed from Sultan Qaboos University (SQU): College of Education, College of Art and the Language Center. Two of them were foreigners and the others were Omanis. The results of this study show that, there is an essential need of upgrading the Utopia of the school curriculum in relation to the real life. It is suggested for the school curriculum in Oman to add more into the curriculum some problem-solving programs where student can analyze and solve their daily life problems as well as at preparing students for future challenges. Moreover, inculcating effective communication skills, public speaking program and effective critical thinking or subject into the curriculum is suggested. Ongoing research by the Ministry is needed as well as empowering students to be active learners through research and propagate valuable lessons to the society and patriotism. Diversity of school assessments for evaluation system is proposed and continuous evaluation of the school assessment should be always carried out for its effectiveness.

Keywords: Evaluation; Curriculum; System; School; Teaching Methods

26 Ref#: 106/MAL/11/SSH

Recent Education Reforms in the Sultanate of Oman: Their Importance and Impact on Students

Khalaf Marhoun Al'Abri a a Educational Foundation and Administration, College of Education, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Like other nations around the world, education in the Sultanate of Oman has become a major policy concern, playing an increasingly important role in shaping the future of Omani people. Since its renaissance in 1970, the Omani government has been working very hard and doing continuous efforts to develop and improve education throughout new reforms and policies. As articulated by the Ministry of Education, these education reforms aim to bring successful changes to the system and overcome the new challenges and difficulties, which are due to both local and global situations and pressures. It is believed that with such reforms, Omani students have been positively affected and therefore, empowered by knowledge and skills to contribute to the development of the Sultanate in an increasingly competitive global environment.

This paper focuses on the recent education reforms in the Sultanate of Oman. Its main concern is to look at how Omani students have been affected by these reforms. Specifically, are these reforms truly leading to fruitful graduates who will be able to build Oman? The paper will also focus on the major causes and factors that have driven these reform, including globalization and Omanization policy. To answer these questions, qualitative methods were used analyzing official documents, reports and statistics produced by the Ministry of Education. Literatures on education reforms generally and Omani education reforms specifically were also reviewed. From the initial findings, the paper argues that education reforms in Oman have been successful in preparing Omani students to face the local and global trends as well as to compete with other nations around the world. This paper will contribute to future research on similar topics.

Keywords: Education reform, education policy, globalization, Omanization

27 Ref#:107/MAL/11/SSH

Parents and Female Students' Acceptance the Phenomenology of Females Studying Abroad: A case study of Sultanate of Oman

Safiya Rashid Sabeeh Al-Makhmari a, Ismail Hussein Amzat a a Department of Educational Foundation and Administration, College of Education, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This study examines the Omani parents' perceptions about sending their daughters to study outside the Sultanate of Oman and how females' students view this phenomenon. Besides, it investigates whether the parents in Oman support or oppose the idea of Omani women studying overseas. Moreover, the research studies the difficulties that Omani women faced while studying abroad and their solutions. This research embarks on a journey to review the literature on the topic that shows the reasons that motivate people to study abroad, the procedures that parents and their children should follow before choosing a host country. Twenty Omani parents and twenty Omani female students, who have been to Australia, were involved in this study, as well as a doctor from College of Education at Sultan Qaboos University. The research is a survey in nature, using questionnaires and interviews as well as employing descriptive statistics with the graphs and figures in answering the research questions. The results find that even though the minority of the respondents' daughters has been abroad, the majority of them support the idea of Omani women studying overseas. The majority of the respondents consider the cost of studying abroad as an important factor in allowing or preventing their daughters from studying abroad. Parents have identified five important factors that determine their choice for the host country; the top of these factors is the religion of the country to which their daughters are sent to. The research also shows that the most serious difficulty that female students faced in Australia is homesickness.

Keynotes: Abroad; female students; Oman; Parents; Studying.

28 Ref#: 108/MAL/11/SSH

Measuring Factor Productivity of the Banking Sector in Kenya

Ciliaka Millicent. W. Gitau a, Seth Omondi Gor b a ,b Department of Economics, University of Nairobi, Kenya. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This study examines changes in the productivity of commercial banks in Kenya in the context of liberalization using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). We measure the productivity growth and its components from a time series dataset obtained from Central Bank of Kenya publications and National Banking Surveys. DEA method is used to measure Malmquist index of total factor productivity for a sample of 34 banks for the period 1999-2008. A decomposition of Total Factor Productivity (TFP) measure is done to establish the source of changes in factor productivity. The results suggest that TFP deteriorated over the period while Efficiency change (EFFCH) increased as Technical Change (TECH) declined implying that deterioration of TFP was due to either technological innovations or shocks. Given that technology is the main driver of productivity, we recommend that the monetary authorities design practicable protocol as a technological standards requirement.

Keywords: Productivity, Data Envelopment Analysis, Kenya, Malmquist Index, Competitiveness

29 Ref#: 112/MAL/11/SSH

Ethnicity and Political Mobilization of Tamils: Lessons from India and Sri Lanka

Subramaniam Chandran a a Directorate of Distance Education, Vinayaka Missions University, Tamil Nadu, India. Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This paper explains how the ethnic categories are used to mobilize the Tamils for political ends. In south Asia, Tamils have a legacy of distinct past and preserve their language and culture intact with their lives. Modern democracy paves way for different methods of political mobilization. Colonial legacy and postcolonial decision- making system in terms of resource allocation for competing groups have caused social conflicts and group rivalries. The process of political mobilization is envisaged at the cost of anti-group feeling. The hostility towards the ‘other’ is articulated for optimum political mobilization. In India, the Tamils were initially mobilized on Brahmin and non- Brahmin categories. The concept of Dravidian was constructed ethnically to empower the non-Brahmins. Political parties and successive leaders initially appropriated with the help of colonial support. The postcolonial construction is legitimated by constitutional and democratic authorization. At the same time, the resistance and challenges to Dravidian mobilization did assume within the purview of parliamentary democracy. The evolution of Dravidian movement has crossed from separatism to coalition and the sub-nationalism did not terrify the gross nationalism. The conflict was perceived at provincial level and not at national level. In other words, there is no conflict between Tamil and non-Tamils at national level. Rather, the conflict is perceived within the province. The case of Sri Lanka is entirely different as the Tamils are minorities and the conflict is perceived at national level. Besides, decision- making process did not assure the features of parliamentary democracy. An alternative course of political mobilization happened justifying the growth of militants. The state in Sri Lanka failed to sustain the values of plural society and representative democracy. In reaction to the state failure, rebels, militants and state-supported violence have resulted in mass killing. In India, multiple factors such as the struggles of Dravidian leaders, colonial legacy, national attitude, constitutional values have assisted to empower the Tamils. In Sri Lanka, colonialism did not hinder the progress of Tamils. But, the postcolonial state augmented the ethnic strife which gradually alienated the Tamils. It is the role of the state to restore peaceful co-existence, parliamentary democracy and social justice. There are lessons which should be learned or forgotten both from India and Sri Lanka.

Keywords: Ethnicity, Dravidian, Nationalism, Political Mobilization, Tamil

30 Ref#:113/MAL/11/SSH

Practicing Psychology and the Social Sciences in Contemporary Muslim Spiritual Care

Nazila Isgandarova a a Emmanuel College, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. a Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract There have been no definitive studies that produced empirical evidence showing the effectiveness of Islamic spiritual care in the Canadian health-care setting. Many studies concentrated on whether or not basic Islamic clergy functions have changed, especially since 9/11, which caused great damage, trauma, consternation, confusion, grief, and sadness to the collective psyche of both Muslims and non-Muslims. Less attention has been paid to the role of Muslim clergy in the effectiveness of Islamic spiritual care in health-care settings. In order to determine what is and what should be, we need sociological and theological analyses of the effectiveness of Islamic spiritual care providers in the health-care setting. The paper discusses the importance of integrating psychology and counselling in Islamic spiritual and religious care. The findings of the research are based on the ethnographic research with 15 Muslim spiritual caregivers. The research demonstrated that the insights of psychology and the social sciences are a necessary part of effective Islamic spiritual care.

Keywords: effectiveness, health, Imams, psychology, spiritual care and counselling,

31 Ref#: 126/MAL/11/SSH

Gender and Development amongst a Wetland Community in Bangladesh: Views from the Field

Shuchita Sharmin a, Niaz Ahmed Khan b a Department of development studies, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh. b International union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Gulshan Dhaka,Bangladesh. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Haors or depressions between the natural levees of rivers- are areas of special socioeconomic and ecological significance in Bangladesh. Despite the growing rhetoric about women’s empowerment especially in the disadvantaged regions and vulnerable contexts such as the haors, there has been strikingly limited research on the subject. This study focuses on the women’s status including their needs and aspirations in an internationally significant haor area of the country. The Government of Bangladesh declared Tanguar haor as an Ecologically Critical Area (ECA) and devoted to ensure the conservation and regeneration of natural resources by introducing a co-management project. In this context, this study aims to explore the status and nature of gender (im)balances in the project area, and to identify gender specific problems and needs with a view to identifying development interventions that may ensure meaningful involvement of women in terms of their role and rights in reproductive and productive activities, community management and organizational activities. The fieldwork tools consisted of a questionnaire survey, Focus Group Discussions, Key Informant Interviews, and Uncontrolled Observation. Some major findings and observations include:  Patterns of persistent discrimination along the gender-lines are noticeable especially in terms of household resource use, community decisions, and political activities.  Community management and organizational activities essentially require higher participation of women with increased capacity and leadership among the female members to ensure better performance of the community.  The culturally and politically determined contexts which guide women’s control over tangible and intangible assets was found to be generally unfavourable. The study made suggestions on the basis of the findings and explanations, and also focused on the possible strategic needs to improve roles and contributions of women in the targeted communities.

Keywords: Community management; gender- specific needs; political activities; productive activities; reproductive activities.

32 Ref#: 128/MAL/11/SSH

The Relationship Between Tax Rates, Economic Growth and Tax Revenue: The Laffer Curve and Policy Implications in Malaysia

Roslena Binti Mohamed Hussen a, Syed Omar Syed Agil b a Human Resource Management Department, Bank Negara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. b School of Government, Universiti Tun Abdul Razak, Razak Campus, Capital Square, Jalan Munshi Abdullah, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This study examines the relationship between tax rates and tax revenue to determine whether higher tax rates will result in higher tax revenue. Governments in general levy taxes in order to sustain economic growth and raise revenues. The basic postulate of economics indicates that when an activity is taxed more heavily, people will choose less of it because the tax will make it more expansive. The relationship between tax rates and tax revenues can be explained according to the Laffer Curve that, at a certain point, higher tax rates fail to produce more revenue, In economics, the Laffer Curve is a theoretical representation of the relationship between government revenue raised by taxation and all possible rates of taxation, It is used to illustrate the concept of Taxable Income Elasticity (that taxable income will change in response to changes in the rate of taxation). Taxation is a vital economic tool that government adopts to regulate the economy. The most important features of implementing tax policies are to boost economic growth through the grating of fiscal incentives and to provide funds for the numerous development expansion projects. The research utilizes primarily the quantitative methods using Statistical Package For Social Services (SPSS).The result of the study shows that positive and very strong relationships exist between tax rates and tax revenue in Malaysian Taxation System. The findings indicate that an increase in tax rates may actually reduce total revenue at certain points which will have implications on future Malaysian tax strategies for growth and sustainable development.

Keywords: Tax rate, Tax revenue, Laffer Curve, Malaysian Tax System.

33 Ref#: 129/MAL/11/SSH

Questioning the Priority: A Suffering Artisan or a Living Being with a Dying Soul?

Shuchita Sharmin a a Department of Development Studies, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract In the rural disaster prone locations of Bangladesh, peoples’ lives and livelihoods are vulnerable to many different factors. The poor in those contexts survive in their precarious state by employing a variety of livelihood or survival strategies. In the present globalized era, different non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are also found to intervene with the aim to improve the lives and livelihoods of these people for a sustainable livelihood. In spite of their aims for ‘development’, there are many reported incidents that show how different NGO interventions turn out to be ‘development disasters’. In this context, the present study used a ‘Sustainable Livelihoods Approach’ as the analytical framework as it offers an opportunity to reveal an all round view of the circumstances of the poor. It used case study method. Analyzing a single specific case, the study showed how the artisan’s skill of making special items with bamboo chip is used as a means for mass large scale production for livelihood due to NGO intervention. The major findings of the study focus to the field level reality that the studied NGO intervention aimed to promote sustainable livelihoods was destroying craftsmanship and the traditional culture. The study raises question about the priority for the artisan whether sufferings due to poverty but maintenance of the craftsmanship or sustainable livelihoods but dying soul and creative mind. This case specific study draws attention to the broader context where the poor become the victims of NGO interventions. Keywords: Handicraft; Interventions; Marginalized, Mass production, Sustainable livelihoods.

34 Ref#130/MAL/11/SSH

The comparative life styles between Kurds and Azari ethnics aspect of food and music Case study Urmia city Kurdish and Azari ethnics

Robabeh Pourjabali a a Department social science ,ZanjanBranch, Islamic Azad university, Zanjan, Iran. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract In Sociology, lifestyle namely person or group life styles which includes: patterns of social relations, consumption, cover and kind of attitudes and values. differences in life styles, that due to production of material culture and how to understand and interpret them , is the basis for social identity and ethnic groups in the community .In this approach, ethnicity that is, the sources and meanings of ethnicity such as language, customs, food habits and even skin color. Parsons, in explaining the life style, a common practice among the people because its, as a symbol of solidarity between its members knows people, he believes, the common symbols of language, religion, special customs, food habits and traditional clothing, the members of this group through its link with the past, present and future are preserved. According to studies conducted by researchers of social structure, multi-ethnic structure is the most important distinction between language, religion (and subsistence methods) respectively. This study reviews the main root of the differences in lifestyle, especially food and music in between the Azari and Kurdish people was conducted in Urmia. The sample of study was: 300 person of Kurdish and 300 person of Azari that select to two step cluster way sampling. To access to survey aims, after study theories about life style factors and categories its in 3 surface macro, micro and composing, formulated a composing theoretical framework, that discuss effects factors in micro- subjective and macro- objective surface. The means of micro- subjective factors is: attitude and mental style, micro - objective is socio- economic status , macro- subjective factors is religion and macro- objective is geographical and environmental setting. Research method compose of quantitative and qualitative methods. In quantitative section, information gather by questionnaire and analysis by special statistics and qualitative section , data gather obtained by reference to books and itinerary and deep interviews. The following findings results are obtained: according to suggest framework and model research, in macro- objective surface, historical documentation to show: diversity economic structure, kind of livelihood, climate ,geographical and natural conditions effect to Kurds and Azari life styles, too. In macro- subjective refer to role of religion and values between kurdish and azari that show to: religion limitations and prohibition is determinative effect between ethnic groups. In micro- subjective surface mental style and attitude affect of other surface and too, cause to to reinforcement and durability other surface.

Keywords: life style, ethnicity, socio- economic status

35 Ref#: 131/MAL/11/SSH

Sociological Approach to Internet usage: The Case of University Students , khalkhal

Samad Abedini a a Department social science, khalkhal Branch, Islamic Azad university, khalkhal, Iran. Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Technology can transform beliefs and attitudes and human goals and aspirations, especially if the technology carries information about the beliefs and goals and the human world. One of the aspects of this technology is the Internet, in according to, Anthony Giddens mass media such as television, Cinema, TV and the Internet affects mediated experience of human, the term refers to the involvement of the time and space effects of human sensory experience is in the process of globalization is more .the characteristics of This mediated experience can be both the Collage effect- together the events and setting events and relating them to together, so that nothing in common except that they both have a kind of temporal sequence-,the other characteristic mediated experience in the New Age is inter events around the world for people's mental and intellectual .For example ,death as experienced far away of people's daily lives through the media take place people mind. The Internet affect students mind and to create a new world for students ,their mind of develop intellectually and practically. The importance of this paper is describe use position, rate and type of Internet use among khalkhal students . The method of research is survey, and our technique is questionnaire that for measure of Cronbach,s Alpha (inner conformity) that is ά./72.The sample numbers is 157 that select are internet uses .For select this sample use of random cluster of sampling method that after collecting of data and analysis it obtain this findings , kind preference of internet usage are :search of paper (49)chat(39)e-mail(26) ,while at all, uses of internet of this students that prefer kind of use is:130,134,112,all of o’clock for a month to use is :337,454,309. The important place for use is home(/54.9) and of respondents only (/13.4) said that use of internet in university ,the mean of use internet at a month is 12 o’clock .

Keywords: Use the Internet, information technology, virtual world, attitude

36 Ref#:132/MAL/11/SSH

Sustaining The Right to Privacy in e- commerce Environment: The Legal Approach

Duryana bt Mohamed a a Legal Practice Department, Ahmad Ibrahim Kuliyyah Of Laws, IIUM, Jalan Gombak , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The right to privacy is a fundamental human right as declared in Article 12 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 17 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Some countries recognise this right as constitutional right of individuals. The importance of this right is also underlined with the enactment of legislation by most countries. In Malaysia, the privacy protection is available under the Personal Data Protection Act passed in 2010. This Act seeks to regulate the processing of personal data of individuals involved in commercial transactions by data users so as to provide protection to the individual’s personal data, thereby safeguarding the interests of such individual. Since this privacy right is important in e-commerce, this paper will examine the extent of privacy protection available under the existing law and whether such law and other relevant laws provide adequate protection to the personal data when dealing with online transaction. The aim of this paper is to establish justice to the online consumers and to provide information that their right is protected under the law.

Keywords: e-commerce, online consumers, personal data, privacy right, the laws

37 Ref#:136/MAL/11/SSH

Socio Economic Factors Influencing Farmer’s Knowledge in Integrated And Non - Integrated Fish Farming in Ogun State, Nigeria

Abiona, B. G. a, Fakoya, E. O b., Apantaku, S. O. c, Shittu, A. M. d, Bolarinwa, K. K. e , Iyanda, I. F. f a,b,d,f Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, c Department of Agricultural Economic and Farm management e Department of Agricultural Administration University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria a Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected]

Absract The study examined socio economic factors influencing farmer’s knowledge of Integrated and Non – integrated fish farming in Ogun Sate, Nigeria. Multistage and simple random sampling techniques was used to select 133 non - integrated fish farmers (NIFF) and 216 integrated fish farmers (IFF) making a total of (n = 349).. Data were analysed using chi-square, and Pearson Product Moment Correlation. Results showed that 92.5% of NIFF was male compared with IFF (90.7%). Also, 96.8% of IFF and 79.7% of NIFF were married. The mean ages of sampled farmers were 44 years (NIFF) and 46 years (IFF) while the mean fish farming experiences were 4 years (NIFF) and 5 years (IFF).Also, 41.2%of the respondents falls into moderate level of knowledge. The chi-square analyses showed that knowledge of fish farming had significant association with respondents sex (χ2 = 9.44, df = 2, p < 0.05), marital status (χ2 = 23.2, df = 4, p < 0.05), occupation (χ2 = 25.5, df = 8, p < 0.05), mode of involvement (χ2 = 17.1, df = 2, p < 0.05), interaction with friend and relatives (χ2= 14.0, df = 2, p < 0.05), radio/television (χ2 = 21.7, df = 2, p < 0.05) and internet usage (χ2 = 6.40, df = 2, p < 0.05). Correlation analyses showed significant relationship between farmers knowledge and age (r = 0.20, p < 0.05), fish farming experience (r = 0.17, p < 0.05), level of cosmopoliteness (r = 0.16, p < 0.05), livestock population capacity (r = 0.21, p < 0.05), fish production capacity (r = 0.36, p < 0.05), area of land cultivated (r = 0.55, p < 0.05) and production constraints (r = -0.00, p < 0.05).

Keywords: Socio economic factors, knowledge, integrated and fish farming

38 Ref#: 157/MAL/11/SSH

Digital Divide and Computer Literacy from Sociological Perspective: A Case Study among Malay Male and Female Teenagers.

Khauthar Ismail a a School of Distance, University Science of Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The major objective of this research is to find out the different levels of computer literacy among Malay male and female teenagers. The methods used in this research were survey and field observation. In this research, three independent variables were tested, namely, gender, location and socio-economic factors. The result shows that the two most influential factors are gender and socio-economic. The study proofs that gender variables such as lack of confidence, inferiority complex and gender stereotypes are the factors affecting digital divide among male and female respondents. However, the gender stereotype among respondents is only limited to the level of expertise among genders and not on the treatment in the ICTL class. In addition, gender also contributed to the different levels of computer usage. In fact, the study discovers that location and area of the respondents’ houses do not contribute to the digital divide. However, the location and condition of the cyber café do contribute to the digital divide among the respondents. Meanwhile in the socio-economic variables; the amount of the family’s income and the parents’ educational background do contribute to the different levels of computer literacy. Family’s income is important in measuring the affordability to have a computer and subscribing to the Internet. Meanwhile, parents’ educational level is important in measuring the perception parents’ on the usage of computer. The levels of parents’ education is related to the gender stereotype and inferiority complex among the respondents.

Keywords: Digital divide, education, technology and teenagers.

39 Ref#: 158/MAL/11/SSH

Review on Issues and Challenges in Islamic Inheritance Distribution in Malaysia Noraini Noordina, Adibah Shuibb, Mohamad Said Zainol c, Mohamed Azam Mohamed Adil d a,b,c Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Malaysia d Centre of Islamic Thoughts and Understanding, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Malaysia a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This paper addresses issues and challenges clients face in claiming rights to Islamic inheritance in Malaysia. After independence, Muslims witnessed changes in the legal system of Malaysia that affected the administration and distribution of Islamic inheritance. The administration of Syariah courts is bound by Islamic Laws that were placed in the State List of the Federal Constitution. Constitutional amendments are called for; they may simplify the processes involved, but not without conflict. The Muslims’ need to abide by Syariah-compliant principles has also not been able to push for the construction of one single complete system that can handle the whole management and distribution process of Islamic inheritance. Over the years, claim processes were very costly and time-consuming. This paper acknowledges that there exists a low awareness among clients of processes and procedures to follow in order to complete a claim submission process, and identifies lack of guidelines to be the main cause of the problem. This paper is a part of an on-going study that proposes to use a new network flow programming model as an alternative solution to issues and problems associated with the administration and distribution of Islamic inheritance in Malaysia.

Keywords: Constitutional Amendments. Islamic Laws. Network Flow Programming. State List. Syariah- Compliant

40 Ref#:159/MAL/11/SSH

Communicating environmental sustainability in Malaysia: A case study

Cheng Ean (Catherine) Lee a, Teck Leong chuan b a School of Communication, Taylor’s University, Malaysia. b Water and Environmental Business Unit, Sinclair Knight Merz Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia. Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Issues on environmental sustainability have become a major concern to many corporations worldwide since the World Commission Environment and Development (Brundtland report, 1987) defined sustainability as “the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. Three key elements of sustainability – environment, economy and society need to be in balance for a company to attain long-term viability. Today, environmental issues have gained more prominent attention from the public and media. Communicating environmental issues helps creating awareness and understanding on environmental sustainability. This study explores the communications of environmental issues by Sinclair Knight Merz (SKM) Malaysia. The main objectives are (1) to measure the awareness level of employees on environmental sustainability; (2) to investigate the communication strategies on environmental issues; and (3) to examine employees’ perspectives on the state of communications on environmental issues at SKM Malaysia. This study use both qualitative and quantitative methods. An in-depth interview was conducted with the Health, Safety, Environment and Community (HSEC) officer, and an online survey has been sent to 243 employees of SKM Malaysia. The results obtained are fourfold: provide insights on various environmental sustainability programs practised by SKM; inspect the level of awareness on environmental sustainability among the employees; determine the methods and contents of effective communication on environmental issues; and identify employees’ preferred channel in receiving information about environmental sustainability.

Keywords: Awareness, communication channel, employee, environmental sustainability, environmental sustainability communication

41 Ref#: 161/MAL/11/SSH

An investigative study of the business process re-engineering (BPR) model to address operational problems at the Open University of Sri Lanka

Upali Vidanapathirana a, Nalin Abeysekera b Open University of Sri Lanka, Nawala, Sri Lanka. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract As the only single mode Open Distance Learning (ODL) institution in Sri Lanka the Open University (OUSL) has completed more than three decades of national service to provide a second chance to those who have missed opportunities for higher education on account of social, political, employment or others reasons. However in the recent years the OUSL is fraught by challenges arising from internal flaws on the one hand and changing ODL technology and competitive forces on the other. These challenges demand new ideas, vision and management solutions to decisively address administrative, operational and planning lapses to ensure that the needs of our immediate and ultimate customers are satisfied. Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) is one of the time tested tools to address such complex situations. This paper evaluates a pioneering effort made by the OUSL to introduce a combination of BPR and Business Process Improvement (BPI) during the past one year to ascertain its impact on business processes and customer satisfaction. The paper shows that the BPR initiative has been able to accomplish some of its declared objectives. Whereas the pre-project conditions generated unnecessary congestions, delays, apathy and systems failures causing learner (customer) dissatisfaction the post-BPR/BPI changes have significantly improved its processes and delivery benchmarks.

Keywords: Business Process Re-engineering (BPR), Management, Open Distance Learning (ODL), Open University, Sri Lanka

42 Ref#: 164/MAL/11/SSH

Comparing economic and social indicators towards sustainable development in Selangor, Malaysia

Habsah Hashim a, Kamarul Bahrain Shuib b a, b Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Mara (Uitm), Shah Alam, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Besides the natural system, the concept of sustainable development also encompasses the economic and social systems. In line with this concept, the Selangor State Structure Plan, 2002-2020 stated that the state is very committed towards implementing sustainable development and acknowledged the importance of social improvement. This is consistent with the Selangor sustainable development philosophy that highlighted the need to balance between economic growth, social wellbeing and environmental conservation. However, it is a common tendency for state and local authorities to focus more on the physical aspects and economic growth without comparable agenda in the social aspects. The state of Selangor can certainly be proud of its robust economy and extremely rapid physical development but could the same be said of its social infrastructure and public facilities? In an attempt to answer the aforementioned question, this paper presented the comparisons of several economic and social development indicators between the state of Selangor and the other states in Malaysia. Seven indicators for economic development and eight indicators for social development were compared. The economic development indicators include employment by various sectors, income and socio-economic measures, while the social development indicators include the provision of health, education and public facilities. The findings from comparing the various indicators show that the states of Selangor and Johor share the third rank, behind the states of Penang and Melaka in the economic development indicators. However, for social development indicators, Selangor ranked the lowest among all the fourteen states. Findings from the comparisons indicated that the social development in the state was not at par with the rapidly growing economy and the extensive physical development that had taken place. As such, the state government and local authorities in Selangor should give greater emphasis to social aspects of development in order to achieve the state’s sustainable development agenda.

Keywords: development indicators, economic growth, social improvement, sustainable development

43 Ref#: 173/MAL/11/SSH

Cultivation the Digital Age Literacy Skills in The Process of Teaching and Learning Biology among Science Students

Nurazidawati binti Mohamad Arsad a , Kamisah Osman b, Tuan Mastura Tuan Soh c, Nur Suhaidah Sukor d a, b,c,d Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract This study aimed to identify the cultivation of 21st century skills particularly in digital age literacy skills and the elements that contributed to students’ perception towards the process of teaching and learning biology. The elements are: (i) basic literacy; (ii) science literacy; (iii) environmental literacy; (iv) economic literacy; (v) information and technology literacy; and (vi) global awareness. A total of 745 Biology students in Selangor, Malaysia were selected as respondents for this survey design study. The data were analysed using SPSS 12.0 for descriptive analyse, which later followed by inferential analysis involving two ways variances analysis (ANOVA two ways) and Pearson correlation. Next, Multiple Regression analysis was conducted to identify the elements of digital age literacy skills that contributed major influences on students’ attitudes. The findings from the study revealed that the level of age digital literacy skills among students was at moderate level and there were significant differences between the skills based on gender. Multiple Regression analysis showed only three out of six elements in digital age literacy correlate and contribute towards the variance total of students’ perception in the process of teaching and learning biology. Those elements are (i) information and technology literacy, 39.8%; (ii) science literacy, 4.7% and; (iii) basic literacy, 2.3% contributed towards process of teaching and learning biology. Overall, youth generation should be nurtured to dominate the 21st century skills to ensure they can meet the present educational challenges and align with science and technology domination that require them to familiarize with the requirements.

Keywords: biology; digital age literacy; perception; 21st century skills

44 Ref#: 174/MAL/11/SSH

Withdrawn

45 Ref#:175/MAL/11/SSH

An Investigation into the Determinants of Labor-Intensive Exports by the Developing Countries

Khondoker Abdul Mottaleb a, Kaliappa P. Kalirajan b a National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. b Crawford School of Economics and Government, Crawford Building, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract It is widely acknowledged that the export-oriented garment and textile industries have been playing important role on the overall economic development in developing countries. However, the performance of the developing countries in exporting garment and textiles is in fact, highly heterogeneous. While some of the developing countries such as, China, Vietnam and Bangladesh have been highly successful in exporting highly labor-intensive garment and textiles products, not all of the developing countries have been equally successful in doing so. Using cross- country panel data, an attempt has been made in this paper to ascertain the importance of infrastructure and business environment in explaining the heterogeneous performance in exporting garment and textiles by the developing countries. The paper empirically demonstrates that in addition to the availability of cheap labor, the availability of basic infrastructure, and a business friendly environment significantly affect the export of labor-intensive garment and textiles by the developing countries. The paper, thus, suggests to invest on infrastructure, and to develop a business friendly environment in developing countries to strongly link the growth potentials of labor-intensive products and economic growth.

Keywords: business environment, garment and textile export, infrastructure

46 Ref#:181/MAL/11/SSH

Bureaucratic Bottlenecks and Organizational Behaviour Amongst Local Government Employees in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

Adebimpe A. Adenugba a, Ojuge O. Folorunsho b a,b Department of Sociology, Faculty of the Social Sciences,University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract In the wake of the industrial revolutions in the 18th Century, the new organized workplace which is quite a contrast of the traditional agrarian settings emerged with various challenges. These challenges bothered so much on two distinct areas, managing the heterogeneous persons at work and the work procedures itself. So the need of various structures and strategies became, imperative, thus the Max Weber bureaucratic model, as proposed by him stood out as inevitable rational model for the workplace management. This study explored related literatures and studies in order to examine the relationship between Bureaucracy and organizational behavior. The Max Weber and Alvin Gouldner theories supported by the Post –Bureaucratic theory of Heckscher and Donnellon were used as theoretical framework. The study was carried out amongst local government employees, in three local government councils out of the in Ibadan. These were Ibadan South West, Ibadan South and Oluyole local governments respectively and the total population for the study was 369employees. The main instrument for gathering data was questionnaire for 279 employees. Focus Group Discussions were conducted for 6 groups with 2 sessions (Senior and Junior) in each local government. Six interview sections were conducted in each local government. Information was also gathered through personal observation by the researchers. The information from the quantitative data was analyzed using the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) while the quantitative data was analyzed through manual content analysis as well as ethnographic summaries. Findings revealed that the Local Government employees were aware of the set down rules and regulations of their organization - 87.8% claimed they were aware were 12.2% were ignorant. . Laid down rules and regulation affect how employees carryout their work activities; 63.4% claimed rules and regulations affected efficiency while 36.6% had a contrary opinion. 81.0% were of the opinion that the rigidity of the administrative system greatly influenced employees’ performance while 19.0% could not establish the relationship. . The rules and regulation put in place in the Local Government do not allow employees to freely make use of their initiatives in decision making; 68.8% claimed they are not allowed to use their initiatives while 35% preferred working by the rules. The policies on employees training in the Local Government were not gender biased; however training programmes were not properly organized. In conclusion the study recommends that the Local government should revisit the rules and regulations guiding employees work with a view to loosening the rigidity of some of them especially pertaining to lessening the vertical structures that cage employees to use their initiate vis-a—vis their innovations. Local government buildings and offices should be refurbished and equipped with modern technology so as to create good working environment for employees, to boost work performance. A lasting programme of total re-habilitation of Local Government work operation resources; capital, land, material needs and human resources should be put in place as a matter of urgency

Keywords: Bureaucracy, Employees. Local Government, Organization, Organizational behavior.

47 Ref#: 186/MAL/11/SSH

How to Improve undergraduate Education: 7 Good Practices

Sajida Saleem Khan a a Department of Education, University of Karachi, Pakistan. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract If we take into account the qualitative problems facing Pakistani students, we see low morale, illiterate graduates, low standard of teaching practices and personal incompetence. Unfortunately, its been observed that, there are neither enough carrots to improve undergraduate education nor enough sticks to threaten students with unless there is commitment and action of both students and faculty.The question arises: how to improve this prevailing situation of undergraduate education? The author recommends seven best practices in order to exit this quagmire of cyclic educational incompetence. These include: to encourage contact between students and teachers; to develop reciprocity and cooperation among students; to encourage active learning; to show prompt feedback; to emphasize completion of tasks on time; to communicate high expectations; to respect for different talents and learning methods.

Keywords: education, best practices, methods, assessment, feedback, techniques, Pakistan.

48 Ref#:195/MAL/11/SSH

Inability to Handle Simple Mathematics among Lower Secondary School Students A Cause for Worry

Noraini Noordina, Rohana Dollahb, Rudzah Lebai Talibc a,b,c Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Mara (PERLIS), Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Development of number sense in students at an early age has been the concern of most educators worldwide including Malaysia. The school system produced students who performed on examinations, but are lost when given a problem that is not from a textbook. There is cause to worry because students may not understand enough of numbers to proceed to higher mathematics. This has already been proven by research works in this area. Development of number sense among students can help to identify the proficient learners. Students who have developed number sense display some defined characteristics, such as a) able to focus more on strategies than a right answer, b) able to think instead of operating with mathematical rules, and c) able to work at finding his own solution than waiting to be provided with one by the teacher. Studies on number sense carried out from time to time help teachers and educators understand the minute details of problems students go through coping with numbers. This paper presents some of the findings from a study carried out at six schools situated in the northern zone of Malaysia in the effort to discover whether the acquisition of such proficiency existed among the lower secondary school students who have undergone six years of Mathematics at primary schools with respect to some topics under Numbers, Measures, and Shape and Space.

Keywords: Ability Difference, Estimation, Logit, Mental Computation, Number Sense

49 Ref#:196/MAL/11/SSH

Analysis of Political Leadership Model of Ulama (Islamic Religious Leader) in Indonesia

Ahmad Dirwan a, Yufi Adriani b a University of Suryadarma, Indonesia. b State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The purposed of this study was to look at models of the political leadership of the Ulama in Indonesia. The latest development of the contemporary politics in Indonesia was marked by the successful of Indonesian voters for the first times elect their president and vice president directly (1998). Since then, the government system gave the opportunity to private citizen to nominate themselves and stand as the head of government. However, if citizens planned to become a candidate, he must be registered as member from one political party or represent one of them. For example, there is Ulama who form a party called the “ Partai Bintang Reformasi” in the reformation period. In addition, there is the party that contains a lot of Ulama such as “Partai Keadilan Sejahtera” who chose to merge with the winning party and eventually many of those sitting in parliament.

The models of political leadership in Indonesia will be analyzed through four types; Personality Attributes Model, Leader and Constituent Models, Contextual Factor Model, the Integrative Model. Although in an attempt to understand the behavior of the political leadership of the Ulama, the most appropriate model seemed the use of integrative models.

The aim of this research was also to get the broader picture of what model is most widely practiced by the Ulama when they were assigned in government system, members of parliament and political party leaders, then the results will be also compared among the 3 groups of the samples. This study will be recruited some participants to answer the questionnaires and followed by depth interview session.

Keywords: Attributes Model, Contextual Factor Model, Integrative Model, Leader and Constituent Models, Models of Political Leadership, Ulama/Islamic Religious Leader

50 Ref#:213/MAL/11/SSH

The relationship between human capital and ethnic groups’ Socio-economic level

Mahnaz Amirpoor a, Ali Baratpor b a Islamic Azad University Branch of Torbat-e-Jam, Iran. bUniversity of Payam Noor Mashhad, Iran. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The socio-economic status of ethnic is one of the Categories that are considered in various fields, especially in sociology in recent decades. Ethnicities are scattered all over the world and Iran With multiple Ethnicities. This ethnicities are different in human capital and socio-economic status. The rajerz – kelman and baker's approaches having used. The aim study relation between human capital and socio-economic status (unequal) of ethnic. Results of this study on survey method in 2010 Represents No significant relationship between capital and socio-economic status. Human capital Lack of explanatory power.

Keywords: Ethnic - socio economic status - human capital – unequal

51 Ref#:220/MAL/11/SSH

Improving the Standard of English Language and Communication amongst SQU students in Oman: Challenges and Suggestions

Mohammed Al-Hadhrami a, Ismail Hussein Amzat b a Department of Education Foundation and Administration, college of Education, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman. b Department of Psychology, UCSI University, Malaysia b Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract English language has become a global means of communication and interaction. It is a universal language used in certain functions such as business and notably in teaching and learning science and technology. Mastering English language doesn’t only facilitate the process of learning but also an essential requirement in most of the occupations, employment and market. In Omani context, English language has been the main condition in job applications for both the governmental and the private sectors. Therefore, this research investigates the challenges facing English language and its level of usage among the students as medium of communication at Sultan Qaboos University (SQU) since it’s the only public university in the Sultanate of Oman. Besides, it examines to what level English language has been used in the campus and its development. The study provides some scientific approaches and empirical suggestions that the standard of the English can be enhanced and developed at SQU. It shed a light for the University management at SQU on how to improve English usage amongst students and the mechanism that can be used as a motivator as well as how to instigate students to speak or use English as a second language. For research methods, this research has used qualitative research by conducting interview with the academic staff at SQU and the analysis was done using interview protocol to generate the "themes" and solutions to the problem. In addition to this, it analyzed some students' assignments and reports using "Content Analysis" to generate the similarities and contrasts. Looking into findings, the research revealed that the inadequacy practice of English language outside the classroom from the part of the students is the main reason behind the low improvement of English among SQU students. Lack of abilities in mastering English grammar rules and lack of public speaking have constituted to the problem. Besides, lack of classroom expression and presentation found to be one of the major problems for students poor English. As a suggestion for overcoming these problems and implication, a culture of reading and writing most take place personally amongst students by showing their initiatives. Strong emphasis on English language for new students and at foundation level; additional English course for existing students, establishing public speaking and debate as well as student's conference in English.

