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Biodiversity of Marine Mollusc from Selected Locations of Andhra Pradesh Coast, South Eastern India

Biodiversity of Marine Mollusc from Selected Locations of Andhra Pradesh Coast, South Eastern India

Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences Vol. 44(6), June 2015, pp. 842-855

Biodiversity of marine mollusc from selected locations of Andhra Pradesh coast, South eastern

*S. Monolisha & J.K. Patterson Edward Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institute, 44 Beach Road, Tuticorin - 628001, Tamil Nadu, India

*[Email: [email protected]]

Received 12 November 2013; revised 06 January 2014

Study on the diversity of molluscan fauna was carried out in eight locations along Andhra Pradesh coast. 70 of mollusc including 44 species of Gastropods, 23 species of Bivalves and 3 species of were collected and documented. Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') of Gastropods, Bivalves and Cephalopods ranged from 1.36 to 1.47, 1.11 to 1.21 and 1.06 to 1.43 respectively and Pielou’s Evenness index ranged from 0.90 to 0.94, 0.90 to 0.96 and 0.35 to 0.92 respectively. Total percentage varies within the class , and Cephalopoda. Gastropod existed with highest range of 60% followed by Bivalvia with 32 % and the lowest range existed to be the Cephalopods with 8%. Fishers α range varied from 0.44 to 7.22. Brillouin index range varied between 1.06 and 3.42. Among the eight locations, total density was observed higher in Location II (Vadrevu) with 15.12% and least density range in Location 8 (Nellore harbour) with 7.67% as this study site was highly polluted due to anthropogenic activities near harbour. vestiarium, Cerithidea cingulata were observed to be the dominant and maximum in numbers and the bivalves and Donax faba were found to be maximum in diversity.

[Key words: Diversity, Mollusc, Indices, Distribution, Andhra Pradesh]

Introduction sustain these structural and functional resources In the geological time scale, molluscs cannot be over emphasized 8. evolved about 600 million years ago and this phyla Structurally molluscs are a heterogeneous is a very old monophyletic lineage, dating from group of with different structural form such before the Cambrian1, and is the second most as slugs, , and . Indian diverse of all phyla 2, 3, occurring in many coastline is rich in molluscan diversity. Some habitat types 4, 5. Phylum constitutes literature is available on this diversity, notable dominant groups of animals and includes a variety among which are the works of Crichton (1941)9, of most conspicuous, animals, such as , Gravely (1941, 1942) 10, 11. The only comprehensive , snails, and octopods 6. Mollusca are work on the molluscan fauna of the south eastern second only to Arthropoda in numerical abundance coast of India is by Satyamurthi (1952, 1956) 12, 13. 7. The number of species identified under phylum Present survey on the mollusc diversity in eight mollusca varies between 80,000 to 1, 00,000 around locations along Andhra Pradesh coast is carried out the world ocean. They are more abundant in the to provide the present status in the study area. littoral zones of tropical seas. Mollusc support economically in the fishery Materials and Methods sector and the ambiance of our coastal communities Current study involves identification and are frequently overlooked with diversity of these quantitative analysis of mollusc of Andhra pradesh marine organisms. Molluscan populations as a coast, South eastern India. Samples of mollusc were source of food, ornamental purposes and collected from eight locations covering four coastal commercial uses have brought them under the shade districts – Guntur, Prakasam, Krishna and Nellore of endangered species 7. The gastropods and bivalve during the period between November 2012 and fisheries are of sustenance nature and used for December 2012. The state of Andhra Pradesh is edible purpose, source of lime, as decorative shells situated between latitudes 13°40’N and 19°N and (or) for industrial purpose. Details on specific longitudes 80°E and 85°E. It is bordered by the Bay aspects of bivalves and gastropods management, of Bengal in the east, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh in biology, aquaculture and their relations to the north, Maharashtra in the north-west, Karnataka economic, public and ecosystem health are of in the west and south-west, and Tamil Nadu in the paramount importance but are at present lacking south. Sampling locations are illustrated in the aspect. Gastropods and bivalves have a significant Figure 1 and the study area include Location I- ecological role to play in the marine ecosystem. The Nizampatnam Harbour (15°90´ 24 N,80°66 E), importance of maintaining healthy molluscan Location II - Vadrevu port (15°81´67 N, 80°35´00 population and the type of information needed to E), Location III - Chirala fishing village (15°82´N, 80°35´ E), Location IV- Machilipatnam (16°25´56 MONOLISHA et al.: DIVERSITY OF MARINE MOLLUSC OF ANDHRA PRADESH COAST 843

