Multilateral Evaluation of 2003-05 Desert Locust Campaign

July 2006 E

Towards a More Effective Response to Desert Locusts and their Impacts on Food Security, Livelihoods and Poverty

Multilateral Evaluation of the 2003–05 Desert Locust Campaign

Evaluation Team L. Brader (Team Leader) H. Djibo F.G. Faye S. Ghaout M. Lazar P.N. Luzietoso M.A. Ould Babah

July 2006

The evaluation was undertaken with the financial support of Australia, Canada, the European Commission, FAO, Finland, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United States Agency for International Development and the World Bank.

For reasons of economy, this document is produced in a limited number of copies. Delegates and observers are kindly requested to bring it to the meetings and to refrain from asking for additional copies, unless strictly indispensable. Most FAO meeting documents are available on Internet at www.fao.org W0000 ii Multilateral Evaluation of 2003-05 Desert Locust Campaign

Table of Contents

Pages Preface 1 List of Acronyms 2 Executive Summary 5

I. Introduction 25

A. BACKGROUND OF THE EVALUATION 25

B. OBJECTIVES 26

C. APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 26

II. The Desert Locust 29

A. THE DESERT LOCUST ENIGMA – AN OVERVIEW 29 Desert Locust Control Approaches 29 Desert Locust Monitoring and Forecasting 31

B. FROM THE RECESSION PHASE TO THE UPSURGE IN 2003–05 31

C. DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED DESERT LOCUST CONTROL AND FORECASTING MEANS 33 Desert Locust Control Means 33 Improved Desert Locust Forecasting 33

D. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES FOR DESERT LOCUST CONTROL 34 III. Planning and Implementation of the 2003–05 Desert Locust Control Campaign 36

A. FUNDING OF THE CONTROL CAMPAIGN 36

B. APPEALS FOR FUNDING OF CONTROL OPERATIONS AND MOBILIZATION OF RESOURCES 36

C. MONITORING AND CONTROL OPERATIONS 40

D. EFFICACY OF THE CONTROL OPERATIONS 41

E. PUBLIC AWARENESS, COMMUNICATION AND TRAINING 42 Public Awareness and Communication 42

Multilateral Evaluation of 2003-05 Desert Locust Campaign iii

Training 44

F. ROLE AND ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN BY THE AFFECTED COUNTRIES 45

G. SUPPORT PROVIDED FOR THE CAMPAIGN 46

H. ROLE AND ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN BY FAO 50 Project Management and Operations 50 Procedures and Systems Functionality 55 ECLO as a Functional Entity 56 Monitoring and Reporting 57 Project Revisions 58

I. KEY ISSUES FOR AFFECTED COUNTRIES AND DONORS 59

IV. Analysis of the Control Campaign 61

A. IMPACT ON THE FOOD SECURITY SITUATION AND LIVELIHOODS OF AFFECTED COMMUNITIES 61

B. ECONOMIC BENEFITS AND COSTS 67

C. IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT 69

D. INSTITUTIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS 73 Institutional arrangements 74

E. TECHNICAL QUALITY AND ADEQUACY 75

F. EFFECT AND IMPACT OF THE CONTROL CAMPAIGN 77 Affected Rural Communities 78 Affected Countries 78 Donors 79

V. Sustainable Desert Locust Control 81 Preventive control strategy at country level 81 Strengthening of the Commission de Lutte contre le Criquet Pèlerin dans la Région Occidentale 83 FAO responsibilities 84 Donor support for Desert Locust control 85 Implementation of Desert Locust emergency campaigns 85

Multilateral Evaluation of 2003-05 Desert Locust Campaign 1

Preface i. The proposal for an evaluation of the 2003–05 Desert Locust campaign was formulated at the extraordinary session of the Desert Locust Control Committee in December 2004. At that time, it was not yet evident that the ongoing campaign would soon come to an end. However, the purpose – to draw lessons from the current campaign for future control operations – remained valid. After various preparatory discussions, the evaluation was officially endorsed by all stakeholders in August 2005. In view of the broad interest of the various stakeholders, the terms of reference had to cover a wide range of activities and sub