Stick Pusher and Adverse Weather Event Training Aviation Rulemaking Committee

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION

Effective Date: 9-30-2010

SUBJ: Stick Pusher and Adverse Weather Event Training Aviation Rulemaking Committee

1. PURPOSE. This document establishes the Stick Pusher and Adverse Weather Event Training Aviation Rulemaking Committee (ARC) according to the Administrator's authority under Title 49 of the United States Code (49 U.S.C.), section 106(p)(5).

2. BACKGROUND.

a. In August 2010, Congress enacted the "Airline Safety and Federal Aviation Administration Extension Act of 201 O" (the "Act"). Section 208(b) of the Act, titled "Implementation ofNTSB Flightcrew Member Training Recommendations," requires the FAA to convene a multidisciplinary panel to study and submit to the Administrator a report on methods to increase the familiarity and improve the response of flightcrew members on:

1) Stick pusher systems; 2) Icing conditions; and 3) Microburst and windshear weather events.

b. Congress also required the FAA to:

1) Issue a report based on the findings of the multidisciplinary panel to Congress and the NTSB by July 31, 2011; and

2) Initiate appropriate actions to implement the recommendations of the panel on stick pusher systems, icing conditions, and micro burst and windshear weather event training.

c. To carry out the requirements of Section 208(b) of the Act, the FAA is chartering an ARC. The ARC will accomplish the tasks directed in Section 208 of the Act based on the Congressional timelines outlined in the Act.

3. OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE ARC. The ARC will provide a forum for the U.S. aviation community to discuss and provide recommendations to the FAA concerning the development of requirements to meet Section 208(b) of the Act. 2

a. The ARC will also identify the best goals, procedures, and training practices that will enable air carrier pilots to accurately and consistently respond to unexpected:

1) Stick pusher activations; 2) Icing conditions; and 3) Microburst and windshear events.

b. The ARC shall consider scalability of its reconnnendations to address the needs of small businesses.

c. The ARC will develop reconnnendations to Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) part 121 and other associated regulations as may be required to comply with the intent of Section 208(b) of the Act. These recommendations will be presented to the Associate Administrator for Aviation Safety for rulemaking consideration on or before June 30, 2011.

4. ARC PROCEDURES.

a. The ARC shall provide advice and recommendations to the Associate Administrator for Aviation Safety and acts solely in an advisory capacity. Once the ARC recommendations are delivered to the Associate Administrator, it is within her discretion to determine when and how the report of the ARC is released to the public.

b. The ARC will discuss and present information, guidance, and reconnnendations that the members consider relevant in addressing the objectives.

c. The ARC may be reconvened following the submission of its reconnnendations for the purposes of providing advice and assistance to the FAA, at the discretion of the Associate Administrator.

5. ORGANIZATION, MEMBERSHIP, AND ADMINISTRATION.

a. The membership of the ARC will consist of individuals from the government, pilot associations, training organizations, and other industry organizations that can provide experts in aircraft operations, flightcrew member training, human factors, and other appropriate specialties as determined by the FAA.

1) The ARC will consist of no more than 17 individuals.

2) The FAA will identify the number of ARC members that each organization may select to participate. The Associate Administrator for Aviation Safety will then request that each organization name its representative(s). Only the representative for the organization will have authority to speak for the organization or group that he or she represents.

3) Active participation and connnitment by members will be essential for achieving the ARC's objectives and for continued membership on the ARC. 3

b. The Associate Administrator for Aviation Safety is the sponsor of the ARC and will select an industry chair(s) from the membership of the ARC and the FAA-designated representative for the ARC. Once appointed, the industry chair(s) will:

1) Coordinate required committee and subcommittee (if any) meetings in order to meet the ARC's objectives and timelines; 2) Provide notification to all ARC members of the time and place for each meeting; 3) Ensure meeting agendas are established and provided to the committee members in a timely manner; and 4) Perform other responsibilities as required to ensure the ARC's objectives are met. c. A record of discussions of committee meetings will be kept.

d. Although not required, ARC meeting quorum is desirable.

6. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION. ARC meetings are not open to the public. Persons or organizations that are not members of the ARC and are interested in attending a meeting must request and receive approval before the meeting from the chair( s) persons and the designated Federal representative.

