SIRIUS SOLAR PV PROJECT FOUR
Northern Cape Province
Social Impact Assessment
March 2019
Social Impact Assessment March 2019 Sirius Solar PV Project Four Northern Cape Province
Prepared for:
SOLA Assets(Pty) Ltd
Sirius Solar PV Project Four Northern Cape Province March 2019
REPORT DETAILS
Title : Social Impact Assessment (SIA) Report for Sirius Solar PV Project Four, near Upington, Northern Cape Province
Authors : Savannah Environmental (Pty) Ltd Sarah Watson Co-authors: Lisa Opperman and Nicolene Venter
External Peer Review : Dr. Neville Bews & Associates Dr. Neville Bews
Client : SOLA Assets (Pty) Ltd
Report Revision : Revision 0
Date : March 2019
When used as a reference this report should be cited as: Savannah Environmental (2019) Social Impact Assessment (SIA) Report for Sirius Solar PV Project Four, near Upington, Northern Cape Province.
COPYRIGHT RESERVED This technical report has been produced for SOLA Assets (Pty) Ltd. The intellectual property contained in this report remains vested in Savannah Environmental (Pty) Ltd. No part of the report may be reproduced in any manner without written permission from Savannah Environmental (Pty) Ltd or SOLA Assets (Pty) Ltd.
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SPECIALIST DECLARATION OF INTEREST
I, Sarah Watson , declare that –
» I act as the independent specialist in this application. » I will perform the work relating to the application in an objective manner, even if this results in views and findings that are not favourable to the applicant. » I declare that there are no circumstances that may compromise my objectivity in performing such work. » I have expertise in conducting the specialist report relevant to this application, including knowledge of the Act, Regulations and any guidelines that have relevance to the proposed activity. » I will comply with the Act, Regulations and all other applicable legislation. » I have no, and will not engage in, conflicting interests in the undertaking of the activity. » I undertake to disclose to the applicant and the competent authority all material information in my possession that reasonably has or may have the potential of influencing – any decision to be taken with respect to the application by the competent authority, and – the objectivity of any report, plan or document to be prepared by myself for submission to the competent authority. » All the particulars furnished by me in this form are true and correct. » I realise that a false declaration is an offence in terms of Regulation 48 and is punishable in terms of section 24F of the Act.
Sarah Watson Name Signature
March 2019 Date
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE REPORT DETAILS ...... I SPECIALIST DECLARATION OF INTEREST ...... II TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... III ACRONYMS ...... V INTRODUCTION ...... 1 Project Description ...... 1 Project Background ...... 4 Details of the Independent Specialist ...... 4 Structure of the SIA Report ...... 5 METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH ...... 7 Purpose of the Study ...... 7 Approach to the Study ...... 7 2.2.1. Stakeholder Identification and Analysis ...... 8 2.2.2. Collection and Review of Existing Information ...... 11 2.2.3. Collection of Primary Data ...... 11 Impact Assessment Evaluation Method ...... 12 Limitations and Assumptions ...... 13 LEGISLATION AND POLICY REVIEW ...... 14 National Policy and Planning Context...... 14 3.1.1. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 ...... 14 3.1.2. National Environmental Management Act (No. 107 of 1998) (NEMA) ...... 15 3.1.3. White Paper on the Energy Policy of the Republic of South Africa (1998) ...... 16 3.1.4. White Paper on the Renewable Energy Policy of the Republic of South Africa (2003) ...... 16 3.1.5. National Energy Act (No. 34 of 2008)...... 17 3.1.6. Integrated Energy Plan (IEP), 2015 ...... 17 3.1.7. Integrated Resource Plan for Electricity (IRP) 2010-2030 (2011) ...... 18 3.1.8. National Development Plan 2030 (2012) ...... 19 3.1.9. Strategic Infrastructure Projects (SIPs) ...... 20 Provincial Policies...... 21 3.2.1. Northern Cape Provincial Spatial Development Framework (PSDF) 2012 ...... 21 District and Local Municipalities Policies ...... 21 3.3.1. ZF Mgcawu DM Draft Integrated Development Plan (IDP) 2017 – 2022 (2018 / 2019) ...... 21 3.3.2. Kai !Garib LM Draft IDP 2018 / 2019 (2018) ...... 23 3.3.3. Dawid Kruiper LM IDP 2017 / 2022 (2018 / 2019) ...... 26 3.3.4. Dawid Kruiper LM SDF (2017) ...... 28 Conclusion ...... 30 SOCIAL PROFILE ...... 31 Northern Cape Province ...... 31 ZF Mgcawu DM ...... 32 Kai !Garib LM ...... 34 Dawid Kruiper LM ...... 34 Project Site ...... 35 Baseline Description of the Social Environment ...... 35 4.6.1. Population Size ...... 36
