UNITED NATIONS JOINT PROGRAMME GROWTH WITH DECENT WORK FOR ALL: “NATIONAL YOUTH EMPLOYMENT PROGRAM AND PILOT IMPLEMENTATION IN ”

MIGRATION AND EMPLOYMENT: WORKING LIFE IN CENTRAL ANTALYA Foreword

The baseline research “Migration and Employment: Working Life in Central Antalya” has been one of the local level outputs of the United Nations Joint Programme “Growth with Decent Work for All: National Youth Employment Pro- gram and Pilot Implementation in Antalya”. The research was conducted in Antalya with a view to investigate role of migration in labour market adjustment as well as to better understand effects of migratory flows on occupational changes in the labour market structure. Furthermore, the research aimed to identify factors contributing to the persis- tently high rates of unemployment and joblessness among youth in Antalya.

The research, both the quantitative and qualitative analysis was implemented by a team of well known academics under the coordination of Assoc. Prof. Helga Rittersberger Tılıç from the Department of Sociology of the Middle East Technical University. This research is conducted under the United Nations Joint Programme “Growth with Decent Work for All: National Youth Employment Program and Pilot Implementation in Antalya” and funded by the MDG Achievement Fund. A total of 2000 households were sampled specifically for this study and interviews with 72.8 % of them were held. 478 men and 531 women between the ages of 15-29 were interviewed in those households under the coordination of All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted in any form TURKSTAT Antalya Regional Directorate. I would like to express our gratitude to the employees of the TURKSTAT for or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of their cooperation in sampling, designing and conducting the downtown Antalya survey and in particular Abdi Öncel, the publisher. Regional Director of Antalya TURKSTAT, for coordinating the survey.

Along with the IOM Project Development and Implementation Team, I am grateful to Assoc. Prof. Helga Rittersberger Tılıç, for her guidance which has contributed to the success of this research. We also extend our gratitude to the con- sultant team comprised of Assoc. Prof. Hakan Ercan, Prof.Gülay Toksöz, Prof. Nergis Mütevellioğlu, Asst. Prof. Kezban Çelik and Dr. Yadigar Coşkun for their valuable technical support. A special thanks to the Turkish Employment Agency (İŞKUR) for their institutional cooperation through this challenging process. Without their efforts it would have been imppossible to accomplish this study.

Meera Sethi 2012 Chief of Mission in International Organization for Migration

2 3 Contents n

Foreword...... 3 4.1.2 Having to work when studying...... 78

1 Introduction: Youth in Turkey, Rural-Urban Migration and Antalya...... 6 4.1.3 Importance of a Second Chance in Education: Open Secondary School, High School and Upskilling Courses...... 79 1.1 About Youth...... 7 4.2 Working Life, Work Experience...... 81 1.2 Internal Migration in Turkey...... 10 4.2.1 Being a Migrant or Guest Worker (Antalya’s internal migration experience)...... 82 2 Demographics and the Labour Market in Antalya...... 15 4.2.2 Construction Sector...... 83 2.1 Key Indicators for Antalya’s Demographics...... 15 4.2.3 Tourism Sector...... 86 2.2 Antalya’s Labour Market...... 17 4.2.4 Agriculture Sector...... 90 2.2.1 Key Labour Market Indicators in TR61 and Antalya...... 20 4.2.5 Different Sectors, Similar Working Conditions...... 92 2.2.2 Employment by Industries in TR61 and Antalya...... 22 4.3 Experiences of Young Women...... 93 2.3 Unemployment in Antalya...... 24 4.3.1 Being Withheld from Working Life...... 93 2.3.1 İŞKUR Antalya Provincial Directorate Data...... 29 4.3.2 Taking Part in Working Life as a Wom