N, 82°14´23 E), Location V - Bandar Harbour (16°18´43 N, 81°13´49 E), Location VI - Dumalapenta (14°90´20 N, 80°06´60 E) , Location VII - Isakapalli (15°00´12 N, 79°31´87E) and Location VIII - Nellore harbour (14°43´N, 79°97´E). This coastline was represented with thick patches of mangroves in deltaic regions of Krishna, Guntur and Nellore and the coastline represents estuaries, tidal creeks and channels, tidal flats, mudflats and sandy shores along the study area in all four districts. Visits were planned by considering the tidal activity. Samples were also collected from the bycatch obtained from trawl fishing nets. Quantitative analyses of the samples were carried out by collecting the specimens by the method of hand picking in transect of known area or using a quadrate of known size. At the same time the foulers like mussels and oysters were collected by Fig. 1: Map showing Locations I-VIII of Andhra Pradesh scrapping those using knives or spatula from a coast Results known unit area either using a quadrate. Further, the The present study was aimed on to assess in faunal bivalves were collected by hand digging the biodiversity of molluscan fauna in Andhra the substratum or by hand picking in different pradesh coast. The results have confirmed the places of each sampling regions 14. Specimens were presence of 44 species of Gastropods, 23 species of brought to laboratory, cleaned and identified using bivalves and 3 species of Cephalopods (Table 1). appropriate monographs. Data’s were collected Most of the species are commonly found in all the fortnightly throughout the study period. Information was reported mainly in form of still photographs and few empty molluscs were collected for 1.6000 identification purpose. This was to prevent undue 1.4000 killing of fauna. The number of species for a 1.2000 1.0000 particular region was utilized to determine the Gastropod Shannon Wiener index. Shannon Wiener index 0.8000 Bivalve 0.6000 value is then used to determine the diversity nature index Diversity Wiener - of Andhra pradesh coast and the level up to which 0.4000 the study area is free from the ever growing 0.2000 Shannon problem of pollution. Shannon-Wiener Diversity 0.0000 Index, H, was calculated using the equation H = -Σ Location I Location II Location III Location IV Location V Location VI Location VIILocation VIII Pi lnPi where Pi is the proportion of each species in locations (I-VIII). the sample 15. Shannon-Wiener diversity of Molluscan

fauna in Andhra Pradesh coast is illustrated in the following figure -2. Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') of Gastropods ranged from 1.36 to 1.47 ind.m-2 in Locations I to VIII, showing minimum range in Isakapalli (Location VII) and maximum range observed in Bandhar (Location V). In bivalves, Diversity index ranged from 1.11 to 1.21 ind.m-2 revealing minimum range in Isakapalli (Location VIII) and maximum range in Vadrevu port (Location II). Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') of Cephalopods ranged from 1.06 to 1.43 ind.m-2 with minimum range observed in Machilipatnam (Location IV) and maximum 844 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 44, NO. 6 JUNE 2015