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4.6.2. Population Group ...... 37 4.6.3. Gender Profile ...... 37 4.6.4. Age Profile ...... 37 4.6.5. Dependency Ratio ...... 40 4.6.6. Education Levels ...... 40 4.6.7. Employment ...... 41 4.6.8. Annual Household Income levels ...... 43 4.6.9. Economic Activities ...... 43 4.6.10. Health ...... 44 4.6.11. Households ...... 45 4.6.12. Access to Basic Services ...... 46 4.6.13. Baseline summary ...... 48 KEY CONSIDERATIONS FOR SOLAR PV POWER PLANTS ...... 51 Construction Phase Impacts ...... 51 Water Usage ...... 51 Land Matters ...... 51 Landscape and Visual Impacts...... 52 Ecology and Natural Resources ...... 52 Cultural Heritage ...... 52 Transport and Access ...... 52 Drainage / Flooding ...... 53 Consultation and Disclosure ...... 53 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) ...... 53 SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 54 Detailed Design and Construction Phase ...... 54 6.1.1. Construction Phase Impacts Associated with Sirius Solar PV Project Four ...... 57 Operation Phase ...... 65 6.2.1. Operation Phase Impacts Associated with Sirius Solar PV Project Four ...... 66 Consideration of the layout alternatives from a social perspective...... 70 Cumulative Impacts ...... 71 6.4.1. Cumulative Impacts associated with Sirius Solar PV Project Four ...... 72 Decommissioning Phase ...... 74 Assessment of Impacts for the No-Go Option: ...... 74 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 75 Key findings ...... 76 Recommendations ...... 77 REFERENCES ...... 78
APPENDICES:
Appendix A: Environmental Management Programme (EMPr) Appendix B: SIA Questionnaire
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ACRONYMS
B-BBEE Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment BA Basic Assessment CLO Community Liaison Officer CSP Concentrated Solar Power DEA Department of Environmental Affairs (National) DENC Department of Environment and Nature Conservation (Northern Cape Provincial) DoE Department of Energy DM District Municipality EA Environmental Authorisation EAP Economically Active Population ECA Environment Conservation Act (No. 73 of 1989) ECO Environmental Control Officer EHS Environmental, Health and Safety EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMPr Environmental Management Programme EP Equator Principles EPC Engineering, Procurement and Construction GDP Gross Domestic Product GDP-R Gross Domestic Product per Region GGP Gross Geographic Product GHG Greenhous Gas GNP Gross National Product GNR Government Notice HDI Historically Disadvantaged Individuals I&AP Interested and Affected Party IDC Industrial Development Corporation IDP Integrated Development Plan IEP Integrated Energy Plan IFC International Finance Corporation IPP Independent Power Producer IRP Integrated Resource Plan km Kilometre kV Kilovolt LED Local Economic Development LM Local Municipality MTS Main Transmission Substation MW Megawatt NEMA National Environmental Management Act (No. 107 of 1998) NDP National Development Plan O&M Operation and Maintenance PGDS Provincial Growth and Development Strategy PICC Presidential Infrastructure Coordinating Committee PSDF Provincial Spatial Development Framework
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PV Photovoltaic RBS Revised Balanced Scenario RE Renewable Energy REDZ Renewable Energy Development Zone REIPPP Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme SDF Spatial Development Framework SIA Social Impact Assessment SIP Strategic Infrastructure Project SKA Square Kilometre Array SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats UN United Nations UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
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INTRODUCTION
SOLA Assets (Pty) Ltd proposes the development of Sirius Solar PV Project Four, a PV solar energy facility and associated infrastructure on a site near Upington, in the Northern Cape Province (refer to Figure 1.1). The proposed project comprises a commercial solar energy facility, and is intended to form part of the Department of Energy’s (DoE’s) Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement (REIPPP) Programme. The REIPPP Programme aims to secure 14 725MW of new generation capacity from renewable energy sources, while simultaneously diversifying South Africa’s electricity mix, and positively contributing towards socio-economic and environmentally sustainable growth.
The proposed development of Sirius Solar PV Project Four requires Environmental Authorisation (EA) from the national Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) in accordance with the National Environmental Management Act (No. 107 of 1998) (NEMA), and the 2014 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations (GNR 326) subject to the completion of a Basic Assessment (BA)1 process. Sarah Watson of Savannah Environmental (Pty) Ltd has been appointed as the independent social consultant responsible for undertaking a Social Impact Assessment (SIA) as part of the BA process being conducted for the project. Lisa Opperman and Nicolene Venter of Savannah Environmental (Pty) Ltd acted as co-authors for the undertaking of the SIA.
