History of Pennypack Trust 1970 - 2010
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HISTORY OF PENNYPACK TRUST 1970 - 2010 From Watershed Association To Land Trust By Lauren Steele Pennypack Ecological Restoration Trust 2955 Edge Hill Road, Huntingdon Valley, PA 19006-5099 (215) 657-0830 www.pennypacktrust.org INTRODUCTION When the Pennypack Watershed Association was created in 1970, the idea of forming a watershed association was not new. Watershed associations began forming around the nation as early as the 1940’s and 50’s as a way to preserve and protect vital soil and water resources as cities expanded and suburban sprawl increased. Like most citizens’ action organizations, members of watershed associations were prompted by specific problems in their localities. For example, the Stony Brook-Millstone Watershed Association was formed in 1949 when the region was moving from agriculture to urbanization. Claiming to be central New Jersey’s first environmental group, it was responsible for preserving many tracts of open space in the 1950’s and 60’s, and continues to protect the local water and environment through conservation, advocacy, science and education. Another one of America’s earliest watershed associations, the Connecticut River Watershed Council (CRWC) first met in 1952 to confront staggering water pollution problems throughout the watershed, to embrace the new concept of watershed-wide planning, and to stave off the perceived threat from Washington, D.C. that would have turned the Connecticut River into another Tennessee Valley Authority. CRWC policy at that time was to retain control of planning in local and state hands. During its first decade, CRWC focused on raising consciousness about what was then described as “America’s best landscaped sewer” through publication of an atlas of natural resources and by holding conferences, planning boating trips on the river, and helping create watershed associations in the tributaries, such as the Farmington and the Westfield. In Massachusetts, the Charles River Watershed Association was founded in 1965 in response to public concern about the declining condition of the Charles River. A few watershed associations had already been established in the Philadelphia area as well, including the West Chester-based Brandywine Valley Association, recognized as the nation’s pioneer watershed association. Organized in 1945 by Clayton M. Hoff, it set the pattern of organizing along natural rather than political boundaries and is active in both Delaware and Pennsylvania. By 1969, it had brought about local reforms in pollution control, erosion prevention, forest management and wildlife, game and fish habitat enhancement, and had successfully engaged in open space preservation. The Wissahickon Valley Watershed Association (WVWA) in Ambler was created two years after Hurricane Diane caused disastrous flooding in 1955. In the 1960’s, WVWA was the major force in obtaining a federal flood project, and was instrumental in having the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers survey floodplains, which resulted in floodplain land use ordinances in two municipalities. The Neshaminy Valley Watershed Association, headquartered in Doylestown, was also founded to control flooding. Incorporated in 1957, it undertook as its first major project a flood warning system, which was established that same year. In its early years the Association pioneered in studies of floodplains, and initiated and coordinated a water resources study which provided an overall watershed survey, plus recommendations for an integrated program of flood control, water supply and recreation. It also was involved in the preservation of vital open spaces along the Neshaminy Creek. The Pennypack Watershed Association was formed to improve the highly degraded water quality in the Pennypack Creek. i The 56-square mile Pennypack watershed is all the land area that is ultimately drained by the 22- mile-long Pennypack Creek – extending from its source in Maple Glen in Montgomery County to its mouth at the Delaware River in Philadelphia – and its tributaries. Along with a large portion of the Northeast section of Philadelphia, the watershed also includes parts of Upper Southampton and Warminster Townships in Bucks County; and Bryn Athyn, Hatboro, Jenkintown and Rockledge Boroughs, and Abington, Horsham, Lower Moreland, Upper Dublin and Upper Moreland Townships in Montgomery County. Because Pennypack Creek flows into the Delaware River, the Pennypack watershed is part of the much larger Delaware River basin that covers nearly 13,000 square miles in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York and Delaware. The rough boundaries extend from Hancock, New York, in the north, to the Delaware Bay in the south, and from east of Trenton, New Jersey, to west of Reading, Pennsylvania. The Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC) was formed in 1961 by the signatory parties to the Delaware River Basin Compact (Delaware, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and the United States) to share the responsibility of managing the water resources of the basin. Since its formation, the Commission has provided leadership in restoring the Delaware River and protecting water quality, resolving interstate water disputes without costly litigation, allocating and conserving water, managing river flow, and providing numerous other services to the signatory parties. The DRBC began using what was then a new approach in protecting water quality called “the watershed approach.” Whereas the first watershed organizations that were formed in the 1940’s and 50’s more or less worked on their own to solve their problems, by the 1960’s government agencies recognized the important role local watershed organizations played in protecting water resources. According to Paul M. Felton, then executive director of the Water Resources Association of the Delaware River Basin in Philadelphia, “The multitude of water, soil and forest conservation programs set up by (state) agencies cannot be fully successful without a groundswell of support by the people themselves.” Not only were government agencies eager to partner with existing watershed associations, they actively tried to create new ones. In the late 60’s, the DRBC and county soil conservation agencies, together with the state government, began sending out representatives to try to organize regional watershed associations. The idea was to involve in conservation planning the people who are best aware of local problems – the citizens and landowners in the region. Not all groups who tried to organize a watershed organization succeeded. According to Mr. Felton, watershed groups that did succeed possessed four characteristics: - A basic need was being answered, such as flooding or disappearing open space. - A concerned populace was present, in numbers and interest large enough to do something about regional problems. - A full-time leader or staff member directed the programs of the association and maintained the momentum of the organization by doing the essential day-to-day work. - The groups got good cooperation from conservation agencies, and enlisted the support of trained conservation specialists and experts. One of those involved in helping to create successful watershed organizations was David W. Witwer, watershed planner for DRBC. Mr. Witwer noted that too often watershed groups were formed to combat temporary conservation problems, with the result that interest in the association fell off once the motivating issue was gone. Mr. Witwer must have recognized the Pennypack Watershed Association’s potential for success when he agreed to become its first executive director in November 1970. In a “spotlight” article in January 1971 for the Times Chronicle, a local newspaper, he stated that he was “enthusiastic ii about his new position because the Pennypack Watershed Association, while one of 26 such associations organized within the past 25 years, is unique. It is the only group which has been able to employ a full-time director at the outset. It’s unique because of the number of people and the potentials for development, as well.” Using his experience as a watershed planner, Mr. Witwer worked with Feodor Pitcairn, the Association’s founder and chairman, to plot a course for cleaning up the creek. Two months into the job, he revealed the Association’s objectives and outlined the plans to carry them out in an article in The Philadelphia Inquirer in January 1971. He also noted in the article that the Pennypack Watershed Association was not the first group formed to preserve the natural resources along the Pennypack Creek. According to Mr. Witwer, conservation groups in the past had fallen short because they failed to incorporate many operating procedures that the Pennypack Watershed Association had already included in its plans. The “Pennypack group,” noted Mr. Witwer, had taken many of its ideas from the mistakes of its predecessors. Some previous efforts included stream cleanup campaigns and small conservation groups that represented only small areas of the watershed. By confining their area of operation, many groups failed in their environmental efforts because they didn’t recognize that a problem in one part of the watershed could affect the entire hydrographic areas. Other mistakes made by previously defunct groups included leveling charges that were sometimes unwarranted against alleged polluters and against government agencies that failed to take action against purported violators. Instead, Mr. Witwer said the new group would attempt to get things done through cooperation and “friendly persuasion” rather than antagonism. “We are not going