Keynotes: Communication; English Language, Oman; Sultan Qaboos University.

52 Ref#: 236/MAL/11/SSH

Development Planning & Policies under Mahalanobis Strategy: A Tale of India’s Dilemma

Debasis Mukhopadhyay a , Asim Kumar Karmakar b a B.N.Mahavidyalaya,University of Burdwan, Itachuna, Hooghly, India b Jadavpur University, India. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The designer of India’s Second Five Year Plan (1956-61) was Professor Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, who had adopted the simple two sector model of Soviet Planning of Feldman type. He gave top priority to investment goods, as they were crucial for further economic growth of India. The disadvantage of this strategy was capital deepening, that is, the commitment of large amounts of capital to heavy industry, which would yield low returns. At the same time this investment would generate buying power, which could not absorbed due to neglect of consumption goods, and this could lead to inflation.

Mahalanobis also designed a four sector model. This time also, he retained the emphasis on investment goods, but divided the other sector into three sub-sectors: (a) industry; (b) agriculture and cottage industry and (c) services, education and health etc. Only one third of the total investment should go to the three sub-sectors as mentioned above. Cottage industry, in particular, was singled out as a major potential producer of consumption goods. The fact that cottage industry required little capital and was labour intensive was highlighted. Of course, for this very reason one could not expect a great deal of savings from cottage industry, which would be required for future economic growth. Heavy industry in the public sector was considered to be the major item once more, as it was the very symbol of economic independence and was thought to be crucial for the maintenance of political independence.

In the above backdrop the present paper gives a short review of Mahalanobis strategy of development planning in the context of the then India’s dilemma: dynamic industrialization and static agriculture.

Key Words: Capital Deepening, Dynamic industrialization, Investment goods, Static agriculture, Terms of Trade

53 Ref#:253/MAL/11/SSH

Users Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction Theories And Models: A Literature Review

Clinton Aigbavboa a , Wellington Thwala b a, b Department of Construction Management, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa, 2028 a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The study present a review of literature relating to satisfaction models and theories prior to the new millennium related to customer satisfaction/dissatisfaction. It addresses both the theoretical and measurement-related concerns involved in these areas of study. The study is conducted with reference to existing theoretical literature, published and unpublished research. The study is mainly a literature review on the trends and development on customer satisfaction/dissatisfaction study. One of the primary findings that emanated from the study revealed that a number of theoretical approaches have been developed to explain the relationship between satisfaction (positive disconfirmation) and dissatisfaction (negative disconfirmation). But all the approaches are all variants of the consistency theories and focus primarily on the nature of the user's post-usage evaluation process. The study explores the trends in customer satisfaction study and highlight’s the theoretical and measurement-related concerns involved in much details than in previous studies. The study presents a robust background on the theories of customer satisfaction measurement and interpretation.

Keywords: Customer Satisfaction, customer disconfirmation, perception

54 Ref#:257/MAL/11/SSH

A Comparison of the Motivations of Malay and Chinese Entrepreneurs in Urban Malaysia

Wei Ying Chong a a Faculty of Business and Accountancy, Department of Policy and Strategy University of Malaya,City Campus, University of Malaya, Jalan Tun Ismail, 50480 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This study sets out to investigate the motivation of entering into a business amongst urban Malaysian entrepreneurs. In addition, this empirical research was undertaken to compare the motivations of the Malay entrepreneurs and Chinese entrepreneurs. Data was collected using a questionnaire that was conducted through face to face approach. Thirteen Likert-style questions were used to determine start-up motivations. The mean score were calculated and compared to test for significant differences. Results revealed that the primary motivators across ethnics were the opportunity to increase income and to prove they could do it. No significant differences were found while comparing the motivators between the Malay and Chinese entrepreneurs. A factor analysis was conducted to determine whether the thirteen motivational items could be synthesized into distinct factors. Three motivation factors were found: a family factor, an independence factor, and an intrinsic factor. Some limitation and potential future research are discussed.

Keywords: Cross-cultural comparison, Empirical Study, Entrepreneurs, Motivations, Small and medium enterprises.

55 Ref#: 262/MAL/11/SSH

The sociological study about life styles Kurds and Azarie ethnics aspect of food and music

Robabeh Pour Jabali a a Department Azad ,social science, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad university, zanjan, Iran. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The purpose of this study has been investigations and explanation life style comparative between Kurds and Azaries ethnics in Oromieh city. The sample of study was: 300 person of Kurd and 300 person of Azari that select to two step cluster way sampling. To access to survey aims, after study theories about life style factors and categories its in 3 surface macro, micro and composing, formulated a composing theoretical framework, that discuss effects factors in micro- subjective and macro- objective surface. The means of micro- subjective factors is: attitude and mental style, micro - objective is socio- economic status , macro- subjective factors is religion and macro- objective is geographical and environmental setting. Research method compose of quantitative and qualitative methods. In quantitative section, information gather by questionnaire and analysis by special statistics and qualitative section , data gather obtained by reference to books and issstinerary and deep interviews. The following findings results are obtained: according to suggest framework and model research, in macro- objective surface, historical documentation to show: diversity economic structure, kind of livelihood, climate ,geographical and natural conditions effect to Kurds and Azaries life styles, too. In macro- subjective refer to role of religion and values between kurds and azari that show to: religion limitations and prohibition is determinative effect between ethnic groups. In micro- subjective surface mental style and attitude affect of other surface and too, cause to reinforcement and durability other surface.

Keywords: life style, ethnicity, socio- economic status

56 Ref#:275/MAL/11/SSH

Women Psychology in Career Development

Kashif-Ur-Rehman a , Ahmed Imran Hunjra b , Mohammad Ashfaq c , Syed Qasim Haroon Naqvi d a,b,c,d Iqra University Islamabad, Pakistan. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Women participation in the society is indispensable to improve the overall status of the society. The purpose of this study is to determine the psychological factors of women in career development. Further, this identifies the possible barriers facing women in career development. Data was collected through primary source and the sample size of this research was 150 female employees of telecom sector and was conducted through a questionnaire and 5 points Likert scale was used to measure the data. It is found that thinking about the preconception of women at workplaces is an important factor in their career development. Females have little endorsement chances and do not recognize how to do well inside their institute. It appears that supervisor might be discounting the specialized wants of womanly professionals. Still, enhanced advantage parcels and encouragement is an important consideration for motivating females.

Keywords: Women Career Development, Psychological Factors, Telecom Industry

57 Ref#:276/MAL/11/SSH

The Impact of Trust and Cabin Crew Performance on Customers’ Satisfaction

Nadeem Safwan a, Ahmed Imran Hunjra b , Mohammad Ashfaq c , Syed Qasim Haroon Naqvi d a Foundation University Rawalpindi, Pakistan, b, c Iqra University Islamabad, Pakistan, d National University of Modern Languages Islamabad, Pakistan. b Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract In this research, the case of AIRBLUE has been taken to examine what people think about its performance, whether they trust this airline or not, and are they satisfied or not? Further, this study measures the impacet of cabin crew performance and trust on customer satisfaction. The data was collected by distributing questionnaires to the domestic travelers of AIRBLUE. The sample size of the research was of 180 people. The result shows that majority of people are satisfied with the performance of AIRBLUE and they trust on its service, but at the same time they have positive expectation that AIRBLUE would improve its services. The results of this further explain there is positive correlation among the satisfaction, trust and cabin crew performance.

Keywords: Customer satisfaction, Positive correlation, AIRBLUE, Performance, Trust

58 Ref#: 278/MAL/11/SSH

The Future of Social Network Sites: The assessment of Google plus emergent effect on Facebook

Hossein Kermani a a Department of Communication, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Iran. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This paper will argue about future of social network sites through social network sites (SNSs) inter relationship, especially Facebook and Google plus. Social network sites are popular in internet and have attracted many users. The first social network site, sixdegrees.com, has been released in 1997 and after that SNSs have been grown so fast. Some researchers have defined social network sites as web-based services that allow individuals to (1) construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system, (2) articulate a list of their users with whom they share a connection, and (3) view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system. The nature and nomenclature of these connections may vary from site to site. In these sites, Facebook is so popular; regarding alexa.com, Facebook is 2nd ranked in most viewed sites through the world. Recently, Google company have released a new project, named Google plus. Some researchers believe Google plus is a social network but other researchers do not think so, they believe Google plus is a social layer. However, it's no clear that Google plus emergent will decrease Facebook popularity or not, this matter have so importance when notice that Google plus reaches to 10 million users in 16 days, while Facebook reaches to 10 million users in 852 days. Furthermore, Google plus is supported by Google company, which have many popularity and proficiency in other web applications such as mail, browser, search engine, etc. This paper will focus on this effect and will find an answer to this question: how will Google plus emergent effect on Facebook? Some researchers identified two important trends in use of social media; 1) users do not embrace a single form of social media but, tend to employ a range of tools for communication and 2) users tend to embrace new tools and adopt them as part of their communication repertoire. Based on this tow trends, I offer the research's hypothesis.

Research hypothesis: users will use Google plus as a new tool but this use won't decrease Facebook popularity. The use and gratification theory provides a convenient theoretical framework for this paper and research's method is focus group. Uses and gratifications (U&G) is a psychological communication perspective that examines how individuals use mass media, on the assumption that individuals select media and content to fulfill felt needs or wants. Contemporary U&G research is grounded in the following five assumptions: (a) "communication behavior, including media selection and use, is goal-directed, purposive, and motivated"; (b) "people take the initiative in selecting and using communication vehicles to satisfy felt needs or desires"; (c) "a host of social and psychological factors mediate people's communication behavior"; (d) "media compete with other forms of communication i.e., functional alternatives) for selection, attention, and use to gratify our needs or wants"; and (e) "people are typically more influential than the media in the relationship, but not always" . I choose focus group method to do this research. A focus group is a carefully planned discussion designed to obtain perceptions on a defined area of interest. Focus groups are group interviews, although not in the sense of a researcher asking questions and participants supplying responses. Rather, the researcher relies on in-group interaction and discussion, based on topics that are supplied by the researcher who often takes the role of a moderator. I choose 8 Facebook users that have an account in Google Plus and they attended in this Focus group. Research findings confirm research hypothesis and show these users use Google plus as implement for their Gmail account. In fact, they use of Facebook and Google plus in same time for different purposes.

Keywords: Facebook, Google plus, social network sites, SNSs, use and gratification.

59 Ref#:283/MAL/11/SSH

Withdarwn

60 Ref#: 285/MAL/11/SSH

Enhancing Critical Thinking Skills Through Online Tools: A Case Of Teacher Trainees

Soon-Yin Tan a a The Teacher Training Institute, TuankuBainun Campus, Bukit Mertajam, Penang, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract While the value and importance of critical thinking is without doubt, the challenge for instructors actually lies in enhancing the students’ critical thinking skills within the confines of a traditional classroom.The challenge appears to be even greater in Asian countries as Asian students are said to have shown deficiency in the ability to think critically (Kumaravadivelu 2003). Technological advances and the availability of a wide array of teaching resources in the Internet, however, have opened up exciting and innovative instructional techniques that may be used to overcome student passiveness and enhance critical thinking skills. This paper reports some findings of a project that attempts to enhance students’ critical thinking skills among a group of 20 teacher trainees in Malaysia, through the use of Intel Thinking Tools, namely, the Visual Ranking Tool, Seeing Reason Tool and also Showing Evidence Tools, which have been developed and made available by Intel Corporation. It looks at the ability of these tools to encourage participation and enhance critical thinking in higher education. It also highlights some important lessons learned in the integration of such tools which might shed light to potential users of these tools. The study reveals that the use of these online thinking tools results in an increase in the trainees’ critical thinking ability in completing their assignments.

Keywords: online thinking tools, Intel, critical thinking skills, teacher trainees

61 Ref#: 295/MAL/11/SSH

Migratory Patterns of Homeless People in Sudbury (Ontario), Canada

Carol Kauppi a, Henri Pallard b Centre for Research in Social Justice and Policy (CRSJP), School of Social Work, Laurentian University, Sudbury (Ontario), Canada. International Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Law (ICIRL), Department of Law and Justice, Laurentian University, Sudbury (Ontario), Canada. b Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This study fills a gap in the literature by expanding knowledge about migration among homeless people in a northern Ontario, Canada, context. Conducted in Sudbury (Ontario) Canada, this study is based on a survey of homeless persons in 2009. Key findings indicate that migrants constitute about a fifth to a quarter of the local homeless population. Over three-quarters had come from Ontario communities, typically in northeastern or southern Ontario. There was no clear pattern of increases in the number of migrants in the summer compared to winter. Recent and intermediate-term migrants were similar in a number of respects: most were men, most did not have custody of any children, and the cultural backgrounds reflected the linguistic/cultural composition of the local homeless population. Aboriginal people comprised a significant proportion of homeless migrants as they do among Sudbury’s homeless people in general. Most migrants, especially recent and intermediate-term migrants, were absolutely homeless and nearly all had migrated because of unemployment or low wages. The challenges for migrants are compounded by isolation and difficulties in finding/accessing services in a new community. Migrants often include the most disadvantaged persons among the homeless, thus increasing existing pressures on service systems.

Keywords: Homelessness, migration, Ontario, causes, characteristics

62 Ref#: 309/MAL/11/SSH

Ethnic Identity and Culture among Multiethnic Pupils in Malaysian School Environment: Sustainable Future ?

Yasmin Ahmad a , Najeemah Mohd Yusof b a,b School Of Educational Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. b Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The primary school system in Malaysia is divided into multi ethnic and mono ethnic school. Multiethnic school environment plays an important role to encourage ethnic relation among multi ethnic pupils where else mono ethnic school environment will limit the opportunity to establish the ethnic relation among pupils. Ethnic boundary is one of many factors that will affect the ethnic relation. This article will discuss the ethnic identity and culture which affects the ethnic boundary among student in multi ethnic and mono ethnic school environment. A research was conducted in 12 primary schools in Pulau Pinang with 600 pupils as sample. The nature of ethnic boundary in this study is classified based on type of school and ethnicity. The pupils were given a set of questionnaires and findings were analyzed quantitatively. The Indian pupils at National Primary School showed a narrow ethnic boundary and the Chinese pupils at National Type Chinese Primary School showed a wide ethnic boundary. If the ethnic boundary is wide, social integration is hard to achieve in a plural society like Malaysia.

Keywords: Ethnic Boundary, Multi Ethnic School, Mono Ethnic School, Ethnic Identity, Culture, Ethnic Relation.

63 Ref#: 313/MAL/11/SSH

Benefits and Barriers of Openness: Evidence on Sustainability Reporting of Ukrainian companies

Elena Stepanova a a Department of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Ecology and Chemical Technology, Donetsk National Technical University, Ukraine. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The global economic crisis displays ecological imbalance in the traditional models of economic growth and it has activated the search of instruments, which allow the realization of ecologically oriented growth strategy. This new strategy needs commitment to openness in corporative governance and encouragement of disclosure requirements by government regulators. Non-financial/sustainability reporting as a transparency tool is intended for the increasing the awareness of stakeholders about three-dimensional (economic, social and environmental) result of company.

The aim of the paper is to investigate the approach to sustainability reporting of Ukrainian companies. The study focuses on the two aspects: trends and barriers. The study indicates the following characteristics of Ukrainian companies’ sustainability reporting: temporary dynamics, industry and corporate features, sustainability reporting standards and guidelines, which firms have adopted (Global Reporting Initiative - GRI, Global Compact Network, АА1000).

Sustainability reporting practice of 39 Ukrainian companies during the period 2005 - 2010 was examined in comparison with the Russian and international companies. Data from the Sustainability Reports of Russian and Ukrainian companies was collected from the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs (RSPP) database and corporate reports. The necessary analytic information was obtained from reports of Ernst & Young, KPMG, The Economist Intelligence Unit.

The analysis shows that mostly spread features of non-financial reporting in Ukraine are labor conditions and human capital development, environment preservation and recovery, charity, cooperation with local communities. Theme of charity auctions and projects is dominant.

The study highlights that the advantages of sustainability reporting which Ukrainian companies mark out are the following: reputation and managerial benefits (for instance, the improvement of cooperation with stakeholders, attraction of the capital and/or facilitation of the access to it).

The results show that the main challenges, which prevent more wide spreading of the disclosure requirements in Ukraine are the following: not formed need in non-financial reporting and absence of culture of its using, high price of the full report preparation, non corresponding of the inter-firm accounting data with international practice requirements, lack of the competent staff, ability to prepare non-financial report.

Keywords: Commitment to openness, Corporate Social Responsibility, Stakeholder relationship, Sustainability reporting

64 Ref#: 317/MAL/11/SSH

Withdrawn

65 Ref#: 320/MAL/11/SSH

Approach of measuring and studying women empowerment

Mst. Tasqurun Nessaa a Department of Economics, Universiti Utara Malaysia, UUM Sintok, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia. a Corresponding E-Mail: [email protected]

Abstract The empowerment of women is one of the vital issues of development. United Nations millennium development goal No. 3 is promote gender equality and women empowerment. In this study I will discuss the concept of women empowerment, the process of women empowerment and the measurement of women empowerment. In this paper I will explain the measurement scale of women empowerment which had been used in different literature reviews. To measure the women empowerment, I referred various dimensions. A number of items are arranged under each of dimensions. In this paper I will synthesize and list the most commonly used measurement scales of women empowerment, drawing from the frameworks developed by various authors. My review revealed a number of essential strengths in the existing effort on women’s empowerment that provides the groundwork for further evolution on measurement.

Keywords: MFI, NGO, women empowerment, women empowerment dimension and women empowerment measure scale/index.

66 Ref#: 324/MAL/11/SSH

Impact of Violent Ethno-Religious Conflicts on Residential Property Value Determination in Jos Metropolis of Northern Nigeria: Regression Analysis Results

Aliyu Ahmad Aliyu a , Rozilah Binti Kasim b , David Martin c a,b,c Department of Construction and Real Estate Management, Faculty of Technology Management, Business and Entrepreneurship, University Tun Hussein Onn, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Urban violence in the form of ethnic and religious conflicts/crises and even open warfare have been on the increase in many African cities in the recent years. Observation from literature shows that the role of violent-ethno religious conflicts as a mobilising agent is among the most important questions of this century as conflicts linked to ethnicity and religion have led to significant destruction life and residential properties. Due to the number of crises in Jos metropolis over the last two decades, there has been a process of residential segregation along religious lines, dividing the city into predominantly Christian and Muslim areas. This research paper, therefore, attempts to examine the impact of violent ethno-religious conflicts on residential property value determination in Jos metropolis of northern Nigeria. Data were collected by interviews, self-administered surveys through questionnaire and direct observation. The stratified random sampling technique was employed in order to generate the data for the research. Simple percentage distribution tables and regression analysis were used to analyse the data for the research. The findings reveal that violent ethno-religious conflicts manifesting as social security (safety) is a function of residential property value determinants in the study area. It has also been established through the findings of this study that the experience in the study area challenges the existing theories of residential property value determinants. The results of the analysis show that there is strong relationship between violent ethno-religious conflicts and people’s choice of where to live and or not to live. This result suggests that policies that encourage social integration, psycho-social healing and psychological transformation could enhance the attainment of peace in the study area. There is also a need on the part of investors and property developers to take security into consideration whenever they want to embark on huge real estate investment to avoid wasting of capital.

Keywords: Conflict, Ethno-religious violence, Impact, Residential property, Value

67 Ref#: 336/MAL/11/SSH

Marriage of Convenience (Expert Perspectives on General Detective-Public Prosecutor Relations in South Africa)

Jacob T. Mofokeng a, Ian D. de Vries b a, b Department of Safety and Security Management, Faculty of Humanities, Tshwane University of Technology, Soshanguve South Campus, Pretoria, South Africa. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This paper examines perceptions of the general detective and public prosecutor relations held by presiding officers, public prosecutors and investigating officers using the findings from focus group interviews and questionnaire data from a recent study conducted at Tshwane University of Technology (TUT). The plethora of literature on criminal justice system implicitly assumes that individuals, to a certain degree the public, the police, presiding officers as well as public prosecutors are well-informed about crime detection, arrest and conviction rates (as well as sentencing policies) and, therefore, respond immediately to any changes and challenges in the criminal justice system.

Although widely used, perception based studies in a qualitative research design have proved to be a difficult tool to use for directing policy and strategic interventions, more so regarding the performance of the police and the courts. Despite the obvious practical difficulties of ‘direct measurement’, this paper attempts to provide a strategic analysis in an attempt to supply knowledge to bridge the perceived gap between the investigating officers and public prosecutors relations, with the holistic view of improving public perceptions on the performance of the criminal justice system in South Africa. The paper concludes with some operational measures to improve general detective and prosecutor relations in South Africa.

Keywords: Case dockets, Criminal Justice System, Detective, Focus Group, Interviews

68 Ref#: 340/MAL/11/SSH

Environmental literacy of trainees from Malaysian Teacher Education Institute : The affective and behavior component

Nazifah Shaik Ismail a, Turiman Suandi b , Azizi Muda c, Noriati A Rashid d , Masitah Mohammad Yusof e a,e Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia. b Faculty of Education, Universiti Putra Malaysia. c Department of Geography and Environment, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris. d Center of Academic Development, Institute Pendidikan Guru Malaysia, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Education has been repeatedly highlighted as the primary means of developing an environmentally literate society. As agents of change, teachers themselves have to acquire desirable characteristics of the model environmentally literate citizen. Thus, this article aim to present the preliminary analysis of the affective and behavior component of environmental literacy of teacher trainees who have completed one year of training which includes environmental education course. The respondents were 244 teacher trainees enrolled under post-graduate program from 12 different campus of Malaysian Teacher Education Institute. This article descriptively reports the scores for the subsections of affective and behavior components of environmental literacy. The trainees demonstrated moderately high scores for all subsections of affective component of environmental literacy. However, scores for behavior component were only moderate and were low for some subsections. The trainees did not significantly differ in affective and behavior component of environmental literacy based on gender , race and educational background. Findings also indicate that there is a moderate association between the affective and behavior component of environmental literacy. The correlation of these components is also reported based on gender, race and educational background. These results shows that the intended objectives of environmental education program is not yet commendable and needs further attention, either in the form of revising the program structure or method of delivery.

Keywords: environmental education; environmental literacy; teacher training

69 Ref#: 342/MAL/11/SSH

Reza Eftekhari a, Hossein Mokhtarian b a Islamic Azad University – Gonabad Branch, Iran. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Scientific research and knowledge innovations today can not only escape researcher’s hold to be available on global network but also put forward an important question. Should they be protected by law? It is a permanent question whether the traditional copyright law contributes to this aim through protecting individual and organizational achievements as intellectual property or not. As Peter Lee suggests conventional wisdom holds that patents contribute to progress.(2004) There are two main concerns about such an approach. Firstly, powerful IP regimes deter investments in research programs and doing so, the innovation in scientific areas. Secondly, availability of research tools may be limited due to the decrease of organizations’ investments. It can be said that patent law system is useful for organizations in the same way that copyright law may protect individuals’ right on their expressions and abstract theories. So, it is often stated that a patent protects ideas and copyright protect expressions. We argue that legal and administrating protection policies must be managed to provide for the coexistence of these two as private interests and a public interest and prevent a public challenge. Patents normally protect research products in scientific areas which entail huge investments such as pharmaceutical formula as they are intellectual property belonging to organization and manufacturer. We suggest that scientific humanities are intellectual property and must be patented. Patenting this salient part of organizational entity may conflict with scientific norms of communal sharing and as it is said, it can discourage investment in primary levels. Local and international rules may help improve the IP systems. If knowledge should be considered as a shared and public asset, there would be logically an expectation on behalf of investing organizations in scientific research to have the exclusive right over the products of their investment.

Keywords: Intellectual Property, Organizational Innovation, Patent Law, Copyright, IP Regimes.

70 Ref#: 345/MAL/11/SSH

Factors influencing the performance of Manoshi delivery centers in urban slums of Bangladesh: A qualitative study

Morsheda Banu a, Hashima E Nasreen b a,b Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC Centre, BRAC, 75 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Averting the devastating majority of maternal mortality, BRAC initiated an intervention named Manoshi in 2007; maternal, neonatal and child health programme for the urban poor of Dhaka city. It established delivery centres (DC) to provide clean and safe delivery services by community health workers (CHW) as well as referring maternal and neonatal complications to equipped hospital. Methods: The study aimed to measure the performance of DCs and explore the factors related to its performance. Data were collected using qualitative methods during December 2009 – January 2010 from six DCs in the slums of Dhaka city. Findings: Findings revealed that the DCs at Magbazar and Kamrangir Char performed ‘well’ due to availability of CHWs, their emotional support and caring attitude, regular antenatal care (ANC) visits, convenient location, cleanliness and free services of the DCs. The DCs at Madertek and Shyampur performed ‘average’ and Ramna and Kotwali DCs performed poor. Poor performance was largely due to lack of CHWs, less motivation, frequent dropout due to low remuneration, and recurrent slum demolition. The reasons for women not attending DCs were fear of being referred to the hospital which might compel them to have a caesarean delivery, lack of comprehensive services at DCs including doctor-assisted normal deliveries, medicines, and emergency case management. Neonatal mortality rate in poor performed DCs found to be high. The respondents recommended that instead of referring women for minor complications, DCs should be competent of providing supervised skilled service package with basic treatment during childbirth, tetanus toxoid during ANC and child immunizations during postnatal care. Conclusions: Given the existing scenario, the programme needs to pay attention to the ‘poor’ performed DCs with developing alternative strategies to enhance collaboration with existing health facilities and emphasizing community mobilization on ANC, safe delivery and strengthen appropriate referral for obstetric and neonatal complications.

Keywords: Childbirth; delivery centre; factors; performance

71 Ref#: 352/MAL/11/SSH

Enhanced mechanism to handle missing data of Hadith classifier

Kawther A. Aldhlan a , a Kulliyyah of Information and Communication Technology (KICT), International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Tree structured modeling is a data mining technique used to recursively partition a data set into relatively homogeneous subgroups in order to make more accurate predictions on the future instances. Decision tree algorithms have the ability to deal with missing values or wrong data. While this ability is considered to be advantage, the extreme effort which is required to achieve it is considered a drawback. The correct branch to take is unknown if a feature tested is missing, and the algorithm must employed enhanced mechanisms to handle missing values. Moreover, ignoring these missing data may cause critical decision to user or administrators. Specially for the cases that belong to religion. Hadith classifier is a method to classify such Hadith into four major classes Sahih, Hasan, Da'ef and Maudo' according to the status of its Isnad ( narrators chain ). This research produced a mechanism to deal with missing data in Hadith database, 999 Hadiths from Sahih Al-Bukhari, Jami'u Al-Termithi and Selseelt AlaHadith Aldae'ifah w' Almadu'h were framed the sample of this study, the attributes of the hadith database were gained according to the validate methods of Hadith science, the experiment applied C4.5 algorithm to extract the rules of classification. Moreover, the experiment has two phases training and testing , in the first phase, the machine learnt from training dataset, meanwhile, the detector detected the missing data and replace any missing data with the correct attribute according to the validity method. In the second phase the machine detect any missing data to replace it with correct attribute and dealt with passive narrator chain. The findings showed that the accurate rate of the classifier has been improved by the proposed approach with 1.65% ,on the other hand, the time complexity had effected with 0.05 seconds. Meanwhile, with naïve bayes algorithm, the accurate rate has been improved by 0.6%. In contrast to C4.5 algorithm, the time complexity to build classifier remained as it is 0.02 seconds. Furthermore, the accurate rate of the classifier positively affected with the size of training dataset in both cases.

Keywords: Data mining, Decision Tree, Hadith classifier, missing data, supervised learning algorithm.

72 Ref#: 365/MAL/11/SSH

Distance Education in Uganda: Issues, Opportunities, and Challenges

Musa Matovu a a Institute of Education, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur – Gombak, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This article addresses how distance education has enabled universities in Uganda to extend their educational services beyond their boundaries to student who are not on campus. This has increased on universities’ admissions while minimally controlling overcrowding. The article highlights the nature and mode of distance education in Uganda, opportunities, and the challenges encountered by the universities in offering distance education. In summary, the article suggests the ways in which distance education can be improved, as such, the article answers the fundamental question to whether Information and Communication Technology (ICT) innovations in distance education can improve and sustain distance education in Uganda.

Keywords: Challenges, Distance Education, ICT, Opportunities, Uganda.

73 Ref#: 368/MAL/11/SSH

An Empirical Study on the importance of Remittance and Educational Expenditure on Growth: Case of the Philippines

Abdellatif Tchanchane a, Pauline Carolyne Fortes b , Gwendolyn Rodrigues c a,b,c Faculty of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Wollongong in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Remittances as compared to the foreign direct investment, capital flows and official development assistance is higher and it is becoming an important source of funds in many developing countries. Hence, this paper seeks to provide further insights into understanding the and verifying the hypothesis that remittance together with financial development intermediaries and education expenditure contribute to economic growth process. Based on the yearly Philippine data from 1984 to 2009, as a basis for exploring the relationship of between each of the macroeconomic variables remittance, investment and education expenditure and GDP growth rate, the empirical findings show that both remittance and education expenditure have both a significant positive long-run relationship with Philippine GDP growth rate but there is no long relationship between real GDP growth rate and investments. On the other hand, the data showed that the education expenditure elasticity is much higher (2.28%) than remittance elasticity which is only 0.35%.

Keywords: education, growth, investment, migrant, Philippines, remittances

74 Ref:379/MAL/11/SSH

The Study of the Degree of Behavioral Disorders among regular Students and the Students with Learning Disorder in Elementary School in Esfahan

Somayyeh Ranjbar a, Ahmad Yarmohamadian b a University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract Background and purpose: The present study seeks to investigate and to compare the prevalence of behavioral disorders among regular students and those suffering from learning disorder in elementary schools in Esfahan. Materials and Methods: The research method is descriptive and scientific-comparative which includes two groups of regular students and the students with learning disorder. There were 350 regular students and 50 students with learning disorder, from both sexes who were studying in 1389-90 academic year in the 4th or 5th grades of the elementary schools in Esfahan. In order to select students with specific learning deficits available subject method was employed (i.e. all the students suspicious of specific learning deficits were considered as students with specific learning deficits). For routine sampling of students from five school districts in Esfahan, two districts were selected randomly among whose schools four schools were chosen which consisted of two girls and two boys' schools; the subjects were elected from the students of 4th and 5th grades. Findings: There was a meaningful difference in the degree of the prevalence of behavioral disorder between regular students and those students with learning deficit. The results also showed that the degree of the prevalence of depressive disorders, anxiety, conduct, emotional, physical, coping, hyperactivity, attention deficit disorders in students with special learning disorder was greater and this difference was significant. Conclusion: The present study showed that the prevalence of behavioral disorders in children with learning disorders is more common than regular students. The study also illustrated that the hyperactivity disorder, attention deficit and conduct disorder were more prevalent than other kinds of disorders in these students.

Keywords: Achenbach behavior checklist,Behavioral disorders,Learning disorders,Child behavior checklist,Teacher's report.

75 Ref#: 389/MAL/11/SSH

African Youth and Sustainable Development: Inventory fixtures

Rititingar Appolinaire a a Department of Sociology, University of N’djamena/ Chad, Beirut, Lebanon. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract While African governments are increasingly putting youth concerns at the heart of the development agenda, a lot more remains to be done. After fifty (50) years of Independence, Africa is still economically, politically, culturally, socially fossilized. In spite of different models of development elaborated here and there, the continent is still a home of social vices. The social fracture is deep; depths that we need to seek to know African’s responsibilities to eradicate them. Yet, the unfinished resources of the continent are youths. Unfortunately, they are worth used or planed. This comes back to analyze the contribution of this social group to the development of their continent. This of sustainable development depends on it. It is the way to fully engage young Africans in all aspects of the programs and initiatives that target Africa’s future.

Keywords: Africa, development, fracture, initiatives and youths.

76 Ref#: 400/MAL/11/SSH

Key Factors on Innovation Practices: Case Study of Malaysian Banking

Nurul Farhaini Razali a , Alina Shamsuddin b, Eta Wahab c a,b,c Department of Technology Management Faculty of Technology Management, Business and Entrepreneurship Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat Johor, Malaysia a Corresponding author : [email protected]

Abstract Innovation is the catalyst for growing business and economics. It has started since 1942 when Schumpeter introduced the concept of revolutionizing economic structure through product and processes. Since then, emphasizes have been given to innovation in the manufacturing sectors. However, less intention had been given on innovation in service sector. Thus, this is a conceptual paper of innovation practices in banking sector. It purposes is to identify key factors that contribute to enhancing innovation pratices between developed and developing country. The main outcome of this paper is a framework of key factors that influenced innovation practices in banking sectors. This paper adopted case study as the research strategy. 10 interviews have been conducted to explore the potential key factors as determined in the literature. A framework was then developed based on the finding.

Keywords : Banking, developed and developing country, innovation, manufacturing and service sector

77 Ref#: 401/MAL/11/SSH

An Examination of Income Convergence across Indian States: A Cross-sectional and Time Series Approach

Sharanjit Singh Dhillon a, Prabhjot Kaur b a,b Punjab School of Economics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India. a Corresponding author: [email protected].

Abstract This study examines the convergence hypothesis in respect of economic development by taking Per Capita Gross State Domestic Product as proxy for development in 22 Indian states over a period of 27 years (1980-2007) by means of using cross-sectional and time series techniques. The concept of σ-convergence and unconditional β- convergence have been employed to Per Capita Gross State Domestic Product for the pre-liberalization (1980-1990) and post-liberalization period (1991-2007). For examining σ-convergence, the standard deviations across states of the logarithm of the Per Capita Gross State Domestic Product has been worked out and unconditional β-convergence hypothesis has been tested by regressing the average growth rate of Per Capita Gross State Domestic product on the log of its initial value. For time series techniques, standard Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test has been employed. The results of the study indicate strong evidence of divergence in per capita income of 22 states studied in the sample. The standard deviation of Per Capita Gross State Domestic Product has also increased over time indicating no evidence of convergence in the pre-or post-reform period. The ADF test also provides no evidence against the unit root null hypothesis, indicating that the poor states are getting relatively poorer and the rich getting richer in terms of Per capita income, and the gap between the rich and poor is widening further. Overall, the study highlights that the poor states are not catching up with the rich ones and Indian states have been diverging over the past 27 years in terms of Per Capita Gross State Domestic product.

Keywords: ADF test, Convergence, Per Capita GDP, Regional inequality.

78 Ref#: 409/MAL/11/SSH

Community Participation in Breast Cancer Prevention programs towards Building Sustainable Programs: Involvement or Participation?

Asnarulkhadi Abu Samah a , Maryam Ahmadian b, Ma'rof Redzuan c, Zahid Emby d a,b,c,d Department of Social and Development Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract For future sustainable breast cancer prevention programs implementation, broad participation in prevention programs is necessary. In the context of developing strategies for health promotion, community participation is most relevant. Literatures also suggested that community involvement is essential for the successful promotion of health. This paper examines the levels of women’s participation in breast cancer prevention programs. Community participation and community involvement are occasionally presumed to go hand in hand, but these two prominent concepts has potential difference. At times, the problem is that involvement does not mean participation. The study was conducted among 35-69 years old women who had mammogram in the last two years at 4 obstetric and gynecologic clinics in Tehran. A multistage cluster random sampling procedure and face-to-face interviewing method was used in the data collection process. Results from this study showed that the higher levels of participation (implementation monitoring, evaluation and planning), as mostly through health care professionals. Women’s participation in breast cancer prevention programs is limited and it was just carried out at level1 (health benefits) and level 2 (activities). Although women were only involved at some health programs, they have no participation in decision making level. Nevertheless, the continuation of their involvement with commitment to the programs represents sustainability in community-based health programs.

Keywords: Breast cancer prevention, Community participation, Community involvement, Sustainable programs.

79 Ref#: 423/MAL/11/SSH

Why do Firms Engage in Quality Management Systems: An Empirical Investigation of Organizational Decision Incentives

Veronika Vynaryk a a Microeconomics Analysis Department, Faculty of Economics, National Research University, Higher School of Economics, Russia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract A sustainability perspective is a practical today's goal for collaboration of state, business and society. The special role within this triad belongs to business companies, which integrate the sustainability principles into their strategies to improve organizational processes and long-term growth. Quality management system (QMS) is an important tool to ensure sustainability through business performance. According to the International standard organization survey of QMS, more than 1 million certifications issued in 178 countries by 2010. The position according to which corporate management of sustainability by the help of QMS, which corresponds to international standard ISO 9000 is presented in the paper. The aim of the paper is to examine the factors, which affect organizational decision of the companies in the emerging countries to implement QMS ISO 9000. The impact of internal and external factors which influence managerial decision of QMS implementation is analyzed in the paper. Specifically, the similarities and differences between the motivations of companies from the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), new members of the EU countries and countries of the Southern Europe (which aren’t the members of the EU) within the implementation of the QMS ISO 9000, are discussed. The empirical cross-country analysis is based on 2002–2009 data from the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS), conducted by the World Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the data. The study identifies the role of economic development and institutional environment in the QMS ISO 9000 implementation. There are highlighted three “portraits” of companies, which implemented QMS: (a) from the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries; (b) from the new EU members countries; (c) from the Southern Europe countries, which aren’t the members of the EU. The results show that QMS ISO 9000 implementation leads to increase of competitive ability and investment attractiveness of the company, to improvement of product quality and stakeholders communications, to human resources development. These business processes improvements, as a QMS implementation result, can potentially activate the company’s sustainable effects and then - national and global sustainability transformations.

Keywords: Quality management system, QMS ISO 9000 implementation, Sustainability, Transition economies

80 Ref#: 424/MAL/11/SSH

Family income and home environment on children’s chemistry achievement

Nur Suhaidah Sukor a, Kamisah Osman b, Tuan Mastura Tuan Soh c a National Secondary School of Sandakan, 90716 Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia. b,c Faculty of Education, National University of Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Aims of this study is to profile students’ achievement based on their socioeconomic status and home environment. This study is a survey study that involved 317 students who took Form Four Chemistry subject at schools. Chemistry test also includes the students’ socioeconomic status questions and the presence of learning materials at home. The reliability of the Chemistry Test instrument was measured by using Kuder-Richardson (KR-20) for dichotomous data and the result showed value of .50. The study revealed that students from high sosioeconomic status scored higher as compared to students from low socioeconomic status. Present study also found that learning materials at home has no impact on students’ academic achievement. This paper concludes with some practical suggestions of how to improve students’ chemistry achievement.