Project Description
Sirius Solar PV Project Four is proposed on the Remainder of the Farm Tungsten Lodge No. 638 (the project site)2, which is located approximately 20km south-west of Upington, in the Kai !Garib Local Municipality (LM) and the Dawid Kruiper Local Municipality (LM), of the ZF Mgcawu District Municipality (DM), in the Northern Cape Province. The project will be designed to have a contracted capacity of up to 100MW, and will make use of photovoltaic (PV) solar technology for the generation of electricity. The proposed project will comprise the following key infrastructure and components: » Arrays of PV panels with a contracted capacity of up to 100MW. » Mounting structures to support the PV panels. » Cabling between the project components, to be laid underground where practical. » On-site inverters to convert the power from a direct current (DC) to an alternating current (AC). » An on-site substation to facilitate the connection between the solar PV facility and the Eskom electricity grid. » A new 132kV overhead power line ~6km length to connect the solar PV facility to the Upington MTS. » An internal 11kV/132kV power line connecting the 132kV power line to the on-site substation. » Battery energy storage area ~5ha in extent.3 » Conservancy tank ~10m³ in capacity. » Site offices and maintenance buildings, including workshop areas for maintenance and storage. » Temporary laydown areas. » A 2 500m2 temporary concrete batching plant.
1 The project site is located within Zone 7 of the Department of Environmental Affairs’ (DEA’s) Renewable Energy Development Zones (REDZ), otherwise known as the Upington REDZ, which has been earmarked for the development of large scale solar photovoltaic energy facilities. Due to the fact that the proposed project and its associated infrastructure are proposed completely within a REDZ, a Basic Assessment (BA) process is required in accordance with Section 3 of GNR 114 (16 February 2016). 2 The 132kV power line associated with the development of the Sirius Solar PV Project Four affects two properties, namely the Remainder of the Farm Tungsten Lodge No 638 and the Remainder of the Farm Olyvenhouts Drift No.108.f 3 Battery Energy Storage will be assessed within a separate EIA process.
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» Internal access roads and fencing around the development area..
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Figure 1.1: Proposed Project Site for Sirius Solar PV Project Four, near Upington, Northern Cape Province.
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Electricity generated by the project will feed into Eskom’s national electricity grid via a new 132kV double- circuit power line which will connect the on-site collector substation to be constructed on-site to Eskom’s Upington Main Transmission Substation (MTS).
Project Background
EA was obtained from DEA on 09 July 2014 for the establishment of the Sirius Solar PV project, comprising two commercial PV solar energy facilities with a contracted capacity of 75MW each, as well as associated infrastructure on the same project site (i.e. the Remainder of the Farm Tungsten Lodge No. 638) as follows:
» Project One: Sirius Solar PV Project One, Northern Cape Province, selected as a Preferred Bidder project in Round 4 of the REIPPP Programme (DEA Reference Number: 14/12/16/3/3/2/469). » Project Two: Sirius Solar PV Project Two, Northern Cape Province (DEA Reference Number: 14/12/16/3/3/2/481).
Site establishment for Sirius Solar PV Project One is currently underway. An additional 100MW PV project (i.e. Sirius Solar PV Project Three) is also proposed for development on the same project site. The development of Sirius Solar PV Project Four therefore constitutes the fourth phase of development proposed on the same project site (i.e. the Remainder of the Farm Tungsten Lodge No. 638). Sirius Solar PV Project Three is the subject of a separate application for EA and is subject to a separate BA process being run in parallel. A total of four PV projects are therefore proposed for development on the Remainder of the Farm Tungsten Lodge No. 638, namely Sirius Solar PV Project One, Sirius Solar PV Project Two, Sirius Solar PV Project Three, and Sirius Solar PV Project Four.
Details of the Independent Specialist
This SIA has been undertaken by Sarah Watson of Savannah Environmental, and peer reviewed externally by Dr. Neville Bews of Dr. Neville Bews & Associates.
» Sarah Watson is an Environmental Consultant at Savannah Environmental. Sarah has a Bachelor of Social Science Honours Degree in Geography and Environmental Management (B.Soc.Sci. Honours GEM) from the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN). She has 8 years of experience as an Environmental Consultant in the field of Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management. Sarah has experience conducting environmental assessment processes for a range of projects in the telecommunications, residential, industrial, bulk infrastructure, rural development, and energy sectors.
» Lisa Opperman – holds a Bachelor degree with Honours in Environmental Management and has four years of experience in the environmental field. Her key focus is on environmental and social impact assessments, public participation, environmental management plans and programmes, as well as mapping using ArcGIS for a variety of environmental projects.
» Nicolene Venter – Board Member of IAPSA (International Association for Public Participation South Africa). She holds a Higher Secretarial Diploma and has over 21 years of experience in public participation, stakeholder engagement, awareness creation processes and facilitation of various meetings (focus group, public meetings, workshops, etc.). She is responsible for project management
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of public participation processes for a wide range of environmental projects across South Africa and neighbouring countries.
» Dr. Neville Bews is a Senior Social Scientist and Human Resource professional at Dr. Neville Bews & Associates. Dr. Bews has a Doctorate in Literature and Philosophy (D. Litt. et Phil) from the Rand Afrikaans University (RAU) (now the University of Johannesburg (UJ)), and 37 years of experience in the fields of Social Impact Assessment and Research, and Human Resource Management. Dr. Bews has worked on a number of large infrastructure, mining and water resource projects.
