CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND The history of art and craft of any place cannot exist without systematizing the source materials. Living traditions of art and craft of Barak Valley has been worked as source materials and serve the socio-cultural and political, historical, geographical, economical, and the aesthetical phenomenon of Barak region. As the history of Barak Valley in art and craft has not been discussed enough in any books, journals or any research work done on it, in this study art and craft in the context of entire world as well as India is studied and distinctive emphasis is given mainly to existing traditions of Barak region. Art and craft is always the creative intellect of man and this intellect has been associated with human delight, sorrow, cheerful, pleasure and habitual virtues. The Barak Valley as well as North-Eastern sphere of India contains a blurred and shadowy conception for most Indians. But Barak Valley and other parts of North- East region are unique for diversity in terms of ethnicity, language, culture and rich heritage. It is also significant that not only North East, the environments as well as the history of India are diverse, for instance- the Jungles, the fauna and flora are varied while the several races and languages bear witness to very early settlement and successive routs and access (Auboyer, 1961) as well as it is paradoxical that India is such a country here more than five hundred languages and sub-languages are living together with their diverse culture (Bhowmik and Bhowmik, 2006). The North-East Region of India shares ninety eight percent of its borders with neighboring countries and only two percent with India that is thirty seven kilometers of widespread Silliguri passage in West Bengal that links the North-East with the other states. The North-East India includes of the states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura and Sikkim. Apart from all, the North-Eastern province of India suggests an obscure and mysterious conception for most Indians. The plane lands in North -East are very restricted and that is mostly to the Brahmaputra and Barak Valley in Assam and small central valley in Manipur. The partition of India in 1947 and the creation of East Pakistan, means present Bangladesh, the external links of Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya and Mizoram with 1 Bengal and the rest of India were broken. In fact, North-East region had suffered the first partition when Burma, means present Myanmar was detached from British India in 1937, thus obstructed its merchandise activities (Phadke, 2008). Within the North-East domain the contemporary name of Assam is very topical origin, previously it was recognized as „Pragjyotishpura‟. This name is found in the great epics, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and the Puranas too. In medieval period Assam was identified as Kamrupa. In classical Sanskrit literature, both Pragjyotishpura and Kamrupa occur as auxiliary names and Kalidasa remarks to it by both the titles. In epigraphic records the name Kamrupa was first stated in the Allahabad inscriptions of Samudra Gupta in the fifth century and the name came from Kamadeva, the god of love. Kama means love and rupa means form. The name Kamrupa appears in Kalika Purana and Yogini-tantra. Dr. B.K. Kakati suggests that Asam (peerless) may be a later day Sanskritization of an earlier form Acham. In „Tai‟ (language of the Ahoms) the root cham means „to be vanquished‟. With the Assamese prefix „a‟ Asam or Acham would mean undefeated, victorious (Sharma, 2008). According to the popular belief, to the Tai or Shan people of Siamese-Chinese branch of the Sino-Tibetan called Ahoms who immigrated to the upper Brahmaputra Valley by way of North Burma through the course of the river Noa and started on their vocation as the rulers of this region during thirteenth century AD (Shastri, 2002). Assam forms a part of the great land of India which could not be always in the care because of its geographical position in an extreme corner of a vast country of the North East (Chatterji, 1955). Some early Hindu and Buddhist texts, the epics, royal archives and stone inscription found in the Brahmaputra Valley; point out a close collaboration between the inhabitants of Assam and Aryans and the Indian culture from ancient times. The Muslims invaded Assam several times between thirteen and seventeenth centuries. Assam's adoption of Hinduism played a major role in bringing about some integration in its society. Brahmins from the Bengal began to obtain the patronage of several ruling families, for instance, Kamrup, Koch and Heramb (Cachar). The tea garden laborers and their helpless relatives that started coming to Assam since 1853. Even during 1947, the formation of East Pakistan led to a large number of Bengali refugees in Assam as well as the Indo-Pak battle in 1965 