HawkEye – Deploying a Fiction Probe Renee Noortman†1, Britta F. Schulte†2, Paul Marshall3, Saskia Bakker1, Anna L. Cox2 1Industrial Design 2UCL Interaction Centre 3Department of Computer Science Eindhoven University of Technology University College London University of Bristol Eindhoven, the Netherlands London, United Kingdom Bristol, United Kingdom [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

future technologies, where it serves as a thinking tool to ABSTRACT help envisage the mundane lived experiences of those who Tis paper explores how a design fiction can be designed to might use and be affected by such technologies, see e.g. be used as a pragmatic user-centred design method to [44,66]. generate insights on future technology use. We built A different approach to understand people’s lived HawkEye, a design fiction probe that embodies a future experiences of novel technologies is to deploy prototype fiction of dementia care. To learn how participants respond technologies to understand how they might integrate with to the probe, we employed it with eight participants for or perturb existing social practices, especially so-called three weeks in their own homes as well as evaluating it technology probes [34]. with six HCI experts in sessions of 1.5h. In addition to presenting the probe in detail, we share insights into the Building on these methods, we developed an interactive process of building it and discuss the utility of design fiction experience of a smart home system designed for dementia as a tool to elicit empathetic and rich discussions about care, called HawkEye. For three weeks, we deployed it in potential outcomes of future technologies. the homes of eight participants, followed up by interviews. Participants were placed in the role of informal caregivers CCS CONCEPTS to a fictional woman living with dementia, and were given Human-centered computing~HCI theory, concepts and models remote control over the fictional smart home in which she lived. We further evaluated this probe with six HCI experts KEYWORDS to discuss the utility of our approach for HCI research. In Design fiction; Dementia care; Informal caregiving; Future this paper we present a case study of a design fiction probe. scenarios; Technology probes; Monitoring technologies. Te term has been introduced by Schulte et al. [53] to ACM Reference format: describe a design fiction that is employed as a practical Renee Noortman, Brita Schulte, Paul Marshall, Saskia Bakker, Anna Cox. method to elicit participants’ data, but this is the first 2019. HawkEye - Deploying a Design Fiction Probe. In 2019 CHI Conference evaluation of building and deploying such a probe. In on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4–9, addition to an overview of the insights gained through the 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK. ACM, New York, NY, USA. 14 pages. htps://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300652 probe, we share a range of reflections of how a design fiction probe can be built for deployment. 1 INTRODUCTION Design fiction employs fiction as a means to reflect on the 2 BACKGROUND potential outcomes of future technologies and is becoming In this section, we describe how the use of HawkEye differs increasingly popular in HCI research to encourage from other design fictions or other speculative methods discussion about the social and ethical implications of near before presenting the context of our case study and projects that inspired the work. † Renee Noortman and Britta Schulte contributed equally to this paper

∗Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or 2.1 Design Fiction & Probes classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation Design fiction is an approach to envision the use of novel on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM and technologies that uses world building or must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a narrative [12] as a strategy to position them within a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]). fictional context (see e.g. [19]). While it has historically CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK. been debated whether design fiction is one or the other, © 2019 Copyright is held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to ACM. ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19/05...$15.00. increasingly, design fiction combines these approaches (see https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300652

e.g. [38]) and it is in this realm that we position our method combines three elements: a design fiction that approach to design fiction. Te term ‘design fiction’ was builds elements of a near future world for our participants coined by Julian Bleecker in 2009 [9], and was later to enact; a technology probe that supports their interactive described by Bruce Sterling as “a creative act that puts the engagement; and empirical analysis of their concrete, viewer into a different conceptual — for a while” [57]. empathetic and rich discussions that were elicited by living Te main aim of design fiction is to foreground issues to with the design fiction probe. allow for an open debate about a subject [10]. Design fictions can take on many forms, such as text [53], images 2.2 Context HawkEye: Dementia care technologies [11], audio fragments [62], video [58,59], objects [60] or Dementia is a collective term for progressive brain diseases experiential prototypes [11,23]. However, while design whose symptoms can differ vastly between cases [31]. fictions have ofen been used to encourage discussion or Symptoms include memory loss and change in personality critique, their particular audience or the form of the [31], difficulty performing simple everyday tasks [31], discussion they aim to encourage has ofen been geting lost [30,31] and insomnia [55]. A significant (deliberately) unspecified. In addition, while design fiction research focus is on personalised care at home, to allow has been shown to make such complex issues debatable, people with dementia to maintain their autonomy for as these debates ofen occur through presentation of the work long as possible [13,30,40,47,49,52], enabling them to in exhibitions or academic papers, removed from the remain in their own home for longer [46]. Technologies concerns of everyday end users. address the stress of caregiving, which increases as symptoms become more severe [1] but is also unpredictable More recently, work has started to focus more on the as symptoms fluctuate and needs change [4]. Additionally, types of discussion elicited by design fictions for defined the decreasing decisional capacity of someone with audiences. For example, Fuchsberger et al. [28] used dementia poses an ethical concern [50]. When using the fictional job adverts as prompts for discussions by both HawkEye design fiction probe participants are only involved stakeholders and members of the public. Elsden et al. [25] in remote caregiving. Terefore, we do not touch on the developed the method of “Speculative Enactments” that physicality of caregiving, but included other elements: we enabled participants to experience fictional services and simulate fluctuation of symptoms and ask the participant to reflect on their values. Design fiction thereby moves into make ethical decisions. the realm of probes, especially technology probes. For example, Hutchinson et al. [34] deployed prototype family Many smart home care technologies are currently in communication tools as technology probes to understand development and we took inspiration from those end users’ experience and to provide insights that might prototypes