Structure of the SIA Report
This SIA Report has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of Appendix 6 of the 2014 EIA Regulations (GNR 326). An overview of the contents of this SIA Report, as prescribed by Appendix 6 of the 2014 EIA Regulations (GNR 326), and where the corresponding information can be found within the report is provided in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1: Summary of where the requirements of Appendix 6 of the 2014 NEMA EIA Regulations (GNR 326) are provided within this Specialist Report. Requirement Location in Report (a) Details of – (i) The specialist who prepared the report. Section 1 (ii) The expertise of that specialist to compile a specialist report including a curriculum vitae. (b) A declaration that the specialist is independent in a form as may be specified by the Declaration of competent authority. Interest (c) An indication of the scope of, and the purpose for which, the report was prepared. Section 2 (cA) An indication of the quality and age of base data used for the specialist report. Section 4 (cB) A description of existing impacts on the site, cumulative impacts of the proposed Section 5 development and levels of acceptable change. (d) The duration, date and season of the site investigation and the relevance of the season Section 2 to the outcome of the assessment. (e) A description of the methodology adopted in preparing the report or carrying out the Section 2 specialised process inclusive of equipment and modelling used. (f) Details of an assessment of the specific identified sensitivity of the site related to the Section 4 proposed activity or activities and its associated structures and infrastructure, inclusive Section 5 of a site plan identifying site alternatives. (g) An identification of any areas to be avoided, including buffers. N/A (h) A map superimposing the activity including the associated structures and infrastructure on the environmental sensitivities of the site including areas to be avoided, including N/A buffers (i) A description of any assumptions made and any uncertainties or gaps in knowledge. Section 2 (j) A description of the findings and potential implications of such findings on the impact Section 5 of the proposed activity or activities. (k) Any mitigation measures for inclusion in the EMPr. Appendix A (l) Any conditions for inclusion in the environmental authorisation. Section 7 (m) Any monitoring requirements for inclusion in the EMPr or environmental authorisation. Appendix A (n) A reasoned opinion – Section 7
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Requirement Location in Report (i) Whether the proposed activity, activities or portions thereof should be authorised. (iA) Regarding the acceptability of the proposed activity or activities. (ii) If the opinion is that the proposed activity, activities or portions thereof should be authorised, any avoidance, management and mitigation measures. (o) A description of any consultation process that was undertaken during the course of Section 2 preparing the specialist report. (p) A summary and copies of any comments received during any consultation process N/A and where applicable all responses thereto. (q) Any other information requested by the competent authority. N/A 2. Where a government notice gazetted by the Minister provides for any protocol or minimum information requirement to be applied to a specialist report, the requirements N/A as indicated in such notice will apply.
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METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH
Purpose of the Study
The International Principles for Social Impact Assessment define SIA as:
“The processes of analysing, monitoring and managing the intended and unintended social consequences, both positive and negative, of planned interventions (policies, programs, plans, projects) and any social change processes invoked by those interventions”.
The International Principles for Social Impact Assessment define social impacts as changes to one or more of the following:
» People’s way of life – that is, how they live, work, play and interact with one another on a day-to-day basis. » Their culture – that is, their shared beliefs, customs, values and language or dialect. » Their community – its cohesion, stability, character, services and facilities. » Their political systems – the extent to which people are able to participate in decisions that affect their lives, the level of democratisation that is taking place, and the resources provided for this purpose. » Their environment – the quality of the air and water people use, the availability and quality of the food they eat, the level of hazard or risk, dust and noise they are exposed to, the adequacy of sanitation, their physical safety, and their access to and control over resources. » Their health and wellbeing – health is a state of complete physical, mental, social and spiritual wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. » Their personal and property rights – particularly whether people are economically affected, or experience personal disadvantage which may include a violation of their civil liberties. » Their fears and aspirations – their perceptions about their safety, their fears about the future of their community, and their aspirations for their future and the future of their children.
The purpose of this SIA Report is therefore to:
» Provide baseline information describing the social environment within which the project is proposed, and which may be impacted (both positively and negatively) as a result of the proposed development. » Identify, describe and assess possible social risks / fatal flaws and social impacts that may arise as a result of the proposed development (in terms of the detailed design and construction, operation, and decommissioning phases of the project). » Recommend ways in which negative impacts can be avoided, minimised, or their significance reduced, and positive impacts maximised or enhanced.
Approach to the Study
This SIA Report provides a snapshot of the current social setting within which Sirius Solar PV Project Four is proposed. It provides an overview of the manner and degree to which the current status quo is likely to change or be impacted on by the construction, operation and decommissioning of the project, as well as the manner in which the social environment is likely to impact on the development itself.
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An overview of the assessment methodology utilised as part of this SIA is provided in Section Error! Reference source not found..