7. AVAILABILITY OF RECORDS. Records, reports, agendas, working papers, and other documents that are made available to or prepared for or by the ARC will be available for public inspection and copying at the FAA Flight Standards Service, Air Transportation Division, AFS-200, 800 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, D.C. 20591, consistent with the Freedom oflnformation Act, 5 U.S.C. section 522. Fees will be charged for information furnished to the public according to the fee schedule published in Title 49 CPR part 7.

8. PUBLIC INTEREST. The ARC's formation is determined to be in the public interest and is designed to fulfill the performance of duties imposed on the FAA by Federal law.

9. EFFECTIVE DATE AND DURATION. This ARC is effective upon issuance of this order. The ARC will remain in existence until September 30, 2012, unless sooner suspended, terminated or extended by the Administrator.

,;::, STICK PUSHER AND ADVERSE WEATHER EVENT TRAINING AVIATION RULEMAKING COMMITTEE

Final Report and Recommendations

July 6, 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ...... 1 1.0 Methodology ...... 3 2.0 Summary of Recommendations ...... 4 2.1 Training Enhancements ...... 4 2.2 InFO and SAFO Enhancements ...... 4 2.3 Regulatory Standards ...... 4 2.4 Simulator Modeling ...... 4 2.5 Simulator Fidelity ...... 4 2.6 Instructor Training ...... 4 2.7 Simulator Instructor Operating Stations ...... 4 2.8 Auto-Pilot Utilization ...... 5 2.9 Competency Based Training ...... 5 2.10 FSB Process ...... 5 2.11 Upset Prevention and Recovery Training ...... 5 2.12 Adverse Weather Academic Training ...... 5 2.13 Comprehensive Pilot Training ...... 5 2.14 Stall and Stick Pusher Training ...... 5 2.15 Feedback Mechanism ...... 5 2.16 Required Simulator Training ...... 6 3.0 Icing ...... 7 Findings & Conclusions ...... 7 Recommendations ...... 8 3.1 Icing Training ...... 8 3.2 InFO and SAFO Process ...... 10 3.3 Simulator Fidelity ...... 11 3.4 Comprehensive Pilot Training ...... 13 3.5 Airman Knowledge Test Requirements ...... 13 3.6 Training Program Content ...... 14 3.7 Instructor Training ...... 14 3.8. Autopilot Utilization ...... 15 4.0 Microburst and Windshear Training ...... 16 Findings & Conclusions ...... 16 Recommendations ...... 17 4.1 Microburst and Windshear Training ...... 17 4.2 Complex Wind Models ...... 18 4.3 Adverse Weather Academic Training ...... 18 4.4 Simulator Fidelity ...... 19

SPAW ARC Final Report i 4.5 Simulator Instructor Operating Stations ...... 19 4.6 Turbulence Requirements ...... 20 4.7 Non-Survivable Scenarios ...... 20 4.8 Instructor Training ...... 21 4.9 Competency Based Training ...... 21 4.10 Regulatory Oversight ...... 22 5.0 Stall/Stick Pusher/Loss of Control ...... 23 Findings & Conclusions ...... 23 Recommendations ...... 24 5.1 Stick Pusher Training ...... 24 5.2 Stall Training ...... 25 5.3 FSB Process ...... 28 5.4 Simulator Training ...... 28 5.5 Stall Training Programs ...... 29 5.6 Upset Prevention and Recovery Academic Training ...... 30 5.7 Upset Prevention and Recovery Flight Training ...... 30 5.8 Certification Training ...... 30 5.9 Simulator Fidelity ...... 31 5.10 Feedback Mechanism ...... 31 Appendix A—Members, Staff, and SMEs ...... A–1 Appendix B—Acronyms ...... B–1 Appendix C—Charter ...... C–1 Appendix D—Section 208 of Pub. L. 111–216 ...... D–1 Appendix E—Definitions ...... E–1 Appendix F—Training to Objective and Measurable Standards ...... F–1 Recommended/Example Competencies and Proficiency Standards for a Windshear Training Program ...... F–1 Theoretical Knowledge Training ...... F–1 Flight Training ...... F–1 Appendix G—Survey & Data Analysis Results/Industry Practices ...... G–1 Appendix H—Proposed Simulator Standards for Icing, Windshear, Upset, & Stall Training ...... H–1 Introduction ...... H–1 Summary of Recommended Changes to Current FFS Evaluation Standards ...... H–1 Attachment A—Proposed Revisions to Current Simulator Standards Tables (14 CFR Part 60) ...... H–1 General Requirements ...... H–1 Objective Testing Requirements ...... H–6 Functions and Subjective Testing Requirements ...... H–12 Upset Recognition and Recovery ...... H–12 Attachment B—Supplemental Information to Objective Testing Tables ...... H–12