Keywords: chemistry achievement; family income; and learning materials.

81 Ref#: 425/MAL/11/SSH

Chemistry perceptions and parent’s education on students’ achievement

Nur Suhaidah Sukor a, Kamisah Osman b, Nurazidawati Arsad c a National Secondary School of Sandakan, 90716 Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia b, c Faculty of Education, National University of Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Aim of study is to investigate the relationships among 21st Century Chemistry Skills Test (CCST), perception towards chemistry subject, and level of parents’ education. In this study a total of 317 students Form 5 become sample of the research. CCST and students’ perception towards chemistry each contains 37 multiple choice items and 30 Likert scale items. Kuder-Richardson (KR-20) reliability for CCST is .50 and Cronbach Alpha for students’ perceptions survey is .89. Result shows that students’ achievements in CCST show no relationship with the students’ perception towards chemistry subject. Study also found that there is low relationship between students’ achievement in CCST and the level of parents’ education. Implication of this research is to motivate teachers to uses scaffolding method in teaching, and develop good relationship with students.

Keywords: achievement; attitude; learning experience; parent’s education; and self efficacy.

82 Ref#:426/MAL/11/SSH

Community Participation in Breast Cancer Prevention programs towards Building Sustainable Programs: Involvement or Participation?

Asnarulkhadi Abu Samah a, Maryam Ahmadian b, Ma'rof Redzuan c, Zahid Emby d a,b,c, d, Department of Social and Development Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Keywords: Breast cancer prevention, Community participation, Community involvement, Sustainable programs.

83 Ref#: 427/MAL/11/SSH

Key Factors on Innovation Practices: Case Study of Malaysian Banking

Nurul Farhaini Razali a , Alina Shamsuddinb, Eta Wahabc a,b,c Department of Technology Management, Faculty of Technology Management, Business and Entrepreneurship, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia a Corresponding author : [email protected]

Keywords : Banking, developed and developing country, innovation, manufacturing and service sector.

84 Ref#: 432/MAL/11/SSH

Community Participation in Rural Entrepreneurship Case study at Kubang Pasu District, Kedah Darul Aman

Azlizan Bin Talib a, Hamzah Bin Jusoh b a,bFaculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43650 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Community’s participation plays a significant role in determining the success of a development program. In the context of the entrepreneurship, previous studies have been able to sample the evidence of the scarcity of this participation. Factors like the difficulty of accepting change, the idiosyncrasies of the bureaucracy, financial allocation issues, the shortage of training and courses, political frictions, the lack of response and support from the rural people and the like, are seen to leave an impact in influencing this public participation. In relation to this, research has been done to identify the level of participation in the area of study, and analyse the influencing factors for the participation in the area as to be able to obtain the actual, detailed conditions regarding the issue being examined. This research was conducted in the selected village of Gerakan Daya Wawasan (GDW) in the district of Kubang Pasu, Kedah namely Kampung Natoi and Kampung Tradisi Paya Pahlawan. This study made use of the questionnaire and the checklist for the purpose of the data-collection. The study findings have shown that the level of participation of the rural residents in the entrepreneur fields is moderate. The factors identified to have influenced this level of participation include capital/financial factor also the training and courses of entrepreneurship. Ultimately, the findings also demonstrate that the factor of cronyism and the relationships of politicians also significantly affects the participation level of these rural residents.

Keywords : Community’s participation, Factors that influence rural entrepreneurship.

85 Ref#: 437/MAL/11/SSH

Examining the affective factors on teachers using of new teaching and technologies (In Khorasan Razavi State)

Maryam Eskafi a, Majd Heydari Charvadeh b, Adeleh Gheise c a Islamic Azad University Gonabad branch, Daneshgah Ave, ,Gonabad, Khorsan Razavi state, Iran. b Ferdowsi University of Mashhad c Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR) Mashhad. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Sustainable development is a kind of development which provides the current needs of the world without endangering future generations abilities. The achievement of sustainable development depends on substantial and proper planning for resources as development executers of every country. The most important organ which is responsible for investment on education and planning for resources, particularly human resources is the Department of Education. Therefore examining the methods of student training in school is an indicator of future perspective of societies, because when human factors have educated under active educational strategies based on deep learning and developing creativity curiosity will change to active agents in the field of development. Which factors cause teachers to select this method as their teaching model? This paper seeks the answer of this question. TIMSS International Institution's studies in 2006-2007 shows that using educational assistance and resources and teaching skills by teachers have effect on student educational achievement. We start this study due to the lack of an extensive research about teachers' use of these material and skills in primary schools, and poor evaluation of factors affecting on these. literature review: The research theoretical framework is a combination of innovation diffusion theory and Fishbein & Ajzen' s theory of attitude. The reason of using innovation diffusion theory is that the techniques and technologies are the instances of innovation. According to Fishbein & Ajzen' theory performing a particular action or behavior by an individual is defined on the basis of mental norms (including benefit evaluation and motivation for following others expectations). Methodology: The research statistical population is 214 active and inactive teachers that have been selected by purposive sampling. Active teachers are those who according to students confirmation use new educational techniques and technologies in class. The research method is surveying and its main tool is a questionnaire with interview. The tools validity and reliability have been supported by the jury agreement and the Cronbach' s alpha respectively. Results The results of logistic regression and multiple regression show that the likelihood of more active performance of teachers in using new teaching techniques and technologies increases in the following situations: (a) teachers have educated in religious, humanism, and specially in basic sciences. (b) They have positive attitude toward using new teaching methods. (c) They are on higher level of academic education. (d) They teach in such a school which has more educational assistance facilities. (e)They have less social activities. Conclusions The other independent variables that are concerned with teachers such as age, years of service, risk-taking, fatalism, dogmatism, attitude toward education, having motivation for progress, the rate of special communication, parents indifference toward teacher's teaching method had no effect on increasing the possibility of teacher's more active teaching performance. According to the results of linear regression, the factors which effect on teacher's viewpoint toward teaching methods are teacher's social status, years of service, the rate of using social media ( =0.32)

Key words: educational technology, new teaching techniques, innovation, attribute, educational assistance facilities.

86 Ref#: 439/MAL/11/SSH

Iranian feminist and women's cultural and organizational endeavor during the first Pahlavi

Atefe Mohammadzadeh Yazd a, Fereshte Mohammadzade Yazd b a University of Isfahan, Iran b Department of Communication, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Iran. b Corresponding author: [email protected]

Introduction The feminist movement has been defined as an organized movement for securing women's rights and sometimes is defined as a theory that considers gender equality, regarding political, social and legal aspects. Feminism in the West appeared along with the social changes in the society as a response of the modern Western women to the European patriarchal tradition. This paper aims to show how feminism began in Iran. Method Methods used in this article is descriptive-analytical study based on library research. Results Conditions for the advancement of women in Iranian society were quite different from the West. While Iran's relations with Europe in the nineteenth century were expanding, gradually new ideas came from the West to Iran. At the same time with the constitutional revolution in the twentieth century, new thoughts and ideas about women occupied minds of Iranian intellectuals. During and after these changes, we witnessed different activities of women in different aspects with presses. Conclusion Women were one of the forgotten groups in Ghajar Iran and their rights were neglected even in the constitutional revolution, but the Iranian women's movement developed in same era. In this period upper-class women tried to convince lower and middle class women that the solution is in education and cultural reforms. They tried to influence the social trends and publish their ideas in Iran with formation of the communities and associations and establishing magazines and printed journals.)

Keywords: Feminism, first Pahlavi period, Ghajar period.

87 Ref#: 444/MAL/11/SSH

Perception on Career Barriers among Working Women

Nor Hazana Abdullah a, Eta Wahab b, Alina Shamsuddin c, Haris Md. Noor d a,b,c,d Faculty of Technology Management, Business and Entrepreneurship, UTHM, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The roles of women are significant in any nation’s development. In Malaysia, one third of the total workforce is women with an increase of workforce participation from 37.2 percent in 1970 to 46.4% percent in 2009. Despite their vital contribution to the nation’s economic, social and political development, majority of working women face numerous individual constraints while working especially if they are married and have children. However, majority of existing studies on working women had been focusing on either single or married professional/white collar employees only. Thus, this study aimed to identify the perception of single and married working women on role conflict, work-life balance, and family support. This study employed a descriptive research design using self- administered questionnaires. Three manufacturing companies in Senawang Industrial Area had agreed to participate in the research with a population of 522 female employees. A stratified sampling was used to draw a sample size of 226 employees. A total of 176 female employees participated with a return rate of 78%. Using descriptive statistics, it was found that the most important constraints perceived by the single working women was role conflict (M= 3.36, SD=0.319) followed by family support (M=2.98, SD=0.700), and work-life balance (M=2.89, SD=0.806). On the other hand, married working women perceived family support (M= 3.30, SD=0.478) as the most important followed by role conflict (M= 3.14, SD=0.452), and work-life balance (M= 3.00, SD=0.530). Pearson correlation test indicated insignificant correlations among all constructs except the relationship between work-life balance and family support (r=0.582, p<0.001). T-test and ANOVA tests showed that working women’s perception on role conflict and family support differed according to their marital status and number of children. However, perception on work-life balance was not affected by either marital status or number of children. The findings of this study are important to enhance our understanding on the changing perception of working women on work constraint factors and to further elucidate the dynamic interrelationships among role conflict, work-life balance and family support between single and married working women.

Keywords: Married and Single Working Women, Work-family Conflict, Work-life balance, Family Support.

88 Ref#: 446/MAL/11/SSH

Development and Validation of Library ICT Usage Scale for the IIUM Postgraduate Students

Bukuri Zejno a a Institute of Education, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The effective use of ICTs in libraries has made possible fast and easy access to and provision of information. The postgraduate students' ability to progress in their studies, acquire knowledge and disseminate it, depends upon having positive approach and high feeling of self-efficacy towards the use of the ICT. While most studies conducted have been concerned with the process of integration of technologies in the libraries and the attitude towards the use of ICT applications from the perspective of the library staff and library professionals, little is done to explore on the students’ usage of ICT in libraries. Besides, in most studies of this nature, there is no report of validation through any proper procedure of the scale of usage. This study focuses on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) usage among the Postgraduate students of the IIUM. The scale of ICT usage was established using variables adopted from Davis’ Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as well as Bandura’s construct of self-efficacy which were tested within this study. The hypothesized model was tested by using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the data collected from 285 Postgraduate students of the IIUM were analyzed using SPSS. The model consisting of four components explained 61.348 percent of the total variance. Cronbach’s alpha for each of the components ranged from α = 0 .721 to α = 0.905, indicating good subscale reliability. The study concludes that Perceived Ease of Use, Perceived Usefulness, and Computer Self-Efficacy are significant predictors of the ICT Use. The results of this study will cater insight into the nature of the perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness and computer self-efficacy of the postgraduate students towards ICT usage which can have its influence on their level of academic achievements.

Keywords: Higher Education, ICT, Library, Self-Efficacy, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Technology Integration.

89 Ref#: 448/MAL/11/SSH

Religions Quest for Peace: A Comparison between IslÉm and Christianity

Ahmad Faosiy Ogunbado a, Asia Mus‘ad Al-Otaibi b a,b ISTAC, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Persiaran Duta, Taman Duta, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract There had been conflict between the adherents of different religions or faiths longtime ago. In some cases, the adherents of two or more religions managed to live together in peace and harmony but with few grievances, which sometimes may not lead to violence. This paper intends to look into the concept of peace in two major religions, which have many adherents across the globe i.e IslÉm and Christianity. The paper looks into the meaning and importance of peace in IslÉm. Following the same trend, it ex-rays the meaning and importance of peace in Christianity. As a means of questing for peace, both religions call for tolerance. That is to say, tolerance is one of the virtues that both religions strongly encouraged. The paper therefore, studies this virtue from both religions perspectives. It concludes that both religions really quest for peace and gives some suggestions for way forward in order for peace and tranquility to prevail in our societies. The research methodology utilized is qualitative method. It is a library-oriented research, where information and data are taken from books, magazines and other literature. Moreover, the sacred books of both religions (the Qur’Én and Bible) are used as primary sources.

Keywords: Christianity, IslÉm, peace, religion, tolerance and virtue.

90 Ref#: 449/MAL/11/SSH

Household Characteristics and Unintended Pregnancy among Married Women in Nigeria

Chibuogwu Izugbara a a Programme in Demography and Population Studies University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract Although a substantial body of literature explores maternal and child health consequences associated with unintended pregnancy. Currently, there is little research on the implications of non-individual level factors for unintended pregnancy. Yet, factors such as household characteristics, place of residence and number of rooms, age and sex of household head have huge implications of unintended pregnancy. The neglect of these factors which are also associated with adverse outcomes for women’s and infant health, especially in developing countries is critical. To provide a scientific foundation for the interaction between unintended pregnancy and household structure, the study uses data from the Nigerian DHS 2008 based on a sample of 17,886 women aged 15-49 who were currently pregnant at the time of the survey. The bivariate regression analyses show that all six variables have association with unintended pregnancy. Interestingly almost the predictor variables were significant except region of residence

Keywords: Unintended pregnancy, married and currently pregnant women, Nigeria, 2008 NDHS

91 Ref#:458/MAL/11/SSH

An investigation on the effect of external factors on the undergraduate students' acceptance of virtual learning in public universities in Saudi Arabia

Hamad Aedh Aleshidi a , Tahraoui Ramdane b a,b Institute of Education, International Islamic University Malaysia. Jalan Gombak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The rapidly growing popularity of E-Learning has introduced new terms to education, as Virtual Classroom. In line with this popularity, The Saudi Arabian virtual learning industry was projected more than USD 125 million in 2008 and planning to increase this spending at a compound annual rate of 33 per cent over the next five years, this increased projection shows vital focus on the advantages of virtual learning in Saudi Arabia’s modern education. Therefore, the Saudi Arabia University education received generous financial and technical support to achieve success in this intervention. Unfortunately, some research on virtual learning, particularly in Saudi Arabia, did not develop optimum virtual learning environment for various reasons. These reasons were not confirmed yet. The present study adopted Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to predicate the effects of the external factors on the students' acceptance of virtual learning in Saudi Arabia. TAM specifies a pathway of technology acceptance, from external variables, to beliefs, to actual use of the system. While TAM has been widely tested regarding to the original version of (TAM), few have investigated the role of external variables. This study aimed to examine the TAM’s assumption which stated that the ‘Perceived Ease-of-Use’ and ‘Perceived Usefulness’ constructs fully mediate external variables. Furthermore, the present study used a descriptive method to describe the features of the data. Moreover, The model of the present research was tested through virtual classroom which was developed by the researcher. Meanwhile, Apilot survey was conducted 50 students for validatity and relibliaty of the used insturment, while the sample frame consisted of 400 undergraduate students form different majors in faculty of education in two different public universities in Saudi Arabia were they followed the constructed virtual classroom. Contrary to TAM's expectation of the pervious assumption, the findings of the current study showed that perceived of peer encouragement(PPE) has direct influence on the students' attitude to use virtual learning , while computer self- efficacy(CSE) and enjoyment (EN) have direct effect on the students' intention to use virtual learning, whilst, the cultural factor (CF) has indirect effects mediated by TAM. The results also showed that the TAM model was applicable, valid and reliable to indicate the students‟ acceptance of virtual learning in Saudi's universities.

Keywords: Computer Self-Efficacy(CSE), Enjoyment(EN), Peer Encouragement (PPE), Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Virtual Learning.

92 Ref#: 460/MAL/11/SSH

Sustaining the Right to Privacy in E- Commerce Environment: The Legal Approach

Duryana Bt Mohamed a a Ahmad Ibrahim Kuliyyah of Laws, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Gombak , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Extended Abstract Literature Review Issues on privacy have been discussed by many authors on various books, articles and over the internet. Among the issues raised in Malaysia are protections of personal privacy (Abu Bakar Munir & Siti Hajar Mohd Yasin (2010); privacy and cryptography (Nehaluddin Ahmad (2008); right to privacy under the constitution and the challenges (Nehaluddin Ahmad (2008); Protection of privacy and the personal data in the information age: Malaysian approach (unpublished Phd thesis by Nurbek Kenjebaev (2008); protection of online privacy and its impact on e-commerce (Huriyyah (2003) and privacy and data protection in the communication sector (PK Yong (2009). While several authors from other countries discuss about regulating internet privacy and its impact on US- China relations (Omar Saleem (2000); statutory privacy action under Australian Law (Graham Greenleaf & Nigel Waters (2007); e-mail privacy (privacy and the press (Eady (2011) and privacy protection in Australia (Emma Weedon (2010). Emma emphasis that the organizations need to comply with the privacy rules. Methodology This study is primarily based on library research. The author refers to cases, textbooks, journals, and articles from newspapers. Unpublished materials such as papers from conferences and thesis are also analysed and examined as to complete this paper. Further, the relevant materials available on the websites are also referred to in order to keep abreast with the laws, practice and procedures in Malaysia and other relevant jurisdictions. Results The result of the study shows that although Malaysia has adopted a Universal Declaration of Human Rights there is still no specific law governing the privacy right. Further, the Federal Constitution does not specifically mention about this right. In otherwords, it is not recognised as a fundamental human right. Nevertheless, under the current Personal Data Protection Act 2010 (PDPA) businesses and consumers are given assurance that their data and communications will be protected. In addition, the Consumer Protection Act (CPA) which was amended in 2010 also provides further protection to the consumers. There are ten regulations that act as subsidiary legislations to the CPA. Nevertheless, the extent of privacy protection differs from one country to another since there is a different scope of law and expectation. Further, the right to privacy is not limited to only e-commerce but also encompasses privacy in the workplace and in health related matters. Analysis Privacy issues have been raised and highlighted in many situations. This paper seeks to identify how the right to privacy is sustained in e-commerce environment under the available laws. The laws referred to are the Malaysian laws and other relevant jurisdictions. From the study and analysis of several laws, cases and reliable sources it is submitted that there are still many unsolved questions and challenges in maintaining privacy in e-commerce environment. For instance, consumers are still arguing on the invasion of their privacy in online communication. Hence, sustaining privacy right is not easy since it involves many issues and different laws. Apart from sustaining the rights to privacy, protecting the information confidentiality, integrity and internet security are also important in order to ensure businesses in e-commerce are maintainable and they have confidence in online business. Nevertheless, in case when there is a breach of privacy the aggrieved person or affected party may seek for remedies for transgression of privacy under the common law and other laws. Conclusions It is submitted that sustaining privacy right in e-commerce environment needs cooperation from many parties. Since the challenges and risks are many which sometimes unpredictable the society needs to adopt self regulation method. This method apart from the law and regulations will at least ensure that the privacy in commercial activities is protected from any cyber attacks.

Keywords: e-commerce, online consumers, personal data, privacy right, the laws

93 Ref#: 461/MAL/11/SSH

Presenting a Creative Model with an Architectural Approach

Abdolmajid Adibi a , Siavash Teymorie b, Somayyeh Ranjbar c a, b Islamic Azad University of Isfahan ,Branch of khorasgan,Iran c University of Isfahan. Iran a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Extended Abstract Background and purpose One of the main concerns of Psychology is to take notice of children issues as the smallest class of society who are not able to make changes in their environment in accordance with their requirements and inclinations. Due to their insatiable curiosity, children are constantly searching and inspecting their surroundings. In this respect, play is regarded as the most important activity during childhood which leads to direct contact of the child senses with the environment, followed by teaching children the childhood lessons. The present study deals with the role of open spaces while providing a model which includes the desired features. Materials and Methods Due to the subject of the study, the research method is descriptive, based on documentary studies besides presenting some creative ideas regarding a space that can bear the stated and desired features. Findings The effect of open spaces and the need to satisfy demands like discovery of nature and natural laws. The effect of a space that strengthens their sense of ownership, like a small room for a child. The effect a large space suitable for a child's mobility and making noise and also a small space for solitude and loneliness elsewhere. The effect of a space that does not limit children's creativity and imagination and will initiate their social development. The effect of a space that matches their physical size, capable of creating and fostering independence in them. The effect of the spaces that lead to the strengthening of their curiosity and adventure and … Conclusion Owing to various researches and findings, it is crystal clear that architecting spaces for children must be in accordance with the principles that do consider children's activities, demands and their psychological needs and can satisfy the requirements of their cognitive development. Meanwhile, there are several important points to consider which can effect their development in the next stages. The difference between adults' and children's architecture lies in the fact that children, unlike adults, are creatures with completely objective minds. The required space for a child is not a normal environment; rather, it is a dynamic psychological reality that is related to even the most minor cases in the development process. In order to create a stimulating environment for a child that is also embedded with motivations necessary for his/her growth, investigating the child's emotional relationship with his/her social and physical environment and also studying how legible and provocative the space can be for the child are of great importance. After surveying different sources, it is concluded that paying attention to open space for children as a key and effective element in fostering creativity in the design process is of crucial importance. Therefore, for thorough formation of a healthy and active personality in a child besides fostering creativity that occurs up to the age of 7, his/her smallest needs should be considered and he/she should also be valued as the maker of his/her own world.

Keywords:, Architecture, Child, Creativity, Open spaces

94 Ref#: 462/MAL/11/SSH

Psychological Health of Women During Gestation: A Case Study In Malaysia

Mitra Ossadat Mirsanjari a, Wan Abdul Manan Wan Muda b, Affizal Ahmad c, Mohamad Shukri Othman d, Mir Mehrdad Mirsanjari e a,b.c School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, kubang kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia. d School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, kubang kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia e Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Malayer University, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Maternal mental health contributing to physiological modification during pregnancy has been shown to have significant impacts on mother, infant, future generation even on family. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of antenatal depressive symptoms and factors associated among a sample of Malay pregnant women in their second and third trimester of pregnancy. This cross-sectional study conducted among 401 pregnant women who attended in Obstetrics and Gynecology clinic for their antenatal care visits. Questionnaires of socio demographic (11 items) and the Malay version of Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) were utilized. The mean age of the women was 29.68 ± 5.02. The mean and standard deviation of depression scores was (8.7± 3.8). In this study, participants had gestational age of (26+6 ± 4+4 weeks), gravidity (number of pregnancy 3±2) and parity (number of deliveries 1±1). The findings show that there were significant association between levels of depression symptoms with age, gravidity, parity and monthly income. There was not any association between depression symptoms and gestational age. Based on cut off point of 11.5 and score of depression as ≥12, the prevalence of Antenatal Depression (AND) at second and third trimester of pregnancy in Kota Bharu District was 25.7%. There was a significant negative linear relationship for monthly income -0.642 (-1.055, -0.229; P value 0.002<0.05) with AND after adjustment for other confounders. Increase of one score in monthly income will decrease the EPDS score by 0.263. The findings of this study indicate that income status is the important factor that will influence maternal depression during pregnancy. Furthermore, high prevalence of antenatal depression causes specific need to improve a system for reliable detection and effective intervention strategies, which can be conveyed commonly within the health services.

Keywords: Depression, Psychological health, Pregnancy, Women

95 Ref#: 468/MAL/11/SSH

Measuring Poverty through Capabilities: Preliminary Results of A Research in Italy

Maurizio Norcia a, Antonella Rissotto b, Elisa Noci c a,b Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies – CNR, Via San Martino della Battaglia, Rome, Italy. c Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Educazione, Università Roma , Italy. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Our intervention will be focused on a research on poverty that the National Research Council has been conducting for three years. Poverty has been considered from a multidimensional perspective, taking into account, in addition to the traditional aspects of income and consumptions, also socio-psychological aspects, such as, for example, people’s subjective perception of their own status, impoverishing factors, and social capital. As a preliminary step for a new data collection that has been completed, the researchers of the NRC have defined a list of dimensions related to well-being and deprivation, from the point of view of senian capabilities’ approach. The presentation will show preliminary analysis of data, which have mainly focused on the definition of profiles related to specific socio- demographic characteristics of respondents and what emerges from their answers.

Keywords: Capabilities, functionings, poverty, socio-economic status perception, multidimensional approach

96 Ref#: 469/MAL/11/SSH

Words on Poverty: Preliminary Research Results in Italy

Abstract This study analyses the attributions of causality and the representations about poverty and wealth in order to better understand people's perception and to suggest adequate and shared interventions. The data we analyzed refer to a 2009 research which has been carried out on a sample of 2000 participants in Italy. A Principal Component Analysis has allowed the identification of three components relating to internal, external and metaphysical attributions for the phenomena of poverty and wealth. Following analysis have showed significant relations between attributions and factors like real economic status (income), perceived socio-economic status, sex, education level, political orientation and media use. The second step has consisted in comparing respondent’s perception of the phenomenon (his representation of impoverishing factors, related to himself or to others) and his attributional style, focusing on possible relations between the outcomes of this comparison and other socio-economic categories. In this way we have been able to focus on hypothetical “trends” of attributions, analyzing the dynamic of beliefs as the suggested scenario becomes closer and closer to the individual.

Keywords: Causal attributions, poverty, socio-economic status perception, multidimensional approach

97 Ref#: 473/MAL/11/SSH

A Realistic Approach Towards Labour Law in Islam

Lutfullah Saqib a Riphah international university Islamabad Pakistan, a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The basic principle of Islam is that all human beings are equal in term of their rights and duties and superiority of someone can be claimed only on the basis of piety. However, it is a natural phenomenon that Lord of Universe, has bestowed every individual with various abilities and potentials. Therefore, Islam presents the َﻋ ﱠﺰ َو َﺟﻞ Allah equitable distribution of wealth rather than equal. Consequently more wealth is given to some individual as compared to others; however every one is advised to strive and do hard work for his share in this world. It does not like any one to become a parasite and depends on other individual of the society. There are so many verses of the Holy Quran and Sunnah of the Holy Prophet ,that show the same fact. On the basis of true teachings of Islam the status of honest working men cannot be lowered on account of the kind of work they are doing for a living. In and promised to be awarded with high attributes at the Day َﻋ ﱠﺰ َو َﺟﻞ some Hadith they are declared as friends of Allah of Judgment. They are given free hands, within the boundaries of Islam, to improve their living standard and their rights are firmly declared in such a way that no one can breach them. Once the work is accomplished, a worker is entitled to fair and just wages and should be paid for his work on immediate basis. Unfortunately, in the contemporary world of so called democratic minds and claimed equality of all human beings, workers are deprived from their rights in such a way that their lives become miserable. Usually, their employers cut off their salaries, compelled them to work for more time than legally required, grabbed their legal holidays and vacations and eliminated their casuals leaves. They are always exposed to risk because of lack of proper training, unhealthy and unsafe environment at the places of work. All these are the outcome of capitalist approach which is the desire of maximum profit at the cost of others lost. There is a dire need of new laws and policies along with the establishment of powerful labour courts to protect the rights of workers.

Keywords: Allah ,Islam.Labour,Labour Laws.Quran Rights,

98 Ref#: 475/MAL/11/SSH

Community Participation in Rural Entrepreneurship: Case Study at Kubang Pasu District, Kedah Darul Aman

Azlizan Talib a, Hamzah Jusoh b a,b Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Keywords: Community’s participation, factors that influence rural entrepreneurship.

99 Ref#: 477/MAL/11/SSH

Tourism Representation of Malaysian Multi-Ethnic Myths and Embedded Values

Norhanim Abdul Razak a, a School of Tourism, Hospitality and Environmental Management, University Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The inclusion of mythological stories and traditional values in tourism promotional material can play a vital role in creating memorable images of destinations and accentuating the identity of particular ethnic groups or places. Although the significance of myths and legends has been acknowledged by tourism marketers, thus far, there has been a paucity of studies which have delved into this area. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to analyse how multi-ethnic myths and values have been represented in destination marketing. This paper focuses on the representation of myths which are embedded with core Malaysian values and have been included in tourism brochures published by the Malaysian national promotional bodies for over five decades (1962 to 2007). A content analysis method was selected in the assessment of the representation of myths and traditional values. The analysis of the myths found that there are stories to represent several main ethnic groups in Malaysia particularly the Malay, Chinese and two indigenous groups Kadazan Dusun and Orang Hulu. As the majority of tales integrated into the brochures are Malay myths, a number of values associated with this ethnic group are also represented. Traditional Malay values reflected in the brochures include the significance of conveying important messages in a subtle way and that indirect communication is a symbol of politeness. However, it is revealed that along with human relationships, sustaining harmony with nature and supernatural worlds is a principal value ingrained within multi- ethnic myths in Malaysia. Overall, findings of this paper contribute to the understanding of the tourism representation of myths and the choice of tales and local values which have been selected to be presented in the Malaysian promotional material.

Keywords: content analysis, mythology, representation, values

100 Ref#: 479/MAL/11/SSH

Identification of the Potentials and Barriers of Adopting Standard Method of Measurement for Mechanical and Electrical Services in Malaysia

Ganiyu Amuda Yusuf a, Sarajul Fikri Mohamad b a,b Department of Quantity Surveying, Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Building services is an important subsector of the Malaysian construction industry, accounting for about 40 percent of the total cost of buildings. Unfortunately, cost management and procurement process of Mechanical and Electrical (M&E) services have not received due attention from the practitioners’, as bills of quantities (BoQ) are still produced in lump sums and provisional sums, making it difficult to get realistic and useable cost information from past projects. This paper reports part of a larger and ongoing research work and its purpose is to provide a generic identification of the potentials and barriers of using Standard Method of Measurement (SMM) for M&E services. The paper is based on comprehensive review of literature which includes journal articles; conference papers; text books and web trawl. Highlights on global usage of SMM were made and current practice in the country identified. Interestingly, the potentials of adopting SMM for preparing BoQ for M&E services has been identified as: reducing ambiguities in design; reduce tender cost; ensure commonality in tenders; reduce contract risk; the coding system in SMM will allow ease of application of computer; and it will ensure conformance of BoQ with standard forms of contract. However, the barriers preventing quantity surveyors from measuring M&E services includes: inadequate knowledge of M&E technology; traditional practice which regarded M&E as specialist technical area and therefore not often measured; non – completion of M&E services design before tender; non – involvement of specialist contractors during design and late involvement of M&E services consultants. The paper concludes that there is need to develop and encourage consultants to use SMM for M&E services measurement and courses of action by which the barriers could be overcome by the industry stakeholders were suggested with emphasis on the need to address the knowledge gap among professionals and ensure early involvement of specialist contractors.

Keywords: Bills of quantities; building services; mechanical and electrical services; standard method of measurement; stakeholders

101 Ref#: 484/MAL/11/SSH

Fresh Food Product as a Strategy of Sustaining the Hypermarket Lifetime Value: An Evident from Survey and Un-Structured Interview’s Session

Abdul Manaf Bohari a, Ruslan Rainis b, Malliga Marimuthu c a,b GIS Laboratory, Geography Section, School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia. c GIS Laboratory, Geography Section, School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract In the rapidly changing of Malaysia hypermarkets business, a retailer’s Fresh Food offer is one of the most critical success factors, as well as a key competitive differentiator. Fresh Food product are the critical store visits and shopping frequency drivers that attract consumers to repeat shopping activities as well as create additional opportunities for retailers to engage with their customers in other grocery categories. Over the recent years, the revenue that generated from of Fresh Food section of hypermarket has been quite stable, which are permissions positive growth, both current and future prospect of the business. In context of hypermarket, they have faces double challenges of keeping more consumers supplied, as well as sustaining contribution of each customer especially in long term prospect. However, in context of customer, they have unique taste, unpredictable demand, and variations in selects types of Fresh Food product as well as satisfying their rapidly changing tastes and preferences. The objective of this paper is to identify the types of Fresh Food that influence the consumer to repurchase and spending consistently on the monthly basic. Secondly, this paper is aimed to explore the potential used of Fresh Food as a strategy of sustaining the hypermarket lifetime value as well as long lasting the contributions of customers on the hypermarket revenue. The method used is a combination of survey and un-structured interview, meanwhile hypermarket business in Penang of Malaysia is selected as location of the study. In general, the results show that some category of Fresh Food product has potential to derive the profitability of hypermarket on the monthly basic. In term of strategy formulation, Fresh Food product can be integrated with some marketing strategy as well as adopted in marketing and customer relationship programs. Furthermore, Fresh Food product with a higher consumer demand has higher revenue for the hypermarket as well as indicated the lifetime value of the business. At the and, suggestion will be made on how to strengthening the capability of Fresh Food usage in spurs the lifetime value of hypermarket as well as attracts huge number of customer to repurchase and revisited the hypermarket in future.

Keywords: Fresh Food Product, Hypermarket Lifetime Value, Strategy of Sustaining

102 Ref#: 485/MAL/11/SSH

A Study on Critical Contribution of ‘Free Customer’ on the Survivability of International Hypermarket in Malaysia: A Geographical Information System Approach

Abstract Traditionally, the hypermarket business have been used inventively customer database as platform for estimate their survivability by counting contribution of customer based on profits. In Fact, the hypermarkets have used some traditional model, as such customer lifetime value model, strategically as a baseline for understand and analyzing the profitability of each customer according to their spending and purchasing activities. However, the hypermarket has missing some segment of customer which has potential to contribute to their profits. Therefore, the ‘free customer’ segment is a traditional challenge for the hypermarket where the hypermarket has not alert and lacks many details about them. In fact, ‘free customer’ also identified as non-database customer, is totally free from hypermarket estimation of profitability, where information about them has not available in any database of hypermarket or organization. As consequences, this category of customer always neglects and un-accesses of their contribution although they have potentially affect the future prospect and survivability of the business. The study is aimed to analyze the critical contribution of ‘free customer’ to the survivability of International hypermarket business. Secondly, the study is aimed to modelling the location of each ‘free customer’ which potentially used as a baseline for estimated the contribution of each ‘free customer’ in term of spending and purchasing activities. The main method used is geographical information system, functionally in compose, establish and integrated the data of ‘free customer’ with exiting spatial data as well as hypermarket, residential area, village and so on. Meanwhile, the marketplace of Seberang Perai Tengah of Pulau Pinang, Malaysia was selected as location of study that be modelling as the marketplace of International Hypermarket. For visualized this model, a sample of ‘free customer’ will be collect by followed some procedures and tested into the model. At the end, suggestion will be made for enhanced the capability of geographical information system approach for mapping the location of ‘free customer’ as well as for visualized contribution of each free customer that will be indicated the future survivability of the hypermarket business. This study has contributes in term of visualized the critical contribution of ‘free customer’ by using geographical based model which is something new to the industry and current research.

Keywords: Critical Contribution, ‘Free Customer’, Geographical Information System, Approach Survivability, International Hypermarket, Malaysia,

103 Ref#: 486/MAL/11/SSH

Expanding the Halal Food products from Muslim to Non-Muslim Market: An Integration of Business Strategy-ICT

Nurwahida Fuad a , Abdul Manaf Bohari b a, Department of Business Management, Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. b School of Business Management, UUM College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract In the perspective of Muslim countries, the Halal Food industry is vital important to ensure hygiene, cleanliness and not detrimental to their health and well-being. Theoretically, Halal is the benchmark for quality that permitted by Syariah Islamiah and applies to every activity carried out by mankind. Recently, the demand for Halal Food products is expected to continue to increase in tandem with the increasing Muslim population all over the world as well as increases of awareness of Muslims on their obligation to consume products based on Islamic requirements. These will creates greater demand for Halal Food includes Halal services especially from non-Muslim countries. However, the potential market of Halal Food is still not expanded yet to non-Muslim countries although there are some data shoes that increased of demand gradually. In the one hand, competitive business environment is the major constrains that facing by Halal Food firm to explore the non-Muslim market. It has risks to bring more damage to Halal Food firm if they are not able to choose the suitable strategy to implement in the current practice of business in the non-Muslim market. In the other hand, non-Muslim market has some opportunities and treats to explored by the Halal Food firm where it has potential to be the largest segment as future new market. The main objective of the paper is to assessing the strength, weakness, opportunities and treats of expanding the Halal Food business from Muslim to non-Muslim market. Secondly, this study aimed to establish an integration of business strategy with ICT sophistications where this can enhanced the current competitive advantages as well as preparation for futures and challenges of the business, both Muslim and non-Muslim countries. The main method that used are SWOT analysis where each of related factors that has related to the Halal Food Industry will screening and evaluating of it important to prospers into new potential. Finally, some suggestion was made to establish a guideline for explored the non- Muslim marketplace with specific concern on local and global challenges.

Keywords: Business Strategy, Halal Food products, ICT, Muslim, Non-Muslim Market,

104 Ref#: 487/MAL/11/SSH

An Application of Knowledge Information System in the Women Enterprises Firm

Abstract The emerging of Knowledge Information System (KIS) has create highly impact toward the process of learning within an organization, includes the way entrepreneurs managing their knowledge as resources for future growth. Currently, KIS is one of the top consideration by many global entrepreneurs because of it has capabilities in supporting organizational learning and handling high volume of information from world wide customers. KIS is vital important to women entrepreneur because it’s offers platform for collecting, storing and distributes knowledge and information, through-in and through-out of firms that valuable to enhanced the performance of women enterprises firm. KIS are able to supply quality and quantity of knowledge that lead to increase competitive advantages to entrepreneurs business, includes strengthening their business strategies and tactics. In addition, most of the firms are able to employed KIS for them purposes, however, still less in understanding on how to implementing KIS in the real situation of firms. The objective of the paper is to review the function and capabilities especially helps the women enterprises firm for gains better knowledge about environment and forces in the marketplace. It is important to understand it capabilities and how the technology support knowledge acquisition and processing, especially to execute some important decision on their strategic business position. Finally, latest trend on KIS is discusses, with focused to major important change in the world wide KIS. In future, this will helps women enterprises firm in plan their knowledge based information system with more meaningfully vision and mission.