The SIA process comprised the following:
» Collection and review of existing information, including national, provincial, district, and local plans, policies, programmes, Census data, and available literature from previous studies conducted within the area. Project specific information was obtained from the project proponent. » Collection of primary data during telephonic interviews. Attempts were made to undertake telephonic interviews with affected and adjacent landowners and key stakeholders in order to gain inputs on the project, including the perceived social impacts and benefits on the affected community. To date, no landowners or key stakeholders have been available to participate in telephonic interviews. In cases where landowners were not available to participate in telephonic interviews, the SIA questionnaire (Appendix B) was distributed to these parties for completion via email. At the completion of the SIA Report, only one SIA questionnaire was completed and returned to Savannah Environmental4. » Identification of potential direct, indirect and cumulative impacts likely to be associated with the construction, operation, and decommissioning of the proposed project. » Assessment of identified impacts in terms of their nature, extent, duration, consequence / magnitude, probability, significance, and status. » Where applicable mitigation measures with which to minimise impacts and enhance benefits associated with the project were identified. » Preparation of an SIA Report and inputs into the Environmental Management Programme (EMPr) to be prepared for the project.
2.2.1. Stakeholder Identification and Analysis
Stakeholders are defined as:
“Any group or organisation which may affect or be affected by the issue under consideration” (UN, 2001: 26).
These may be directly or indirectly impacted and may include organisations, institutions, groups of people or individuals, and can be at any level or position in society, from the international to regional, national, or household level (Franke and Guidero, 2012).
Stakeholder analysis involves the identification of affected or impacted people and their key grouping and sub-groupings (IFC, 2007). Identifying stakeholders that are directly and indirectly affected by the project is important to determine who might be impacted by the development and in what way. The key stakeholders in the proposed project have been identified, grouped / sub-grouped and described (as per Ilse Aucamp SIA methodology and Aucamp et al, 2011). There are immediate, direct and indirect areas of influence to the proposed development. Affected stakeholders comprise sensitive social receptors that may potentially be affected by the proposed development based on their location.
4 All social issues raised during the public participation process undertaken for the Sirius Solar PV Project Four will be included, considered and addressed as part of the final SIA report for the project to be submitted to the Department of Environmental Affairs.
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KEY STAKEHOLDERS SIRIUS SOLAR PV PROJECT FOUR
IMMEDIATE AREAS OF DIRECT AREAS OF INDIRECT AREAS OF INFLUENCE INFLUENCE INFLUENCE
Farming Surrounding Towns / Farming Industry Service Providers Indirect Stakeholders Communities Communities
Farm Owners Livestock Farming Upington Kai !Garib LM Local Road Users
Other Local Farm Tenants Crop Farming Keimoes ZF Mgcawu DM Residents
Farm Workers Local Businesses
Figure 2.1: Key Stakeholders identified for Sirius Solar PV Project Four, near Upington, Northern Cape Province.
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A description of each of the stakeholders’ groups in relation to Sirius Solar PV Project Four is discussed in detail below:
» Farming community: The farming community can be grouped into three categories, namely farm owners, farm tenants, and farm workers. Farm owners comprise individuals who own and make a living off of their properties. Farm tenants are people who rent land and work on the land to earn an income. Farm workers are people who work, and also often reside on the farm with their families, and are seen as a vulnerable community. Impacts that may arise for the farming community include impacts on (and the potential loss of) agricultural land and infrastructure, potential nuisance impacts (as a result of dust and noise specifically during construction), safety and security impacts (as a result of an in-migration of people in search of employment opportunities), impacts on the area’s sense of place (as a result of a the change in land use), visual impacts (as a result of construction equipment and activities), cultural and social changes (also as a result of an in-migration of people in search of employment opportunities and a change in land use), and additional traffic and road safety impacts (as a result of the movement of construction equipment and personnel). » Farming industry: There are potentially vulnerable farming activities in the study area. Agriculture is the main economic activity within the area, and the primary agricultural activities comprise a mix of livestock and crop farming, with areas of irrigated land located along the banks of the Orange River. Impacts that may arise as a result of the project include stock theft and poaching from an increase of people in the area (especially during the construction phase), impacts on current farming practices, potential loss of agricultural land. In addition, dust, noise and movement of people may also negatively impact farming operations within the surrounding area. » Surrounding towns / affected communities: The closest major towns include Upington located 16km north-east, and Keimoes located approximately 18km south-west of the project site. Whereas Upington constitutes the economic hub of the ZF Mgcawu DM and Northern Cape Province, the town of Keimoes is significant from an agricultural perspective. In addition to the main towns of Upington and Keimoes, numerous smaller settlement areas are located along the banks of the Orange River. These include Klippunt located approximately 1.8km south-east, Dyasons Klip Settlement located approximately 2km south, Oranjevallei located approximately 4.2km north-east, Kalksloot / Ses Brue located approximately 4km north-east, Louisvale located approximately 6.5km east-south-east, and Kanoneiland located approximately 7.5km south-south-west of the project site. Residents within these settlement areas may be positively and / or negatively affected by the proposed development. Employment opportunities will be available for the proposed development and it is proposed that the labour force required for the project will be sourced from (and accommodated in) surrounding settlement areas and the towns of Upington and Keimoes. » Service providers: The major service providers which will be affected by the project include the DM, LM, and local businesses in the area. The Kai !Garib LM and the Dawid Kruiper LM, and to a lesser degree the ZF Mgcawu DM are likely to be impacted by the proposed development. The Kai !Garib LM and Dawid Kruiper LM will absorb a number of positive and negative social impacts in the form of additional employment creation, increased local expenditure, and increased revenue etc. In addition there are a number of local businesses in the surrounding area that could benefit from the proposed project in terms of an increase in demand for goods and services associated with the project. » Stakeholders outside the direct area of influence: There are a number of stakeholders that reside outside the direct area of influence but who may be affected by the project. These include road users, including those that use the N14 national road, and local gravel roads on a frequent basis as part of their daily or weekly movement patterns. Construction vehicles and trucks will utilise these roads during construction,
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which will increase the traffic, create traffic disruptions, and may increase the wear and tear on these roads.