SPAW ARC Final Report ii Stall Maneuver Evaluation ...... H–12 Upset Prevention and Recovery Maneuver Evaluation ...... H–14 Appendix I—Training Objectives from FAA AC 120–50A (Current Guidance) ...... I–1 Ground Training ...... I–1 Simulator Training ...... I–1 Appendix J—Reference Material ...... J–1

SPAW ARC Final Report iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report was created to satisfy the requirements of the Stick Pusher and Adverse Weather (SPAW) Aviation Rulemaking Committee (ARC) charter and the Airline Safety and Federal Aviation Administration Extension Act of 2010, Public Law 111–216 (Pub. L. 111–216) § 208. The ARC, composed of a multidisciplinary panel of specialists, studied the issues related to stick pusher activations and adverse weather events.

This report is directed to the attention of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Associate Administrator for Aviation Safety and recommends improvements for flightcrew member training. To have the greatest impact on safety, the SPAW ARC’s recommendations should be incorporated beyond Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 121 training, with particular emphasis on core handling skill development throughout a pilot’s career.

During its deliberations, the SPAW ARC reviewed many previous working group reports from the past two decades. The ARC commends previous ARCs and working groups on their excellent work in this subject. A review of National Transportation Safety Board accident data did not reveal any evidence of microburst, windshear, or icing accidents in part 121 operations over the last 10 years. The ARC recognizes aviation safety has improved significantly over the last two decades, but believes additional improvements should be made. It urges the Administrator not to delay implementation of its recommendations.

The SPAW ARC divided into three subcommittees to complete its tasking: Icing, Microburst and Windshear, and Stick Pusher. The full ARC membership reviewed, studied, and debated the subcommittees’ work products. All of the recommendations achieved 100 percent consensus, negating the need for a minority position section. Thus, for the purposes of this report, the SPAW ARC and its subcommittees may be considered synonymous.

The current flight simulation training device (FSTD) equipment delivering training provides an inadequate level of fidelity and requires updating to support the SPAW ARC’s training requirements. Accordingly, the ARC recommends improvements to the technical standards of 14 CFR part 60 in the areas of icing, microburst and windshear, stall and upset prevention and recovery.

Each subcommittee identified the lack of instructor standardization. Based on surveys, presentations, and the experiences of the SPAW ARC members, it was apparent that while standardization may exist among instructors within a training organization, there was limited instructor standardization among the industry training providers. The ARC believes that incorporating this report’s recommendations will provide for better standardization of training delivery and improved quality of training.

The ARC recommended methods to increase the familiarity of flightcrew members with, and improve their response to, stick pusher activations, and adverse weather events. The ARC concluded that it must also address relevant training tasks in the same flight regime as stick pusher training and improved icing training.

SPAW ARC Final Report 1 The SPAW ARC recognized that aircraft ice accumulation can lead to an increased stall speed and further develop into an aerodynamic stall or upset. This may occur without the activation of the stall-warning or stick pusher system. The ARC reviewed related training requirements and standards for FSTD equipment used in the delivery of microburst/windshear, icing, and stick pusher training, and concluded it was also necessary to extend its recommendations to stall and upset prevention and recovery training. The ARC also determined these simulator deficiencies must be addressed before any training can be accomplished beyond the first indication of a stall (or stick-pusher activation). The ARC then leveraged previous industry work group efforts to make recommendations addressing these deficiencies.

The members of the SPAW ARC wish to thank the Administrator for the opportunity to offer recommendations on these important issues confronting the air carrier industry. They remain available for further consultations as necessary. Respectfully submitted,

______Lou Nemeth Philip Adrian ARC Chairman, ARC Vice-chairman CAE The Boeing Company

SPAW ARC Final Report 2 1.0 METHODOLOGY The Stick Pusher and Adverse Weather (SPAW) Aviation Rulemaking Committee (ARC) convened three subcommittees: The Icing Subcommittee, The Microburst and Windshear Subcommittee, and The Stick Pusher Subcommittee.

During its 8 months of deliberations, the SPAW ARC used the following processes in each of its subcommittees to arrive at its findings and recommendations:  Conducted extensive research in each subject area, including any previous work already completed.  Reviewed relevant accidents, incidents and other safety data.  Developed and conducted industry surveys to identify best practices and any deficiencies for each subject area.

