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Sustainable Livelihoods, Environmental Security and Conflict Mitigation ANE-G-00-03-0005-00 Final Report Resource Rights, Sustainable Livelihoods, Environmental Security and Conflict Mitigation in South Asia Contents Acknowledgements.......................................................................................................................... 6 Overview ...........................................................................7 Brief background on environmental security ................................................................................ 8 Conceptual background for these studies .................................................................................... 9 The country studies.................................................................................................................... 11 Common issues ......................................................................................................................... 16 Tanguar Haor, Bangladesh .................................................... 21 Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................ 22 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................. 23 Glossary......................................................................................................................................... 24 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 25 Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 25 Description of the study area ......................................................................................................... 26 History........................................................................................................................................ 26 Resources.................................................................................................................................. 27 Land use.................................................................................................................................... 28 Demographics............................................................................................................................ 28 Socio-economic profile............................................................................................................... 29 Table 1: Population and literacy by village, Tanguar Haor (2003) .................................................. 29 Table 2: Standard of living, selected indicators, Tanguar Haor (2003) ........................................... 30 Livelihoods................................................................................................................................. 30 Table 3: Occupation of household heads, Tanguar Haor (2003).................................................... 30 Resource rights.............................................................................................................................. 32 Customary rights........................................................................................................................ 32 Statutory rights, 1793–1950....................................................................................................... 32 Box 1: Leasing in Tanguar Haor..................................................................................................... 34 Statutory rights since 1950......................................................................................................... 35 Box 2: Legal status of Tanguar Haor.............................................................................................. 36 Insecurity and conflict..................................................................................................................... 38 Leasing system.......................................................................................................................... 38 Box 3: Arbitrary restrictions and levies imposed on villagers in Tanguar Haor ............................... 39 Resource use............................................................................................................................. 39 Environmental concerns............................................................................................................. 41 Socio-economic pressures......................................................................................................... 41 Table 4: Sources of insecurity, Tanguar Haor (2003)..................................................................... 42 The new management system ................................................................................................... 42 Synthesis and conclusions............................................................................................................. 44 References..................................................................................................................................... 46 Legal instruments....................................................................................................................... 47 Orissa, India ..................................................................... 48 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................. 49 Glossary......................................................................................................................................... 50 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 51 Selecting a study area ............................................................................................................... 51 Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 52 Description of the study area ......................................................................................................... 53 Revenue village of Mangara ......................................................................................................53 History........................................................................................................................................ 54 Demographics............................................................................................................................ 55 Table 1: Demographics by hamlet, Mangara village (2003) ........................................................... 55 Socio-economic development .................................................................................................... 55 Land use.................................................................................................................................... 56 Box 1: Shifting cultivation in Orissa ................................................................................................ 57 Table 2: Patta land by social group, Mangara village (2003).......................................................... 58 3 Table 3: Forest reservation, Rayagada Forest Division.................................................................. 59 Box 2: Forest protection, Khariguda hamlet ................................................................................... 59 Changes in environmental conditions ........................................................................................ 60 Livelihoods................................................................................................................................. 61 Table 4: Primary occupation, Mangara village (2003) .................................................................... 61 Table 5: Secondary occupation, Mangara village (2003)................................................................ 62 Table 6: Primary occupation by hamlet, Mangara village (2003).................................................... 63 Local government ...................................................................................................................... 65 Resource rights.............................................................................................................................. 66 Customary rights........................................................................................................................ 66 Statutory rights........................................................................................................................... 67 Table 7: Legal regime governing various categories of land .......................................................... 71 Conflict between regimes........................................................................................................... 73 Table 8: Government orders for the settlement of forest lands....................................................... 75 Table 9: Discrepancies in Orissa government data........................................................................ 76 Insecurity and conflict..................................................................................................................... 79 Insecurity ..................................................................................................................................
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