2.2.2. Collection and Review of Existing Information
Existing desktop information which has relevance to the proposed project, project area and / or surrounds was collected and reviewed. The following information was examined as part of this process:
» Project maps and layouts. » Google Earth imagery. » A description of the project (as provided by the project proponent). » Responses to questions posed to the project proponent regarding employment and social upliftment and local economic development opportunities (as provided by the project proponent). » Final Scoping and Final Impact Assessment Reports prepared for the previous applications for EA, namely: Final Environmental Impact Report for the Proposed Sirius Solar PV Project near Upington, Northern Cape Province (Project One - DEA Reference No.: 14/12/16/3/3/2/469, Project Two - DEA Reference No.: 14/12/16/3/3/2/481) (Savannah Environmental, February 2014). ▪ Social Impact Assessment for Phase One and Two of the Sirius Solar Energy Facility, Northern Cape Province (Tony Barbour, November 2013). » Census data (2011), and the Local Government Handbook (2018). » Planning documentation such as Provincial Growth and Development Strategies (PGDSs), Local and District Municipality Integrated Development Plans (IDPs), Spatial Development Frameworks (SDFs), and development goals and objectives. » Relevant legislation, guidelines, policies, plans, and frameworks. » Available literature pertaining to social issues associated with the development and operation of solar PV power plants and associated infrastructure.
2.2.3. Collection of Primary Data
Telephonic interviews were attempted to be undertaken with affected landowners and key stakeholders identified within the area on Monday, 11 and Tuesday, 12 February 2019 and on 09 May 2019 (refer to Table 2.1).
Table 2.1: Overview of Telephonic Interviews with affected landowners and key stakeholders. Representative Interest Affected Landowner Susanna Petronella Louw Remainder of the Farm Tungsten Lodge No. 638 (Contact person Willem Louw) Remainder of the Farm Olyvenhouts Drift No. 108 Adjacent Landowner Matteus Willem Kuhn Portion 10 of the Farm Dyasons Klip No. 454 Piet Karsten Portion 10 of the Farm Dyasons Klip No. 454 Piet du Plessis Portion 10 of the Farm Dyasons Klip No. 454 Piet van Schalkwyk Portion 03 of the Farm McTaggarts Camp No. 453 Ian Smit Portion 03 of the Farm McTaggarts Camp No. 453 Johannes De Jager Portion 30 and 31 of Farm McTaggarts Camp No. 453
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Representative Interest Affected Landowner Maria Johanna Gainsford Portion 04 of Farm No. 636
As indicated in section 2.2 attempts were made to undertake telephonic interviews with affected and adjacent landowners and key stakeholders in order to gain inputs on the project, including the perceived social impacts and benefits on the affected community. To date, no landowners or key stakeholders have been available to participate in telephonic interviews. In cases where landowners were not available to participate in telephonic interviews, the SIA questionnaire was distributed to these parties for completion via email dated 11 and 12 February 2019. One SIA questionnaire was returned but no other feedback has been received to date following the distribution of the SIA questionnaire.
Impact Assessment Evaluation Method
The main objective of this SIA is to determine the social risks and opportunities, and positive and negative impacts which may be associated with the construction, operation, and decommissioning of the project. The methodology below (as provided by Savannah Environmental) allows for the evaluation of the overall impact of a proposed project on the social environment. This includes an assessment of the significant direct, indirect, and cumulative impacts associated with the project. Social impacts were assessed in terms of their perceived extent (scale), duration, magnitude (severity), probability (certainty), and status (negative, neutral or positive).