Keywords: Knowledge Information System, women entrepreneurs

105 Ref#: 489/MAL/11/SSH

The Political Role of Women in Period of Kerman Qrakhatayyan

Batul Mahmud Molaie a a Department of Sociology, Isfahan University, Kerman, Iran. a Corresponding author:[email protected]

Abstract Although today's discussion of the government's argument does not seem to mind, but sometimes it has not accepted for some folk and it is criticized, while the studies of history shows that the Mongols had the reputation of people bleeding but another angels from this government shows the attractive case that the research in this field is Today research and reviews about women and their role in political life and social approaches are .interesting important in social and historical studies that have been considered in our country (Iran). So, for recognition the conditions of today must be study and analyze the historical background and political life of women and social history, but the masses particularly women in Iran are absent from history and historiography characteristics of traditional journalism and women of the trends, it can be difficult to study and reconstruction of past history of women in Iran. With the rise of regimes with tribal origins, especially the patriarch of Mongol tribal traditions common changes in their construction and operation in the rule created, the role of women in this period would be more prominent, so can be recycled also this development in local governments in the territory of the Mongol period. Qrakhatayyan rule Kerman is an example of this government which had significant prominent role of women in the political developments of seventh and eighth centuries (A.H), and their interactions with the government patriarch. The present article based on descriptive and analytical studies documents and libraries, which explores the historical period of local government especially by review the role of women and the royal family in Kerman Qrakhatayyan. Results showed that during the rule of two of women Kerman, which was under their rule was a boom and prosperity. So, the government of women like men could be causing the expansion of development and prosperity.

Keywords: Historical study, Kerman, Political role, Qrakhatayyan Government, Women

106 Ref#: 494/MAL/11/SSH

Malaysia Malay Religious Dilemma in a Multifaith Atmosphere

Hj Ahmad Zaharuddin Sani bin Ahmad Sabri a a Department Of General Studies, College of Art & Sciences, Universiti Utara Malaysia, UUM, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This paper attempts to offer a new understanding of some fundamental aspects nature of Malay and Islam identity, using Malaysia as a case study. I first sketch the history of the region and it heir to Hindu and Buddhist traditions and also to three European colonial systems of government and administration (Portuguese, Dutch and British). Second, I point out how state-led mediates essential of the peninsula “Malay” as territorial and indigenous (bumiputra) appears to have led to the inclusion and exclusion of the pre and post-colonial migrant at various moments in the process of negotiating Malay identity, making of the Malay-Muslim ethnicity. Finally, I argue and maintain that the process of “othering” in multicultural Malaysia seems triggered by “ontological insecurity “and “de-traditionalisation”, as pointed out by Anthony Giddens (1990), and the hegemonic construction of Malay identity dilemma. To understand the conflict of religions in Malaysia, one has to understand the link between religion and the state, and the pluralistic nature of Malaysian society and one must begin with data from the area rather than with some Middle Eastern and theological formulations of Islam.

Keywords: Apostasy, Conflict, Inter-faith relations. Islam, Malay, Malaysia, Religious pluralism.

107 Ref: 496/MAL/11/SSH

The Effective Factors on Female Students' Political Participation

Batul Mahmud Molaie a a Sociology Department, Isfahan University, Kerman, Iran. a Corresponding author:[email protected]

Abstract Women's political participation is one of the topics that are related with growth and promotion of human dignity and status and its link with growth and development of society is irrefragable. Because these affaires are considered that improving women's status and society are associated their participation particularly to decision-making from the lowest to the highest levels, beside the structural factors. Issue of women's political participation is linked with as the development and promotion of human dignity, as inextricably the development community. If are wanted to build a balanced society, must be seen the political role of women beside the political roles of men. Iran is one of the developing countries since the political participation of women, primarily is limited in political elections. So, study about this issue is essential to the broader progress and development of women's participation in the country's political affairs. In this paper, at the first is discussed the theoretical explanations about the political participation of women, related issues and theories that have been used in this research. Then, in the second part has been studied the data's analyzed in both descriptive and analytical. Method of research were survey and population research involves female students of university were 9675 people ,that 369 people have been selected from this number according by Cochrane formula and according to quota sampling. Data analysis was performed by SPSS software and statistical methods included regression. Dependent variable of the study was political participation and independent variables were trust in authorities, Political thinking, hope for the future and subjective class to determine the relations between them. The results indicated that the relationship between variables of political participation and trust in authorities, Political thinking and subjective class were significant. Results of descriptive statistics showed that female political participation is low, although their thinking political is moderate.

Keywords: Elections, Female student, Isfahan University, political participation, political culture.

108 Ref#: 501/MAL/11/SSH

Homelessness and migration: An integrative review

Arshi Shaikh a , Carol Kauppi b, Henri Pallard c a School of Rural & Northern Health, Laurentian University, Sudbury (Ontario), Canada Centre for Research in Social Justice and Policy (CRSJP), School of Social Work, Laurentian University, Sudbury (Ontario), Canada. International Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Law (ICIRL), Department of Law and Justice, Laurentian University, Sudbury (Ontario), Canada. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Homelessness and migration are theoretically linked phenomena. There is a growing body of research on migration, transience and displacement in relation to homelessness across the globe. Migrants include the most disadvantaged and marginalized among the homeless, with considerable personal and systemic costs. At the personal level, migrant or transient homeless individuals experience a wide range of emotional (e.g., mental health issues), social (e.g., disintegration of families) and material (e.g., poverty, destitution) consequences. At the systems level, they may impact on the existing community resources designed for homeless populations. At times, governments respond to these increasing pressures by devising local policies which prevent migrants from accessing certain services such as night shelters and hostels designed for local homeless population. Given the human and systemic costs, it is necessary to acquire a better understanding of the phenomenon of migration as it relates to homelessness. The purpose of this integrative review is to reveal the varied dimensions of migration in relation to homelessness with an aim of informing service planning and delivery to mitigate the issues faced by migrant homeless individuals. To address this objective, an integrative literature review on migration, transience, displacement and homelessness was conducted. The literature was reviewed; particularly titles and abstracts either electronically or in print, to determine whether the study met the following inclusion criteria: (i) The literature specifically addressed the core question regarding phenomenon of migration among homeless individuals and (ii) the literature was published in the English language. If it was not possible to determine whether the publication addressed the core question through the abstract, the full paper was retrieved and read. In total, the number of potential relevant sources downloaded and retrieved was 115 as there was a considerable overlap among references across different databases. Among these, 58 articles made a cursory reference to migration among homeless individuals or discussed mobility of homeless individuals within a given city; hence were excluded from the review. Consequently, the total number of articles that met the inclusion criteria was 57. This review included an in-depth review and thematic analysis of fifty seven articles. The findings were organized into six major themes: (i) historical perspective (ii) definition of homeless migrants (iii) internal migration and homelessness, (iv) international migration and homelessness, (v) connection of health issues, homelessness and migration and (vi) migration and transience in childhood. The findings indicate that solutions and policy responses based on the concept of “one size fits all” are not adequate for addressing the housing issues faced by different groups of migrants moving across different geographic scales. Hence, innovative and flexible approaches are necessary to respond to the housing needs of migrants. Additionally, the needs of migrant homeless persons go beyond housing and include additional needs (e.g. educational and employment opportunities, and access to health and social services) to ensure complete reintegration within the larger society.

Keywords: Displacement, Homelessness, Integrative Review, Migration, Transience.

109 Ref#: 503/MAL/11/SSH

Women Struggle for Supremacy Or Equality in Contemporary World: Prospects and Challenges

Aedicule Daoud Balogun a , Ahmad Mohammed Gusau b a Department of Social Administration and Justice, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Malaya, Malaysia. b Academy Islam, University of Malaya, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Islam is defined as a complete way of life. It entails a lot of activities including warning to polytheists and reward to obedient believers who worship Allah, follow the creed and establish good and commendable relationships with humankind. Because Islam covers the whole worldly and heavenly activities of mankind, Allah reminded the Prophet (PBUH) of the rights and responsibilities of male and female and their limits at various stages in life. Gender autonomy or discrimination in some aspects of human activities in Islam is neither negotiable nor tenable to win legislative support in conventional law or to become norms. Therefore, Islam leaves no option for man to practice some of his inspired views that are contradictory to Allah’s even where conventional legal framework is reviewed and sanctioned its practicability. Where such were given a trial, there had been repercussions in the form of irrevocable, naturally swift punitive measures against the perpetrators. The paper aims to study gender discontentment, including challenges and prospects in the modern world. It will draw conclusion with useful recommendations from the divined backgrounds. This study will be descriptive, analytical and critical while shaping its framework from liberal feminism and social constructivism. However, divine judgment will be the epitome of ratification for clarity of what may seem to be vague in the understandings of gender and rights in Islam.

110 Ref#: 504/MAL/11/SSH

Cheating Offences; Is the Existing Sentencing Satisfactory?

Rokiah Kadir a a Department of Accounting and Finance, Faculty of Management and Economics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia a Corresponding author email address: [email protected]

Abstract Crime reduction is one of the focuses of the Ministry of Home Affairs under its Key Performance Indicator. The paper aspires to unearth data about cheating offences as one of commercial crimes in Malaysia and analyze the extent to which the sentencing as provided under the existing law have the deterrent effect to scare criminals from committing the crime. The paper argues that sentencing mechanism, the rate of prosecution and the failure to pay attention to prevalence of crime as aggravating factors in sentencing can all contribute to the exponential increase in cheating cases.

Keywords: cheating offences; punishment; enforcement; commercial crime; sentencing.

111 OIDA Publications Ontario International Development Agency 287 Second Avenue South Sudbury, Ontario, P3B 4H6 Canada. Printed in Canada

112 Ontario International Development Agency, Canada.

OIDA International Conference on Sustainable Development ISSN 1923-6670

Accepted Abstracts Session Sustainable Social and Human Development (SSHD)

OIDA International Conference on Sustainable Development 2011

Jointly presented by

2 Ref #: 001/MAL/11/SSHD

Social and sustainable development in rural areas: A case study

Azam Ghavidel a, Maryam Ahmadi b, Majid Mokhtaridoust c, Mehdi Damaliamiri d a, b Islamic Azad University,Hamedan Branch,Iran c, d Bu-Ali Sina University,Hamadan,Iran d Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract: After the Islamic revolution in Iran 1978, the motto of justice for all became the rubric of governments in different aspects of life. As most of the population lived in rural areas having suffered from poverty, ignorance and lack of facilities, the attention was paid more and more to these areas to balance the distribution of wealth and resources. In the first attempts ,there were built roads from the cities towards the village to facilitate the transportation and transmission of agricultural goods and products. Meanwhile, the focus on education necessitated the governments to establish rural schools and send teachers from cities to villages. The establishment of health centers and local hospitals in the villages was among the initiatives performed nation-wide. Every thing on the paper was straight and true. After a decade, there appeared great probles for all of the population and the government. In fact, the policies of government in the realm of sustainable development for rural areas became destructive and the trend of development became reversed. Most of the villagers found the village intolerable and tried to find a position in the cities in the hope of a higher status. On the other hand, allocation of university seats for remote area dwellers and villagers pushed a lot of students toward the cities. These persons never dreamt of returning to their village to continue their parents` occupation and practically the farms and villages became deserted. Supportive policies of governments in medicine and education could not solve the problem and the trend of migration from villages to the cities grew faster than ever, rural population became less and less and agricultural system underwent a great harm. The only thing which could be in favor of development was a transition from rural architecture toward luxurious life and buildings which had no compatibility with traditions. This paper scrutinizes the trend of social development toward the sustainability in rural areas of Iran in three decades.

Keywords: Agriculture, Development, Education, Facilities, Villagers.

3 Ref # 005/MAL/11/SSHD

The Religious Expression in Indonesia: From Orthodoxy of Muslims to Splinter and Radicalism

Salman Harun a, Mohamad Avicenna b , Eva Mushoffa c , Mohammad Atqa d a Faculty of Education, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta. b Faculty of Psychology, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta. c, d Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta. d Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract: The study attempts to investigate the factors that motivated the members of splinter groups to convert from Muslim mainstream. Splinter groups of Muslims are considered against Islamic beliefs especially due to its teaching. Talking about the splinter group, then there is no meaning without the benchmark of orthodoxy or the mainstream. Almost all group had stamped as splinter in Indonesia, it has indeed been banned, forbidden or at least controversial by orthodoxy, which may be deemed to be represented by authoritative agencies such Indonesian Ulama Council (MUI), Muhammadiyah, Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) and so forth. Some examples of splinter groups: Jamaah Islamiyah, Ahmadiyah Qadian, DI (Darul Islam)/TII (Islamic Troops of Indonesia), Shi’ah, Baha’i, Inkarus Sunnah, Darul Arqam, Jamaah Imran, Mufarridiyah, Bantaqiyah, Qur’an suci (Holly Qur’an), Sekte Hari Kiamat (Domsday sect), Mukmin Mubaligh, Alqiadah Islamiah, Jaringan Islam Liberal (Liberal Islam Network), Front Pembela Islam - FPI (Islamic Defender Group) and Laskar Jihad (Holly War Warriors). There are still dozens more splinter groups in Indonesia, which has not been mentioned.

Splinter groups actually gave birth to three patterns of Muslims that influence the discourse and action on behalf of Islam: Islam fundamentalism, Islam radicalism and Islam terrorism. The outcomes of these three patterns of Muslims are ideology of radicalism, extremism and terrorism. Others aim for the establishment of an Islamic state in the country, fanaticism of ideological leaders, liberalism and deviancies.

In this context, it is pertinent to investigate in greater detail the central issue in question i.e. what are the factors that contributed the members of splinter groups to convert from Muslim mainstream, what are the dominant factors that contributed them to convert, and how was the understanding of Islam developed by the followers of splinter groups.

This study adopts a quantitative research approach. The 35 persons from FPI (Central Jakarta), Shi’ah (Central Jakarta) and Islam Liberal Network (Central Jakarta) will be given questionnaire.

Keywords: Experience Islam, Meaning, Radicalism, Splinter

4 Ref# 007/MAL/11/SSHD

Gender-Related Differences of Malaysian Students in their Solution Processes of Solving Mathematical Problems

Nabeel Abedalaziz a a Faculty of Education,Department of educational psychology and counseling, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract This study examined the gender differences of Malaysian students in their solution processes of solving routine and nonroutine mathematical problems. A total of 289 sixth grade Chinese and 341 sixth grade Malay students participated in the study. The Chinese sample consisted of 144 female and 145 male students, and the Malay sample consisted of 165 female and 176 male students. A set of 31 routine items, and 5 nonroutine problems was developed. Results of the study showed that: (1) There is no significant gender differences on solving routine problems for both Malay and Chinese samples,. (1) There is no gender related DIF of solving routine problems. (3) There is no significant gender differences on solving nonroutine problems for both Malay and Chinese samples. (4) There is no significant gender differences on the strategies of solving nonroutine problems for both Malay and Chinese samples. A qualitative analysis of student responses to nonroutine problems showed that male and female students exhibit similar solution strategies of solving nonroutine problems, and similar errors of solving routine problems.

Keywords: Execution, Integration, Nonroutine problems, Planning, Routine problems, Translation.

5 Ref#: 010/MAL/11/SSHD

Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) Approach for the Achievement of a Sustainable Rural Development : Lessons Learned from a Pilot Roll-Out (PRO) Project in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) Province, Indonesia

Istriningsih a, Nurul Hilmiati b, Erizal Jamal c a Indonesian Center for Agricultural Technology Assessment and Development, Indonesia. b Agricultural Technology Assessment Institute, West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. c Indonesian Center for Agriculture Socio Economic and Policy Studies, Indonesia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract: Indonesian agricultural research centers have generated numbers of technologies. The technologies will be locally tested to adapt them to prevailing farm conditions. Furthermore, the technologies based on local condition will be communicated into wider farmers. And the transfer of technology approach has been used to facilitate this process. However, the effectiveness of transfer of technology approach in the technology assessment projects of Agricultural Technology Assessment Institute (AIAT) for delivering more impact on farmers’ livelihood is questionable as numbers of technologies produced by research centers are not (yet) widely adopted by farmers. This paper aims to show how the participatory learning and action (PLA) approach can enhance the impact of technology assessment projects on farmer’s livelihood. For this purpose, a study was conducted in September 2011 to evaluate an agricultural research for development (RfD) project in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) Province implemented participatory learning and action (PLA) approach. The study used semi structured interviews, focus group discussion and document review to collect information needed. The RfD project involved multiple stakeholders such as partner farmers, the extension officers (PPLs), Department of Agriculture (Dinas Pertanian), and NGO. It was shown that active participation of all key stakeholders in the whole processes, farmers play central role and no longer seen as passive receivers of the project and knowledge exchange processes could contribute to create sense of ownership over the issue, the process and the outcomes of the project, as well as could increase farmers self confidence as agent for spreading technologies. Other key stakeholders involved like the Dinas Pertanian and NGO also responsed positively by implementing the technologies and the project processes in their own development programs. This indicates that the PLA approach is able to facilitate a sustainable rural development.

Keywords : participation, PLA approach, sense of ownership, sustainable rural development

6 Ref#: 013/MAL/11/SSHD

Contributions of Islamic scholars to Sustainable Human and Environmental Development

Ibrahim Olatunde Uthman a, K. K. Oloso b, L. O. Abbas c a, b,c Department of Arabic and Islamic Studies, University of Ibadan, Dugbe Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract: Today despite the global scientific and technological advancement with developed and even a few developing countries including Muslim countries making significant strides in shaping contemporary civilization and the state of the world, yet they have failed to achieve true development and progress on how to sustain human and other creatures in a wholesome manner. This is because while these countries are struggling for scientific and technological development in order for humans to live a decent and comfortable life, they have not fully comprehended the underlying indexes that formed the basis of sustainable development. This paper therefore examines the teachings of Islam on the underlying indexes, values and ethics that formed the basis of sustainable development. It used the maqasid approach in Islamic textual studies and Martin Lings’ analysis of the concepts of development, progress, and renaissance to uncover these underlying indexes from Islam’s absolute references, the Qur’an and Sunnah. It also explores the effects of the prevailing unwholesome industrial and economic development on the entire biosphere and how Muslim scholars in the past despite their contributions to Medieval Civilization, were able to avoid the manmade catastrophic disasters facing humanity and the environment today through adherence to the above underlying indexes, values and ethics. The paper finally concludes that in Islam development and progress are useful and desirable only when they improve upon and sustain not only human comfort and standards of living but also the essentials to achieving higher and enhanced quality of life for not only humans but also the environment and all the creatures cohabiting in it.

Keywords: Human development and Maqasid, Muslim scholars, Islam, Technological advancement

7 Ref#: 019/MAL/11/SSHD

Sustainable Development and Capacity Building A Key Challenge in the Oil Rich Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

O. Okoro a, J.E.Tookey b a, b School of Engineering, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract For a number of years the exploration and production of oil in the Niger Delta has had extremes of both positive and negative impacts in Nigeria. Achieving an equitable distribution of oil revenues between all stakeholders has been the principle problem. These stakeholders include the Nigerian Government, commercial oil producers, communities directly impacted by exploration and production (E&P) as well as the wider ‘disadvantaged’ communities out with the oil producing region. The lack of an equitable distribution of revenues accrued has led to instability and confrontation amongst and between these stakeholders. In addition to the simple financial rewards of revenue distribution, significantly wider issues are at stake. Infrastructure development, capacity building and environmental degradation are all of critical concern for the local communities. Conversely the national governments, as well as the wider population of Nigeria, are principally concerned about regional (and thus national) stability. The oil companies on their own have adopted different approaches to address these security, financial and environmental concerns, however the majority of the stakeholders view these approaches as selfish and business oriented.

Sustainability of oil E&P, economic, environmental, political and social is therefore critical to the future of the Niger Delta and the wider aspirations of Nigeria. A sustainable development approach has been suggested as being a likely solution to address some of these concerns. This paper seeks to explore the dimensions of the broadly phrased ‘sustainable development approach’ within the context of the Niger Delta region. In particular it will discuss and examine the role of capacity building in youth education in the Niger Delta and the effects it can or may have on the various stakeholders. The paper concludes by outlining the necessary elements of a wider research project aimed at developing a framework for future sustainable development in the Niger Delta and its implications for the development of education in Nigeria.

Keywords: Capacity Building, Corporate Social Responsibility, Environment, Infrastructure, International Oil Companies, Sustainability

8 Ref# 027/MAL/11/SSHD

Sustainability between economic performance and unemployment scenario: Empirical evidence from Malaysia

Nanthakumar Loganathan a, Suriyani Muhamad b, Nor Haslina Mohamad Akhir c a,b,c Department of Economics, Faculty of Management and Economics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract: Unemployment is a phenomenon faced by all countries, especially among developing countries. They are many factors that cause unemployment, and some of the major factors are; technology changes; foreign labor and economic performance. In generally, economic performance will cause structural change of a country’s unemployment patterns. In some circumstance, the interaction between economic performance and unemployment are not positive correlated. Since this happens, this study will examine the relationship between economic performance and unemployment scenario using Granger causality with Hsiou application by employing time series data for the entire period of 1975-2008. The finding of this study clearly indicates that there is long-run Granger causal relationship between economic performance and unemployment scenario in Malaysia and this is not a surprising result compare to previous studies.

Keywords: Economic growth; Incidence of unemployment; Granger causality

9 Ref # 029/MAL/11/SSHD

Nigeria’s federalism and the agitation for resource control in the Niger-delta region

Dare Arowolo a a Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract: Nigerian federalism was designed to reflect and sustain what could best be described as centralism. A situation that makes other component units subservient to and reliant on the federal government even on the critical issues of development and age-long neglect. Dissatisfied with the ways resources are being allocated, the Niger-Delta region embarked on the agitation and struggle for control of its resources. This paper, therefore, chose to look at the nature of its agitation vis-à-vis federal arrangement in Nigeria and the feasibility of actualizing this dream. The paper adopted theoretical elucidation to present explicit explanation of federalism and the way it is practiced in Nigeria. It also went further to suggest various ways of evolving better future for the Niger-Delta capable of promoting egalitarianism and peaceful co-existence.

Keywords: Allocation, Co-existence, Egalitarianism, Environment, Government, State

10 Ref#030/MAL/11/SSHD

Assessment of the role of Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU, George Campus) on leaner capacity development: A perspective from peri-urban communities of Eden Municipality, Southern Cape, Republic of South Africa

V. M. Mmbengwa, a T. Ramukumbab, J. A. Groenewald c, J. Pauw d , B.M. Gundidzae a,b.c.d School of Natural Resource Management, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU), George Campus, Republic of South Africa . e School of Therapeutic Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The role of the universities in learner development in Africa and in particular South African has received a marginal attention. This is happening despite the constitutional obligation to enforce university to engage in community services. The study was conducted in order to establish whether there are linkages between NMMU, George campus with local communities and roles that it is playing in the development of the learners’ capacity in Eden Municipality. The study was conducted in the peri-urban areas of Eden district Municipality. A questionnaire based survey was conducted amongst 1271 respondents in four local municipalities in Eden District Municipality. A Likert rating scales was used to measure the response to items on the questionnaire. Results revealed that 31% of the participants feel that the schools in Eden municipalities do not use the experts from the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, whilst the majority of the respondents (39%) have indicated that they do not know whether schools are using the experts from the university or not. This responses, may suggest that the schools do not have a strong linkages with the university and therefore, are unaware of whether such services are rendered by university experts. On the other hand, this response may also reflect a lack of visibility or publicity on the part of the university to initiate or to market the rigorously these services or linkages. It is therefore essential that university plan their community engagements with view of ensuring that learners capacity support especially for the communities within their vicinity, is prioritized.

Keywords: communities, development, learners, peri-urban, role, learners

11 Ref#: 031/MAL/11/SSHD

Issues of social and human development among forest dwelling communities of Chhattisgarh, India

Rabindra Nath Pati a a Council for Tribal and Rural Development (CTRD) Mahamaya Bhawan, HIG-101, Kanan Vihar, Phase-I, P.O: Patia, Bhubaneswar, India a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract: The community based conservation approach for sustainable use of natural resources among forest dwelling communities of Chhattisgarh, India holds the keys to sustainable social and human development. The cultural values and tradition upholding healthy interrelation among social, economic and environmental dimensions of healthy and sustainable communities have been reflected in community based conservation approach, customary rules and sustainable use of natural resources for generation together. These dimensions have been eroded due to liberation of market forces and entry of big players into market economy and over exploitation of natural resources. The present piece of research article is based on field work among forest dwelling communities of 20 villages in Kanker District of Chhattisgarh. The paper critically analyses on different dimensions of community based natural resource management approach and their contribution to balancing between eco-health and social health. The indigenous model of health is treated also a model of human eco-system. This model covers a wide range of determinants of health as a set of nested influences, ranging from the biological and personal to the ecological and planetary, including the social and political. The health-environment-economy model of these forest dwelling communities exhibit vibrant links between social wellbeing and environmental and economic wellbeing. The concept of equity and sustainability are interlinked with above indigenous model. The social dimensions of Sustainable Development cover health, education and employment. The Human Development Index (HDI) of United Nation Development Programme needs to be interpreted in the indigenous matrix of this model.

Keywords : Community, Conservation, Ecology, Equity, Health,

12 Ref# 034/MAL/11/SSHD

Adapting to Climate Change to Sustain Food Security: A Case of Kenya

Douglas Lucas kivoi a a Pwani University College, Kenya. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract: "An empty stomach is not a good political advisor." - Albert Einstein Most animals are known to adapt quickly to any change in the climate and environment around them. This is meant to enhance their continued existence. Climate change in Kenya poses a serious threat to food security and its effects are being felt now. Most Kenyan communities are threatened by hunger due to rapid change in climatic patterns which has compromised their crop and animal yields. The production of their staple foods has declined and thus creating a vicious cycle of dependence on food aid. It is also worth noting that food insecurity has compromised the quality of leadership in Kenya and is partly to blame for pockets of insecurity in some parts of this country. This paper is of the opinion that adapting food systems to enhance food security for the poor and vulnerable and also to minimize impacts of climate change requires more than just paying attention to agricultural production. This paper surveys multiple complex aspects of food security particularly those relating to production, which are threatened by climate change and erratic weather patterns. Some researchers and policy makers have been of the opinion that the answer to food insecurity in Africa is to embrace GM technology. This paper differs with this opinion and offers other remedial long term measures to fight food insecurity in Kenya.

Keywords: Agricultural production, climate change, Environment, Food security, Gm technology, Hunger

13 Ref# 036/MAL/11/SSHD

The Role of Multiple Intelligences and Creativity in Students’ Learning Style

Hor Yen Yi a, Tajularipin Sulaiman b Roselan Baki c a Centre for Foundation Studies and Extension Education (FOSEE), Multimedia University, Jalan Multimedia, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia b, c Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstracts: Developments and studies in the field of intelligence and creativity had been widely popularized by educators, practitioners and psychologists. Many studies had been conducted in examining the relationship between intelligence and creativity where contradicting findings were reported. The types or degree of intelligences varies among individuals and is not a fixed attribute which is similar with the nature of creativity. Both intelligence and creativity could be developed in varying degrees throughout the development of an individual. Therefore, it is the objective of this study to examine the relationship between creativity and intelligence. This study adopted a descriptive survey method where a set of questionnaire was used for the purpose of data collection in determining the relationship between the two variables. A total of 1040 randomly selected students which consisted of both male and female students were involved in the study. Research findings showed that overall, there was a significant and positive relationship between multiple intelligences and creativity (r=0.648). Research findings also showed that students from both gender possessed high intelligence in common domains, namely interpersonal (M=3.795, SD=0.61), followed by intrapersonal (M=3.656, SD=0.628) and musical (M=3.648, SD=0.863) as well as similar characteristics of creativity in two constructs (imagination and fantasy, and playfulness). To conclude, it is important to identify students’ intelligence profile as well as their creativity level according to domains. This is to aid students learning, providing them with the optimum learning environment through their preferred learning medium and help them to achieve their fullest potential in their respective talented areas.

Keywords: creativity, intelligence, learning style, multiple intelligences, multiple intelligence profile.

14 Ref# 037/MAL/11/SSHD

Comparative Analysis of Democracy and the State of Human Development in Nigerian and Indonesian in 21st Century

Chijioke Kelechi Iwuamadi a aInstitute for Development Studies, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract: The central thesis of this work suggest that, while many explanatory factors can be identified within the context of the state of political and economic development of Nigeria and Indonesia, the most important difference appears to be the presence of political and macroeconomic stability in Indonesia, and the absence thereof in Nigeria. This work however, is premised on the simple understanding that both Indonesia and Nigeria, as part of the Third World Countries share certain basic features and both countries have a lot to learn and share from each other. It is based on these shared economic, political and other cultural experiences that the framework of this work is designed. Therefore, in other to actualize the purpose(s) of this work, the paper will explore the lessons which Nigeria could learn from Indonesia who for quite some time has been able to achieve significant developments both politically as well as economically. It is on this basis that this study tends to investigate Indonesia and Nigeria’s experiences as Post-colonial states, Post-authoritarian states and Transitional states. Against this backdrop, the paper further argues that for both countries to achieve economic and political development and more importantly, sustainable development, they must embrace a home-grown driven liberal democracy which will thus position them to the phase of becoming a successful transitional democratic state.

Keywords: Democracy; Sustainable Development; Political Economy; Human Development; Poverty

15 Ref: 048/MAL/11/SSHD

Sports Criminal Liability Under Islamic Law: A Critical Appraisal

Parand Azizi a , Jasri Jamal b a, b Faculty of Law, UKM, Malaysia. b Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract While promoting Islam, and stresses the importance of sport for humanity. Shariah also approves all kinds of athletics and sport in order to demonstrate the superiority, strength and skill that would be useful to humans mentally and physically. However, Islam against any sport that causes physical and psychological harm to the individual sport. Therefore, the crime against the company or individual has their own deterrents punishment as prescribed by Almighty Allah to protect the collective interests, regardless of whether this type of crime affects a person or not. This research examines the criminal responsibility in accordance with the sport perspective of Islamic law to impose a deterrent punishment and also to serve as a lesson to others in the interest of victims. The opinions of the classical scholars to be critically examined and analyzed to address crime in contemporary or modern sports arena. Implementation of the sources of jihad and other Islamic law and its principles would be studied and discussed in line with the crime game. The method of this study would be the literature search of books, magazines, articles, conference proceedings, and the Internet could be exploited as a reference for the study.

Keywords: Sport, Crime, Islamic law, liability

16 Ref#: 049/MAL/11/SSHD

The Relevance of the Right to Environmental Education to Sustainable Development

Kafayat Quadri a, AbdulFatai O. Sambo b a, b Post Graduate Unit, Faculty of Law, International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract After the Stockholm Declaration of 1972, the Belgrade Charter of 1975, the Tbilisi Declaration of 1978 and their unanimous propagation of the importance of environmental education; not much has been achieved despite evaluation modules created and incorporated by non-governmental organisation concerned with these issues. Instead, funds going to these NGOs have drastically reduced; ensuring less hope for the younger generations the opportunity to have an environmental education and to give possible innovative contributions towards tackling environmental problems. Environmental problems are our 'common heritage' despite the unequal share of environmental pollution. The whole world is collectively responsible for protecting the environment and for proffering solutions to these problems. The goal of environmental education is to develop a world population that is aware of, and concerned about the environment with a commitment to work individually and collectively towards the practice of sustainable development. Recently in India, the Supreme Court made a judgement upholding the rights of the citizens to environmental education. This new development is very important as it may lead to the United Nations and all the nations of the world to the recognition of the right to environmental education as a basic human right. This paper will be divided into four parts. The first part introduces the topic while delving into its historical background. The second part will tackle the definition of humans rights and the right to environmental education. The third part will give an exposition into the relevant international instruments. The fourth part will discuss the presence of the right to environmental education in India and Malaysia. The fifth part will conclude the paper with necessary recommendations especially the need for the inclusion of the right to environmental education as a basic human right.

Keywords: Common Heritage, Education, Environment, Human Rights, Sustainable Development

17 Ref#: 050/MAL/11/SSHD

UTME and POST-UTME as Predictors of Students’ Academic Performance in Chemistry in Nigerian Universities.

E.B. Kolawole a, I.O. Oginni b E.O. Fayomi c

a Institute of Education, Faculty of Education, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. b Institute of Science and Technology Education, University of Science and Technology, Ifaki-Ekiti State, Nigeria. c Department of Science, Ora Community Senior High School, Ora-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The paper examined Universal Tertiary Matriculation Examination UTME and Post Universal Tertiary Matriculation Examination POST-UTME as predictors of students’ academic performance in chemistry in Nigerian universities. It also found out the relationship and effectiveness of UTME and post UTME results in predicting chemistry students’ academic performance in universities. Ex-post facto design was adopted, since the data collected were already available without any manipulations. The instruments for the study were obtain from the records of UTME and post – UTME scores of chemistry students admitted during 2004-2005/2005-2006/2006-2007 academic session, This record contained all the cumulative grade points average (CGPA) of all the sampled students in chemistry. The findings revealed that there was very low significant relationship between the UTME scores and all levels CGPA in chemistry. Recommendations was therefore made that the improvement in the capacity building particularly Post UTME should continue to serve as moderation yardstick for possible errors committed requirement to the university. Keywords: UTME, POST UTME, Predictors, Academic Performance, Universities.

18 Ref#: 053/MAL/11/SSHD

Prospective Jatropha Curcas based Firms in Nigeria. How Viable?

Fakayode, S.B a*, Belewu, M.Ab*, Muhammed, N.O a*, Adekola, O. F d*, Adebayo, G.B e*, Ameen, O.M e*, Raji, S. A. f*, Jimoh, A. A f*, and Olaniyan, A.M g* a Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, b Department of Animal Production, c Department of Bio-chemistry, d Department of Agronomy, e Department of Chemistry, f Ddepartment of Civil Engineering, g Department of Agricultural and Bio systems Engineering University of Ilorin, Ilorin Nigeria *Member University of Ilorin Jatropha Research Group Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This study examined the viability of prospective Jatropha based firms vis–a-vis employment opportunities in Nigeria, specifically the study identified the Jatropha bio-diesel and other allied products that were been researched into in Nigeria, estimated the costs and returns structure to Jatropha cultivation and the production of Jatropha based products. For the study, small scale Jatropha based firms were investigated. The results of the study revealed that Jatropha based products manufactured include bio-diesel, Jatropha kernel cake livestock feed, Jatropha ink pigment and dye, glycerin and Jatropha seeds-coat cement sheet and floor tiles. All the various parts of the Jatropha seeds are useful either for one or two of these products. Jatropha cultivation, was shown to be very profitable. Among Jatropha products, only the costs of the biodiesel Jatropha fuel is relative expensive when compared with the common fossil diesel.

Based on the study findings, the study calls for the mobilisation of the Nigerian farmers to cultivate Jatropha, Alongside training to intimate the masses of the numerous products and benefits from Jatropha is necessary. They should be trained to manufacture simple Jatropha based necessities like those highlighted in the study. Market accessibility training to farmers and other stakeholders involved should also be embedded in the training.There is also the need to popularize the practicality of using Jatropha to produce these products via workshops and seminars. It is also necessary to step-up steps at introducing these products to the markets so as to enhance the marketability and competitiveness of the Jatropha based firms. Government and also other individuals and stake-holders need ensure the availability of supporting infrastructures for these small holder industries to thrive in the long-run

Keywords: dye, glycerin, supporting infrastructures, ink pigment, livestock feed

19 Ref#: 061/MAL/11/SSHD

Withdrawn

20 Ref#: 067/MAL/11/SSHD

Institutional Formal Framework and Social Improvement in the SME sector: Malaysia and Costa Rica

Vinicio Sandi Meza a a School of International Affairs, Social Sciences Faculty, National University of Costa Rica (UNA), Costa Rica. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) played a significant role in the economic and social structure of developed economies. Worldwide, currently the SMEs play a very dynamic role in many countries and are an important factor for determining economic growth, generating development hotspots, employment and functioning as small engines for production, with strong social impact. In Malaysia and Costa Rica, the SMEs are playing an important role, both economic and social, where the quality and quantity of SMEs has been associated with long periods of growth, a greater number of employment opportunities and increased productivity. In Developing Countries the SMEs are even important in the economic development. As developing countries face unemployment and a shortage of capital and technology, SMEs, being more labor intensive, can be expected to play an important role in producing output and providing job opportunities. Also, they have a positive impact on income distribution and regional-national-local development (both Southeast Asia and Central America). They provide income-earning opportunities for people in less developed parts of the countries and consequently promote more equitable income distribution. SMEs are also the only means for financially weak but innovative entrepreneurs to enter the industrial sector and participate in the industrialization process and high technology sector. Beng (1998) noted that the SME’s can survive in less developed parts of the country because of their location flexibility, their lower requirement of infrastructure, their nature to serve small geographical markets, and their firm to local development.

The objective of research is to respond how the institutional formal framework could improve the social conditions in the SME sector in both countries. The article is part of the PhD Research, named “The Institutional Formal Framework Role in the SME services sector. Case of Malaysia and Costa Rica”

Keywords: Government, Institutional Formal Framework, Economic Structure, SME sector, Social sector

21 Ref#: 070/MAL/11/SSHD

Environmental Concerns Of South Asia: An Analysis of the 16th SAARC Summit

Shveta Dhaliwal a a Department of Political Science, Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law, Punjab, India. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract South Asia comprises of eight countries and is rich in natural resources. However, the region’s vulnerability to natural disasters and negative effects of climate change has increased lately. Due to such reasons the regional organization of South Asia, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, better known as SAARC has started taking steps to towards environmental concerns of the region. The sixteenth SAARC Summit was held in 2010 under the theme of “Towards a Green and Happy South Asia” as rightly selected theme by the host Bhutan. Before and during the Summit India stressed on the futuristic approach of SAARC and gave full support to the cause of climate change. The region also saw its first regional agreement on environment during this Summit. A statement on climate change entitled as the Thimpu Statement on Climate Change was also adopted during this Summit. In this Statement the concern over environmental issues of the region was articulated in South Asia earlier also. For example, in 2008 it was concluded in a ministerial meeting of SAARC that climate change was a threat to the interests of the region and it has to read in line with the Millennium Development Goals. Also SAARC Environment Ministers Dhaka Declaration was adopted in July in the same year. In this Declaration it was mentioned to establish an Inter-Governmental Expert group on Climate Change to develop a Plan of Action for the region on this aspect. In this paper an overview of the environmental concerns of South Asia is presented and how SAARC has been trying to address them has been analyzed. This paper offers a humble attempt on part of the author to add to the dimensions of SAARC and to highlight the initiatives of this underrated regional organization.

