Memory Repression: Brain Mechanisms Underlying Dissociative Amnesia
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Spontaneous Recognition Memory Measured by Performance in a Memory Stroop Paradigm Benjamin Anderson Washington University in St
Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) January 2011 Spontaneous Recognition Memory Measured by Performance in a Memory Stroop Paradigm Benjamin Anderson Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd Recommended Citation Anderson, Benjamin, "Spontaneous Recognition Memory Measured by Performance in a Memory Stroop Paradigm" (2011). All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs). 19. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd/19 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS Department of Psychology Dissertation Committee: Larry L. Jacoby, Chair David A. Balota Todd S. Braver Brian D. Carpenter James V. Wertsch SPONTANEOUS RECOGNTION MEMORY MEASURED BY PERFORMANCE IN A MEMORY STROOP PARADIGM by Benjamin Axel Anderson A dissertation presented to the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2011 Saint Louis, Missouri Table of Contents Acknowledgements iii List of Tables iv List of Figures vii Abstract viii Introduction 1 Controlled and Automatic Processes: Retrieval Constraint 6 Results from Prior Investigations of Involuntary -
Emotionally Charged Autobiographical Memories Across the Life Span: the Recall of Happy, Sad, Traumatic, and Involuntary Memories
Psychology and Aging Copyright 2002 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 2002, Vol. 17, No. 4, 636–652 0882-7974/02/$5.00 DOI: 10.1037//0882-7974.17.4.636 Emotionally Charged Autobiographical Memories Across the Life Span: The Recall of Happy, Sad, Traumatic, and Involuntary Memories Dorthe Berntsen David C. Rubin University of Aarhus Duke University A sample of 1,241 respondents between 20 and 93 years old were asked their age in their happiest, saddest, most traumatic, most important memory, and most recent involuntary memory. For older respondents, there was a clear bump in the 20s for the most important and happiest memories. In contrast, saddest and most traumatic memories showed a monotonically decreasing retention function. Happy involuntary memories were over twice as common as unhappy ones, and only happy involuntary memories showed a bump in the 20s. Life scripts favoring positive events in young adulthood can account for the findings. Standard accounts of the bump need to be modified, for example, by repression or reduced rehearsal of negative events due to life change or social censure. Many studies have examined the distribution of autobiographi- (1885/1964) drew attention to conscious memories that arise un- cal memories across the life span. No studies have examined intendedly and treated them as one of three distinct classes of whether this distribution is different for different classes of emo- memory, but did not study them himself. In his well-known tional memories. Here, we compare the event ages of people’s textbook, Miller (1962/1974) opened his chapter on memory by most important, happiest, saddest, and most traumatic memories quoting Marcel Proust’s description of how the taste of a Made- and most recent involuntary memory to explore whether different leine cookie unintendedly brought to his mind a long-forgotten kinds of emotional memories follow similar patterns of retention. -
2.18 Controlled Processes in Voluntary Remembering A
2.18 Controlled Processes in Voluntary Remembering A. Koriat, M. Goldsmith, and V. Halamish, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel ª 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 2.18.1 Introduction 307 2.18.2 Processes Involved in Remembering 307 2.18.2.1 Retrieval Cues and Retrieval-Encoding Interactions 308 2.18.2.2 Metacognitive Monitoring and Control Processes 309 2.18.2.3 A Schematic Framework 309 2.18.3 Controlled Preretrieval Processes 310 2.18.3.1 Deciding Whether to Initiate or Forgo a Memory Search 310 2.18.3.2 Choosing a Search Strategy 311 2.18.3.3 Specifying the Initial Context of Search and Generating Internal Retrieval Cues 312 2.18.4 Retrieval (Ecphory) 314 2.18.5 Controlled Postretrieval Processes 314 2.18.5.1 Updating and Refining the Search Strategy and Internal Retrieval Cues 314 2.18.5.2 Evaluating the Correctness of Retrieved Information 314 2.18.5.3 Inhibiting Wrong/Irrelevant Information 316 2.18.5.4 Deciding Whether to Continue or Terminate the Search 317 2.18.6 Controlled Report Processes 317 2.18.6.1 Deciding Whether or Not to Report an Answer 317 2.18.6.2 Deciding on the Grain Size of the Reported Answer 319 2.18.7 Concluding Remarks 320 References 320 2.18.1 Introduction failure of control over retrieval, because the person is unable to prevent these memories from arising, or The focus of this chapter is on voluntary remember- fails to terminate them once they arise. ing, in which memories are retrieved through a Although we concentrate here on voluntary deliberate, goal-directed search process. -