» The nature, which includes a description of what causes the effect, what will be affected and how it will be affected. » The extent, wherein it is indicated whether the impact will be local (limited to the immediate area or site of development) or regional, and a value between 1 and 5 was assigned as appropriate (with 1 being low and 5 being high). » The duration, wherein it is indicated whether: The lifetime of the impact will be of a very short duration (0 – 1 years) – assigned a score of 1. The lifetime of the impact will be of a short duration (2 – 5 years) – assigned a score of 2. Medium-term (5 – 15 years) – assigned a score of 3. Long term (> 15 years) – assigned a score of 4. Permanent – assigned a score of 5. » The magnitude, quantified on a scale from 0 – 10, where 0 is small and will have no effect on the environment, 2 is minor and will not result in an impact on processes, 4 is low and will cause a slight impact on processes, 6 is moderate and will result in processes continuing but in a modified way, 8 is high (processes are altered to the extent that they temporarily cease), and 10 is very high and results in complete destruction of patterns and permanent cessation of processes. » The probability of occurrence, which describes the likelihood of the impact actually occurring. Probability is estimated on a scale of 1 – 5, where 1 is very improbable (probably will not happen), 2 is improbable (some possibility, but low likelihood), 3 is probable (distinct possibility), 4 is highly probable (most likely) and 5 is definite (impact will occur regardless of any prevention measures). » the significance, which is determined through a synthesis of the characteristics described above and can be assessed as low, medium or high. » The status, which will is described as either positive, negative or neutral. » The degree to which the impact can be reversed. » The degree to which the impact may cause irreplaceable loss of resources.
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» The degree to which the impact can be mitigated.
The significance was then calculated by combining the criteria in the following formula:
S = (E+D+M)xP
S = Significance weighting E = Extent D = Duration M = Magnitude P = Probability
The significance weightings for each potential impact are as follows:
» < 30 points: Low (i.e. where this impact would not have a direct influence on the decision to develop in the area). » 30 – 60 points: Medium (i.e. where the impact could influence the decision to develop in the area unless it is effectively mitigated). » > 60 points: High (i.e. where the impact must have an influence on the decision process to develop in the area).
Limitations and Assumptions
The following assumptions and limitations are applicable to this SIA Report:
» Data derived from the 2011 Census, Northern Cape Provincial Spatial Development Framework (PSDF) 2012, ZF Mgcawu District Municipality Draft Integrated Development Plan (IDP) 2017 – 2022 (2018 / 2019), Kai !Garib LM Draft IDP 2018 / 2019 (2018), and Dawid Kruiper LM IDP 2017 / 2022 (2018 / 2019) was used to generate the majority of information provided in the baseline profile of the study area. The possibility therefore exists that the data utilised may be out of date, and may not provide an accurate reflection of the current status quo. » This SIA Report was prepared based on information which was available to the specialist at the time of preparing the report. The sources consulted are not exhaustive, and the possibility exists that additional information which might strengthen arguments, contradict information in this report, and / or identify additional information might exist. Additional information available from the public participation undertaken during the EIA Phase will be included within the final report, where relevant. » Some of the project projections reflected in this SIA Report may be subject to change, and therefore may be higher or lower than those estimated by the project proponent. » It is assumed that the motivation for, and planning and feasibility study of the project were undertaken with integrity, and that information provided by the project proponent was accurate and true at the time of preparing this SIA Report.
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LEGISLATION AND POLICY REVIEW
The legislative and policy context applicable to a project plays an important role in identifying and assessing the potential social impacts associated with the development. In this regard a key component of the SIA process is to assess a proposed development in terms of its suitability with regards to key planning and policy documents.
The following key pieces of documentation were reviewed as part of this legislation and policy review process:
National Policy and Planning Context: » Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 » National Environmental Management Act (No. 107 of 1998) (NEMA) » White Paper on the Energy Policy of the Republic of South Africa (1998) » White Paper on the Renewable Energy Policy of the Republic of South Africa (2003) » National Energy Act (No. 34 of 2008) » Integrated Energy Plan (IEP) (2015) » Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) for Electricity (2010 – 2030) (2011) (and subsequent updates thereto) » National Development Plan (NDP) 2030 (2012) » Strategic Infrastructure Projects (SIPs)
Provincial Policy and Planning Context: » Northern Cape Provincial Spatial Development Framework (PSDF) 2012
Local Policy and Planning Context: » ZF Mgcawu District Municipality Draft Integrated Development Plan (IDP) 2017 – 2022 (2018 / 2019), » Kai !Garib LM IDP 2017 / 2022 (2018 / 2019) » Dawid Kruiper LM IDP 2017 / 2022 (2018/2019) » Dawid Kruiper LM SDF (2017)
National Policy and Planning Context
Any project which contributes positively towards the objectives mentioned within national policies could be considered strategically important for the country. A review of the national policy environment suggests that the increased utilisation of Renewable Energy (RE) sources is considered integral to reducing South Africa’s carbon footprint, diversifying the national economy, and contributing towards social upliftment and economic development. As the project comprises a RE project and would contribute RE supply to provincial and national targets set out and supported within these national policies, it is considered that the project fits within the national policy framework.
A brief review of the most relevant national policies is provided below.