Keywords: Environmental Concerns, SAARC, South Asia

22 Ref#: 078/MAL/11/SSHD

Chernobyl: ‘The Unlearnt Past’

Ankita Mittal a, Mrudul Dadhich b a,b Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law, Mahindera Kothi, The Mall, Patiala, Punjab, India. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Under the flag of development, the economic activities predominate over the environment but the irony unravels in the fact of forgetting the learnt lessons. In the race of industrialization, nations are rushing towards development and eventually cause irreparable damage to the environment. The energy used in such activities has caused millions of sufferings not only to the mankind but also to the atmosphere. Over millennia the human ecology has paraded various disasters and threats to a healthy living. This reminds of the Chernobyl Explosion and its aftereffects of the same on the Environment. Nuclear threats from Fukushima, Japan in 2011, have forced international community to relearn the unlearnt lessons of the nuclear catastrophe of Chernobyl, Russia in 1986. Twenty-five years back the world leaders supposedly brought sufficient improvement in the environmental policies, which were selectively adopted by Russia. This paper is an attempt to analyse the major successes and failures in the environmental policy and its implications. Though many of the newly introduced mechanisms of environment management are significantly incorporated but these mechanisms have fallen short of standard outcomes and the implementations of such quests are dubious in respect to the anticipation of so witnessed reforms. The ripostes of such nuclear activities are hazardous to the environment and the same has been studied in particularity. We, stand face to face with Fukushima disaster, alike the one in Chernobyl which happened quarter of a century ago. Long since, mankind as well as the environment has suffered the fatalities of nuclear energy and it is just about time to approach such fallacies as a beacon of hope for a safer and more sustainable future, thereby, avoiding such catastrophes in future. The authors hope that this paper contributes to the study of the nuclear security by raising a wake-up call or else mankind awaits many more Chernobyls to ‘Learn a Lesson, Not Easy to be Forgotten’?

Keywords: Chernobyl, Disaster Management, Nuclear Energy, Unlearnt Lessons

23 Ref #: 081/MAL/11/SSHD

Fostering Green Strategy through “A-F-F-I-R-M” Model for Sustainable Development within the Environmental-Socio-Economic System in Malaysia

a Kamarudin Abu Bakar, b Ismi Rajiani, c Md Razali Ayob, d Noor Shawal Nasri, e Muhamad Zameri Mat Saman a, b Faculty of Technology Management & Technopreneurship, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, c, e Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. d Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract A-F-F-I-R-M is the holistic approach inspired and implemented by the Malaysian government in completing an ecosystem for environmental sustainability. It expresses the commitment of all stakeholders towards sustainable development in Malaysia. Thus, it is necessary to complete the ecosystem into one that achieves satisfactory levels of environmental sustainability. Hence, this research intends to explore the suitability adoption of A-F-F-I-R-M within the Foresight Model of the environmental-socio-economic dimension in Malaysia, in which the outcome of the research is important to help determine whether we (the “actors”) would all be able to work together to foster green technology as well as extending this call to the world largely and collectively, changing the landscape of the earth for the betterment of future generations. For this reason, the Author(s) has proposed a refine conceptual research framework for more effective study of the issue.

Keywords: Ecosystem, Sustainable Development, Environmental-Socio-Economic, Green Technology, Actors

24 Ref#: 085/MAL/11/SSHD

Health Awareness Promotion towards Sustainable Industrial Development

Hui-Nee AuYong a a School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The electronics sector in Malaysia increased with strong economic growth. Participation of multinational electronics manufacturing offers improvement mechanism especially in adoption of education and training in enhancing safety and health of the workforce. Sustainable development means preservation of resources for future development while the present operation continues its growth. The promotion of workplace wellness service will also strengthen a company’s competitive advantage. The next phase of development pointing at a drive refers to health awareness in workplace. This study explores the attitude of workers towards workplace health promotion (WHP). In this study, workplace health promotion (WHP) awareness survey was conducted at an electronics company, a multinational corporation (MNC). Questionnaire was prepared and a survey was conducted with the company’s workers. Survey on workers was used to investigate workers participation, opinion, knowledge and awareness to adopt the workplace health promotion (WHP). The ultimate goal of workplace wellness program is to foster an efficient, safe, and sustainable industrial development. Health talks and outdoor activities were encouraged. There is still room for improve through management commitment, employee involvement and training to achieve successful WHP programs. The paper recommends strategies to improve workplace health conditions. This paper reports strategies where the industry manages workplace wellness issues and pose future topics for the industrial management to consider. With implementation of these strategies, sustainable working environment shall be attained.

Keywords: Electronics; Occupational Safety and Health Program; Safety Awareness; Sustainable; Workplace Health Promotion (WHP).

25 Ref#: 086/MAL/11/SSHD

Perceived effects of farm occupational hazards on farmers‘ productivity in Nigeria. a Jones Akangbe, b Oduwaiye Muyiwa a, b Agricultural Extension and Rural Development/Agriculture/University of Ilorin. Nigeria. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The study investigated the perceived effects of occupational hazards on farmers’ productivity using Kwara State, Nigeria as a case study. The study covered sixteen communities within the state from which 160 farmers were randomly selected and interviewed using a structured interview schedule. The study revealed that common hazards among the farmers include: cut/injury from tools, body itching, malaria, back pain/general body pain, eye irritation from dust, inhalation of pollens and cold fever. The study also revealed that the farmers perceived occupational hazards as having negative effects on their productivity. Specifically, they perceived that body pain experienced by farmers results in low productivity and that sickness/ill health among farmers can lead to ineffective supervision of farms and leading to low productivity. Further enquiry revealed that there were no significant relationships between the effects of occupational hazards and selected personal characteristics of the farmers. Specifically, no relationship exists between the perceived effects of occupational hazards and gender(r = -0.011), age(r = -0.101) and marital status(r = -0.027), educational status(r = 0.030) and household size(r = 0.052). Hazards like malaria (r =-0.187*) and back pain/general body pain (r =-0.208**) were shown to be negatively and significantly related to the level of farmer’s awareness of these hazards. Precautionary measures such as the use of field coat/ (r=0.172(*), cap/hat (r=0.243(**) and use of nose mask (r=0.165(*) were positively and significantly influenced by the farmers level of knowledge or awareness of the hazards. The study therefore recommended that extension agents should educate farmers on personal health care and the type of farming activities that endanger their health. Government should encourage the farmers by providing for them at subsidized costs occupational safety equipments and also farm implement that can be hired in order to reduce drudgery during farm work without jeopardizing their health, thereby increasing their productivity.

Keywords: Back pain, Educational status Hazards, household size malaria

26 Ref#:090/MAL/11/SSHD

Social Capital to Fight Against Poverty in Bangladesh: A Study on the Targeting Ultra Poor Program of BRAC and Micro-Credit Program of Grameen Bank

S.M.Waliuzzaman a a Urban and Rural Planning Discipline,, Khulna University, Bangladesh. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract By the term Social Capital, the mutual relationship among different actors of a community is prescribed by different literature. It has been seen as the trust, norms & collective action for the wellbeing of a community. Unlike the traditional perspective of poverty, now a day, poverty doesn’t mean only the lack of resources, but also the lack of resource mobilization as well as lack of information flow and it is actually social capital, the only asset that can assist the poor for fighting against poverty. This paper aims to assess whether social capital formation is relevant to poverty reduction and also to identify how social capital affects the welfare of the poor people through reviewing the Targeting Ultra-Poor Programme (TUP) of Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) & Micro-credit Programme of Grameen Bank (GB). The evidences of these two organizations show that social capital formation has significant influence on their usual credit programme & has given a new dimension to the traditional credit programme. The formation of social capital as an addition to these credit programmes has brought considerable change to the everyday life of the poor. It enables them to sustain while struggling against poverty. This paper also draws the comparative efforts by these two organizations in the light of conceptual framework of this paper where the theoretical background of social capital developed by Putnam, Narayan & Woolcock has been considered.

Keywords: BRAC, Grameen Bank, Microcredit, Social Capital, Targeting Ultra Poor

27 Ref#: 097/MAL/11/SSHD

Instability of Small Settlements In Desert Areas

Mostafa Taleshi a Department of Geography, Payame Noor University,Tehran, Iran. Corresponding authority: [email protected]

Abstract Desert and desertification after water and climate challenges is the major challenge that causes instability of human habitats in marginal areas. The economic and environmental disorder and serious limitation for development plans and sustainability of these areas One of the fundamental principles of development is economic stability and the economy sustainable, so to achieve sustainable economic system requires good quantitative and qualitative access to water and soil resources. Due to limited basic resources (water and soil) in the arid and semi-arid areas, this will be not achieved only by adopting good management in exploiting the limited resources and lateral activation related agricultural sector. The study area, located in the sideline of salt desert at the center of Iran, nevertheless of severe limitation of soil and water resources due to the desertification, totally is dependent on agricultural activities, especially gardening; and services and industries have an insignificant proportion of the region's economy. So any such activity should be done in order to stabilize the region by optimize utilization of limited resources and controlling of the phenomenon causing desertification.

Keywords: Instability, Small rural settlements, Desert, Iran

28 Ref#: 099/MAL/11/SSHD

Facilitating Sustainable Development through Policy Interference in Delta Region, Nigeria: Implications for National Development and Economic Stabilization.

Raphael Abiodun Olawepo a a Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Ilorin, Nigeria. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The Nigerian oil Industry is now over 103 years in 2011 and Nigeria is one of the greatest oil producing countries in the world, and the first in Africa. Historically, oil exploration and gas started in Nigeria when from 1908-1914 , the German –Nigerian Corporation and the British Colonial Petroleum Company practicing “Seepology” drilled 15 holes down from the heavy oil sees which occur in the cretaceous Abeokuta formation at Araromi( in the present Ondo State) some 200 Kilometers East of Lagos (Whiteman, 1982). The oil and gas industry is very significant to the economy of Nigeria. It has been estimated that over 90% of foreign revenues are derived from the fossil fuel industry in the country. Estimates of the total crude oil vary, however, they are generally average of about 22 billion barrels. Current daily production is about 1.8 million barrels per day. Most of the Nigerian oil is light sweet crude is pumped from some 600 fields spread across some states in the minority region of south-south, an area which is widely known as Delta Region, Nigeria.

Delta Region in Nigeria has witnessed decades of neglect, these years of neglect have produced some agitations from the oil producing region as a result of environmental degradation, oil spillage, destruction of landscape, unemployment, occupational dislocation, live destruction, deprivation and environmental justice, loss of revenue due to insecurity in the Delta region. The basic Questions still Remain: How can the coming generation enjoy the continuous utilization of the oil and gas in the oil producing region.? Can the oil exploitation in Nigeria last long or beneficial to the incoming generation? How can we facilitate Sustainable Development in the oil region and Nigeria at large?

Answers to these are currently being tackled by the Nigerian Government through: (a) Establishment of OMPADEC-an organized body to focus on physical development, (b) Creation of Niger Delta Development Commission, (c) Establishment of a full Federal Ministry for Niger Delta Region by the Civilian Administration, (d) Amnesty programme by the Federal Government of Nigeria, (e) Establishment of Resource Control and Revenue sharing formula for the oil producing area, (f) Participatory Development through local peoples’ investment in oil industry, (g) Direct States, Government Infrastructural Development, and, (h) Empowerment and development programme by the oil companies in the Delta Region. This paper examines the implications of the government’s policy intervention in producing sustainable development on the national economy, security and economic stabilization in West African sub region. Can this Policy Intervention be a panacea for economic recovery and sustainability in any crises dominated regions?

Keywords: Empowerment, Exploration, Development, Petroleum, and Recovery

29 Ref#: 100/MAL/11/SSHD

Bedouins Status in Oman: Development and Education towards Cultural Beliefs

Amna Suhail Said Hardan a, Ismail Hussein Amzat b a,b Department of Education Foundation and Administration, college of Education, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This research has stepped forward with its singularity to shed a light on the history of a tribe that people speculated to be educationally, economically, socially and politically disadvantaged or forgotten by the Government. The research has strived cogently to examine the level of Omani Government contribution to Bedouin education, social development and Government empowerment in upgrading their living standards as well as upgrading their economic status. Historically, Bedouins are known as travelers, subject to instability and hardly to be found in one location. Thus, Bedouins are unique in their lifestyles and somehow different in terms of living, tradition, culture and beliefs. With this regard, this study has opted to scenically investigate whether Bedouins cultural-beliefs have something to do negatively or positively with their educational development and responding to changes. Besides, it has thoroughly aimed to study the Bedouins' perceptions of schooling and their level of participation in the community. These questions were answered appropriately by the help of 185 Bedouins who participated actively in this research from about 13 regions and locations all over Sultanate of Oman. All requested data were obtained by distributing questionnaires in the following regions Salalah, Al Sharqeiya, Adakhelia, Nizwa, Al Wosta, Adhahera, Jalan Bani Buo Ali, Sinao and Al Sidiarah, Thumreet, Maqshan, Shaleem and Hullanyat islands and Roaya. The results find that the government provides the basic facility to develop the Bedouin status in the Omani society. Moreover, the government empowers Bedouins socially and gives them the chance to participate actively in the Omani society. They even participate in the Omani political issues because the government gives them this honor by selecting some qualified Bedouin representatives to have positions in the Omani council. In terms of education, schools which are well equipped with latest technologies are provided in the Bedouin areas and the vocational training is available to improve the Bedouin teachers' skills. In terms of tradition and cultural beliefs, we discovered that, the Bedouin cultural beliefs influence their educational development where 60.5% Bedouins males prefer to work instead of studying. In addition, the early marriage is commonly widespread in the Bedouin areas. Hence, about 62.7% of the Bedouin females prefer to get married early according to their tradition and beliefs because they believe in the proverb saying "home is the woman kingdom". However, their present situation is much far better compared with the past by noticeable number of Bedouins enrolling into higher institutions in Oman, although, there are still some areas that needs to be improved and developed.

Keyword: Bedouins; Education; Cultural Beliefs; Education; Sultanate of Oman

30 Ref#: 101/MAL/11/SSHD

Females in Omani Society: Empowerment, Education and Community Participation

Turkiya Al'Omairi a, Ismail Hussein Amzat b a,b Department of Education Foundation and Administration, college of Education, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This research examines the females' status in Omani society in terms of empowerment, education, and community participation. It investigates the employment of females in the public and private sectors, and the extent of discrimination between males and females. Also, it determines the educational level of females in Oman and their participations in the development of the society. All these questions were answered by distributing questionnaires among universities' students. The sample sizes were 400 students from Sultan Qaboos University, Nizwa University, and Dhofar University. The results of this study show that females have the total freedom in educational field in terms of choosing any collage/ major they want inside the country or abroad. Married women are encouraged to pursue their studies at any educational institutions. Female principals were found somehow equal to the males. However, the huge progress that the females have in Oman does not change the old believes that the society has because the staff/ students prefer to have males as their Heads of Departments or Deans compared to females. Females hold many high positions in the ministries, but males still dominate the Omani Council. Even though females can look after themselves outside the home, males still believe women's place is the home, and husbands prefer their wives to stay at home to take care of her family. Females contribute in the political development, however; they do not share the political power as males in Oman.

Keywords: Empowerment; Education; Community; Females; Participation

31 Ref#:110/MAL/11/SSHD

The Failure of Education in Combating Corruption in Sudan: The Impact on Sustainable Development

Omer Hashim Ismail a a Educational Foundations and Administration, Faculty of Education a Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The major question this paper addresses is why education has failed in combating corruption in Sudan and, as a consequence, obstructs sustainable development. Corruption is considered a threat to development in all countries. Education is key factor in curbing corruption. However, looking into the situation in the Sudan, corruption has become a phenomenon characterizing the public sector. It pervades almost in all aspect of life. In fact, Sudan is among the five top corrupted countries in the world. A major role of educational institutions is to provide the nation with knowledgeable and skilled manpower needed to contribute to the socio-economic and political developments. Educated government officials, who are the graduates of educational institutions, are expected to fight the abuse of public office not to exercise it and become corrupted themselves. The role and the power of education in shaping the values and building the morale of citizens are not disagreeable.

Face-to-face and telephone interviews were conducted to answer questions raised in this paper. Five Sudanese staff member at Sultan Qaboos University were interviewed using face-to-face interviews, and three faculty members at the University of Khartoum were interviewed using telephone interviews. The data collected provided answers to what needs to be done to allow education to fight the darkness of corruption for the sake of sustainable development in Sudan. Reforming the education system, developing anti-corruption education programs and raising public awareness are stated as important solutions to the problem.

Keywords: corruption, education, Sudan, sustainable development.

32 Ref: 111/MAL/11/SSHD

A Critical Appraisal on Child Labour Legislations in India and Some Emerging Issues: Scope For Social Work Responses

Bishnu Mohan Dash a a Department of Social Work, Bhim Rao Ambedkar College (University of Delhi), India. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract India amid growing national prosperity and significant economic growth continues to host the largest number of child labour in the world. Despite various international accords global persusion, and enactment of plethora of legislations, the struggle against child labour is gaining momentum in the contemporary situation. But unfortunately the inherent deficiencies in child labour legislations in India coupled with improper implementation has led to alarming growth of child labour.The issue of child labour has become the focus of attention at both national and international levels due to increasing participation of various actors particularly the international organizations and civil society organizations because of the violation of the children’s rights. Their engagement in occupations has led to serious negative consequences in their physical, mental and social development. In the era of economic globalization in India, there has been tremendous shift in children’s engagements in occupations and it has acquired dangerous dimensions. It is the need of the hour to identify scope for social work responses for the empowerment of child labour to protect them from exploitation, human rights violation and enable them to live with dignity, equality, and social justice and overcome the social exclusion.

The present paper illustrates the various deficiencies in the child labour legislations initiated in India. It will also present some emerging issues as well as changing dimensions of children’s engagements in the globalizing India and will forward various action points for professional social workers to tackle this problem

Keywords: Five words in alphabetical order) Child Labour, Civil Society, Globalization, Social Exclusion

33 Ref#: 115/MAL/11/SSHD

‘Dynastic Democracy’ and political change in Africa: any lessons from Egypt?

Christopher Isike a a Department of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Zululand, South Africa. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Leadership sit-tightism disguised as dominant-party democracy has been fingered as a main cause of armed and social conflict in many African states. From Cote d’ Ivoire, Liberia, Togo, Uganda to the Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon and Zimbabwe, the penchant of leaders to sit tight in power while marginalizing and suppressing opposition groups has often times led to armed clashes and guerilla warfare between government and rebel forces.

More recently (since 2005), an emerging pattern of leadership sit-tightism has been unfolding in the continent leading to popular protests and violent clashes between pro and anti-government groups. This is characterized by sons of long-serving civilian dictators succeeding their fathers when they die in office. The three current examples of this dynastic-type democracy which resulted in conflict that served to further undermine democratic consolidation and development are Cote d’Ivoire, Togo and Gabon. However, what is also worrisome is that there are a number of states where such dynastic successions are waiting to happen under the guise of democracy. Until the Arab spring, these included Egypt, Libya and Senegal where the presidents’ sons were/are being strategically positioned in the ruling political party and or in government to eventually succeed their fathers as was the case in Ivory Coast, Togo and Gabon.

This paper focuses on answering three specific questions pertaining to this emerging pattern of democracy and how it has led to political change in Africa: What is the specific character of this dynastic-type democracy in Africa? What are its implications for democracy and development in the continent using Egypt as example? And how can we combat it with a view to entrench a people-centred democracy hinged on respect for the rule of law? In this regard, what lessons can we learn from the people’s uprising in Egypt?

Keywords: Africa, Development, Dynastic democracy, Egypt, Leadership

34 Ref#: 119/MAL/11/SSHD

Intra-household Responsibilities and Status of Women in Nepal: A Sociological Analysis of Mugu District

Sharmila Ranabhat Baskotaa a Department of Rural Development, Trichandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Nepal. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This study was carried out in Nepal’s least developed district, Mugu, where an average life expectancy of women is just 36 years which is quite less than (70.61 of Kathmandu). Mugu, where adult literacy rate for female is 9.3 percent is the poorest region in South Asia. For more than 60 years, the international and national organizations have been advocating on gender equity and women's empowerment. Fortunately the Government of Nepal has been initiating steps towards to protect women's rights by constitutionlizing. Unfortunately, these efforts are not enough to change the status of women in Mugu District. The research revealed that about 69 percent of women are illiterate. The most of the female land owners are widows and about 11 percent is the rate of land ownership fall on women. Most of the household chores and agricultural works are sole responsibility of women and they spent almost 18 hours a day in such activities. Food sufficiency from agriculture cannot last more than 3 months. Hence women have significant involvement in other income generating activities. Major household level decisions are taken by male. Thirty nine percent of female are suffering from some kind of diseases including uterus prolapsed and anemia. Surprisingly, there are very less hospital facilities in the region. Women are suffering from ridiculous superstitions. During delivery, mother should take salt water with chili instead of nutritive foods. They kept outside the house together with cattle and fed poor nutritious food in delivery and menstruation so maximum number of mother and newly born child are suffering with malnutrition. Father in law and daughter in law both cannot use the same toilet because it is very shameful. Major Problems of the women of study area are hunger (67%), unhealthy body (39%) and alcoholic husband (38%). Most common diseases found were gastric, Asthma and gynecological ailments.

Keywords: Decision-making, Empowerment, Intra-household, Responsibilities, Status,

35 Ref#:123/MAL/11/SSHD

Factors that predict smoking behavior among religious organizations in Indonesia

Reza Rihan Kamarz a, Mohamad Avicenna b, Gazi Saloom c a,b,c State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia. b Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Smoking is well known problem in the world, especially in Indonesia. According to International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (2011), Indonesia was ranked 3rd largest number of smoker in the world. Muhammadiyah, one of Muslim organization in Indonesia, concerned about the harmful of smoking. This organization decided to release warning about smoking in 2005 through mubah fatwa which means it might to be done but it is better to abandoned. Later in 2007 they decided to conduct comprehensive researchs about smoking. Finally, in March 2010, they released haram fatwa (forbidden) for smoking.

On the contrary, Nahdatul Ulama (NU) considered that smoking is considered discouraged (makruh) which is not sin if one committed, but it will get reward if one abstains from it. According to NU in understanding the law of smoking is not static. The law can change to be haram for children, teenagers, pregnant women, and for those who in public areas.

The purpose of this study is to measure the effect of Health Belief Model in predicting smoking behavior among members of religious organizations in Indonesia, especially on Muhammadiyah and NU. The variables will focus on perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, perceived severity, perceived barriers, self efficacy and cues to action.

This study will recruit 200 participants to answers questionnaires. From the data can be concluded the dynamics of smoking behavior which is important information to make prevention and intervention health action related to smoking behavior.

This study will conclude the most significant independent variable in predict smoking behavior, so preventive and intervention can be more apropriate and effective. The research also will conclude the influence of both fatwas.

Keywords: Muhammadiyah, Nahdatul Ulama, health belief model, smoking behavior, fatwa

36 Ref#:124/MAL/11/SSHD

Spillover of Environmentally Friendly Behavior Phenomenon: The Mediating Effect of Employee Organizational Identification

Nik Ramli Nik Abdul Rashid a, Naja Mohammad b a,b Faculty of Business Management, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Abstract: Positive spillover has been found in literatures since early 1980s and is still a currently relevant topic for research. These studies have been focussed on work-family situations; where there is a positive transfer of characteristics (affects, skills, values, and behaviour) from one domain (work) to another domain (family/individual). This study focuses on the “spillover of environmentally friendly behaviour” (EFB) – postulating that a person who is positively involved with the implementation process of the Environmental Management System (EMS) at work, will also display similar environmental friendly actions as a member of the general public or at home. Continuously involving oneself with a sense of responsibility and obligation to the EMS activities at workplace has indirectly contributed to them acquiring the relevant attitude and information about the environment. In a need to be consistent with the work-acquired attitude toward the environment, the same display of environmental friendly behaviour is shown to be extended to his non-work domain. This is consistent with the Theory of Cognitive Dissonance, where a person would maintain consistency in behaviour to avoid a sense of dissonance within himself. Another significant contributor to this environment friendly attitude is the organization’s support for this noble cause, reflected in the top management commitment to the EMS. Using the Hierarchical Multiple Regression analysis (SPSS), this study has also uncovered an organizational related variable as a mediator of the EFB spillover process. Employees that believe the organization is doing a noble effort for the environment through the EMS, feels a sense of pride and has shown stronger identification with the organization. This feeling of identifying oneself with organization acts as an intervening element (mediating variable), and explain in further detail the actual stages of the EFB process.

Keywords: Environment Friendly Behavior, Environmental Management System, Employee Organizational Identification, Spillover behavior

37 Ref#:125/MAL/11/SSHD

The Impact of Microcredit Program on Women Empowerment: Evidence from Bangladesh

Tasqurun Nessa a, Jamal Ali b, Roslan Abdul-Hakim c a,b,c Department of Economics, College of Arts and Sciences, Universiti Utara Malaysia, UUM Sintok, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The empowerment of women is one of crucial development issues. This is due to the fact that women appear to form the largest of the poor and vulnerable group. In this regards, microcredit program has been argued to be potentially effective as a tool for poverty alleviation and lifting the poor, particularly women, out of poverty. The impact of microcredit program, however, is not limited to improving income of poor women. What is more important is that microcredit program has received widespread recognition as a viable strategy for empowerment of women, i.e. greater capabilities, choices and freedom in decision making. The objective of this paper is to examine the impact of microcredit program on women empowerment. Towards this end, we perform regression analysis based on a sample of 600 poor women in eight districts of Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh. Five dimensions of empowerment are used to arrive at an aggregate index of empowerment. These dimensions are: (i) economic decision making, (ii) household decision making, (iii) freedom of movement, (iv) ownership of property, and (v) political and social awareness. The aggregate measure of empowerment is regressed against the explanatory variables, which is participation in microcredit program as well as other control variables. We also regress each dimension of empowerment against the explanatory variables to examine in greater details on the impact of microcredit program on each dimension of empowerment. Our finding shows that participation in microcredit program is consistently significant in explaining the aggregate measure of empowerment, as well as in explaining each dimension of empowerment. Based on the results of our study, it can be concluded that empowerment of poor women in Bangladesh can be significantly improved by encouraging them to participate in microcredit programs.

Keywords: microcredit, women empowerment, Bangladesh

38 Ref#:127/MAL/11/SSHD

Causes of Economic Growth and Unsustainable Development in the Thoughts of Ibn Khaldun

Syed Omar Syed Agil a a School of Government, Universiti Tun Abdul Razak, Razak Campus, Capital Square, Jalan Munshi Abdullah, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This paper is primarily an attempt to deliberate Ibn Khaldun’s ideas on the causes of economic growth and unsustainable development from his magnum opus, The Muqaddimah or also known as the Prolegomena. Although there is some literature produced on Ibn Khaldun’s views on economics, nothing has been written on his views on the causes of economic growth and sustainability in which this paper will attempt to elucidate. History is a continuum of the past, the present and the future. It also tells us about the causes of the rise and fall of nations and civilizations. At each age scholarship comes to define the features and becomes pivotal to the progress of a civilization. The Muqaddimah of Ibn Khaldun is a model of a distinguished and remarkable work of scholarship that defined the socio-historical realities and intellectual progress of its time. History tells us that when Adam Smith published his magnum opus, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, in 1776, it is considered by many as the founding work of modern school of economics and the progenitor of modern economic theories. However history also tells us that there is enough evidence which attested to the fact that Ibn Khaldun’s Muqaddimah published four centuries earlier in 1377, had first promulgated the economic theories propounded by Adam Smith in his Wealth of Nations. Unlike the Wealth of Nations, the Muqaddimah of Ibn Khaldun sees the relationship between religious and economic factors in the explication of his ideas on the division of labor, economic growth, population growth, poverty, inflation, unemployment, business cycles, crime, environmental quality, migration and the growth and decline of cities which are also contemporary economic and social issues incessantly affecting the modern man. This paper will be divided into four broad topics. First, An Introduction to Ibn Khaldun and the Muqaddimah. Second, Economic Growth Theories and the Benefits and Costs of Economic Growth in Western Economics. Third The Khaldunian Mind and His Economic Methodology. Fourth, His Theory of Man and Society and finally, Causes of Economic Growth and Unsustainable Development in The Muqaddimah.

Keywords: Ibn Khaldun, Economic Growth, Growth Theories, Sustainable Development, Religion, Human Nature

39 Ref#: 137/MAL/11/SSHD

Assessment of Dialect Use in Agricultural Message Dissemination in Ogun State, Nigeria.

Fakoya, E. O.a, Bodunde, H. A. b , Coker, R. O. c a,c Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development b Department of Commutation and General Studies University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. Corresponding authour: e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Competence in the indigenous language is a pre-requisite for effective transmission of agricultural messages between extension agents and farmers. Dialects as well are predominant among the communities utilizing Yoruba as the indigenous language of interaction. The study was conducted to assess the use of dialect in agricultural message dissemination in Ogun State; and examine farmers’ understanding of language as currently used by extension agents. A total of 84 extension agents and 140 farmers were randomly selected from a list of extension agents and farmers provided by the Ogun State Agricultural Development Programme (OGADEP). Experimental procedure was adopted to assess extension agents’ use of dialect during agricultural message delivery. Data was also collected on personal characteristics of all respondents; extension agents’ perception of essentiality of dialect use; as well as farmers’ understanding of extension agents’ language use. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics. Results revealed that all but one of the extension agents did not use dialect in message delivery. However, majority (71.4%) of them were in positive agreement as to the essentiality of knowledge of dialect to effective agricultural message dissemination. Results further revealed that a large proportion (91.4%) of farmers have high understanding of language as currently employed by extension agents. The study recommends that the Extension Department of Agricultural Development Programme should identify, compile and teach peculiar technical dialect terms of agricultural interest, in common use in each linguistic community area. This will enhance easy interactions with farmers and ensure easy and quick understanding of agricultural messages, while extension agents are encouraged to speak the dialects of their target farmers, if only to demonstrate their identification with the farmers and improve ease of acceptance by the farmers.

Keywords: Dialect use, Agricultural message, Dissemination

40 Ref#:138/MAL/11/SSHD

Assessment Of Indigenous Language Competence of Extension Agents In Ogun State, Nigeria.

Fakoya, E. O.a, Bodunde, H. A. b, Coker, R. O. c ,Abiona, B. G.d a,c,d Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development b Department of Commutation and General Studies University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract The study was conducted to assess the indigenous language competence of extension agents and examine the influence of their personal characteristics on their indigenous language competence. A total of 84 extension agents were randomly selected from the list of extension agents of Ogun State Agricultural Development Programme (OGADEP). Experimental procedure was adopted to assess the fluency and translation abilities of extension agents. Data was also collected on their personal characteristics. The data was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Results revealed that majority (64.3%) of extension agents were highly competent in the indigenous language and the results from fluency test showed that average talking speed of extension agents was 134 words per minute (wpm), which falls in the high competence category. However, translation test to measure competence in translating English Language to Yoruba Language (indigenous language) showed that certain technical concepts were problematic for the extension agents to correctly translate. It was also discovered that none of the personal characteristics of extension agents had any influence on their indigenous language competence. Characteristics such as: age (r = 0.03, p>0.05); experience (r = -0.08, p>0.05); sex (x2 = 0.02); WAEC score in Yoruba (r =5.62, P>0.5). The study recommends that technical, complex terms and concepts utilized in agricultural messages are to be compiled in order to effect a uniform translation of such into the indigenous language. Such terms are to be taught extension agents to enhance their message delivery competence.

Keywords: Indigenous language, competence, extension agents

41 Ref: 140/MAL/11/SSHD

A Comparison of Waste Inefficiency in East Asian Countries

Yung-Hsiang Lua, Yi-Ting Wangb, Ching-Ren Chiuc a,b Department of Bio-industry and Agribusiness Administration, National university of Chiayi,, Chiayi City, Taiwan, R.O.C. b Department of Business Administration, c National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City, Taiwan, R.O.C. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Due to the effects of global warming, environment change has increasingly become a critical research issue and then environment change may be derived from excessive industry development, deforestation, and pollution. In this study, we attempt to evoke people’s reflection on environmental conservation and sustainable development via environmental efficiency. In doing so, we utilize waste and wastewater as the undesirable outputs to measure the performance of DMUs (decision-making units). In the model of production DMUs employ inputs to produce some outputs and then they will be good or bad. Furthermore, Färe and Grosskopf (2004) proposed the conception of undesirable output and then the output had been distinguished between good and bad. Therefore, this study not only utilizes the conception of undesirable output and environmental efficiency but also combines waste and wastewater to evaluate and compare the industries in East Asian and then we attempt to provide some suggestions to enterprise, community and government organization in order to facilitate environmentally sustainable development.

Keywords: Data envelopment analysis, undesirable outputs, environmental efficiency

42 Ref#: 149/MAL/11/SSHD

Quality of Primary Health Care Services in Rural Bangladesh: Patients’ Perspectives

Md. Kamrul Hasan a a Centre for Development Studies, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract A key aim of the health policy of the Government of Bangladesh (GoB) has been to provide quality health services to all its citizens. In line with the policy objective, the GoB has adopted the primary health care (PHC) approach as a health development strategy. Inspired by the Alma Ata Declaration on PHC, the GoB health policy and programmes aim at ensuring “health for all” (Perry, 2000), with special focus on rural population and the poor. There is now a common mistrust of the public health services in the country and the perceived poor quality of health services push the higher socio-economic groups to seek health services abroad (Mahdy, 2009). I used a narrative interview method to better understand the user perspectives on the quality of PHC to register patients’ voices missed in previous predominantly quantitative studies (e.g., Sohail, 2005). Data for the research came from 10 ex-patients who sought primary health services in a health centre in a sub-district in Bangladesh. This paper demonstrates that lack of adequate health professionals, misuse of resources, provider absenteeism, provider-centric consultations result in patient dissatisfaction and ineffectiveness of services. I argue that there is a need for proper maintenance of resources, better monitoring and supervision and address process-related quality issues to ensure better quality health services for the rural people.

Keywords: Quality of Health Care, Primary Health Care, Rural Health, Bangladesh, Narrative Method.

43 Ref#: 151/MAL/11/SSHD

Comparing Performances of Logistic Regression and Decision Tree for Predicting Prolonged Stay after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

Zuraida Binti Khairudin a, Norzila Binti Mohd b , Harizal Bin Hamid c a Faculty of Science Computer and Mathematics, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Malaysia. b Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Malaysia. C Faculty of Science and Biotechnology, Universiti Industri Selangor, Malaysia. Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The increments of medical costs are a burden to society especially for the patients who need long-term stay in the hospital. This study included 3560 patients who received Coronary Artery Bypass Graft surgery (CABG) from National Heart Institute for a period of three years (2007-2010). The purpose of this study is to build and compare the performances of logistic regression (Enter, Backward and Forward) and decision tree (CART,CHAID and C5) in predicting the prolonged stay for CABG patients after surgery and to determine the risk factors affecting long- term stay in the hospital. Risk factors such as age, diabetes, hypertension, gender, obesity, chest re-operation and complications (such as stroke, wound infection and atrial fibrillation) after surgery were determined by the predictive models. The predictors identified were further examined using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Log-rank test was used to justify the findings. Overall, 2499 of CABG patients were discharged within less than 10 days, whereas 1061 patients required prolonged (  10 days) stays. The study population consisted of patients aged 21 to 85 years with 13.1% of female and 76.9% of male patients. From the analysis, predictive accuracy for decision tree (CART, CHAID and C5) and logistic regression (Enter, Forward and Backward) model were 65.86%, 65.86%, 66.59%, 75.87%, 76.03% and 76.11% respectively. Logistic (Enter) model revealed that age, diabetes mellitus, chest re- operation (I), atrial fibrillation and wound infection influenced the CABG patients’ prolonged length of stay. Based on the rule of parsimony, logistic regression (Enter) is selected as the best model.

Keywords: CABG, decision tree, logistic regression, prolonged stay.

44 Ref#: 152/MAL/11/SSHD

The socio-economic impact of African immigration on urban development in South Africa: the case of Empangeni

Efe Mary Isike a a Department of Anthropology and Development Studies, University of Zululand, South Africa Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Beginning in the twentieth century, South Africa experienced rapid industrialization which boosted its economy and thus leading to increased immigration to South Africa particularly after the democratic elections in 1994. Since then, South Africa has become the new ‘Europe’ for Africans as countries such as the DRC, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Lesotho, Malawi, Nigeria, Mozambique and Zimbabwe now have large migrant communities settled in South Africa. Studies also show that Africans increasingly migrate to South Africa not only as refugees fleeing conflicts and war in some of these countries, but also because of economic reasons. Based on the foregoing, this paper will examine the nature and patterns of African immigration to South Africa with a view to determining its impacts on urban development in South Africa using the specific case of Empangeni. Apart from a review of literature, policies and other relevant official documents, this paper will also employ a purposive sample survey and in-depth interviews of African immigrants in the area, officials of the Department of Home Affairs, Department of Economic Development and members of the Parliamentary Portfolio Committee on Home Affairs. At a theoretical level, this paper is intended to help validate the utility of the pluralist paradigm in explaining the links between migration and development in the specific case of South Africa. In this regard, it will highlight the factors that are critical to making South Africa a beneficiary of African immigration.

Keywords: African, Immigration, South Africa, Urban development.

45 Ref#: 153/MAL/11/SSHD

Measuring Student Attachment to School : A Structural Equation Modeling Approach

Azlina Abu Bakar a a University Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Schools are places where self-development and social interactions develop, inculcation of interpersonal skills and formation of peer groups among students (Henry & Slater, 2007). Relationships with schools are positively related to good mental health among adolescents and it is also a predictor of mental health in the future (Waters et al., 2009). This paper makes an attempt to ascertain and to test empirically, using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to approach the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) of school attachment among adolescents in the east- coast of peninsular Malaysia. School Attachment Questionnaire (SAQ) was developed by Mouton, DeWitt & Glazier (1999) and was adapted by Trammel (2003). The adolescents' conceptions of school attachment measured dimensions such as general relationship, sense of belonging and specific attachment. The SAQ was administered to 308 secondary school students of 16 years old. Students were asked to respond to declarative statements with one of five responses : strongly disagree, disagree, don’t know, agree or strongly agree. Cross-validation was done using two sub-samples of 160 and 148 students respectively. The instrument consisted of 20 items with 9 negative scores and the items were hypothesized as a priori to have non-zero loadings on all dimensions in the model. Analysis of the items resulted in a well-fitting model with composite reliability of .95 and variance extracted of 70% (χ²/df = 1.036; p = .406; GFI = .991; CFI = .999; TLI = .999; RMSEA = .011, AIC = 34.290).