and Bangladesh war of independence in 1971 affected massive flow of Bengali who took shelter in Assam. Besides people 2 from other states of India, particularly Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Punjab came in large number to grasp the new economic prospects which opened up after independence (Phadke, 2008). From a self-governing domain to a subordinate state under British governing and thereafter a non-regulated province and then a district that was the stages of Cachar under the colonial rule. Cachar was however separated from Bengal and tagged with Assam, along with Sylhet in 1874, and its fortune had been subjected to more changes, adjustments, re-adjustments, following the territorial re-distribution of districts Sylhet and Cachar in 1905, 1911, and 1947. The transfer and re-distribution of portions of Sylhet-Cachar region (Surma Valley of the British time) were carried out without the consideration of the geographical condition and the linguistic, cultural and ethnic composition of Cachar and Sylhet (Bhattacharjee, 2009).Regarding the name of Cachar, Mr. Gait had recommends; the Cacharis given their name to the district of Cachar as well as the name has been given to the district by the Bengalis of Sylhet, because it is an outlying place skirting the mountains. The word, Kachharis still used in Sylhet in describing a plot of land at the foot of a mountain. It is derived from Sanskrit Kachehha which means a plain near mountain or a place near water; the Kachharis are obviously the natives of Kachar as the Bengalis are of Bengal (Choudhury, 2010). The collective establishment in Barak Valley has long histories which were sought be traced in the 5th century AD, the natural extension of Gigantic Bengal covering the area from the border land of Sylhet up to the Barail range in the north. Towards 10th century, Cachar (Barak valley) came under the rule of Srihatta Rajya to be replaced by Tripuri rule in the 14th century. The Tripuri rule was replaced by the Koches in 1562 with Chilaray overruling the land. The Koch rule however came to an end, shifting at Khaspur from Maibong extending Dimasa rule throughout the plain of Cachar (Deblaskar, 2011). The Dimasa administration had terminated in 1832, 14th August following British annexation of the kingdom. The management of the affairs of the district was entrusted after annexation, to Lieutenant Fisher an officer of great local experience and Cachar continued to be administered from Cherapunji, the headquarters of the Agent to the Governor General. Early in 1833 Fisher had his headquarters of Dudpatil which however, were soon shifted to Silchar for the sake of convenience (Bhattacharjee, 2008). In 1836, Cachar was engaged under the 3 commissioner of Dacca. This eased the situation to a certain extent because many of the departmental heads like the superintendent of police, session‟s judge and excise superintendent were collective to both Sylhet and Cachar (Goswami, 2012). The Barak- Surma Valley is nothing but the northern section of the Meghna Valley (Dacca-Mymensing-Comilla). There is nothing like natural boundary among these two valleys and that is why, the traditions and culture of these districts of East Bengal so easily extent into Sylhet-Cachar in ancient and mediaeval periods (Bhattacharjee, 1997). The existing Barak Valley involving of the districts of Cachar, Karimganj and Hailakandi was not in vague even before 1983, after the reorganization of Karimganj district in 1983 which had been a subdivision of the district of Cachar for a long period from 1947 to 1983. After establishment of Karimganj district, a common name was very necessary; therefore the name of Barak Valley had been selected on the basis of the main river Barak. This name began to be pronounced feebly after the formation of Karimganj district. Again in 1989, the Hailakandi sub-division was separated from Cachar and with the territorial jurisdiction of the sub-division the district of Hailakandi was formed. But when district of Hailakandi was formed, this collective name of these three districts of Assam together as Barak Valley became very popular (Ahmed, 1997). Cachar was the part of greater Kachari Empire which also incorporated the adjoining Hailakandi and Karimganj districts. The last king of Cachar was Raja Govindachandra Dwajanarayana Hansu, during his period Khaspur was the capital of Cachar. Cachar district is situated in the southernmost part of Assam. It is surrounded on the north by Barail and Jayantia hill ranges, on the south by the state of Mizoram and on the east by the districts of Hailakandi and Karimganj. The district is mostly made up of plains, but there are a number of hills spread across the district. The district has two sub-divisions: Silchar and Lakhipur. Cachar is 3786 square km (Das, 2009) and according to the census 2011, the total population of Cachar is 17, 36, 219 (Kairi, 2013).