diversity range observed in Dumalapenta (Location (8.15%), Anadara rhombea (7.85%), Tellina VI). coarctata (7.61%), Sunetta meroe (5.93%), etc. High abundance of Perna viridis was noticed in ferro-cemented bridges near harbours, and Fig.2: Shannon-Wiener diversity index of molluscan fauna Isognomon sp., was observed attached to the barks in Andhra Pradesh coast of mangroves as substratum. 400 samples of Pielou’s Evenness index (Figure 3) of Cephalopods were counted and the most abundant inermis Loligo molluscan fauna was carried out, Evenness index species includes (40.5%), -2 duvuaceili Sepia pharaonis ranged from 0.90 to 0.94 ind.m in gastropods, with (34.5%) and (25%). maximum range observed in Nizampatnam In the present study, 44 species of (Location I) and minimum range observed in gastropods, 23 species of bivalves and 3 species of Nellore Harbour (Location VIII), the Pielou’s index cephalopod was recorded from eight Locations of of bivalves ranged from 0.90 to 0.96 ind.m-2, four districts from Andhra Pradesh coast. , Cerithidea cingulata maximum value was observed in Nizampatnam were (Location I) and minimum range observed in observed to be the dominant and maximum in Perna viridis and Donax Bandhar, Dumalapenta and Iskapalli (Location V, numbers and the bivalves faba VI and VII). Pielou’s index of Cephalopods ranged were found to be maximum in numbers of from 0.35 to 0.92 ind.m-2, maximum range observed diversity. in Nizampatnam (Location I) and minimum range In Figure 4, Location wise total density was observed in (Bandhar Location V). analysed, Location II, III, V and I was highly During the study, 3184 gastropod and 1669 diverse with 15.12%, 14.53%, 13.52% and 13.31 %, bivalve samples were counted in eight sampling respectively. Density of gastropod was rich in Locations, highest density of gastropod and bivalve Location II, Location III and Location V with (15.1 %, 16.1 %) was observed in Location II – 15.1%, 15 and 14%. Bivalvia existed with range of Vadrevu port and least density (6.9%, 7.7%) was 16.1% and 14.4% in Location II and Location I observed in Location VIII – Nellore. Among the respectively. Cephalopods were found with density 3184 gastropod samples studied, the most abundant of 15.8, 15 and 14.3 % in Location III, IV and V species includes Umbonium vestiarium (7.69%), respectively. Cerithidea cingulata (5.81%), Cerithidea duplicata Total percentage variation in Gastropods, (5.75%), Onchidium tigrinum (5.06%), Clithon Bivalves and Cephalopods were illustrated in the oualaniensis (4.96%), spirata (4.93%), Figure 5. Overall study states that total percentage Babylonia zeylanica (4.81%), asper varies within class Gastropoda, Bivalvia and (4.43%), etc. Cerithidea cingulata, Cerithidea Cephalopoda, and Gastropod existed with highest duplicate and Onchidium tiger were abundant due range of 60% followed by Bivalvia with 32 % and to rich patchy mangroves as study Locations in the lowest range existed to be Cephalopods with Krishna and Prakasam district, and Clithon 8%. oualaniensis was found rich in near shore regions of The common mollusc species recorded are estuarine areas of Krishna and Paderu River. From given in Figs. 6 to Figure 12. eight locations, Diversity indices of the mollusc were illustrated in the table-2 and the study area showed greater (D) diversity of gastropods (5.331), Bivalves (1.669) and Cephalopods (0.3338). Pielou’s 1.2 Evenness (J') ranged from 0.91 to 0.98 ind.m-2. -2 1 Values of H' ranged from 1.08 to 3.461 ind.m , the

0.8 highest range was observed in gastropods with -2 0.6 3.461 ind.m and cephalopods with lowest range of Gastropod about 1.08 ind.m-2. Fishers α ranged from 0.44 to 0.4 Bivalve -2 Cephalopod 7.22 ind.m with least range observed in Pielou’s Evenness indexPielou’s Evenness 0.2 cephalopods and highest range observed in 0 gastropods. Brillouin index ranged from 1.06 to Location I Location II Location III Location IV Location V Location VI Location VII Location VIII

Fig.3: Pielou’s Evenness index of molluscan fauna in Andhra Pradesh coast about 1669 species were collected and the most abundant species includes Perna viridis (11.50%), Donax faba (8.69%), Isognomon isognomon MONOLISHA et al.: DIVERSITY OF MARINE MOLLUSC OF ANDHRA PRADESH COAST 845

3.42 ind.m-2, the highest range was observed with Fig.5: Percentage variation in class gastropoda, bivalvia and gastropods (3.32) and least range (1.06) in cephalopoda at Andhra Pradesh coast Cephalopods. These diversity indices reveal that the study areas are highly diversified with significant variations.