Keywords: (Adolescence; Education; School; Structural Equation Modeling)

46 Ref#: 162/MAL/11/SSHD

Can Nigeria Achieve the MDGs by 2020? Application of ARIMA Models

Bello Malam Ali a a Department of Economics, Federal University of Technology Yola, Nigeria. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract In the current debate of rethinking development in an age of scarcity and global uncertainty, can post 2015 be relevant for developing economies like Nigeria? The aim of the paper is to project what is going to be like after 2015 with regard to meeting the MDG targets. Moreover, current literature debunk foreign aids as impediment to LDCs progress, however this paper argues that aids need not be faulted but the channel of distributing it. The study relies on quantitative method and the approach used is applied Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models. Results revealed that, efforts from individuals, communities, stakeholders, policy makers, planners, government and international agencies need to be improved. The paper concludes that, still there are a lot of works to be done by all concerned to reach the targets. The paper has made a number of contributions; theoretically, empirically and methodologically to the frontiers of knowledge.

Keywords: ARIMA Models, MDGs, Post 2015

47 Ref#:182/MAL/11/SSHD

Current Security Sector Development (SSD) and Implication on Sustainable Development of the Developing Countries

Brian-Vincent Ikejiaku a a British Institute of Technology & E-commerce, Avicenna House, Romford Road, London, United Kingdom. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The current security sector development (SSD) in the international system that influences the national security shows that there is serious neglect on the human security and human development in the developing countries. It is crucial that since the strike on the World Trade Centre in the USA in September 11 2001 (popularly known as the 9/11), the Westerners have decided to change the global security approach. It is very conspicuous now that the West has decided to concentrate and invest more heavily on military, rather than on social and economic development, which understandably will be a way to reduce poverty and underdevelopment, and ultimately a better means to reduce the global threat to peace, security and stability. In other words the route or option taken to invest ‘more heavily’ on militarisation instead on socio-economic development is making things more difficult globally, including the efforts towards global peace and security. The aim of this paper is to attempt a critical analysis on the current security sector development, and to proffer avenues on how to deal with these challenges. The paper argues that the current framework for global security sector development is lacking towards responding to the human security and human development of the poor developing countries. The paper finds that the welfare and sustainable development of the developing countries is in principle the primary concern or priority in the international development project (security being part of international development), but practically, this is not in the priority zone.

Keywords: Global security, human development, human security, international sustainable development, Security Sector Development

48 Ref#: 188/MAL/11/SSHD

The March to Sustainability of Agriculture through Contract Farming – How Will the Youth Fare?

Jeffrey Lawrence D’Silva a, Bahaman Abu Samah b, Hayrol Azril Mohamed Shaffril c a,b.c Laboratory of Sustainable Development and Agriculture Extension, Institute for Social Science Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Undoubtedly modern farming methods are important as the driver that will enable the sustainability of agriculture and one of it is contract farming that is believed to have a high prospect in enabling the agriculture sector to accomplish the mission of sustainability. It is often said that one of the pertinent groups in any society is the youth and their contribution is indeed vital in safeguarding the agriculture sector and its’ march to sustainability. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the level of acceptance of youth toward contract farming and its’ contributing factors. The data for this study was collected via a survey method and a total of 400 students from four tertiary institutions in Malaysia participated in this study. The outcome of the study depicted that the respondents had a highly positive acceptance toward contract farming and its’ significant predictors were attitude, knowledge and belief. It was further identified that education plays an important role in motivating our youth to be involved in agriculture. Moreover, the study too showed that with proper exposure of knowledge and information, youth are determined to accept and be involved in agriculture in an enterprising manner.

Keywords: Acceptance, Contract Farming, Malaysia, Sustainability, Youth

49 Ref#: 189/MAL/11/SSHD

A Study on-Agriculture-Industry Linkage in India and Sustainable Development

A.P. Pandey a, Shailendra Kumar Singh b a, b Department of Economics, Faculty of social sciences, B.H.U. Varanasi, India. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Agriculture and industry both sectors play a vital role in the economy, in less developed countries (LDCs) economy divided in two sector –agriculture and industrial sector where service sectors working as a growth agent (accelerator). Both sector inter-dependent in each other this is called linkage, while theoretically, linkage may be of various kind, the most commonly observed ones are those involving the informal (agrarian) market –where products, factors of production are sells and purchase. Through this paper we want to discuss about the problem of LDCs country as like India that facing the problem of TERMS OF TRADE which are against to agriculture sector and favorable to industrial sector linkage dig up the inequality thus we can see the exploitation of recourses which generate the needs of sustainable development.

India is a mainly agriculture based economy where 70% population directly and indirectly depend on it; Indian agriculture market is unorganized and terms of trade not favorable to agriculture market many agent responsible for it. Agriculture sector has domestic market till 1990 when government adopt the policy of Globalization, whole world converted in to a global market but government not mind to adopt the policy for reforming of agriculture sector hence inequality continue increases .1n 2001 government adopt the policy for agriculture sector-“New agriculture Policy-2000”because government know it better that both sectors are interlinked if we want to adopt the policy for SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, we must be put up our mind, of major empirical agent of agrian sector.

What makes the problem of interlinkage …….? Interesting is the diversity of relating among the various markets in LDCs agriculture. In addition, particular instances of agrarian contracts have been variously interpreted by political economists as example of exploitation and power or, as necessary internalization, for efficiency, of external market forces.

Terms of trade for agriculture sector changes time to time, in 1950 India has not enough specialization in agriculture sector hence it face the problem of quality and quantity of agrian product. PL480-this agreement relating to the supply of food grain (wheat) from America .after this agreement India know it better we must self depend on agriculture sector ,Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru said about it-Unfavorable terms of trade also have a political aspect ,so we must be self depend of this sector .

Terms of trade have many agent as like-unorganized market structure ,low bargaining power ,price determine through the help of demand and supply-both agents of it constant ,in demand sector peoples have limited needs for food grains and second factor supply –agriculture product is manly producing through the help of Land that is limited. In 1966 government adopt the policy of “Green Revaluation”, it is very successes, we can see positive result in wheat, rice.

Keywords; Agriculture-Industry linkage, sustainable development, terms of trade.

50 Ref#: 190/MAL/11/SSHD

Constructing the scientific literate netizen: Science communication on the Iranian world wide web (IWWW)

Zahra ojagh a a Department of Communication studies, Faculty of Social Science, University of Tehran, Iran. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract In this article, I would like to describe the effect that scientific culture makes on cultures of cyber space. The effect is constructing the scientific literate netizen by cyber culture. Therefore "science communication in cyber space" is an important instrument for changing the people. In this study, I analyze 4 scientific communities in IWWW. Case studies are based on the methodological approach which is provided through theoretical discussion. This study indicates S&T as essential values in the cyberspace and weblogs are the best space for popularizing science in order to increasing public understanding of science and technology and literacy of netizens. It supposed with such understanding and with scientific literate netizens, www sphere changes to place where behaviors and confronting with various virtual conditions will do with more selectivity and probably active participation rate will be increased. This article includes 5 main parts: new concept of scientific literacy, www as an opportunity for promoting the scientific literacy, Methodology, Results and Conclusions.

Keywords: science communication, Iranian scientific communities, literate netizen, public understanding of science.

51 Ref#: 191/MAL/11/SSHD

Urban Land Use sustainability Assessment through Evaluation of Compatibility Matrix Case study: Karaj city (in center of Iran)

Mostafa Taleshi a, Asad Ghobadi b a,b Geography Department, Payame Noor University, Tehran , Iran. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract One of the purposes of urban land use planning is suitable side selection of land uses and segregate of inconsistent land uses. The quality of compatibility or incompatibility of the urban land uses are the most basic and most complex components for determining the facilities and opportunities in urban planning. These concepts is derived from the term “neighborhood” and its assessing needs for pair and matrix comparison and determine the most appropriate form for the city. Since the observations and cleverness calculations are needed to obtain reliable results, it is necessary to use spatial analysis tools and new methods in these comparisons. This study has done in fourth district of Karaj near Tehran metropolitan in order to assessing and using land use compatibility matrix , to identify annoying activities and requirement land uses. The study results show that urban land use sustainability is provided through adequate spatial order of land uses. The outcomes are, first, in order to reduce pollutions and other socio-economic limits the incompatible land uses should be export from city and to establish in another place. Second, sufficient land uses for complying the needs of citizens such as public facilities and services should be considered. Third, the destruction of green space and convert it into other applications should be prevented. It should be noted, the method of analyzing of network processing to establish urban undesirable facilities is also used in other researches like: Istanbul case study, Turkey, in 2011 by Gülfem Tuzkaya et al, Achieving matrix consistency in AHP through linearization in 2011 by Julio Benítez, and Study and implementation of fire sites planning based on GIS and AHP in 2011 by WEI Lai et al.

Keywords: Sustainability urban Land uses, Land uses consistency matrix, Matrix comparison, Karaj city.

52 Ref#:192/MAL/11/SSHD

Social Support and Personality Trait as factors that affect Happiness Level among employee in State Islamic University Jakarta

Yufi Adriani a a Faculty of Psychology, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract In Indonesia, currently, we can conclude that more people have tendency to feel unhappy in their everyday life. Poverty was widespread, the weak economy and the lowest level of monthly income, high unemployment and terrorism were factors that interfere the community lately.

There are so many factors that can affects happiness, one of them is the Personality Trait. One theory to measure the personality trait is the five-factor model, the grouping of individual personality arranged in five broad dimensions. In addition, other factors that might also affect the level of happiness are the influence of environmental or social support received by each individual. General social support can be obtained from a particular group or organization where the individuals involved, from the immediate family or from friends and companions.

The purpose of this study is to measure the effect of Personality Trait and Social Support in predicting Happiness Levels among employee in State Islamic University Jakarta, Indonesia. Furthermore, the selection of employees as a subject for this study would have a positive impact on the development of human resources at State Islamic University, Jakarta especially in giving more information about the personality trait of the employee and their happiness level which in turn could help the management in giving the best treatment to improve employee’s performance.

This study will recruit 100 participants to answers questionnaires. The available data would be analyzed using statistical approach in order to see the factors that might have bigger contribution to the happiness level among employee so the treatment can be more appropriate and effective.

Keywords: (Five Factor Model, Happiness, Personality Trait, Social Support)

53 Ref#: 193/MAL/11/SSHD

The Drivers of Job Engagement and Its Impact on Employee Performace and Turnover Intention: A Case Analysis of Academics in Higher Education Institutions in Malaysia

Daphne Lim Wee Ling a, Evelyn Toh Bee Hwa,b a, b Taylor’s Business School, Taylor’s University Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract In Malaysia, organizations today are facing rapid growth of employees’ turnover rate. Employee turnover rate is giving sleepless nights to the human resource manager in many organizations. As the workforce today is becoming more competitive, the intention for employees to switch from a job to another has also increased. The withdrawal or intention to quit is influenced by employees’ attitude, engagement and other facets of job satisfaction. High levels of employee engagement have been proven to be associated with high level of performance and low employee turnover rate.

The aim of this research is to discover how academics in higher education institutions in Malaysia feel about their work and, crucially, what employers can do to raise the level of engagement.

The model used to examine the findings include the three dimensions of engagement i.e. emotional engagement, cognitive engagement and physical engagement as suggested by Charter Institute of Personnel and Development (2006); the concept of job sculpting by Butler and Waldrof (1999) and factors that influence employees engagement by Harkins (1998).

The data is collected using a stratified sample of 200 academics from a few major private higher education institutions in Malaysia. Survey questionnaires are distributed electronically and by hand to the respondents. The findings are grouped into sections on: working life, management, leadership and communication, attitudes to work, engagement and outcome in terms of performance, intention to quit and sickness absence. The result of the findings is then interpreted and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Statistical tests such as frequency distribution, factor analysis and Chi Square test are used to examine the result and measure the association among variables.

The outcomes of this research will be presented to the organizations concerned. Recommendations on how to increase employee engagements and positive attitudes at work will be addressed as the solutions to improve employees’ performance and reduce employee turnover rates.

Keywords: employee engagement, intention to quit, job satisfaction, motivation, performance

54 Ref#: 199/MAL/11/SSHD

Mozambique’s Post-Conflict Political Economy: Africa’s Success Story (1992-2009)?

Madalitso Zililo Phiri a Human Sciences Research Council a Plein Park Building, Plein Street 69-83, Cape Town, South Africa. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The paper investigates the political economy of development in post-conflict Mozambique. This paper is written from the theoretical perspectives of growing criticism of the Washington Consensus policies on developing nations, which place economic growth and development within the field of development studies as they are played out in African realities. Mozambique is viewed by the donor community and multilateral institutions, such as the World Bank and IMF, as a success story of post-war construction and is used as a model to be emulated. The paper proposes a thesis that, contrary to the common belief of donors and International Financial Institutions (IFIs), adjustment policies do harm to this poor economy. Secondary quantitative data was made available from leading international organisations such as WHO, AND FAO. The paper found that, despite improvements in reducing the number of people living in poverty between 1992 and 2008, malnutrition, diseases such as malaria, HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis, and are on the increase. This demystifies claims that Mozambique is a post-conflict success story. The author concludes that global governance reforms that take cognisance of Mozambique and Africa’s political crisis are needed to forge a post-colonial development paradigm relevant for Africa.

Keywords: Mozambique, political economy, poverty, neo-liberalism, World Bank, IMF.

55 Ref#: 200/MAL/11/SSHD

Indian Women: Green Growth and Development

Gitanjali Nain Gill a a Northumbria Law School, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The relationship between poverty and environmental degradation is complex and pernicious. Developing countries including India are faced with the challenge of protecting and supporting vulnerable groups such as poor, rural women and girls. These women face food insecurity, loss of livelihood and hardship due to environmental degradation. The feminization of poverty adversely affects them in terms of vulnerability and impact. Accordingly, India needs to forge the ‘next practice’ of ‘gender engagement’ for a sustainable future within the framework of green growth and development. The recognition and involvement of the ignored 'other half' as an asset should resonate at all stages of development and should be defined in the national context. Women as half of the human capital of India need to be effectively integrated in order fulfil India’s commitment of poverty alleviation, economic empowerment and sustainable development. The ‘ three gender E’s’- environmental ethics [a resource], environmental stewardship [legal rights] and environmental entitlements [management strategies and programmes] should be mobilized. These can bridge the gap between environment conservation and socio-economic well- being in an achievable pattern of sustainable development and empowerment. India presents an intriguing picture of duality in law - promising and reassuring in theory but ineffective and deceptive in practice. The paper includes cases of discrimination against women coupled with studies of indigent tribal women who have moved into the cash economy by using their traditional knowledge of conserving their environment and simultaneously using its products for trade purposes. This has resulted in economic and social empowerment. Both the negative and positive case studies illustrate the duality issues raised above.

Keywords: Environmental entitlements, ethics, stewardship, Sustainable development D, Women

56 Ref#: 204/MAL/11/SSHD

Land Reforms and Dalits in Andhra Pradesh: A South Indian State

E. Krishna Rao a a Centre for Study of Social Exclusion and Inclusive Policy, Pondicherry University, R.V.Nagar, Kalapet, Puducherry, India. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Land being a factor of production in all the stages of economy and it also plays a diabolical role in the life of rural people. Being the main source of subsistence, land metamorphoses into a socio-economic reality. In the third world countries, land as a productive asset plays an important role not only in the functioning of rural economies, but also in changing fortunes of families and socio-economic groups. Since land is the prime source of income in rural India, around 85% of the rural population of India, directly or indirectly, depends on land and its produce. Land is not only prime source of income but also a symbol of social status in rural India. The land distribution pattern in India in agriculture continues to be skewed. This skewed distribution of land in India is intrinsically related to the caste system. A small number of big landlords own a large extent of land while the millions of marginal and small peasants own small extents of land. While the large landowners belong to the so-called upper castes, the cultivators belong to the middle castes and the agricultural workers mostly belong to the weaker sections such as Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. To reduce inequalities land reforms have been attempted in India soon after the independence. As part of national policy, the government of Andhra Pradesh has also implemented several landreforms. In the case of Andhra Pradesh several land legislations to augment the production and to reduce the inequalities in the distribution of land. But even today, the land is concentrated in the hands of some of the social upper strata, and nearly 89% of Dalits, there who are denied social and economic equality since long time are retain as landless and agricultural labourers. In this context an attempt has been made in this paper to examine Dalits’ access to land in Andhra Pradesh during pre and post independence period. And it also an attempt to assess the impact of land reforms on Dalits land ownership in Andhra Pradesh.

Keywords: Caste, Dalits, Economic equality, Landreforms, Skewed distribution

57 Ref#: 211/MAL/11/SSHD

Grant Based Approach to Poverty Reduction: Evidence from Bangladesh

Wameq A Raza a, Jinnat Ara b a,b Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC, Bangladesh. a, Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract A large scale programme that provides grants along with background support services was implemented by BRAC in an effort to alleviate extreme poverty using a grant-based approach known as Challenging the Frontiers of Poverty Reduction (CFPR). At the beginning of the programme, the participants are provided with income generating assets and training on various issues over a course of two years so that they may graduate into mainstream poverty. The objective of this study is to see the impacts of the CFPR programme two years after the intervention. We have analysed a two round panel dataset from 2007 (baseline) and 2009 (end-line) using the propensity score matching methodology. Results show that not only did the level of income and savings go up amongst the participants, employments dynamics changed from dead end jobs such as working as housemaids and day labourers to more entrepreneurial activities. Furthermore, results also show that the level of food security had also improved. The participants were able to expand their asset base beyond what was provided by the programme initially. Though public expenditures for the poor are not insignificant, often suffer from substantial leakages either through corruption or mismanagement, rendering them toothless. This paper finds that the CFPR approach as implemented by BRAC is clearly an effective strategy to fight ultra poverty in a sustainable manner which can be replicable in other developing country.

Keywords: Employment, ultra poverty reduction, grant based approach, Social safety net, Ultra poor

58 Ref#: 222/MAL/11/SSHD

Design and development of smart motorcycle safety vest for motorcyclist in Malaysia

Mohd Farriz Basar a, Norhaslinda Hasim b, Khalil Azha Annuar c a,c JTKE, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Ayer Keroh, Melaka, Malaysia. b Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Ayer Keroh, Melaka, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This paper describes the design and development of Smart Motorcycle Safety Vest (SMS-V) for motorcyclist in Malaysia. SMS-V is the reflex of light shirts and fitted with red and bright yellow LEDs which become the third light for brake and signals. According to statistics of road accidents in Malaysia, accidents involving motorcyclists has a high number and it increases every year. As a result, many young people died and some have suffered permanent disabilities and this is a great loss to society and country. Therefore, there should be an alternative effort to ensure that this group is not a victim in the accident. Basically, the accident on the motorcycle is happened because most of motorcyclist are not concerned about safety where the mistakes that frequently happen is wearing dark colored clothing. According to the research experimental works, a motorcycle can only be known by the headlight and taillight of motorcycle at a distance of less than 180 meters. If a vehicle such as car and lorry at a speed of 90km/h faced with a motorcyclist, the vehicle only has 6 seconds to be alert to the presence of motorcyclists. Instead, this product able to assist road users about the presence of a motorcyclist at a distance of 500 meters, which is three times better than normal conditions. Based on motorcycle registration statistics released by the Malaysian Road Transport Department, as at January 2010, a total of 8,940,230 motorcycles were registered in Malaysia. If SMS-V is used only 50% of the number stated above, roughly, it will become a fashion and give a great impact to the motorcyclists in Malaysia as the product itself offers an interesting look. Hence, it is believed that this research is able to reduce the number of road accidents which often happen to motorcyclists in Malaysia.

Keywords: Light-Emitting Diode (LED), Malaysia, Motorcyclist, Safety Vest, Third Light

59 Ref#: 226/MAL/11/SSHD

Quality of Life Index: Fuzzy Inference System Approach

Lazim Abdullaha and Zeti Farhanab a,bDepartment of Mathematics, University of Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Multi domains in quality of life summarize the information provided by several domains into a single value of index for immediate interpretability. Establishing a new quality of life index that combines different domains is not a trivial task as these domains may be qualitative or quantitative. Fuzzy rule-based system has been repeated proposed as an effective technique to cope with such situations. In this paper we present Malaysian quality of life index based on the framework of fuzzy inference system. The system allows capturing the expert knowledge of the nine domains of quality of life to efficiently generate a single index. Data of nine domains from Malaysian Quality of Life Report were employed to illustrate the application of the system in establishing the index. Malaysian quality of life index in a degree of membership and a linguistic term were finally generated by the system. The index 0.501 with linguistic of ‘medium’ suggests that the quality of life among Malaysians is a mediocre scale.

Keywords: Fuzzy rules, Fuzzy Set, Index, Quality of life, Social indicator

60 Ref#:239/MAL/11/SSHD

Introducing large scale urban model to Sydney’s metropolitan planning

Ji Yuan Yu a a Faculty of Built Environment, University of New South Wales, 10/4 Pope Street, Ryde, NSW, 2112, Australia. a Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract By 2036 Sydney’s population is expected to reach six million, an increase of 1.7 million since the 2006 census. To achieve a liveable and attractive city, Sydney Metropolitan Strategy 2006 presents detailed plans for Sydney’s future and allocates a precise number of additional residents to each local government area using the planning tool named METRIX. As the pattern of human settlement directly impacts on the issues of transport, environment and economy, METRIX, however, is limited and incapable of accounting for the external restrictions to population distribution. There is a further question of the extent to which this strategy will be implemented, since there is no appropriate planning system currently in place. Therefore, a planning model capable of evaluating the suitable locations to accommodate the growing population and providing alternative options for Sydney’s future, as well as facilitating the cooperation among different departments, is in urgent need to produce a flexible and responsive metropolitan strategy. To resolve these practical issues, this paper turns to academic research on the concept of planning support system. By reviewing the presently popular urban models, the author argues that most previous efforts are forced on modelling techniques, and these methods cannot simulate the correct process of urban growth. This also makes the relative research more successful in the laboratory than that in practice. The proposed model in this paper, instead, takes the notion of “Enterprise Resource Planning” to pull the endeavour back to constructing a collaborative population distribution model. The model first examines the macro level influences in people’s choice of living through spatial regression, and then generates suitability score using factor analysis to reflect the micro fitness. Afterwards, the additional population is distributed along the logistic curve with a yearly basis. The whole model is constructed in ModelBuilder of ArcGIS 10 employing the data of 55158 polygons, where the smallest area of residential block is 154 m2.

Keywords: Urban planning, Planning support system, Metropolitan Planning

61 Ref#:242/MAL/11/SSHD

Agricultural Sustainability in Egypt

Bahgat M. Abdel-Maksoud a, Mohamed F. S. Abdel-Salam b a Rural Sociology & Agricultural Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt. b Agricultural Extension & Rural Sociology, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, Egypt. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Agriculture sustainability has been the core of research studies in recent years. This study incorporates two stages: first, to develop a framework to measure agricultural sustainability in Egypt, and second, to identify agricultural sustainability practices based on the developed framework. The framework includes a number of social, economic and environmental indicators to measuring agricultural sustainability in Egypt and is developed depending upon indicators used for the same purpose in England, Italy, Venezuela, and Australia, in addition to indicators included in the environmental sustainability index. The application of the framework depends on secondary sources. Agricultural sustainability practices in Egypt are identified and empirically investigated to examine farmers' perception and adoption of these practices. Interviews were carried out in 2010 with 200 farmers, randomly selected, belonging to four districts in Assiut governorate, Egypt. Results show that while there are positive trends towards agricultural sustainability in Egypt according to most economic indicators, there are negative trends according to most social and environmental indicators. Results also show low levels of farmers' knowledge and adoption of most agricultural sustainability practices. It is recommended that immense efforts should be devoted to encourage farmers to adopt agricultural sustainability practices concerning these social and environmental dimensions to maintain agricultural sustainability in Egypt.

Keywords: Adoption of sustainability practices, Agricultural sustainability, Egypt, Sustainability indicators, Sustainability practices,

62 Ref#: 248/MAL/11/SSHD

Predicting the Intentions to Buy Fair-Trade Products: The Role of Attitude, Social Norm, Perceived Behavioral Control, and Moral Norm

Astrid de Leeuw a, Pierre Valois b, Claude Houssemand c a,b,c Faculty of Language and Literature, Humanities, Arts and Education, University of Luxemburg, EMACS Research Unit, Route de Diekirch, L-7201 Walferdange, Luxemburg. a Corresponding autour : [email protected]

Abstract Current study examined

63 Ref#: 255/MAL/11/SSHD

Influence of Information Source Parameters and Personal Characteristics of Librarians on Reader’s Ability to Retrieve Information in Reference Service.

Nkoyo B. Edem a a University of Calabar Library, Calabar, Nigeria. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This study was conducted in nine (9) University libraries, (five states and four federal) in the south – south zone of Nigeria to provide information on the perception of both librarians and readers on the influence of information source parameters (obsolete information sources and availability of relevant information sources), as well as personal characteristics of librarians (attitude and experience) on readers ability to retrieve information. The study used survey design to determine by means of a one item in a four point likert scale questionnaire, the influence of these variables on reader’s ability to retrieve information. Four (4) hypotheses were tested. Out of the total of 700 library registered undergraduate students, only 698 students and all the 9 librarians answered and returned usable questionnaires. Frequency and percentage tabulation were used for the presentation of data for both librarians and readers, while t-test was used for data analysis. The major findings are that all the four hypotheses tested, rejected the null hypotheses, which means that all these variables influence reader’s ability to retrieve information. This calls for the librarians to improve upon their personal characteristics as well as the provision of relevant information sources if quality reference services are to be attained. Based on these findings, recommendations were made, the major ones of which are the automation and internet connectivity of the reference section of the library, provision of current and relevant information, online access to information sources/e-library and re-training of librarians especially those librarians working in the reader’s services libraries.

Keywords: University libraries, reference service, personal characteristics, information source parameters, information retrieval and south-south zone.

64 Ref#: 259/MAL/11/SSHD

The Efficiency of Environment Rights in Enforcing Environmental Standards: Scope of adaptation in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

Yaser Khalaileh a a College of Law, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract A plethora of international proclamations were made since the 1972 Stockholm Declaration pointing to an essential need for a human right to a clean environment. Consequently, an internationally recognized substantive right to a clean environment was declared in the 1992 Rio Declaration. The quantum of this has continued forward with the existence of a parallel move towards recognition of what can be considered procedural rights, which vitally require public access to information, participation in decision making, and an unfettered access to justice in environmental matters. It has long been argued that further development and use of these procedural rights will not only provide opportunities to protect environmental rights, but can also further the development of a substantive right to a clean environment. This research provides an interdisciplinary study of a global sustainable development dimension for law practitioners and academics alike, and is an attempt to assess the evolution process of environmental rights, that has been accompanied by the inclusion of few procedural rights for enforcement. Assessing the road ahead for such progress is vital, for it is to be argued that despite the urgency of the issues and the growing number of claims by individuals, and communities seeking remedies for severe environmental damages, environmental rights might just play an essential part in remedying reverse environmental effects. The existence of such rights, if only proved not to be merely a phantom, could then then be surveyed within the legal framework of any national legal system. Accordingly, this study will attempt to put to the test the legal system of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan as a core of investigation. However, this paper suggests that there is a room for relying on a 'right to clean environment' model to enforce environmental standards in any given legal system.

Keywords: Environment, Human Rights, Constitution, Development, Jordan

65 Ref#: 261/MAL/11/SSHD

Self Help Groups (SHGs) of Women in Haryana: A Social Work Perspective

Manju Panwar a, Jitendra Kumar b a Department of Social Work, B.P.S Mahila Vishwavidhalaya, Khanpur Kalan, Sonipat, Haryana, India. b Department of Economics, Ch. Charan Singh Meerut University, (Uttar Pradesh), India. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Both central as well as State government have been implementing various schemes and programmes for the eradication of poverty. But still poverty is persisting. After having tried many different projects for poverty’s alleviation, the Central government launched the Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY). The main aim of SGSY is to nurture Self Help Group (SHGs) right from formation to marketing stage.

SHGs have become a very important tool for reducing poverty. Credit is a powerful weapon. With appropriate credit institutions and credit policies, it is possible to lead a society towards a desired shape. The SHGs have contributed in developing the personality of women in molding the community into right perspective and in exploring the initiatives of women in taking up entrepreneurial activities. SHGs have emerged as the providers of social capital for transferring today rural India into a powerful society through micro finance. Thus, SHGs create a silent revolution which must be viewed as “change agents” in rural women. SHGs-bank linkage not only enhances the national conscience but also enable in achieving Millennium Development Goals. Banks have a crucial role to play in the implementation of SGSY as it is credit-cum-subsidy programme wherein credit is the key component and subsidy is only a minor and enabling component. Therefore, close association of banks at all stages of the programme’s implementation is envisaged for its smooth implementation. SHGs act as a forum for the members to provide space and support to each other. These groups enable the members to learn to cooperate and work in a group environment by providing savings and an effective credit delivery mechanism in order to cater to the economic needs of the members.

Keywords: Banks, Millennium Development Goals. Self Help Group, Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY), Women .

66 Ref#: 265/MAL/11/SSHD

Learners’ Perception of Adult Educators: A Synerge for A Sustainable Acquisition of Literacy Education in Nigeria

Olojede, A.A. a Lakan, M.J. b a, b Department of Continuing Education and Community Development, Faculty of Education and Arts, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai, Niger State, Nigeria. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The main purpose of this paper was to assess the perceptions of adult learners on the adult educators’ contribution toward sustainable adult learning. The paper established that cordial relationship that exist between learners and their facilitators will go a long way to facilitate acquisition of literacy education and sustainability of the same for the development of the learners and the community where learners reside. However, it was established that adult educators performance on the other hand is influenced by motivational/incentive they receive from the organiser of adult education programmes, hence, for adequate preparedness of adult educators to perform their duties, teaching professionalism should be effected; prompt payment of honorarium and conducive learning environment should also be encouraged. With adequate incentives put in place, adult educators will perform and rate of literacy acquisition will be ensured.

Keywords: Adult educator, Acquisition, Learner, Literacy Education,

67 Ref#: 267/MAL/11/SSHD

The Relationship Between Employees’ Job Satisfaction with The Withdrawal or Intention to Quit Among Employees in The Education Industry

Lim Wee Ling a a Taylor’s Business School, Lakeside Campus, Taylor’s University Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The withdrawal or intention to quit of employees is much influenced by their behavior, job satisfaction, the organizational commitment, the leadership of its supervisor and etc. As the workforce today is becoming more competitive, the intention for the employees to switch from one job to another has also increased.

The main objective of this research is to examine the relationship between the employees’ job satisfaction with the withdrawal or intention to quit among employees in the education industry in Malaysia. This study is to aid the Human Resource Department to determine the causes and consequences of job dissatisfaction that influence the employees’ intention to quit.

In order to obtain the results, 80 sets of questionnaires were distributed among the employees who worked in the education industry in Malaysia. A total of 69 candidates responded to the survey. The result of the findings was interpreted and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).

The result indicated that the most significant factor that urged the employees’ intention to quit from the current job was promotion opportunities and career advancement. Pay is no longer the strongest predictor of employees’ turnover intention. It was supported by frequency distribution and chi-square test.

In general, it can be concluded that due to the increasing level of education and the needs of knowledge, key employees are willing to serve longer in a company that provides them a good learning environment. However more studies can be conducted to confirm the above findings.

Keywords: job satisfaction, intention to quit, job satisfaction, motivation, employee retention

68 Ref#: 279/MAL/11/SSHD

Switching Gears: From Needs to Assets Based Approach to Community Development in Nepal

Raj Khadka a a School of Social Work, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The mode of community development is changing in Nepal. The increased flow of international aid for local development, the rise of grassroots organizations, and the political transition to democratic system have created an environment for the adoption and trial of different development approaches. Currently, some of the widely practiced approaches to poverty reduction and social development are the needs-based approach, the sustainable livelihoods approach (SLA), the rights-based approach (RBA), and/or the participatory rural appraisal (PRA). The rights-based approach is gaining prominence mostly among non-government organizations (NGOs). Despite the introduction of the latter three development approaches the needs-based approach to community development is still widely practiced both by government and non-government organizations. The needs-based approach, also known as a traditional approach, is generally understood as a deficit model which focuses on the community’s needs, deficiencies and problems. The critics of this traditional approach argue that such an assessment of the community may help it internalize a negative picture of itself and become powerless. Contrary to this traditional model, the Assets Based Community Development (ABCD) approach empowers community members and strengthens the effectiveness of government agencies and NGOs by drawing on the resources, abilities and insights of local residents to find the ways of overcoming their own challenges. This paper analyzes the ABCD approach and argues for the need to combine the ABCD with SLA, RBA and PRA. The inclusion of the ABCD approach will have sustainable development impacts on the community if intentionally and consistently employed. The paper analyzes theoretical literature on community development in relation to approaches employed in Nepal.

Keywords: ABCD, approaches, community development, development, poverty

69 Ref#280/MAL/11/SSHD

Privacy as Obstacle of Implementing Telecommunication Interception and Access Laws

Nazzal M. Kisswani a a College of Law, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Privacy is an obstacle facing developing countries when preparing a draft law on telecommunication interception and access, and often prompts them to cancel the draft of the law. Privacy has become not only complex, but also controversial, with governments attempting to defend their own right to invade the communication privacy of citizens and human rights groups advocating against this. In recent years, the balance has been shifting away from privacy protection to allowing telecommunications interception and access by government when needed to obtain access to such telecommunications for the purpose of national security and public security.

Keywords : privacy, national security, interception law, access to communication, human right

70 Ref#: 281/MAL/11/SSHD

Comparative Study of the Development of Economic, Political and Social Inequalities in Iran and India

Mozhgan Azimi Hashemi a, Mohammad Mazloum Khorasani b a Social Sciences Research departement, ACECR (Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research) Mashhad Branch.Iran. b Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Iran. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract This article has adopted a comparative and case oriented approach with employing fuzzy-sets analysis in order to examine the causative conditions creating income and prestige inequality in Iran and India in sixty-four years era. Theoretical framework are combined theories of modernization, dependency, production style and the theory of state emphasizing on the nature of state as major agent of development and its relationship with society. Comparative study was conducted both within and between the cases. Evidences were examined on six and five historical phases in Iran and India respectively. According to the results, in eleven historical era examined a configuration of economic underdevelopment in addition to state and society powerlessness is the sufficient cause for income and prestige inequality. Thus, a mixture of the two theories of modernization and development-oriented state explains the outcome powerfully. Thus an Improvement in the economic capacity in the context of an active civil society and a powerful state are sufficient conditions for achieving a society of equal opportunity.

Keywords: Democracy ,Economic Development, Income & prestige Inequality, Fuzzy Analysis, Comparative- Historical Analysis.

71 Ref#: 284/MAL/11/SSHD

Assessment of noise pollution at different units of Neka thermal power plant

Mohammad Reza Monazzam a , Parvin Nassiri b, Narges Zaredar c, Samaneh Momen bellah Fard d a, b Occupational Hygiene Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. c, d Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of the Environment and Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Power plant industries were among those industries that have substantial progress in Iran. This cross sectional study aimed to study the level of noise pollution at different parts of Neka power plant in Mazandaran, Iran. Sound pressure level measurements and frequency analysis were performed using net method where the results were compared with ACGIH standards. It was found that the sound levels were higher in most units where the lowest level of sound was at the official unit. Although some methods such as application of absorptive materials, noise barriers and Active Noise Control system (A. N. C electronic method) were suggested to reduce the noise pollution, due to high level of noise at fan part of electricity generator and feed water pump units a silencer and an enclosure were also designed respectively. The amount of noise reduction for enclosure was 38.7 while the values of insertion loss for silencer varied between 11 and 52 dB at different frequencies. Also, environmental noise measurements around Neka power plant as an industrial residential area has revealed that sound levels were not higher than the admissible standards in Iran.

Keywords: Enclosure, Environmental pollution, Noise control, Power plant, Silencer

72 Ref#: 291/MAL/11/SSHD

The Roles of procedural Justice and Social Learning in Improving Self Organizing Capabilities of Local Communities for Sustainable Development in Decentralized Indonesia

Setiawan Aswad a , Phil Heywood b , Connie Susilawati c a,b,c School of Urban Development, the Faculty of Built Environment and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The development planning process under Law No. 25/2004 is said to be a new approach to increase public participation in decentralised Indonesia. This Law has introduced planning mechanisms, called Musyawarah Perencanaan Pembangunan (Musrenbang), to provide a forum for development planning. In spite of the expressed intention of these mechanisms to improve public participation, some empirical observations have cast doubt on the outcomes. As a result, some local governments have tried to provide alternative mechanisms to promote for participation in local development planning.

Since planning is often said to be one of the most effective ways to improve community empowerment, it is of particular concern, to examine the extent to which the current local development planning processes in Indonesia provide sufficient opportunities to improve the self organising capabilities of communities to sustain development programs to meet local needs.

With this objective in mind, this paper examines problems encountered by the new local planning mechanism (Musrenbang) in increasing local community empowerment particularly regarding their self organising capabilities. The concept of community empowerment as a pathway to social justice is explored to identify its key elements and approaches and to show how they can be incorporated within planning processes. Having discussed this, it is then argued that to change current unfavorable outcomes, procedural justice and social learning approaches need to be adopted as pathways to community empowerment. Lastly it is also suggested that an alternative local planning process, called Sistem Dukungan (SISDUK), introduced in South Suluwezi in collaboration with JAICA in 2006 (?) offers scope to incorporate such procedural justice and social learning approaches to improve the self organizing capabilities of local communities.

Keywords: Local Planning Processes; Procedural Justice; Self Organizing Capabilities; Social Learning; Sustainable Development.

73 Ref#: 294/MAL/11/SSHD

Transforming Higher Education towards Sustainability: An Islamic Perspective

Hamoon Khelghat-Doost a, Zainal Abidin Sanusi b, Govindran Jegatesen a, Tunku Fatimah Firdaus Dato’ Tunku Fariddudin c a Center for Global Sustainability Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia b Centre for Leadership Training, Higher Education Leadership Academy, Lebuh Enstek, 71760 Bandar Enstek, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia c School of Languages, Literacies and Translation, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia a Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract Universities have been traditionally defined as centers for gaining knowledge, teaching and research. Through their teaching activities, universities offer specialized training for different sectors of the society, as well as the education essential for the development of the personality. The importance of knowledge and learning in Islam as the last divined religion is doubtless through numerous references to Quran, Sunnah (sayings and living habits of Prophet Muhammad) and Hadith (narrations originating from the words and deeds of Prophet Muhammad). Having such strong theoretical framework for knowledge and learning, Muslims were pioneers in knowledge and sciences for centuries.

