One-Third of Reef-Building Face Elevated Extinction Risk from Climate Change and Local Impacts Kent E. Carpenter,1* Muhammad Abrar,2 Greta Aeby,3 Richard B. Aronson,4 Stuart Banks,5 Andrew Bruckner,6 Angel Chiriboga,7 Jorge Cortés,8 J. Charles Delbeek,9 Lyndon DeVantier,10 Graham J. Edgar,11,12 Alasdair J. Edwards,13 Douglas Fenner,14 Héctor M. Guzmán,15 Bert W. Hoeksema,16 Gregor Hodgson,17 Ofri Johan,18 Wilfredo Y. Licuanan,19 Suzanne R. Livingstone,1 Edward R. Lovell,20 Jennifer A. Moore,21 David O. Obura,22 Domingo Ochavillo,23 Beth A. Polidoro,1 William F. Precht,24 Miledel C. Quibilan,25 Clarissa Reboton,26 Zoe T. Richards,27 Alex D. Rogers,28 Jonnell Sanciangco,1 Anne Sheppard,29 Charles Sheppard,29 Jennifer Smith,1 Simon Stuart,30 Emre Turak,10 John E. N. Veron,10 Carden Wallace,31 Ernesto Weil,32 Elizabeth Wood33 1IUCN Programme/SSC/Conservation International Global Marine Species Assessment, Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA. 2Research Center for Oceanography-Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia. 3Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Kaneohe, Hawaii, USA. 4Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Alabama, USA. 5Charles Darwin Research Station, Puerto-Ayora, Santa-Cruz-Galápagos, Ecuador. 6NOAA Fisheries/NOAA Reef Conservation Program, Silver Spring, MD, USA. 7Brown University, Providence, RI, USA. 8CIMAR, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica. 9Waikiki Aquarium, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA. 10Coral Reef Research, Townsville, Queensland, Australia. 11Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Arlington VA, USA. 12Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. 13School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. 14Dept. of Marine and Wildlife Resources, Pago Pago, American Samoa, USA. 15Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama. 16National Museum of Natural History Naturalis, Leiden, The Netherlands. 17Reef Check Foundation, Pacific Palisades, CA, USA. 18Research Center for Aquaculture, Minggu, Jakarta Selatan, Indonesia. 19Biology Department and Shields Marine Station, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines. 20School of Marine Studies, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji. 21NOAA Fisheries Service, Protected Resources Division, Petersburg, FL, USA. 22CORDIO East Africa, Mombasa, Kenya. 23Reef Check Philippines, Manila, Philippines. 24NOAA, Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, Damage Assessment and Restoration Program, Key Largo, FL,USA. 25Sulu-Sulawesi Seascape Program, Conservation International – Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. 26Silliman University, Institute of Environmental and Marine Sciences, Bantayan, Dumaguete City, Philippines. 27Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia. 28Zoological Society of London, Institute of Zoology, London, UK. 29Department of Biological Science, University of Warwick, Coventry,UK. 30IUCN/SSC – CI/CABS Biodiversity Assessment Unit, Conservation International, Arlington VA, USA. 31Museum of Tropical Queensland, Townsville, Queensland, Australia. 32Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Lajas, PR, USA. 33Marine Conservation Society, Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire, UK. *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected]

The conservation status of 845 zooxanthellate reef- Coral reefs harbor the highest concentration of marine building coral species have been assessed using IUCN Red biodiversity. They have high esthetic, recreational and List Criteria. Of the 704 species that could be assigned resource values that have prompted close scientific scrutiny, conservation status, 32.8% are in categories with elevated including long-term monitoring (1, 2) and face increasing ris