Fig. 4: Total Density of molluscan fauna (Location-wise) in Andhra Pradesh coast Table.1 List of mollusc identified in Andhra Pradesh coast Cephalopoda (Locations I-VIII) 8%

Bivalvia 32% Gastropoda 60%

Gastropoda Family - Terebridae 46 Anadara granosa

Family - 24 Terebra subulata 47 Brachidontes ustulatus 1 stellatus 25 Euterebra capensis 48 Perna viridis 2 Euchelus asper 26 Myurella affinis 49 Modiolus metcalfei 3 Umbonium vestiarium 27 Terebra crenulata 50 Andara inequivalvis 4 Euchelus tricarinatus 28 Terebra maculata 51 Arca decussata Family - Turbinidae Family - Turridae Family - Osteriidae 5 Turbo brunneus 29 Lophiotoma indica 52 Crassosstrea madrasensis Family - Architectonidae Family - Buccinidae Family - Donacidae 6 Architectonica laevigata 30 Babylonia spirata 53 Donax faba Family - 31 Babylonia zeylanica Family - 7 curta Family - Olividae 54 Paphia textile 8 Tibia delicatula 32 Agaronia gibbosa 55 Meretrix casta Family - Tonnidae Family - Nassariidae 56 Meretrix meretrix 9 Tonna dolium 33 Niotha conoidalis 57 Sunetta scripta Family - Ficidae 34 Nassarius dorsatus 58 Sunetta meroe 10 Ficus gracilis 35 Nassarius luridus Family - Isognomiidae Family - Bursidae 36 Bullia lineolata 59 Isognomon isognomon 11 Biplex spinosa Family - Bullidae 60 Isognomon bicolor 12 Bufonaria echinata 37 Bulla ampulla Family - Mactridae Family - Family - 61 Mactra eximia 13 Notocochlis tigrina 38 Clithon oualaniensis 62 Lutaria planta Family - Cerethiidae 39 Littoraria glabrata Family - Solenidae 14 Cerithidea cingulata Family - Onchidiidae 63 Solen lamarckii 15 Cerithidea duplicata 40 Onchidium tigrinum 64 Siliqua radiata Family - Family - Marginellidae Family - Tellinidae 16 Murex tribulus 41 Marginella angustata 65 Tellina coarctata 17 ramosus Family - Crepidulidae Family - Pholadidae 18 Chicoreus virgineus 42 Crucibulum sp. 66 Pholas orientalis 19 Raphana bulbosa Family - Calliostomidae Family - Psammobiidae 20 Chicorius brunneus 43 Calliostoma tranquebarica 67 Gari radiata 21 Raphana rapiformis Family - Drillidae Cephalopoda 22 Thaisella lacera 44 Clavus crassa Family -

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Family - Bivalvia 68 Sepiella inermis

23 figulinus Family - Arcidae 69 Sepia pharaonis 45 Anadara rhombea Family - Loliginidae 70 Loligo duvauceili

Table 2: Diversity indices of molluscan fauna at Andhra Pradesh coast

Diversity index Shannon-Weiner Index Sample S N D J' Brillouin Fishers α H'(loge) H'(log2) H'(log10) 1-Lambda' Gastropods 44 3184 5.331 0.9146 3.423 7.224 3.461 4.993 1.503 0.9622 Bivalves 23 1669 2.965 0.9191 2.845 3.774 2.882 4.158 1.252 0.9368 Cephalopod 3 400 0.3338 0.9829 1.064 0.4404 1.08 1.558 0.4689 0.6561

* S – Number of Species, N – Number of Samples, D- Diversity index, J' – Pielou’s Eveness

MONOLISHA et al.: DIVERSITY OF MARINE MOLLUSC OF ANDHRA PRADESH COAST 847

Fig. 6: Common gastropod species recorded in the study area

1. Bufonaria echinata (A.Dorsal & B.Ventral), 2. Cerithidea cingulata (A&B), 3. Architectonica laevigata

(A&B), 4. Telescopium telescopium (A&B), 5. Lophiotoma indica (A&B). 6. Conus figulinus (A&B).

848 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 44, NO. 6 JUNE 2015

Fig. 7: Common gastropod species recorded in the study area

13. Marginella angustata (A&B), 14. Chicoreus virgineus (A&B), 15. Chicoreus ramosus (A&B), 16.

Notocochlis tigrina (A&B), 17. Calliostoma tranquebaricum (A&B), 18. Trochus stellatus (A&B) MONOLISHA et al.: DIVERSITY OF MARINE MOLLUSC OF ANDHRA PRADESH COAST 849

850 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 44, NO. 6 JUNE 2015

Figure 8: Common gastropod species recorded in the study area

19. Terebra subulata (A&B), 20. Clithon oualaniensis (A&B), 21. Onchidium tigrinum (A&B), 22.

Umbonium vestiarium (A&B), 23. Crucibulum extinctorium (A&B), 24. Biplex spinosa (A&B).