With large pools of disciplinary experts, high quality research facilities, best infrastructure and a cohort of students with varied academic interests, universities have considerable comparative advantage to promote sustainability in the communities they serve. For this matter, universities of the Islamic world have the opportunity to refer to the rich traditions of Islam in creating and disseminating knowledge throughout the history.

This paper would argue the framework, concept and approaches in education for sustainable development (ESD) embedded in social, economical and environmental aspects and will try to answer the above challenges with having the core teachings of Islam and its relation with knowledge in sight. This issue will be further discussed in relation with the core missions of higher education in educating, conducting research and providing services to the community as it has been defined by the Islamic thoughts and also by the UNESCO (1998).

Keywords: education transformation; higher education; Islamic heritage; Islamic knowledge; sustainability; transdisciplinary approach.

74 Ref#: 296/MAL/11/SSHD

The Intransigent Attitude of Youths and Sustainable Development in Nigeria.

Tenibiaje Dele Joseph a a Department of Guidance and Counseling, Faculty of Education, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti. Ekiti State, Nigeria. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract This paper identified some challenges towards sustainable development in Nigeria and these challenges need to be properly addressed if sustainable development is to take place. Sustainable development can only flourish in an environment when there is peace. Peace is security and security promotes sustainable development. These challenges among other are political inability, violence, inter-communal clashes, religious extremism (Boko-Haram) Niger Delta crisis, unemployment, environmental pollution, oil spillage and other crisis ravaging in Nigeria. With all these challenges, how can the beauty, wealth and achievements of the nation be sustained? The 21st century youths need to be carried along with sustainable development to be materialized. The study explored a descriptive survey method to systematically collect and describe data regarding a given population. One thousand six hundred and eighty four youths were randomly selected from six states in South West of Nigeria. An in-depth interview and questionnaire were used to collect data. The instrument employed was self-generated and the instrument was validated, while the reliability of the instrument was done by test-re-test method. Four research questions were generated. The results of the investigation showed that there were decreasing human welfare and human capital knowledge has reduced in recent time. High rate of unemployment and poverty are common among the youth. The paper concluded with some recommendations of behaviour modification approach for the youths, promotion of peace in Nigeria with great attention pay to vocational education and employment of youths. Counseling input into Nigerian polity and national development is important at this time.

Keywords: Employment, Sustainable Development, Violence, Vocational Counseling, Youth.

75 Ref#: 298/MAL/11/SSHD

Microenterprise Finance and Women’s Empowerment in Rural Ethiopia: A Case Of The Amhara Credit and Saving Institution in Dangila District, Amahara Region

Getahun Fenta Kebede a a Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract To address the problem of poverty, the government of Ethiopia has implemented different programs targeting the poor. Intervention through the delivery of microfinance to rural poor is considered as one of the instruments to enable the poor get out of poverty. Whether microfinance does in fact reduce poverty and empower women needs impact analysis. Thus, this study was aimed at assessing the impact of microfinance on poverty and exploring its contribution on women’s empowerment. To this end, the study hypothesized that a) microfinance has contributed positively to improve the living conditions of poor rural households; b) microfinance has more positive impact on women than men; and c) microfinance fosters empowerment among rural women.

To collect data, two separate samples have been drawn. The first set of sample was drawn from microfinance clients and the second was drawn from non microfinance clients. Stratified and systematic random sampling techniques were employed to reach at the sample. Impact analysis was made using a “before and after” method and “an experimental and control group method”. The former studies the condition of microfinance beneficiaries before and after microfinance while the latter compares the conditions of microfinance beneficiaries with that of non beneficiaries. Wilcoxon signed ranks test and t test were employed to compare the condition of microfinance clients before and after microfinance and to compare the situation of clients with that of non client, respectively. In addition, the qualitative data collected have been transcribed and analyzed in a narrative form.

The study revealed that microfinance has contributed positively to poverty reduction with a better impact on women than men though not statistically significant. However, it is unable to make the poor to save and build assets. Likewise, it did not contribute positively in empowering the rural women. The policy implication of the study is that regardless of specific positive results, microfinance cannot bring sustainable poverty reduction and empowerment in itself. Thus, microfinance should be backed-up by other supportive services.

Key words: Empowerment, Microenterprises, Microfinance, Poverty, Rural Women

76 Ref#: 299/MAL/11/SSHD

Sustainable Dynamism of Personality Pentagon around Development Triangle

Jamal Hassan a a Crescent School, Vandalur Chennai, India a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This paper is an innovative prospect of interpolating two major theories of Psychology, one from the modern era and another from the old era. Researchers agree both the theories as both of them have universal, empirical and theoretical values in them. One gains strength from developmental psychology and other from modern personality theories. Developmental Psychology has explainable answers for developmental issues like right kind of quality of life and maladies of it from childhood to geriatric period. It gives an understanding and empirical evidence for social and individual prediction, prevention and training for quality of life and remedial measures for maladies. On the other hand all personality theories uphold the key factors of a person’s personality for the rights and wrongs in individual’s life. The basic model of the development is a triangle. The vertices are denoted the three domains of development. They are cognitive, affective and behavioral (psychomotor) domains respectively. And they evince cognitive (intellectual), affective (emotional) and behavioral (co-native or action) development and the equilibrium attained among them. For the interpolation we took five factor theory as proposed by McCrae and Costa (1984) as the Personality Pentagon. The universality preferred over other theories. Sustainable dynamism is used as the linker between the two major theories. Sustainable dynamism is the strategy to overcome the fallacy and evils of the mechanized life falling short of values etc. Sustainable dynamism improves the quality of life, emotional and social wellbeing. The graphical model of circumnavigating the pentagon around the triangle one find the locus of quality life, new pathways of development and sustaining physiological, psychological and sociological wellbeing. The developmental triangle and its niceties are analyzed under factorial analysis method with five factor theory is presented in this paper using this graphical notation.

Key words: Cognitive, Affective and Co-native Domains, Developmental Psychology, Five Factor Theory, Sustainable Dynamism.

77 Ref#: 301/MAL/11/SSHD

Role of information and communication technologies for poverty alleviation through livestock production

Aqeela Saghir a and M. Ashfaq b a Deparment of Agriculture Extension, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Pakistan. b Department of Agriculture Economics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad. Pakistan. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Gender recognition has been escalating with the passage of time. World demand’s for gender equality in every arena of life. The present study was designed to alleviate poverty through identification of the present and prospective role of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in livestock production technologies among female farmers. A sample of 30% rural union councils were randomly selected from three tehsils of Okara district-Punjab, Pakistan. Female livestock farmers, between age group of 25-60 who were directly involved in livestock farming, were selected through purposive sampling and interviewed through well-structured interview schedule. The information were collected regarding the sources of income and information i.e. availability, utility, and effectiveness of ICTs. The collected data were analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to draw the conclusions and to suggest measures for improvement. Results showed that about three fourth of respondents got varied income from livestock production. In the context of availability and utility of information sources to the female livestock farmers. TV stood first then came the mobile phone, telephone and radio subsequently. It was concluded that due to less income of the respondents female farmers had meager access to ICTs both in availability and utility.

Keywords: role, information, communication livestock production, poverty alleviation,

78 Ref#: 302/MAL/11/SSHD

Entrepreneurship Education: Survey of Two Universities in Botswana

M Lekoko a, EM Rankhumise b, P Ras c a, b, c Department of Management and Entrepreneurship, Tshwane University of Technology, Sate Artillery Road, Pretoria West, South Africa. b Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Entrepreneurship education is topical in many universities. This offering is imperative in preparing learners to be job creators instead of being job seekers. This paper aims to assess the state of entrepreneurship at the two universities in Botswana and to evaluate how students feel about entrepreneurship education in the context of giving a good grounding for starting own businesses after graduation. Data were collected through structured questionnaires to measure students’ perceptions of the effectiveness of entrepreneurship offering at the two universities. The results show that at the two universities, teaching strategies involves lectures, group and individuals assignments. The strategies used seem not to be aligned with the current trend of teaching entrepreneurship education. This paper provides valuable insight on the appropriateness of the teaching strategies used.

Keywords: Entrepreneurship Education, Nascent entrepreneur, Production means, Entrepreneurship, teaching strategies.

79 Ref#: 314/MAL/11/SSHD

Between Confucianism and Islam: The Comparison in the Concept of Man and Its Relations to Sustainable Development Agenda

Yang Jie a, Ratna Roshida Abd Razak b a School of Humanities. University Sains Malaysia(USM), Pulau Penang Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This paper is concerned with Confucianism and Islamic ideas in the concept of man. An effort has been made to compare these 2 great civilizations in order to find out four relations which between human being and nature; human being and humanized nature (society); human being and other human; human being and himself in order to boost sustainable development which constitutes an important aspect of the great commonness which they are sharing. The study undertaken here comparison between Confucianism and Islamic ideas under the concept of man—will deal with some basic doctrines in Confucianism and Islam such as the sayings of the Analects, the Quran and the Hadith. The attempt is made to see what kind of ideas of the concept of man in these 2 civilizations is eager to build a great moral character from inside out of human. Also it shows us how these ideas helped two civilizations leading their society to the prosperity in the ancient time and today. Human being’s power could have good effect to lead the society into a sustainable development; also it could have dangerous effect which we can find out from the present reality. The current natural and social warnings keep telling us that human being’s incorrect behaviors has put the whole society into the edge of survival crisis. Comparing to our ancestors, we may have advanced technology, but they had more balanced and harmony society for their people. It is time for us to learn what they looked at human being in their mind and what they expect human for a sustainable society. In addition to this great commonness between them, Confucianism and Islamic ideas of the concept of man also offers the great spiritual power which people desperately need it today.

Keywords: the concept of man; sustainable development; Confucianism; Islam

80 Ref#: 315/MAL/11/SSHD

Human Development in post conflict society: A comparative study of Cambodia and Timor Leste

Mohshin Habib a, Christine Jubb b a International Business, Faculty of Higher Education, Swinburne University of Technology, Melba Avenue Lilydale, Victoria, Australia. b Australian National Centre for Audit and Assurance Research (ANCAAR) School of Accounting and Business Information Systems, The Australian National University, Australia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Cambodia and Timor-Leste share similar historical and socio-economic issues. Both countries have a violent history of conflict and continued socio-economic problems for the majority of their populations. Cambodia resumed its reconstruction and development after severe and pervasive destruction caused by more than two decades of civil war. Besides, decades of political and social unrest contributed to a low level of human development in these two countries. In 1990s, Timor-Leste recorded a rising Human Development Index (HDI) then dipped in 1999 due to the phenomenal destruction and dislocation which occurred during the referendum period. Likewise, 35.9 per cent of the Cambodian population lived under the poverty line in comparison with 42 per cent of people who lived under the poverty line in Timor-Leste. The concept of human development reaches beyond considering income expansion and examines the quality of people’s lives. Thus, the human development framework sees ‘income’ as the “means” of development rather then as the “end” and includes all aspects of life, including political, economic and cultural development. The HDI, which measures average achievement in three key dimensions of human development—a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living for Cambodia and Timor-Leste is .494 and .502 respectively.

This study uses a comprehensive approach to analyse the multidimensional relationship between various indicators that construct the notion of human development. It analyses several indicators (e.g. quality of dwelling, access to water, sanitation, access to medical treatment, uses and source of power, quality of food intake and socio-political participation) in the life of the research participants in both Cambodia and Timor-Leste. As such, this research carries out a comparative analysis of these foregoing human development indicators in the two countries. The study involves structured interviews with 1000 interviewees in Timor-Leste and 1000 from Cambodia across different socio-economic and geographic locations in these two countries. These participants are active members of grassroots credit union programs supported by the Credit Union Foundation Australia (CUFA). The qualitative data collected is analysed using both univariate and multivariate statistical techniques to test the state of human development of these participants. This analysis also entails a cross-country comparison of the state of human development among the credit union members. The study also reports the extent of socio-political engagement of the research participants in these two post-conflict countries. Additionally, logistic regression analysis and Structural Equation Modelling techniques are used to test both within and between the hypothesised country multi-dimensional relationships. Structural Equation Modelling supports the proposed multidirectional complex relationship between credit union membership and various aspects of human development.

In the past there has been little research that looks at cross country comparisons of human development in the context of post conflict circumstances. This in-depth cross-country analysis raises key policy questions (e.g. aid policy, alignment and focus of development programs etc.) that are associated with various development programs in post-conflict countries. The paper concludes with a discussion of these policy implications arising from the findings.

Keywords: Human development, Timor-leste, Cambodia, Post-conflict development, Credit Union.

81 Ref#: 316/MAL/11/SSHD

What ICT and training means for the effectiveness of microfinance

Zakir Morshed a, Mohshin Habib b, Christine Jubb c a,b International Business, Faculty of Higher Education, Swinburne University of Technology, Melba Avenue Lilydale, Victoria, Australia. c Australian National Centre for Audit and Assurance Research (ANCAAR) School of Accounting and Business Information Systems, The Australian National University, Australia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Microfinance programs offer various services and products in different parts of the developing and developed nations. These differences in program design and delivery models hinders microfinance institutions (MFIs) from meeting textbook definitions of effectiveness in terms of both social and institution cost perspectives. One school of thought argues that better ICT (Information and Tele-communication Technology) infrastructure enables effective delivery of microfinance programs and also helps to increase program outreach in remote areas. On the other hand, developing ICT infrastructure and use of modern computing and telecommunication devices are costly for MFIs. This is particularly relevant in the developing countries where ICT infrastructure is poor and there is limited growth and investment in the ICT sector. Yet, a significant gap in research exists on whether infrastructure is the main contributing factor for effective microfinance delivery.

Another school of thought suggest that emphasis on development services for borrowers (i.e business development services, entrepreneurial training) could bring better results in capacity building for MFI clients and that could assist in fostering and strengthening Social Capital. Consequently, MFIs would be more likely to achieve social objectives and as well as effective and sustainable program delivery if both ICT and training is utilised compared with when neither or either one alone is utilised.

This paper discusses the relationship between microfinance programs with ICT, business development services and social capital. The paper also proposes a theoretical model that depicts these relationships and the implications of this model for MFIs on effective microfinance delivery.

Keywords: Microfinance, ICT, Social Capital, Business Development Services (BDS), Poverty Reduction.

82 Ref#:322/MAL/11/SSHD

Small Loans, Big Challenges: Microcredit, Macro Economy and Politics of Development in Bangladesh.

Masudur Rahman a a Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Nordland, Norway. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Microcredit has been one of the most favored aid policies in the last three decades. Its success, especially of Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, has led to a renewed interest in aid policies and research. Some studies put its performances and conceptual foundations under critical scrutiny. Policy makers have expressed doubt about the role of microcredit in development. There is a new concern about its worth in terms of depth, breadth and scope. This paper addresses these issues. It presents a preliminary interpretation of findings of a study carried out during December 2010- June 2011. The findings suggest that the concept and the practices of microcredit are not a panacea for macroeconomic growth but it provided poor women with possible means by which they gained control of their economic life. Thus, it made real contributions to the welfare of the poorest of the poor. This achievement exerted pressure for social change that included education, empowerment, participation etc. These positive impacts are not welcomed by some who look upon economically independent poor, especially women, as a threat. The major challenge to microcredit is how and to what extent it can withstand the resistance from interest groups. The concepts and practices of microcredit can be used as mechanisms for the effective involvement and participation of unused human-and social capital. Those should be oriented to broader power structures. It concludes by bringing these insights to bear on possibilities for designing microcredit programs that would engage young educated, but unemployed, men and women in income generating activities.

Keywords: Bangladesh, Grameen Bank, Microcredit, Power Structure, Social Capital,

83 Ref#: 325/MAL/11/SSHD

A Strategy for Poverty Eradication towards Sustainable Development: Islamic perspective.

Ali Manzo Usman a a Department Of Arabic And Islamic Studies, Bukar Abba Ibrahim University, Damaturu,Yobe State, Nigeria. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Background The main purpose of this study is to reveal and disclose the teeming strategies adopted by Islam in a bid to eradicate poverty towards sustainable development since Poverty is regarded by this divine religion as one of key factors that play a vital role in contributing towards miserable, irritating and exasperating life. It also affects the faith of mankind directly as it is highly dangerous to Human attitudes, thought and their relationship with one another and their Lord as well. It gives birth to anonymity; wrath and hate rage as it makes one ignores mutual ties and relationship. As a result of its diverse disadvantages and flaws, it will be very difficult for a sane person to dream or hope of Seeing Eye to eye with it. It is against this background; Islam accorded it topmost priority and set some modalities and strategies to tackle it and deter its subsequent emergence or re-emergence as contained in the paper herewith.

Objectives 1-To describe and define the concept of poverty in Islam. 2-To identify the major strategies adopted by Islam in eradicating poverty towards sustainable development.

Methods Since poverty has been globally regarded as one of the factors that highly contribute towards backwardness and debar people from progressing and lifting up to expectation as far as human development is concern, efforts have been made in this paper to visualize and ascertain the intervention of Islam in this regard and discover the strategies put in place to eradicate poverty and finally kick it out of our societies.Therefore,a substantial number of literatures have been reviewed especially those that are related to fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence) with a view to exploring how Islam perceives poverty and how it reacts to it .

Results It is highly impressive to discover that Islam has accorded topmost priority and concern to poverty and has taken a substantial number of strategies towards not only reducing it but also eradicating it at all levels of human endeavours. These strategies if fully followed and implemented, will definitely eradicate poverty and make it part of history that will be only read in papers and said for mere notification on the past. However, these strategies include the legislation of Zakat and Waqf, Creating awareness for the entire Umma on the fact that wealth is been bestowed by Almighty Allah alone and that poverty is a test from Him the Almighty, instructing people to embrace the culture of sincerity, trustworthiness and kindness as well as encouraging them to engage in supplicating Almighty Allah to wave the poverty from them and to alternatively substitute it with an enjoyable state of living teeming with happiness, stability and tranquility among others .

Conclusion Poverty eradication in Islam has become one of the major areas of attention and concern and has been addressed and treated amicably. In view of this development, there is need for Muslim countries to implement the strategies contained in the paper herewith and to strive as much as possible to declare a war against poverty. This will definitely ease the hardship, difficulties and adversities that become obviously out of control in our communities.

Keywords: Freedom, Islam, Poverty, Strategy.

84 Ref#: 326/MAL/11/SSHD

Can Sustainability be related to Occupational Health? (From company's point of view)

Ivan Bolis a , Claudio Marcelo Brunoro b, Laerte Idal Sznelwar c a,b.c Universdade de Sao Paulo, Production Engineering Department, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Corresponding author: [email protected]

Introduction The last few years have been characterized by the explosion of the sustainability theme in business. Although the initial approach is directed towards the environmental dimension, the topic of sustainability is presented as a wider systemic concept that brings together environmental, economic and socio-cultural aspects. Today the idea of "sustainability" has become a competitive advantage, therefore a growing number of companies introduces sustainability policies within its businesses. Starting from the social aspect, the article analyses how and if the occupational health is considered in these policies.

Methods The following study can be considered as an exploratory case study. Considering the Corporate Knights Ranking of the World's Most Sustainable Companies, the sustainability policies of the top 20 companies were analyzed. The company website (English version), particularly the attached reports for customers and investors, has been used as the main source of information.

Results Starting from the information collected, all the companies analyzed consider sustainability or corporate responsibility among the main topics of their business strategy priority. Every company detail actions developed over the three sustainability aspects and, especially regards to the socio-cultural side, all of them remarked the company responsibility for the health and safety of their own workers. All the companies paid great attention to the occupational health indexes and, starting from them, they promoted future goals. None of them mentioned a concrete and specific action to be implemented in the future and nobody delivered information about the impacts of sustainability changes on workers’ labor.

Discussion The growing importance of sustainability in companies policies represents a great opportunity for occupational health to achieve more consideration, with great benefits for the workers' health. Although this consideration, the companies appear in a first stage. In the future they need to show more commitment through concrete goals: the must be aware that workers with their labor contribute directly to sustainability.

Keywords: Company, Ergonomics, Occupational Health, Social, Sustainability.

85 Ref#: 329/MAL/11/SD

The Role of Coping Capacities in Disaster Perspective: A Case of Pakistan Flash Floods, 2010.

Kamran Azam a, Rosman Bin Md Yussof b, Anwar Khan c a, b, c Faculty of Management and Human Resource Development, University Technology, Malaysia. a IQRA National University, Phase 2, Hayatabad, Peshawar, Pakistan c COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Attock, Pakistan a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This paper has explored current literature for developing HRD dimension, to reduce natural hazard transformation to human disaster. Systematic literature review and expert opinion has been conducted. Quantitative data is collected from disaster databases. Discussion revealed that historical, religious and structural root causes, complimented by dynamic societal and institutional imbalances, combined with unsafe physical locations, limits the coping mechanisms of a society against natural and human hazards resulting in vulnerability. Lacking of HRD attributes like credibility, competence and expertise, are responsible for vulnerability progression. The conclusion proposes a framework for assessing HRD Coping Capacity Gaps. The paper is significant to policy makers, researchers and academicians.

Keywords: Disaster Management, Disaster Transformation, Human Resource Development, HRD Coping Capacity Gaps, Vulnerability.

86 Ref#:331/MAL/11/SSHD

Comparison of Child Care Practice among “Single Fathers” and “Single Mothers” during Spouse’s Out-Migration

Dini Ririn Andrias a, Umi Fahmida b, Otte Santika c, Lina Rospita d a Nutrition Department, Faculty of Public Health, Airlangga University, Kampus C Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia b,c,dSEAMEO RECFON University of Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya 6 Jakarta, Indonesia a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The increment of female labor migration raised concern on the social impacts of migration to the children left behind. This report was aimed compared child care practice among single fathers and single mothers during spouse’s out migration in heavy out migration area. A cross sectional study was done to 450 randomly selected households left by male and female migrant workers in Tulungagung District, Indonesia. Among those households, 154 households which had under-five children and the main caregiver of the children were the father (“single father”) or the mother (“single mother”) were included in this analysis. Interview using structured questionnaire was conducted to obtain data on general characteristics of the households, socio economic condition, resources for care (knowledge on proper care, workload, social support, mental health and nutritional status of the caregivers), and child care practice which related to feeding, hygiene and health seeking behavior. This analysis found that some indicators of child care practice were poorer in children cared by single fathers compared to single mothers. Child care practices and resources for care which found significantly different among children cared by single fathers and single mothers were knowledge on proper care (p<0.001), time spent on child caring, (p<0.001) score on responsive feeding (p<0.05), child and caregiver’s cleanliness score(p<0.05), and appropriateness of response when the child is crying (p<0.05). This report suggests the policy makers on international labor migration to consider the left behind children’s right including the right on receiving proper care, design programs in heavy out-migration area to give assistance and consultancy on child caring including child health and nutrition, and improve education of the migrant worker’s children to prepare them to become educated and skill-full generations and reduce dependency to labor migration.

Keywords: single father, single mother, child, care, migration

87 Ref#: 341/MAL/11/SSHD

Undermining Legitimacy of Constitutional Rights: The Legal and Economic Aspects of Social Conflicts

Reza Eftekhari a a Islamic Azad University – Gonabad Branch, Iran. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Legal dimensions of social conflicts are not limited to rising crimes. Social conflicts in contemporary societies have become a dynamic that affects social life in all dimensions. The social powers that must serve the rights of people, adversely undermines the constitutional rights, legal and economic institutions, and cultural values. We argue that social conflicts, whatever their origins and nature may be, result in the weakness of legal establishments and legitimacy of constitutional and human rights. Our purpose is to examine the so-called legal, political and economical outcomes and to suggest some ways that may help to minimize the harmful effects of social conflicts. The way to control political and economic system, administering criminal justice, defining the relation between power and the mass, protecting value-based structures and private rights, and redirecting social dynamics toward constructive and reformative ends can be considered in this regard. In this paper, since we consider the social changes and movements partly appear in the form of social conflict as the dynamics that can positively or negatively affect the constitutional rights and the legitimacy of social status, we try to denote some direct or indirect influences of social conflict on these issues. However, as it is articulated in so many sociological works that the conflict theory, whether in its Marxist or non-Marxist form, has been the subject of different interpretations, the economic, legal, and cultural dimensions of its influence seems relevant in modern society.

Keywords: Social conflicts, Constitutional rights, Legitimacy, Economics, Legal Theory.

88 Ref#: 343/MAL/11/SSHD

The ICT technology asa way to Overcome the Technological and social gap of Family Farmers in Developing Countries: rural extension experience

Jorge Ortiz Ramos a, Edinson Aldao b a Rural Development Society of Tala, Canelones. Uruguay. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Recently it has experienced a breakthrough of information technology and communication (ICT) in developing countries in different sectors of society. In this sense Uruguay in recent years has been the Latin American country with the highest penetration of these technologies, operating at different levels, but mainly at the level of public education through CEIBAL PLAN. In peasant society using the XO (personal computer program One Laptop per Children) has allowed access to new tools and information of importance to rural families, although the connectivity is not possible in rural areas of the country, increasing the technological and social gap of the rural population. The Rural Development Society Tala (RSDT) since 2008 has driven the Aurora Project, the rural connectivity project of the RSDT, with the support of the Support Network CEIBAL Plan (RAP CEIBAL). The objective of this project is to develop rural connectivity of rural families (with the possibility offered by XO within the rural family), so as to facilitate interaction between members and officers of the RSDT, which promote the creation of projects and programs in a democratic organization, tailored to the needs and expectations of farmers partners. The specific objectives of this study were: to incorporate the project a training plan for farmers in specific areas, improving the participation of partners in making decisions and policies of the organization and expand services to members of the organization. They design a work plan associated with the different groups, technical working agricultural and social area, in conjunction with directors and associated farmers. The methodology used consisted of workshops with 28 groups associated with the organization based on the suggestion of Dr. Caliva of IICA (American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture) to group facilitation work. Two techniques were used: i) presentation of the topic, work in groups, sharing and plenary, and ii) the technique developed by Dr. Phillips, JD. The results achieved have enabled the development and growth of the project and interaction with other producer organizations, institutes, companies and individuals, allowing for continued growth, generating new lines of work in different areas of interest of the organization driving (RSDT). These selected areas to be developed using the network are Aurora Project: Using ICT, Soil Conservation and Recovery Act (Pachamama Project), Crop Management, Associations and Cooperatives, Distance Secondary Education and Institutional Strengthening. Currently the network covers 400 square kilometers in rural areas; the project involved 178 farmers, with 3 training rooms, plus the services of a multidisciplinary team of agricultural area producers consultation. At present (2011) has included a radio on line, video sessions for directors and Moodle training with associate producers.

Keywords: Developing Countries, Information and Communication Technology, Peasant, Peasant Organization, Rural Development,

 Basic Computer Educational Connectivity for Online Learning of the National Primary Education Administration.

89 Ref#: 344/MAL/11/SSHD

The relationship between Labour and Sustainability: a documentary review

Claudio Marcelo Brunoro a, Ivan Bolis b, Laerte Idal Sznelwar c a,b,c Universidade de Sao Paulo, Production Engineering Department, Sao Paulo, Brazil. a Coresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract The topic labour is mentioned from the earliest officially United Nations’ documents related to sustainability. However, their approach has been done differently over time, presenting an evolution about its relationship to sustainability. Thus, this paper presents a revisits of sustainability documents, with the intention of identifying the relationship between work and sustainability in these documents. The following study can be considered as a review study. It was analyzed the following documents: Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment – 1972, Our Common Future – 1987, Rio Declaration on Environment and Development - 1992, Agenda 21 - 1992, The United Nations Millennium Declaration - 2000, Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development – 2002 e 2005 World Summit Outcome – 2005. The documents classification has been held every paragraph, which it was indicated the presence or absence of the labour subject. In a second triage, it was carried out a classification refinement, considering how this subject was approached. This categorization was built during the analysis as the most striking items were emerged. In addition, the analysis also highlighted documents which were made part of this study and were cited in other documents, and other documents related to the labour theme. Hence, it was possible to build a network between these documents. The document analysis provided two different results: 1) the interrelationship among the sustainability documents themselves and among the official documents related to labour, 2) the evolution of the theme labour on sustainability documents. In the latter, it was evident the different approach, changing form a job stability issue for a growing global population to a better performance in working conditions, culminating in the concept of Decent Work from the International Labour Organization (ILO). Generally, the majority of sustainability and labour mentions are related to four basic documents: Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment – 1972, Our Common Future – 1987, Universal Declaration of Human Rights – 1948 and ILO Constitution (including Declaration of Philadelphia) – 1944. Moreover, it became clear the labour issue approach evolution on sustainability. Currently, treat sustainability in its economic, environmental and social aspects requires the inclusion of issues related to labour practices.

Keywords: Health, Labour Practices, Social, Sustainability, Working Conditions.

90 Ref#: 346/MAL/11/SSHD

Human Mentoring Management as Strategy in Strengthening the Government Bureaucracy for Actualizing Sound Governance in Indonesia

Adi Gunawan Saputra a a Faculty of Administrative Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Indonesia has the potential to become a developed country, but the main reason for the country of Indonesia has not be a developed country is the corruption that occurs in almost all layers of government. Starting from the local level until central level of government. Moral crisis has hit the country Indonesia. The corrupt bureaucrats who do not pay attention to the values system of government that is applied because the moral crisis of the human being in the bureaucratic environment. To overcome the problem of corruption is the main cause of human morality comes from itself, it is necessary to manage human management concepts that formed the moral bureaucrat in the government system. Human Mentoring Management is a new management concept of man which is strengthening the concept of leadership, combined with the function of motivation, role model function, and function needs. The values of governance Indonesia have faded with the number of corruption that occurred in central or local government. Therefore, Indonesia needs to improve governance values. Sound governance is the concept of governance has been applied in several countries in Europe and America. Therefore, the Human Mentoring Management aims to improve human morale in an environment free of corruption and bureaucracy that can then actualize the Sound Governance as better governance in Indonesia. Human Mentoring Management contains the concept of strengthening the bureaucracy with which unscrupulous bureaucrats as its foundation so the concept of governance Sound governance can be actualized as a strategy to strengthen position in the administration of state government to face the globalization of the world, especially the influence of international forces.

Keywords: Bureaucrat, Government, Moral, Human Mentoring Management, Sound Governance.

91 Ref#:351/MAL/11/SSHD

Group Decision Making Problem with Different Preference Structures of DMS

M.M. Pourpashaa,M.Darvishsefat b a Department of Mathamatics, Chalous Branch (IAUC), Islamic Azad University, Chalous, Iran. b Faran Virtual Higher Education Institute, Nonprofit-Nongovernmental, Tehran, Iran. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract There is so long that group decision making has been emphasized by wise men, as it mentioned in the Persian proverb "move together, die alone". Because of managers always face to the conditions which they must consider that others point of view the group decision making is clearly general. In real life the actual challenges are often too complicated that we need variety knowledge in different fields and no manager has enough qualifications. Group decision making has some advantages like: Increased qualification of decisions, innovation and creativity in the decisions, that will increase adopt of the decisions to people who should perform them. In the paper we have tried to explain the approaches that experts use to mention their view. Also, we have tried to describe the aggregation of input information with mathematical functions by taking some examples to enhancing the authority of decision makers in presenting his/her points of views, we have added a new input variable that’s the Boolean variable. Then we consider that how does it transform to fuzzy preference relations and we use it in a practical example. Finally to approach the stage of the best alternative choices presented by the experts, and reaching the best solution agreed by the body, we used the methods of classical mathematic and fuzzy rules, and prepared the views of experts that presented according to the different preference structures and integrated them to the final process and consensus, and the final appointment

Keywords: Group decision making, Fuzzy preference relation, Consensus, Aggregation, different preference structure, Boolean

92 Ref#: 355/MAL/11/SSHD

Socioeconomic Influence in Higher Education Participation: The Case of Thailand

Montchai Pinitjitsamut a a Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics,Faculty of Economics, Kasetsart University, Ngamwongwan Rd.,Chatujak, Bangkok, Thailand. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract This article aims to present the empirical outcomes on the factors that affect the participation in higher education of 18-24 year old individuals in Thailand. The study framework based on the concept of educational participation which is associated to the demand side and influenced by personal ability, taste, endowment, information and other factors such as socioeconomic factors, especially family characteristics. The probit regressions are conducted to analyze the personal probability by using labor force and socioeconomic survey datasets in 1997, 2000, 2003 and 2009. Most socioeconomic factors such as size of household, place of living, father’s workplace play a significant role on influencing family members’ probability to university participation, except parental schooling and marital status. However, the influencing power of family income and socioeconomic on personal probability to involve higher education generally becomes lesser over time except father’s workplace. The public policy for enhancing a personal participation on university education should initiates the funding scheme to support students whose family income are at the 20% lowest household and 20% low-middle households and initiates the policy on information provision of university education in various channels for students.

Keywords: Higher education participation; Education opportunity; Socioeconomic influence

93 Ref#: 357/MAL/11/SSHD

The Barriers that Hinder the Success of Women Entrepreneurs in Gauteng, South Africa

Ayisha Akhalwaya a , Werner Havenga b a, b Department of Industrial Psychology and People Management, Faculty of Management, University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Women entrepreneurs in South Africa play a critical and important role in the economy of the country with regards to income and employment creation. Women have gained tremendously from national liberation and the disassembling of apartheid and have strategically advanced their rights and interests in society, yet they still face enormous barriers and are still discriminated and stereotyped. Although women account for more than half population, they are limited from the formal business environment. Their contribution in business is mainly located in areas of crafts, hawking, personal services and retail sectors. Access to finance; the regulatory environment; developmental opportunities; cultural and societal values; education and training; and family responsibility are the major challenges facing women entrepreneurs. Even though the above barriers are a challenge, women entrepreneurs have success factors which motivate them to continue with their businesses which include: profitability; social recognition; consumer satisfaction; diversification; flexibility; personal freedom; and security. Several studies around the world have shed light on challenges faced by women entrepreneurs but not much research has been conducted on the success factors that inspire women to remain in business. This study identifies the barriers and the success factors of women entrepreneurs in Gauteng, South Africa. One hundred and forty four respondents participated in this quantitative study by answering a questionnaire and the data was captured using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences programme. The empirical research methodology performed included descriptive statistics, factor analysis, correlation, and analysis of variance to identify the barriers that hinder start-up, management and growth of women entrepreneurs in Gauteng, South Africa.

Keywords: Barriers, Entrepreneurs, Success

94 Ref#: 360/MAL/11/SSHD

Socio Demographic Configuration of the Sex Labour Trade in Bangladesh: Income Expenditure Portfolio of the Sex Workers

Masuma Billah a a Department of the Population Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This paper explores socio demographic configuration of sex trade in Bangladesh along with income expenditure portfolio of sex workers and uncover the ordeal face of them. This is a mixed method study; 180 randomly selected respondents of three categories of sex workers (hotel, brothel and floating) are interviewed for quantitative section and for qualitative part four (4) focus group dissuasions (FDG) are arranged where 133 respondents participated in discussion. Result shows that child prostitution is quite prevalent, 43% started selling sex labour before age of 16. Half of respondents are divorced/separated/widowed, 54% are illiterate. Hotel based sex workers meet with highest number of clients a day, it varies from 18 to 20 per day and night on an average and they work almost 20 hours a day. Sex workers hardly can manage a safe and reliable place to deposit money; that discourage them savings; 27% deposit money at home, 26% deposit to friends, 23% deposit to husband/man with whom she lives. 82.2% have no savings, in the contrary 42% have personal loan, only 13% have bank account and 58% have national ID. A good number of sex workers want to be re-integrated with mainstream society but no re-integration process exists. About 79% are aware of HIV but practice level is far beyond, only 47% use condom though it is used inconsistently. Most of them believe that having drugs and alcohol may increase tangibility of entertaining more clients in a day and as a result drug addiction rate is high. Study recommends for smooth re-integration and alternative livelihood for sex workers. The study would also like to give an in depth picture of the every day life of sex worker so that relevant stakes can work for them to ensure an abuse and exploitation free day and night for them.

Keywords: Brothel based, Economic exploitation Floating, Hotel based, Sex Worker

95 Ref#: 364/MAL/11/SSHD

Health care Utilisation in Kedah: A Microeconometric Analysis

Shamzaeffa Samsudin a, Norzita Jamil b, Nur Hikmah Zulhaid c a,b,c College of Business, School of Economics, Finance and Banking Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract While the government has made various efforts to upgrade health care facilities in Malaysia, these advances will only benefit the people if the facilities or services are utilised by those in need. This issue has highlighted the importance of the equity concept in health care utilisation. This study aims to identify the existence of income- related inequity and determine the effect of the availability of health facilities in determining health care utilisation in the state of Kedah. A microeconometric analysis is used in this study, specifically the probit and count data models. We use multistage cluster sampling in selecting the sample for the study. All individuals aged 18 and above from selected households are interviewed. From the analysis it suggests that, beside health status, some socioeconomic factors are significant in determining health care use. However, there is no evidence of income- related inequity in health care utilisation in the area of study. The results also suggests that those live in the less developed district are less likely to utilise health care compared to those from developed district. This indicates that the availability of health facilities may somewhat induce the likelihood or frequency of health care use. Findings from this study may provide some information for policy analyst in designing an equitable health and health care policy for the well-being of the rakyat (people).