''Did Not/Am Not'': the Remains of Memory in Gabriel Josipovici's Works
”Did not/Am not”: The Remains of Memory in Gabriel Josipovici’s Works Marcin Stawiarski To cite this version: Marcin Stawiarski. ”Did not/Am not”: The Remains of Memory in Gabriel Josipovici’s Works. Colloque International “ Acts of Remembrance in Contemporary Narratives in English: Opening the Past for the Future ”, Apr 2013, Saragossa, Spain. hal-02267928 HAL Id: hal-02267928 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02267928 Submitted on 20 Aug 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. “Did not/Am not”: The Remains of Memory in Gabriel Josipovici’s Works Marcin STAWIARSKI Normandie Univ, France ; UNICAEN, ERIBIA (E.A. 2610), F-14032, France Introduction This paper aims to examine the ways in which the British contemporary writer Gabriel Josipovici raises question relating to memory, reminiscence, and commemoration in his short stories, novels, and literary criticism. Born in France, in 1940, after settling in England, Josipovici has been writing in English and has so far published numerous novels as well as critical essays, theatre plays and short story collections. Many of Josipovici’s texts deal with memory issues, and the specificity of narrative in Josipovici seems to have something to do with the very process of remembrance. -
Pdffiles/Hypnotizability/Hgshsaresponse1002.Pdf 32
THE MEASUREMENT OF POSTHYPNOTIC AMNESIA WITH THE HARVARD GROUP SCALE OF HYPNOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY, FORM A Shelagh Freedman Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Masters of Arts in Psychology Concordia University August 2012 Shelagh Freedman ii CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared By: Shelagh Freedman Entitled: The Measurement of Posthypnotic Amnesia with the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Psychology) complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the final examining committee: Dr. Andrew Chapman Chair Dr. Peter Shizgal Examiner Dr. Lucie Bonneville Examiner Dr. Jean-Roch Laurence Supervisor Approved by _____Dr. Jean-Roch Laurence_____________________ Chair of Department or Graduate Program Director _____Dr. Brian Lewis____________________________ Dean of Faculty Date _____August 30th 2012___________________________ iii Abstract Shelagh Freedman The Measurement of Posthypnotic Amnesia with the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A The Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility (HGSHS:A) has proven to be a reliable and efficient measure of hypnotizability (Siuta, 2010). However, the psychometric properties of the posthypnotic amnesia suggestion on this scale lack integrity (Sadler & Woody, 2004; Piesbergen & Peter, 2006). It is hypothesized that the ambiguously written instructions explaining the recall test to participants are obscuring measurement, resulting in non-amnesic participants being scored amnesic. To show participants can be scored amnesic for reasons not attributable to the suggestion, 81 participants were administered the HGSHS:A without the amnesia suggestion. -
The Episodic Nature of Involuntary Autobiographical Memories
Memory & Cognition 2004, 32 (5), 789-803 The episodic nature of involuntary autobiographical memories DORTHE BERNTSEN and NICOLINE MARIE HALL University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark Involuntary autobiographical memories are conscious and unintended recollections of personal ex- periences. In Study 1, involuntary memories were compared with voluntary word-cued memories, both retrieved in naturalistic settings via a self-paced procedure. The involuntary memories more frequently referred to specific episodes, came with more physical reaction, had more impact on mood, and dealt with more unusual and less positive events. Study 2 demonstrated that these differences were not due to differences between verbal and nonverbal cues, by using Francis Galton’s “memory walk” as a non- verbal method to cue voluntary memories. In both studies, systematic