MONOLISHA et al.: DIVERSITY OF MARINE MOLLUSC OF ANDHRA PRADESH COAST 851

Fig.9: Common bivalve species recorded in the study area

7. Crassosstrea madrasensis (A&B), 8. Perna viridis (A&B), 9. Isognomon isognomum (A&B) , 10. Isognomon bicolor (A&B), 11. Modiolus metcalfei (A&B). 25. Anadara rhombea (A.Ventral &B.Dorsal) 852 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 44, NO. 6 JUNE 2015

Fig. 10: Common bivalve species recorded in the study area

26. Pholas orientalis (A&B), 27. Solen lamarcki (A&B), 28. Sunetta meroe (A&B), 29. Sunetta sripta (A&B), 30. Donax faba (A&B), 31. Mactra eximia (A&B). MONOLISHA et al.: DIVERSITY OF MARINE MOLLUSC OF ANDHRA PRADESH COAST 853

Fig. 11: Common bivalve species recorded in the study area

32. Paphia textile (A&B), 33. Siliqua radiata (A&B)

Fig.12: Common cephalopod species in the study area

12. Sepiella inermis (A&B), 34. Sepia pharaonis (A&B)

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Average Shannon-Wiener diversity Index of all the three season comes out to be 3.28 in rangoan beach 8. Here, in the study Shannon – Weiner index of Discussion molluscan diversity ranged from 1.08 to 3.461. In the Phylum – Mollusc, about 3270 The 67% gastropod species and 33% species have been reported from India belonging to bivalve species found from the selected study 220 families and 591 genera. Among these the localities of Raigad district coast. Bivalve species Bivalves are the most diverse (1100 species) were found higher at Revdanda estuary while followed by Gastropods (190 species). Presently gastropods species were higher at Korlai probably over 1, 00,000 tonnes of Bivalves and nearby due to habitat differences 28. Conservation of 20,000 tonnes of Gastropods are exploited from biological diversity is considered to be one of the 16. Indian waters major goals for sustainable management of marine The biodiversity study of marine molluscs renewable resources. The species diversity has a of Thanjavur district in Tamil Nadu, observed about good relationship with species richness and 20 species of class Gastropoda and 20 species of evenness and diversity index is maximum with high class Bivalvia 17. 41 species of Gastropods and 5 number of species and minimum with low number species of Bivalves were reported in intertidal of species 29. In the present study, total percentage beaches of Mumbai coast 18. Thirty species of of gastropods (60%) was higher than bivalves gastropods from Cuddalore coast was recorded in (32%) and cephalopods (8%). The study provides the year 1998 19 and among them Babylonia spirata detailed information on biodiversity of mollusc in is the maximum numbers in the coastline. four districts of Andhra pradesh coast and the Macrobenthic fauna of Loni reservoir 20, benthos of information would assist the researchers and Powar Lake 21 reported many species of mollusc. conservation managers to better study and manage The utility of molluscs in primary classification of the resources for sustainable utilization. the lake in their various trophic stages was reported and reported mollusc as indicators for oligotrophic Acknowledgement lakes based on their distribution and relative Authors are thankful to Department of abundance was recorded 22, 23. A total of 51 species Biotechnology, Government of India for financial of molluscs were associated with corals in Gulf of support and Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Mannar and Gastropods represented the numerically Institute for the facilities. dominant group with 34 species 24. In the current study, 70 species of Mollusc were identified which References includes 44 species of gastropods, 23 species of bivalves and 3 species of Cephalopods from eight 1. Barker G M, Gastropods on Land: Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology. In: The Biology Locations of Andhra pradesh coast. 21 species each of Terrestrial Molluscs. G. M. Barker (ed.): 1-146, of gastropods and bivalves were reported from (CABI. Trowbridge), 2001. Coringa mangroves, Kakinad bay of Andhra Pradesh coast 25. 2. Morton J E, Molluscs. 4th edition. (Hutchinson In the Pazhayar back canal region Nerita University Library. London), 1967: pp. 244.

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