Keywords: income-related inequity; count data model, health care; microeconometric; well-being

96 Ref#: 366/MAL/11/SSHD

The role of institutions in sustainable development: The experience of Sudan economy

Dirar Elmahi Elobeid a a The Islamic Centre for Research & Studies of Sustainable Development, University of Gezira, Sudan a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Sustainable development involves many things. More appropriate technologies, supportive policies, different ethics, and changes in individual behaviour are among the more obvious factors. One contributing factor that deserves more attention is the element of institutions. Hence, recently, researchers, planners, policy makers and practitioners have paid a considerable attention to the role of adequate and effective institutions for development. In addition, it can be argued that institutions and the institutional arrangements and mechanisms for development provide the missing link that can explain the differences in growth rates and development trends across developing countries. It is, therefore, important to address the questions of how particular institutions work efficiently in developing countries and how to overcome existing institutional bottlenecks. The objective of this research paper is to highlight the importance of institutions with regard to economic development and in achieving sustainable development. It also examines the development plans carried out and investment programmes announced in Sudan since its Independence. This research paper constitutes five major sections in addition to the introduction and conclusion. Section one provides numerous definitions to what is meant by sustainable development and institutions and their classifications. Section two highlights the empirical links between institutions and development and the prevailing literature supporting that link. Section three discusses roles and functions played by institutions and the importance of effective legal systems and good governance in development. Section four illustrates functions of institutions in economic development. The research concludes that the experience of the Sudanese economy in building institutions provides a key reason for differences in development performance. It is not the quantity but the quality of government institutions and government intervention in the provision of quality institutions. This outcome invariably lies in politics and quality of the government. Those with stable politics and strong disciplined, honest and capable people in government will do much better than those without. Thus, in order to grow, Sudan needs to have not only a good set of institutions but the capacity to change those institutions overtime.

Keywords: development, institutions, link, Sudan, sustainable

97 Ref#: 367/MAL/11/SSHD

Crystallizing the Significance of Traditional Rights and Privileges in Local People Sustainability

Zurina Mahadi a, Latifah Amin b, Hukil Sino c a, b,c Center for General Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract While equity is derived as the driver in achieving social sustainability, it also imposes inappropriate pressure on traditional rights and privileges of local people. Sustainable development, which ideally should be equitable for every human being within environmental limits, may inevitably result in the loosening of the existing equities of local people. The expansion of development incentives and flexibilities in development policies may shatter the solid structure which has secured the equities for generations. This paper is an attempt to reflect the importance of traditional rights and privileges to local people well-being and its effect to local participation in sustainable development. The data for this paper is gathered from a study on sustainable development values of Malaysian public. Using qualitative methods, in-depth interviews and group discussions were held with the local people and the governors to represent their views and communities represented by them. This study implies that traditional rights and privileges are vital in ensuring the wellbeing and the sustainability of local people. It is also evident that tampering these systems will reduce local people’s confidence towards sustainable development and therefore reduce their participation in the process. In specific, the local people refusal to participate in sustainable development process persists through the veneration to their traditions, defense towards the diminishing establishment and demands towards recognition. This study suggests the governors to encompass the policies on equities in development towards the existing structures of local traditions. In conclusion, the governors should decide on policies that secure local people rights and privileges within the existing systems they are living in and supporting by in order to enhance their confidence in sustainable development and willingness to participate.

Keywords: Participation, privileges, rights, sustainable development, traditional.

98 Ref#: 370/MAL/11/SSHD

Bridging the Gender Information Related Gap in Livestock Production

Aqeela Saghir a, Khalid Mahmood b , Sher Muhammad c, Shafaq Arshad d a,b,c,d Department of Agriculture Extension, University. of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Livestock sector plays a vital role in the economy of Pakistan. It considered a secured source of income for small and poor farm families. It’s by products are multipurpose and also utilized in different sectors. Gender participation in livestock management is as old as mankind. Women’s participation rate is high as compared to men in livestock management activities. The present study was conducted in Okara District which has three Tehsils viz. Okara, Depalpur, and Renala Khurd. The study comprises of the three Tehsils, 30% RUCs (rural union councils) were randomly selected from three Tehsils and two villages were again selected from these RUCs. A sample of 324 female livestock farmers respondents were selected purposely from each village. They were interviewed through a well-structured interview schedule. The data collected, were processed through a computer software i.e. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Analysis of data shows that more than one third of the respondents were primary pass and less than half of them maintained 5-8 total no. of animals. Regarding access to sources of information one third (33.3%) of the respondents had an access to TV. In the context of information gap of farm females calf care is significant. It was concluded that female farmers need technical information to bridge this information gap.

Keywords: Gender gap, Livestock, women participation, information sources

99 Ref#: 374/MAL/11/SSHD

Not available

100 Ref#: 380/MAL/11/SSHD

Communicating Environmental and Disaster Management Through Media: The Malaysian Environmental Journalist Experience

Nadiah A Aziz a, Darussalam A Bakar b a Department of Media Studies, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Malaya, Kulalampur, Malaysia. b MARA University of Technology, Shah Alam, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Freedom of expression or communication is a prerequisite to community participation. This is very crucial especially in communicating sensitive issues like sustainable development (SD). Communication in this case, acts as a channel for the sharing of knowledge, information, expertise, best practices, and disseminating scientific knowledge of SD. Meanwhile, environmental communication is the application of communication approaches, principles, strategies and techniques to environmental management and protection. Environmental journalism falls within the scope of environmental communication, and its roots can be traced to nature writing. Environmental journalism is the collection, verification, production, distribution and exhibition of information regarding environmental events, trends, issues and people that are associated with it. This paper is about environmental journalism in Malaysia, which is in its infancy, with not more than 10 journalists nationwide who can be said to fall in this category, but were actively involved in covering the sensitive issues of environment. The coverage managed to alert the authorities that the development in this country is not fulfilling the requirement of friendly environment or sustainable development. Environmental issues which involved projects by multinational corporations were covered by the journalists and the danger faced by the environment being exposed by them. Among the issues covered were solid waste management, spot fishing recreation, wetlands conservation, new highways construction, land reclamation, waste management, cleaner technology implementation and textile wastewater. The exposure of the issues had led the government to be more cautious about the way the development being undertaken and this indirectly helps the management of environment and disaster in this country.

Keywords: Environmental and Disaster Management, Media, Environmental Journalist

101 Ref#: 383/MAL/11SSHD

The Logics Underpinning Corporate Social Responsibility: Analysis of the Tourism Sector of the Maldives

Fareeha Shareef a, Murugesh Arunachalam b, Hamid Sodique c, Howard Davey d a, c FJS Consulting Private Ltd b, d Department of Accounting, Waikato Management School, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. b Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The primary logics underpinning contemporary CSR theories are economic reasoning and normative benevolence. This paper examines the tourism sector of the Maldives to explain the logics underpinning the CSR practices in the sector. The study draws evidence from the Maldives to reflect on contemporary CSR theories. The purpose is to expand extant CSR theories and to challenge some of the theories. Extracts from the annual reports of companies operating in the tourism industry of the Maldives are the main sources of data for this study. The study adopts an interpretive methodology to examine both extant CSR theories and the annual reports of the Maldives’ tourism sector. The purpose is to identify the logics that are prevalent in the tourism sector of the Maldives and to establish whether the empirical evidence supports or challenges extant CSR theories. Analysis of the Maldives’s tourism sector shows the co-existence of economic rationale and environmental benevolence logic in the CSR practices of companies operating in the tourism sector. The co-existence is consequential to a close affinity between corporate economic activities and the natural environment on which tourism activities depend. The existence of the benevolence logic in coexistence relationship defies the one-sided view that economic logic is the primary motivation for CSR practices and challenges the view that the benevolent logic can only remain as a normative perspective. The paper contributes to current debates on CSR by theorising, through illustration, the co-existence of the dual logics of economic rationalism and emotional benevolence.

Keywords: CSR, Economic Logic, Benevolence, Maldives, Culture, Co-existence

102 Ref#: 384/MAL/11/SSHD

Understanding CSR in the Maldivian Context: Business and Stakeholder Perceptions of CSR Practices in the Maldives

Fareeha Shareef a, Murugesh Arunachalam b , Hamid Sodique c, Howard Davey d a, c FJS Consulting Private Ltd. b,d Department of Accounting, Waikato Management School, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. b Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The objective of this study is to examine CSR practices in the Maldives. The perceptions of business and non- business stakeholders were analysed in order to understand CSR practices in the Maldives. The purpose is to identify characteristics of CSR that are unique to Maldives and to examine the relevance of current mainstream CSR agenda for the Maldives. Surveys and in-depth interviews were used to draw the perceptions of a sample of 52 businesses and 35 stakeholder groups. The study adopts an interpretive methodology to analyse the perceptions and to reflect on extant CSR theories. The purpose is to determine whether extant CSR theories can explain CSR practices in the Maldives and also to identify CSR features that are idiosyncratic to the Maldivian context. The CSR is the Maldives is examined through the lens of stakeholders’ perceptions. The meaning of CSR is derived from the context within which CSR is practiced. The study suggests mediocre CSR practices of businesses and lukewarm responses from non-business stakeholders in the Maldives. There is a difference between what businesses consider ought to be CSR practices (the normative) and their actual CSR practices. Businesses prefer to keep their CSR practices discreet as publicity may cause increasing demands from local communities for financial and other assistance. In addition the local Islamic culture has significant influence on the CSR practices. The paper argues that the meaning of CSR in the Maldives is contextual to the local culture and environment. The meaning of CSR prevalent in the context of more advanced western economies may proof to be superfluous in the context of a small and developing Islamic country struggling to meet the basic needs of its people.

Keywords: CSR, Businesses, Stakeholders, Maldives, Contextual

103 Ref#: 385/MAL/11/SSHD

Discipline, Good Governance and Sustainable Development

Sapia Moalam Abdulrachman a a School of Government, COLGIS, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The quest for sustainable development continues since the 1987 Conference at Ottawa, Ontario. Scholarly discussion on the subject matter is rich with concepts and strategies on how to attain the goals of sustainable development. In these discussions, however, very little emphasis is given to the human factors contributing or hindering the goals of sustainable development. Along this line, the paper expounds on the human factors particularly behavioral component hindering sustainable development and consequently proposes a holistic approach to address the problem. It assumes that the continued downgrading of moral values in the society directly and indirectly contributes to the environmental hazards which eventually will make life in the future difficult. It’s direct consequences are due to lack of discipline among the people which are manifested in their household, agricultural, and business practices that endangers environment. The indirect damages are results of natural disasters. Although, the causes of disaster cannot be accounted by moral issues alone, religious teachings reveal that natural disaster can be minimized if the people perform their responsibility with faith in God. Along this line, a holistic approach to sustainable development that integrates the structural-organizational development strategy and behavioral development strategy is proposed. Through discipline among the people and good governance sustainable development may be pursued through collaborative and cooperative undertaking between and among the various stakeholders.

Keywords: behavioral development strategy, good governance, sustainable development

104 Ref#: 394/MAL/11/SSHD

Construction Skilled Labour Shortage –The Challenges in Malaysian Construction Sector

Shazwani binti Ahmad Zaki a, Sarajul Fikri Mohamed b, Zakaria Mohd Yusof c a,b,c Department of Quantity Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Construction skilled shortage workers have become worldwide issue. It also becomes the greatest challenge facing Malaysian construction industry. Moreover, participation by local workforce is not very encouraging and there’s understood that skilled workers produced from vocational training were not meeting industry’s needs. Some of them left construction sector even after undergo training from construction training institutions. Malaysian construction has problems in the ability to get the source of labour as well as retained skill people and has to depend on foreign worker to respond to the high demand of skilled workers due to rapid development in Malaysia and poor participation from local people.

This paper explores on construction skilled shortage issue in Malaysia and how serious it is. Discussion of the paperwill be on initiatives taken to overcome this issue by introduced technical and vocational skills training and education in Malaysia such as National Occupational Skills Standards (NOSS) and National Dual Training System (NDTS). Those initiatives will be discussed and compared. Moreover, success factor of dual system will also be discussed which are based from other country that successfully implement dual system. Last but not least, reasons of local reluctant to join or work in construction sector will be explained. Some strategy to attract local’s participant to join construction industry will be discussed

Keywords: construction sector, dual system, skilled labour, skills training

105 Ref#: 397/MAL/11/SSHD

A Simple Approach on Levying Carbon Tax in China on the Experience of British Columbia, Canada

Qiuliu Deng a a Department of Public Finance, College of Economics and Trade, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Many countries have attached great importance to climate change and sustainable development and have taken action through green taxation, including a carbon tax. British Columbia’s government has introduced a carbon tax since 2008 and has received great achievements. To China, as a large country in energy-consumption and CO2 emissions, energy-saving and emission-cutting is a very important and urgent task of the Chinese government. A carbon tax in China will be a blessing - the best way to turn energy-saving and CO2 emission cutting into market behavior. Some proposals have been put forward as to the consideration of levying a carbon tax in China based on the experience of British Columbia.

Keywords: British Columbia; Carbon Tax; China; Climate Change

106 Ref#: 405/MAL/11/SSHD

Building Maintenance Achievement in High Rise Commercial Building: A Study in Klang Valley, Malaysia

Mohamad Ridzuan Yahya a, Md Najib Ibrahim b a Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. b Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design, International Islamic University Malaysia. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract The value of buildings depends on the achievement of the maintenance invested in them. Building maintenance management engages getting maximum benefit from the investment made on the maintenance activities. Building maintenance in high rise commercial buildings in Malaysia is on the increase regardless of size, type, location, and ownership. This paper aims to develop a maintenance achievement index (MAI) to benchmark the performance of building maintenance from a number of key performance indicators (KPIs). Eleven high rise office buildings were investigated through randomly selection in Klang Valley, Malaysia. The research collected 110 respondents from in- house building maintenance personnel and outsourced consultant as well as contractors with managing and operating building maintenance activities experience of high rise commercial buildings through unstructured interviews. In addition, a maintenance achievement equation was formulated from the primary components analysis to generate a multiple score so as to show the level of achievement of building maintenance management. The findings of study had shown that building maintenance practitioners believe quality, safety, time, cost, functionality, and environmental friendliness can be considered as KPIs for building maintenance activities. A single index can also be computed from the maintenance achievement equation to apply different weightings to the respective KPI with different significance such that the performance of building maintenance managements can be compared. The idea of achievement remains unclear among building maintenance practitioners, which makes it complicated to measure whether the performance of a building maintenance management is accomplishment or failure. This research establishes the need to develop a MAI which can be a tool in order to measure and value on the whole performance of the building maintenance activities and compute the success model in a scientific approach in order to ensure the consistency of quality, safety, time, cost, functionality, and environmental friendliness to building stakeholders all the time.

Keywords: Building Maintenance; Maintenance Achievement Index

107 Ref#: 406/MAL/11/SSHD

Sustainable Strategy of Health and Safety Assessment in High Rise Commercial Buildings

Abstract In Malaysia scenario, various obstacles have to be faced by the building maintenance teams controlling all activities related to the high rise office building and its system. The crucial issue is to face serious problems with health and safety aspect of the building. This study aims to evaluate the health and safety performance of high rise office buildings, using a basic assessment method. An assessment method based on a hierarchy of building performance indicators concerning the quality of design factor and management factor with five attributes such as architectural design, building services design, the surrounding environment, operation and maintenance, and facilities management. Eleven high rise office buildings were randomly selected in Klang Valley, Malaysia and assessed through site inspections, desk searches, and interviewed facilities management personnel (FM), outsourced contractors/consultants (OS), building owners (BO) as well as (T) tenants. A performance analysis was conducted to examine and compare the overall health and safety performance of the buildings. The results had shown that there were significant variations in health and safety conditions across buildings, although they are situated within a single locality. After describing the current situation and problems, this paper concludes that most of the variations in building health and safety conditions were attributed to differences in building management systems rather than building designs. It is envisaged that further research can be conducted to investigate the relationship between building performance and extraneous factors, such as building age, management structure, and scale of development.

Keywords: Health; High Rise Office Building; Safety

108 Ref#: 407/MAL/11/SSHD

Effective Communication System between Building Occupants and Maintenance Management: A Study in High Rise Office Building, Klang Valley, Malaysia

Abstract An effective communication in building management depends on the quality, safety and service of its system between maintenance management and building occupants particularly on the operation and maintenance activities. The crucial issue in building management is to develop communication system between maintenance management and building occupants in order to support value aspect in the building. Study on communication in the maintenance management has generally concentrated on the briefing process and the maintenance process. This research identified three attributes of the existing condition of communication system in maintenance management specifically safety practice, management quality and professionalism in operation and maintenance management. Eleven high rise office buildings in Klang Valley, Malaysia have been randomly selected for the study which involving two groups of respondents. In-house maintenance management personnel (MM) and outsourced contractors/consultants (OS) are in maintenance management group whereas building owners (BO) and tenants (T) as the building occupant group have been unstructured interviewed based on the value aspects of communication factors. The results had shown that unsafe practice, inadequate management and unprofessional maintenance management which effected from miscommunication among them in the whole level tasks. In addition, major issues of maintenance management tools: unavailable building policy, poor management of documents, also weak monitoring toward maintenance activities contributed to the insufficient communication system in maintenance management. The paper concludes that a systematic communication system between maintenance management group and building occupant group does not exist yet in high rise office buildings.

Keywords: Building Occupant; Communication; Maintenance Management

109 Ref#:421/MAL/11/SSHD

Corporate Social Responsibility

Pratibha J Mishra a a Department of Social Work Jain Vishva Bharati University Ladnun, Nagaur, Rajastha, India a Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract Over the past decades a growing number of companies, globally have recognized the business benefits of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policies and practices. Their experiences are bolstered by a growing body of empirical studies, which demonstrate that CSR has a positive impact on business economic performance, and is not harmful to shareholder value. Companies also have been encouraged to adopt or expand CSR efforts as the result of pressures from customers, suppliers, employees, communities, investors, activist organizations and other stakeholders. As a result, CSR has grown dramatically in recent years, with companies of all sizes and sectors developing innovative strategies. The term Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is not new in the Indian context too. A Few companies have incorporated it in their core values; a lot of them practice it in some form or the other. All the leading industrial associations have included it in their agendas. A survey of about 600 companies in India commissioned by Partners In Change and published in the year 2000 has revealed that more than 85% of the industries surveyed agreed that companies must be socially responsible.

Keywords: Social responsibility, economic performance, industrial associations, Indian context

110 Ref#:429/MAL/11/SSHD

Advancing sustainability in a time of environmental crisis: Critical analysis of issues related to the pollution of Lake Taupo and sustainable development in the Taupo District

Murugesh Arunachalam a a Department of Accounting, Waikato Management School, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The objective of this paper is to provide a critical analysis of issues in relation to the pollution of Lake Taupo and attempts by local authorities to implement sustainable development in the Taupo District. It discusses the factors that hinder progress toward sustainable development, in particular, conflicting interests in the Taupo community that portray a clash between the objectives of environmental protectionism and economic development. The study also provides reflections of normative theories of sustainable development

The primary sources of data for this study were derived from website material of Waikato Regional Council (regional authority); current scientific and economic research on Lake Taupo; and transcripts of interviews conducted in the Taupo District by the author. This study interprets and makes sense of the data to explain the factors that cause a conflict between environmental sustainability and economic sustainability. A critical approach is taken to analyse related issues and to reflect on the endeavours by local authorities, in collaboration with community based groups, to address the pollution of Lake Taupo. The paper also provides critical reflections on normative theories of sustainable development that suggest a overly simplistic approach of integrating economic, environmental and social dimensions of sustainable development.

The findings of this study indicate that the conflicts between environmental sustainability (or strong form of sustainability) and economic sustainability (weak form of sustainability) is inevitably caused by the existence of diversity of interests in the local Taupo community. The diversity of interests ranges from the economic interests of the farming community accused of polluting Lake Taupo for many decades; the economic interests of the tourism sector wanting a clean lake; the cultural interests of the indigenous Maori community which attach spiritual values to Lake Taupo; the economic interests of the maori farming community; aesthetic values and recreational interests of local residents; the environmental protectionism policy of local authorities and similar enthusiasm of environmental lobbyist. Over the last decade, local authorities (Waikato Regional Council and Taupo District Council) have been attempting to introduce policy measures to prevent further degradation of water quality in Lake Taupo. However the policy measures were criticised as being biased towards environmental sustainability and adversely affecting the well-being of the farming community.

The paper contributes to extant literature by addressing the gap in extant studies on sustainable development that often lack in-depth analyses of conflicts that emerge when a sustainability approach is adopted to circumvent an environmental problem. There is abundance of studies that adopt a normative approach in dealing with the integration of environmental, economic and social dimensions of sustainable development. The normative approach often portray a false sense of positivism that integration of the economic, environmental and social dimensions can be easily achieved but fail to address the underlying conflicts and issues that can seriously affect the welfare of some groups and hinder progress towards sustainable development. The paper suggests that integrating or balancing economic and environmental sustainability is a complex task and not as simplistic as normative scholars articulate. Maintaining or advancing current trends of economic activities while keeping the environment clean can only happen in Utopia. The optimism of normative theorists who promulgate such utopian conceptualisation of sustainable development does not consider challenges faced in the real world. Reconciliation of economic and environmental sustainability comes at a price for some and sacrifices need to be made by some parties in the community, otherwise no solution is possible. The paper suggests that in order to preserve the rights of future generations, the present generation need to make some sacrifices. A critical and reflective approach to sustainable development is crucial for any progress towards achieving sustainable development.

Keywords: Lake Taupo, Economic Sustainability, Environmental Sustainability, Critical Analysis, Normative Theory

111 112 Ref#:435/MAL/11/SSHD

Empowerment of Women and Sustainable Development: The Significance of Education for Adolescent Girls in Pakistan

Asima Shirazi a a Faculty of Finance and Accounting, University of Wollongong in Dubai. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Sustainable development cannot arise unless every child irrespective of gender, religion or ethnicity is assured a minimum level of education. Access to education is recognized as a basic right and also a major contributing factor towards the realization of a person’s capability building. Of particular significance is the education of adolescent girls since they are the ones who are most deprived. These girls are invisible in national policies and a concerted effort needs to be made to bring their issues to the forefront. It is imperative that these girls be given an opportunity to participate in making decisions that affect them and their families. Education is the first step towards expanding the choices available to these girls. The rights-based, human development and capabilities approaches are adopted for analyzing the significance of education for these girls in the future. Pakistan has a population of 163 million of which 12 per cent or 19.5 million are girls in the age bracket of 10 to 19 years. Some of these girls are more vulnerable than others since they live in areas where girls’ schools have been attacked and there is opposition to girls being sent to school. Governments at all levels must recognize the need to protect the rights of girls. However, the role of the government in promoting social justice is necessary but not sufficient since ultimately the rights awarded and exercised are determined by what is socially and religiously acceptable in a community. The objectives of this paper are (i) to use the rights-based, human development and capabilities approaches as a framework for assessing the importance of education (ii) analyze the current state of adolescent girls’ education based on the indicators in Pakistan’s national surveys and identify gaps with respect to goals envisaged under international agreements and (iii) make policy recommendations.

Keywords: Adolescent girls; Capability Approach; Education; Human Development; Pakistan Household Surveys.

113 Ref#: 440/MAL/11/SSHD

Sociological explanation of human development indicators in Iran with emphasis on women's health

Atefe Mohammadzadeh Yazd a, Batul Mahmud Molaie Kermani b Fereshte Mohammadzade Yazd c a Department of Women StudiesUniversity of Isfahan, Iran b Department of Sociology, Literature & Humanities/ University of Isfahan c Department of Communication, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Iran. c Corresponding author: [email protected]

Introduction Development is a process of change and mutation the quality of human life and creates a fair system In order to utilize Community facilities similarly for men and women. Development theorists believe that human development is a key variable. Actually development thinkers draw a social and economic indicator and introduced this concept. Human development is a process for improving the quality of life for all people not only for a special group of society. So having health is the right of all human beings and the Social justice requires that no discrimination exist and the public benefit the results of development equally. Method This paper tries to study women’s health in Iran as one of the human development indicators. Hence descriptive method used in this article in order to study the issue of women's health in Iran. Results In 2009, 49.3 percent of the total population in Iran is women. Results show that women's life expectancy at birth which is one of the health indicators has increased during 1970-2009. Women's employment rates in industry and agriculture is declining, however men`s employment rate in similar year in the industrial sector has increased but in agriculture sector is reducing. So we can say that the percentage of unemployment among women is increasing. Conclusion Although statistics indicate greater longevity of women than men but their quality of life is such a serious problem. Women suffer more than men from acute, chronic conditions, long-term and short term disability, and so if these difficulties and also problems such as malnutrition, demanding work, frequent deliveries, and other cultural and social issues which affecting their health were ignored, their family's health will suffer too. Totally published results and statistics indicate that gender inequality can reduce the human development indicators.)

Keywords: Feminism theory, Gender, Health, Inequality.

114 Ref#: 445/MAL/11/SSHD

Analysis links population in khorasan razavi Province

Masoomeh Tavangar a, Mostafa Amirfakhriyan b, Mozhgan Sabet Teimouri c a,b,c Central Organization of Iranian Academic Center For Education, Culture and Research a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Urbanization and population growth have tended to settle in large cities and metropolitan in avoidance event in the world and especially in developing countries is taking place .Iran has been considered in the planning area of national planners and policy makers and always in line with population distribution and economic resources in the region, several strategies have been proposed but the plan failed and spatial imbalances and unsustainable development area is still visible. The main reason for this focus on process-oriented policies in the countries and the unequal distribution of resources and nodes are settlements One of the major issues in regional and preparatory studies, examining the links between the settlements. Identify links, moving towards achieving sustainable development .And it can plan long-term results of the evaluation of the past .The link of populations and their relationship is to consist of social, economic and political dimension. According to index represents the current bilateral migration movements between the two points, This paper has been analyzes the links in order to examine the flows in and out of the immigrant population of Khorasan Razavi province, the impact of distance on migration. Research method is documents and In order to analyze relationships and links is used Excel software and ARCMAP software. Results of this study (population represents) the extreme centralization of the country and khorasan razavi Province. so that the first Destination inter-provincial migration is Mashhad and migrations outside the provincial is Tehran. These conditions reflect the spatial imbalances in national and regional levels.

Keywords: demographic links, link capacity, Khorasan Razavi, migration

115 Ref#: 450/MAL/11/SSHD

A Theoretical Model of Global Value of Harmony

Wanxian Li a a School of Adminsitration, Hebei University of Economics and Business, Shijazhuang, China. a Crresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract we have enjoyed the material happiness that the market economy has brought to us and also suffered and will continue suffering its evil consequence, which would lead the mankand to the edge of world crisis unless we rethink of and rebuild our basic values of existance. Based on the harnomy teachings and doctrines developed by Lao-tzu, Confucius, Aristotle, Siddhartha Gautma, and Adam Smith’s Theory of Moral Centiments, together with Schwartz’s value theory, this paper moulded a theoretical model of the global value of harmony. Within the four-dimensioned structure of personal harmony, social harmony , cultural harmony and harmony between man and nature, some universal principles as Doctrine of the Mean and Reciprocity, as well as Impartial Sepectators are employed to balance the extreme values of humans.

Keywords: cultural harmony, global value, harmony between man and nature, personal/spiritual harmony, social harmony

116 Ref#:451/MAL/11/SSHD

A Study on Inter-Regional Analysis of Influencing Factors on Remittance Flow in Bangladesh

Farzana Khatuna, Md. Muntasirb a,b Department of Urban & Regional Planning, BUET, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Foreign remittance is a flourishing sector in the national economy of Bangladesh. During last decade the earning from remittance has been grown tremendously. The contribution of foreign remittance in GDP in Bangladesh is increasing day by day. Remittances from expatriate Bangladeshis reached US$10.98 billion during the 2009-2010 fiscal years, which is higher by 13.40% over the last fiscal. Remittance plays a vital role in case of infrastructural development, poverty reduction and economic growth of the country. For the sustainability and continuous development of this sector, a comprehensive analysis is necessary to understand the dynamics of this remittance flow. This study attempts to find out the impact of various factors on this flow of remittance in Bangladesh. While analyzing the impact, an inter-regional analysis has also been conducted to understand how the influence of these factors varies in remittance flow in different regions of the country. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 116 households of the Chittagong, Munshiganj and Sylhet regions. It was found from the study that the inflow of remittance depends upon some factors like: profession of the migrant’s worker, professional skill, location of the migration, education level of the migrant workers, remittance collection media, duration of migration etc. It was also seen that in different study areas, the impact of these factors on remittance flow is different.

Keywords: Bangladesh; Migration; Migrants; Remittance.

117 Ref#:454/MAL/11/SSHD

Linguistic Regulation and Nation Character Building: The Neglected Phase of Development

Ronald Maraden Parlindungan Silalahi a, Veny Anindya Puspitasari b a Department of English Language and Culture, Universitas Bunda Mulia, Komplek Green Garden, Rorotan, Cilincing, Jakarta Utara, Jakarta, Indonesia. b Department of Business and Management, Universitas Bunda Mulia, Komplek Green Garden, Rorotan, Cilincing, Jakarta Utara, Jakarta, Indonesia. a Corresponding authour: [email protected]

Abstract Due to the advancement of technology and science; the effect of globalization cannot be avoided by any countries in the world. Therefore, every country has to simultaneously apply the sustainable development in various aspects such as environment, sociopolitical (social and political), and economy. The sociopolitical sustainability aspect consists of several dimensions such as language, science, culture, etc. However, in some developing countries, the sustainable development is more focused on economic sectors, like how to increase the national income or how to improve the export volume. Language as one of the essential aspects in sociopolitical sustainability is often neglected. It is closely related to the nation character building, which is the basic foundation for the development of each country. Nation character has two basic principles: (a) religionism and (b) nationalism. The principal of nationalism is extremely important in international relationship. Language is one of the most crucial aspects in the principal of nationalism because language reflects the identity of a nation. This paper is based on a qualitative research to portray the role of language (local and foreign language) and the urgency of language in every aspect of the national sustainable development by using discourse analysis approach. The analysis is intertextually supported by some previous empirical studies about the role of language in the development of countries. The analysis shows that some languages are specifically used in certain aspect of development. For example, English that is specifically used for international economy. In another side, local or national language is only used in social and culture. Therefore, some people start asking a question about the existence of local language. From the literary review, the writers conclude that every country needs to formulate linguistic regulation or legislation in order to regulate the role of language (local and foreign) in some aspects of sustainable development. This regulation will support the sustainable development in the future. Lastly, the writers provide this paper with our hypothesis about the rules needed in the construction of linguistic regulation or legislation.

Keywords: discourse analysis, globalization, linguistics regulation, nation character building, sustainable development

118 Ref#: 463/MAL/11/SSHD

Communicating Environmental and Disaster Management Through Media: The Malaysian Environmental Journalist Experience

Nadiah A Aziz a, Darussalam A Bakar b a,b Department of Media Studies, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Keywords: Environmental and Disaster Management, Media, Environmental Journalist

119 Ref#: 466/MAL/11/SSHD

Education for Sustainable Development: A review of Characteristics of Sustainability Curriculum

Woo Yoke Ling a, Mazlin Bin Mokhtar b, Ibrahim Bin Komoo c , Norzaini Azman d a, b Institute of Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. c Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Institute (SEADPRI), Malaysia. d Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) is recognized internationally as an essential tool to achieve sustainable development. Its importance is seen in the establishment of United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (UNDESD) from year 2005 to 2014. It has been stressed by many scholars that integrating sustainable development concepts into curriculum being the most effective ways of increasing effectiveness of ESD. Despite the vision of UNDESD is to integrate ESD in all levels and all sectors of education in all countries, the impact of ESD in higher education can be seen significantly. It is because the graduates are not only to acquire knowledge and skills in the higher education for the needs of employment, however, they will bring further effect to the future on their decision making and global responsibility. Therefore, it is important to determine the characteristic of sustainability curriculum in higher education, so that it can be a guidance to aid the process of sustainability orientation curriculum design. Thus, this paper attempts to provide an overview of characteristics of sustainability curriculum. Five selected frameworks and models have been reviewed in order to identify the key characteristics that might contribute to the integration of sustainable development concepts into curriculum. The findings are focus on the characteristics of curriculum structure and teaching strategies. The major characteristics of curriculum structure are; emphasized on the complexity of sustainability issues, promote the flexible curriculum structure, enable the interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary learning of sustainability, contextualizing, balance-up the theory and practice portion as well as provide space for reflection. While, the teaching strategies are more emphasized on active learning. These key characteristics is vital to be used to propose a model for integration of sustainable development concepts into curriculum in order to achieve ESD.

Keywords: Education for Sustainable Development, curriculum characteristics, higher education, sustainability curriculum

120 Ref#: 476/MAL/11/SSHD

Residential Satisfaction in La Perla Informal Neighborhood, San Juan, Puerto Rico

Jean Caldieron a a School of Architecture, Florida Atlantic University, 111 E Las Olas Blvd, Fort Laderdale, FL, USA. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Residential satisfaction is an important element measuring the quality of life of individuals. This paper reports on the findings of residential satisfaction in the self-built informal neighborhood of La Perla. The settlement is located adjacent to the colonial center of the city of San Juan, Puerto Rico. Separated by a defensive colonial wall, La Perla is not only physically isolated but also socially segregated from the city of San Juan despite more than 90 years of co-existence. Although urban decay has contributed to La Perla’s reputation, future development plans and a recent drug bust are affecting the future of the community. However, the strong emotional links between the residents and their neighborhood may preserve La Perla as an integral part of San Juan. For this research, more than 100 householder surveys were held in the neighborhood analyzing the conditions of the dwellings, the housing typology, and the householders’ satisfaction. Even though La Perla is a shantytown with strong economic and social problems, the surveys found a very high level of residential satisfaction within the community. This paper is part of a more extensive study of the neighborhood. The final objective is to help organize a basis of knowledge for the formulation of social programs that will complement proposed urban design interventions. The research is a collaboration of Florida Atlantic University, the community of La Perla, and the local government of the city of San Juan. This research has been funded with the help of Florida Atlantic University and the Architectural Research Consortium grant.

Keywords: Informal urban settlements, neighborhood satisfaction, quality of self-built dwellings, residential satisfaction, shantytowns.

121 Ref#: 491/MAL/MAL/11/SSHD

A Study of Environmental Value and Attitude towards Sustainable Development among Pupil Teachers

Kshama Pandey a, A.K.Kulshreshtha b a, b Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Deemed University, Dayalbagh, Agra, India. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The world is looking ahead towards growth & development but on account of excursive human activities we have degraded our resources and vegetating. Today our world is on the brink of destruction & if we do not act now, we would be committing a global suicide. Publication of World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED , 1987) report "Our Common Future" which 'reflected that the current trend of economic development and the accompanying environmental degradation are unsustainable and there is urgent need to look into the health of the global environment for the future of mankind, educational dimension in sustainable development has been, highlighted (Satapathy, 2007). United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, (U CED, 1992) popularly known as "Earth Summit" has called for reorienting education towards sustainable development (Khoshoo, 1998). In its, agenda 21 (chapter 36), it considered "Education awareness and training as the critical factor' for, public understanding fundamental, to any progress to be made". Considering Education as the key to environmental sustainability, United Nation in December, 2002 in its General Assembly has proc1aimed (Bong Adams, 2006), 2005-14 as the' Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD) in order to, held every one consider and realize value, behavior and life style required for a sustainable future.

Keywords: Environmental Value, Attitude towards Sustainable Development

122 Ref#: 492/MAL/11/SSHD

Potentials of Boutique Hotel: The Case of Penang Island, Malaysia

Sharareh Khosravi a, Izatul Yussof b, Azizi Bahauddin c, Badaruddin Mohamed d a,b,c,d Sustainable Tourism Research Cluster (STRC), USM, Penang, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Recently, Malaysian contemporary hotel industry is experiencing an increased differentiation of new products’ offerings due to a high level of demands. This study aims to investigate what are the factors attracting guests to boutique hotels, to define how such factors fulfil guests’ special inclinations, and finally to understand the potential of boutique hotels as attractions in Penang Island/ Malaysia. The study’s methods included a review of the literature and a survey of boutique hotel consumers in Penang Island. The findings supported those of previous studies and may assist boutique hotels’ owners and operators to satisfy guests’ needs more effectively. Moreover, practical suggestions are made for boutique hotel operators and those wishing and willing to enter the market. Furthermore, the outcomes of this study may help the Tourism Ministry of Malaysia and other relevant associations to finalize an adequate grading system for boutique hotels, and gain substantial insight in order to market and promote this particular segment of the accommodation industry in Malaysia.

Keywords: Potential, Boutique Hotels, Hotel attributes, Penang Island

123 Ref#: 499/MAL/11/SSHD

Exploratory Factor Trait Sport Confidence Inventory (TSCI) Scale Between Adolesent Taekwondo Players

a b c d Tahereh Bagherpour , Hairul Anuar Hashim , Soumendra Saha , Asok Kumar Ghosh a, b, d Sport Science Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150,Kubang kerian, Kelantan,Malaysia c School of Health sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150,Kubang kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The present study investigated the psychometric properties of Malaysian and Iranian trait sport confidence inventory scale. The questionnaire was administered to 267 participants with the mean age = 13.33 that they have been selected from Malaysia and 261 participants with the mean age = 12.47 that they have been selected among Taekwondo athletes from different level of experience. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and Cronbach’s alpha were used to determine the factorial validity and internal consistency of the questionnaire respectively. Factor analysis of results on the 13 items suggesting that 13 items in one factor were most interpretable in Malaysian and Iranian versions. Alpha coefficient was 0.91 for Malaysia and 0.94 for Iran. In conclusion, the results of the current study indicated that the one-factor with 13 items model each and are scored on a 9-point scale ranging from low confidence (score of 1) to high confidence (score of 9) of the TSCI possessed a more satisfactory factorial validity in Malaysian and Iranian Taekwondo players and can be used as a scale instrument of trait sport confidence.

Keywords: Exploratory factor, Trait sport confidence, Taekwondo athletes.

124 Ref: 502/MAL/11/SSHD

A Framework to Estimate the Willingness to Pay of Household for Airquality Improvement: A Case Study in Klang Valley, Malaysia

Sarabdeen Masahina a, Rafia Afroz b, Jarita Duasa c, Noorihsan Mohamed d a, b, c, dDepartment of Economics, Kulliyah of Economics and Management Sciences International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The main objective of this study is to estimate the willingness to pay (WTP) of the household for improving the air quality in Klang Valley, Malaysia as a result of implementation of two types of transport hypothetical policy options. Survey method will be conducted to estimate how much the household in Klang Valley would value lowering the health risks associated with poor air quality. The popular method, contingent valuation method (CVM) has been used to estimate WTP for avoiding the ill health episodes due to air pollution or to improve the air quality in Klang Valley. The survey results will be analyzed using Binary Logit Model. This study is expected to minimize the problem of mismatch in terms of services that can be supplied by government and what the public really wants and is willing to pay for.

Keywords: Air quality improvement, Contingent valuation, Willingness to pay.

125 OIDA Publications Ontario International Development Agency 287 Second Avenue South Sudbury, Ontario, P3B 4H6 Canada. Printed in Canada

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