With the assistance of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the SPAW ARC made specific data requests for accident and incident data for the period extending back over the last 20 years. The FAA’s Office of Accident Investigation (AVP) used the Aviation Safety Information Analytical Sharing (ASIAS) database to support the ARC’s requests.

The SPAW ARC made two separate data requests. The first was for non-proprietary data, which consisted of National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) accident data, FAA incident data, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) reports in the subject areas. The search parameters were refined to focus on operations in transport category airplanes. The second request was for proprietary data, specifically Aviation Safety Action Plan (ASAP) and Flight Operations Quality Assurance (FOQA) data, which would have been provided by Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 121 air carriers that have an agreement through ASIAS.

AVP was able to fulfill the non-proprietary data request, and the SPAW ARC heavily relied upon it in its deliberations and in determining its recommendations. The ARC was required to submit a formal request for proprietary to the ASIAS Executive Board, which has FAA and industry board members. Though the ARC did not receive a formal notification, it understands the ASIAS Executive Board considered its request and determined not to fulfill it. While the ARC members believe the data they received supports the recommendations contained in this report, data provided by air carrier ASAP and FOQA programs may have identified safety concerns that could have led to additional recommendations.

SPAW ARC Final Report 3 2.0 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS This section identifies the SPAW ARC’s recommendations. An in-depth explanation and supporting data for each recommendation are found in the appropriate section.

2.1 TRAINING ENHANCEMENTS The SPAW ARC recommends specific enhancements to training for icing, microburst and windshear, and stick-pusher training. See sections 3.1, 3.5, 3.6, 4.1, 4.7, 5.1, and 5.2.

2.2 INFO AND SAFO ENHANCEMENTS The SPAW ARC recommends operators and training providers develop an improved and structured system for delivery and dissemination of Information for Operators’ (InFO) and Safety Alerts for Operators’ (SAFO). See section 3.2.

2.3 REGULATORY STANDARDS The SPAW ARC recommends more specific regulatory standards for establishing evaluation of microburst and windshear training and a comprehensive training program for icing, including knowledge-based training and practical and operational training. See sections 3.1 and 4.10.

2.4 SIMULATOR MODELING The SPAW ARC recommends improved simulation modeling to improve training in icing, turbulence, and windshear, stall, and upset prevention and recovery. See sections 3.3, 4.2, 4.6, and Appendix H.

2.5 SIMULATOR FIDELITY The SPAW ARC concluded that in order to implement its recommended training requirements, simulator fidelity improvements need to be made for icing, microburst/windshear, and stick pusher training. Therefore, the ARC recommends a regulatory change to 14 CFR part 60 and a flight simulation training device (FSTD) directive as defined in § 60.23 to improve simulator fidelity. See sections 3.3, 4.4, and 5.9.

2.6 INSTRUCTOR TRAINING The SPAW ARC recommends operators provide a method to ensure that instructors are prepared to properly train elements included in the specific training program. See sections 3.7, 4.8, and 5.2

2.7 SIMULATOR INSTRUCTOR OPERATING STATIONS The SPAW ARC recommends that all required windshear models must be selectable and clearly labeled on the instructor operating station (IOS). See section 4.5

SPAW ARC Final Report 4 2.8 AUTO-PILOT UTILIZATION The SPAW ARC recommends that the original equipment manufacturers (OEM) give specific guidance on use of the autopilot during icing conditions. See section 3.8.

2.9 COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING The SPAW ARC recommends training programs focus on objective and measurable completion standards rather than time or content requirements. See section 4.9.

2.10 FSB PROCESS The SPAW ARC recommends the Flight Standards Board (FSB) Report identify differences in stall handling characteristics between variants of the same type or between types. In the case of a common type rating, training shall be accomplished in each identified variant or type being operated. See section 5.3.

2.11 UPSET PREVENTION AND RECOVERY TRAINING The SPAW ARC recommends both academic and flight training for upset prevention and recovery based on the Airplane Upset Recovery Training Aid (revision 2) or an approved equivalent See sections 5.6 and 5.7.

2.12 ADVERSE WEATHER ACADEMIC TRAINING The SPAW ARC recommends the use of theoretical knowledge training for adverse weather and specific training topics. See section 4.3.

2.13 COMPREHENSIVE PILOT TRAINING The SPAW ARC recommends that training be improved beyond the scope of part 121 training. The ARC concluded that better training is needed throughout the professional pilot’s career. See sections 3.4 and 5.8.

2.14 STAL