differences were found between specific and nonspecific memories. The findings show that the way autobiographical memories are sampled greatly affects the findings and that involuntary retrieval more often provides access to mem- ories of specific episodes and associated emotional states. I was waiting at the bus-stop, thinking that it was a bit of a gists have tended to neglect them. For example, in his clas- gloomy place to be standing all by myself. Some strange sic work, Miller (1962/1974) opens his chapter on mem- sounds were coming from the neighboring factory. In the ory by quoting Proust’s (1932–1938) example of a long- street, the cars are passing me. A car with unusually sharp forgotten childhood memory triggered by the taste of a headlights is approaching me. I suddenly remember my Madeleine cookie, and Miller adds the following: “A pru- younger brother’s eight years birthday. -
Memory in Mind and Culture
This page intentionally left blank Memory in Mind and Culture This text introduces students, scholars, and interested educated readers to the issues of human memory broadly considered, encompassing individual mem- ory, collective remembering by societies, and the construction of history. The book is organized around several major questions: How do memories construct our past? How do we build shared collective memories? How does memory shape history? This volume presents a special perspective, emphasizing the role of memory processes in the construction of self-identity, of shared cultural norms and concepts, and of historical awareness. Although the results are fairly new and the techniques suitably modern, the vision itself is of course related to the work of such precursors as Frederic Bartlett and Aleksandr Luria, who in very different ways represent the starting point of a serious psychology of human culture. Pascal Boyer is Henry Luce Professor of Individual and Collective Memory, departments of psychology and anthropology, at Washington University in St. Louis. He studied philosophy and anthropology at the universities of Paris and Cambridge, where he did his graduate work with Professor Jack Goody, on memory constraints on the transmission of oral literature. He has done anthro- pological fieldwork in Cameroon on the transmission of the Fang oral epics and on Fang traditional religion. Since then, he has worked mostly on the experi- mental study of cognitive capacities underlying cultural transmission. After teaching in Cambridge, San Diego, Lyon, and Santa Barbara, Boyer moved to his present position at the departments of anthropology and psychology at Washington University, St. Louis. James V. -
Marcel Proust and Paul Sollier: the Involuntary Memory Connection N J
History of medicine Marcel Proust and Paul Sollier: the involuntary memory connection n J. Bogousslavskya, O. Walusinskib a Department of Neurology, Genolier Swiss Medical Network, Valmont-Genolier, Glion-sur-Montreux b Brou (F) Summary Introduction Bogousslavsky J, Walusinski O. Marcel Proust and Marcel Proust (1871–1922), one of the greatest Paul Sollier: the involuntary memory connection. novelists of all times, is also known for his extra- Schweiz Arch Neurol Psychiatr. 2009;160:130–6. ordinary skills in analysing the forms and psycho- logical mechanisms of memory. His main novel In December 1905, eight years before he published “In Search of Lost Time” [1] (first published in the first volume of“In Search of LostTime”,Marcel 1913) emphasises the importance of what he called Proust entered a sanatorium to follow a six-week “involuntary memory”, which is deeply associated treatment for “neurasthenia” under the care of with emotions. In 1905/1906, Proust, who suffered Dr Paul Sollier who, along with Babinski, was con- from psychological exhaustion, spent six weeks sidered the cleverest pupil of Charcot. Following in a sanatorium under the care of Dr Paul Sollier. Charcot’s wish, Sollier had studied memory in Sollier had been a pupil of Charcot, whom the depth,and he used this knowledge to provoke emo- master of La Salpêtrière had asked, a few years tional surges of involuntary memories in his pa- before his death, to synthesise the most recent tients. Proust’s novel contains over 1200 allusions discoveries on memory [2]. Subsequently Sollier to memory, with a specific emphasis on involuntary published two major works on memory, “Les memory, which was largely inspired by Sollier’s troubles de la mémoire” in 1892 [3] and “Le pro- theories. -
3 a Basic Systems Account of Trauma Memories in PTSD: Is More Needed?
3 A basic systems account of trauma memories in PTSD: is more needed? David C. Rubin The purpose of this chapter is to provide a summary of our current knowledge of autobiographical memory at the behavioral and neural level and how it can be applied to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a disorder whose diagnostic criteria and symptoms depend on autobio- graphical memory. I start with everyday memories in nonclinical popula- tions because it is unlikely on theoretical and empirical grounds that changes in autobiographical memory in PTSD occur for just trauma- related memories rather than for autobiographical memories in general (Rubin et al., 2008a; 2008b; 2011). In addition, based on just the diagnostic symptoms of PTSD, there is good reason to examine general changes in autobiographical memory. The reliving, avoidance, and arousal symptoms of PTSD are not exclusive to the memory of the index trauma on which diagnosis is made. Rather, they extend to memories related to the index trauma in various ways from low-level direct percep- tual matches to very abstract and symbolic similarities. Even repetitive intrusive memories do not have to repeat verbatim but can relate to different aspects of a trauma (Berntsen & Rubin, 2008). Avoidance symptoms include avoiding situations a neutral observer may not think would be reminders of the trauma. Arousal symptoms involving hyper- vigilance extend to more than appropriate trauma-related vigilance, and the increased startle response symptom results from stimuli unrelated to the trauma. The section immediately following this brief introduction is titled “Autobiographical Memories are Constructed.” Memories are con- structed in the sense that processes create the memories anew each time they are recalled rather than retrieving a stored fixed version of the past. -
Hypnosis As a Retrieval Cue in Posthypnotic Amnesia
Journal of AbnormalPsychology Cog~ight 1985 by the AmericanPsychological AssoOafion, Inc. 1985, Vol. 94, No. 3, 264-271 0021-843X/85/$00.75 Hypnosis as a Retrieval Cue in Posthypnotic Amnesia John E Kihlstrom Heather A. Brenneman University of Wisconsin--Madison University of Saskatchewan. Donna D. Pistole and Ronald E. Shor University of New Hampshire The effectiveness of hypnosis as a retrieval cue was tested in a group of 80 highly hypnotizable subjects who demonstrated posthypnotic amnesia on an initial recall test. The 40 subjects who received a reinduction of hypnosis showed a significant improvement in memory on a retest; there was a significant loss of memory on a third test following termination of the second hypnosis and a more substantial recovery on a fourth test following administration of a prearranged reversibility cue. Another 40 subjects, who merely relaxed before the second test, showed a similar improvement in memory on the retest but no subsequent memory loss. The amount of trial-to-trial improvement in memory shown by the subjects was unaffected by explicit instructions to maintain amnesia until the reversibility cue had been given. Posthypnotic amnesia is not a case of state-dependent retention, nor does hypnosis provide retrieval cues that can lead to the emergence of previously unrecalled memories. Upon termination of hypnosis, many hyp- gard, 1966; Kihlstrom, 1977, 1985). One way notizable subjects find it difficult to remember of approaching the question of mechanism is the events and experiences that transpired to find ways of restoring access to the forgotten while they were hypnotized. The amnesia memories without administering the revers- occurs only as a result of suggestion, and ibility cue. -
Inquiry Into the Practice of Recovered Memory Therapy
INQUIRY INTO THE PRACTICE OF RECOVERED MEMORY THERAPY September 2005 Report by the Health Services Commissioner to the Minister for Health, the Hon. Bronwyn Pike MP under Section 9(1)(m) of the Health Services (Conciliation and Review) Act 1987 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 DEFINITIONS...............................................................................................................................4 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................7 3 RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................................17 4 BACKGROUND TO THE INQUIRY.....................................................................................18 4.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................18 4.2 Terms of Reference.............................................................................................................19 4.3 The Inquiry Team ................................................................................................................20 4.4 Methodology...........................................................................................................................20 4.4.1 Literature review ..........................................................................................................20 4.4.2 Legislative review ........................................................................................................20 -
Intrusive Images in Psychological Disorders: Characteristics, Neural Mechanisms, and Treatment Implications
Psychological Review © 2010 American Psychological Association 2010, Vol. 117, No. 1, 210–232 0033-295X/10/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0018113 Intrusive Images in Psychological Disorders: Characteristics, Neural Mechanisms, and Treatment Implications Chris R. Brewin, James D. Gregory, Michelle Lipton, and Neil Burgess University College London Involuntary images and visual memories are prominent in many types of psychopathology. Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder, other anxiety disorders, depression, eating disorders, and psychosis fre- quently report repeated visual intrusions corresponding to a small number of real or imaginary events, usually extremely vivid, detailed, and with highly distressing content. Both memory and imagery appear to rely on common networks involving medial prefrontal regions, posterior regions in the medial and lateral parietal cortices, the lateral temporal cortex, and the medial temporal lobe. Evidence from cognitive psychology and neuroscience implies distinct neural bases to abstract, flexible, contextualized representations (C-reps) and to inflexible, sensory-bound representations (S-reps). We revise our previ- ous dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder to place it within a neural systems model of healthy memory and imagery. The revised model is used to explain how the different types of distressing visual intrusions associated with clinical disorders arise, in terms of the need for correct interaction between the neural systems supporting S-reps and C-reps via visuospatial working