3.1.1. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996
The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 is the supreme law of South Africa, and forms the foundations for a democratic society in which fundamental human rights are protected. The Bill of Rights
SIA Report Page 14 Sirius Solar PV Project Four Northern Cape Province March 2019 contained in Chapter 2 of the Constitution enshrines the rights of all people in South Africa and affirms the democratic values of human dignity, equality and freedom. Section 24 of the Constitution pertains specifically to the environment. It states that:
24. Everyone has the right – (a) To an environment that is not harmful to their health or well‐being, and (b) To have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generations, through reasonable legislative and other measures that: (i) Prevent pollution and ecological degradation. (ii) Promote conservation. (iii) Secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources while promoting justifiable economic and social development.
The Constitution outlines the need to promote social and economic development. Section 24 of the Constitution therefore requires that development be conducted in such a manner that it does not infringe on an individual’s environmental rights, health, or well-being. This is especially significant for previously disadvantaged individuals who are most at risk to environmental impacts.
3.1.2. National Environmental Management Act (No. 107 of 1998) (NEMA)
The National Environmental Management Act (No. 107 of 1998) (NEMA) is South Africa’s key piece of environmental legislation, and sets the framework for environmental management in South Africa. It provides for co-operative environmental governance by establishing principles for decision-making on matters affecting the environment. NEMA is founded on the principle that everyone has the right to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well‐being as contained within the Bill of Rights. In accordance with this it states that:
» The State must respect, protect, promote and fulfil the social, economic and environmental rights of everyone and strive to meet the basic needs of previously disadvantaged communities. » Sustainable development requires the integration of social, economic and environmental factors in the planning, implementation and evaluation of decisions to ensure that development serves present and future generations. » Everyone has the right to have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generations, through reasonable legislative and other measures that prevent pollution and ecological degradation, promote conservation, and secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources while promoting justifiable economic and social development.
In addition, the national environmental management principles contained within NEMA state that:
» Environmental management must place people and their needs at the forefront of its concern, and serve their physical, psychological, developmental, cultural and social interests equitably. » Development must be socially, environmentally and economically sustainable. » The social, economic and environmental impacts of activities, including disadvantages and benefits, must be considered, assessed and evaluated, and decisions must be appropriate in the light of such consideration and assessment
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The need for responsible and informed decision-making by government on the acceptability of environmental impacts is therefore enshrined within NEMA.
3.1.3. White Paper on the Energy Policy of the Republic of South Africa (1998)
The White Paper on Energy Policy places emphasis on the expansion of energy supply options to enhance South Africa’s energy security. This can be achieved through increased use of RE and encouraging new entries into the generation market. South Africa has an attractive range of cost effective renewable resources, taking into consideration social and environmental costs. Government policy RE is thus concerned with meeting the following challenges:
» Ensuring that economically feasible technologies and applications are implemented. » Ensuring that an equitable level of national resources is invested in renewable technologies, given their potential and compared to investments in other energy supply options. » Addressing constraints on the development of the renewable industry.
The policy states that the advantages of RE include, minimal environmental impacts during operation in comparison with traditional supply technologies, generally lower running costs, and high labour intensities. Disadvantages include, higher capital costs in some cases, lower energy densities, and lower levels of availability, depending on specific conditions, especially with sun and wind based systems. Nonetheless, renewable resources generally operate from an unlimited resource base and, as such, can increasingly contribute towards a long-term sustainable energy future. The White Paper on Energy Policy therefore supports the advancement of RE sources and ensuring energy security through the diversification of supply.
3.1.4. White Paper on the Renewable Energy Policy of the Republic of South Africa (2003)
The White Paper on Renewable Energy Policy supplements Government’s predominant policy on energy as set out in the White Paper on the Energy Policy of the Republic of South Africa (DME, 1998). The policy recognises the potential of RE, and aims to create the necessary conditions for the development and commercial implementation of RE technologies. The position of the White Paper on RE is based on the integrated resource planning criterion of:
“Ensuring that an equitable level of national resources is invested in renewable technologies, given their potential and compared to investments in other energy supply options.”
The White Paper on RE sets out Government’s vision, policy principles, strategic goals and objectives for promoting and implementing RE in South Africa. The country relies heavily on coal to meet its energy needs due to its abundant, and fairly accessible and affordable coal resources. However, massive RE resources that can be sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels, have so far remained largely untapped. The White Paper on Renewable Energy Policy fosters the uptake of RE in the economy and has a number of objectives that include: ensuring equitable resources are invested in renewable technologies, directing public resources for implementation of RE technologies, introducing suitable fiscal incentives for RE and, creating an investment climate for the development of the RE sector.
The White Paper on Renewable Energy of 2003 set a target of 10 000GWh to be generated from RE by 2013 to be produced mainly from biomass, wind, solar and small-scale hydro. The target was subsequently reviewed in 2009 during the RE summit of 2009. The objectives of the White Paper on Renewable Energy
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Policy are considered in six focal areas, namely, financial instruments, legal instruments, technology development, awareness raising, capacity building and education, and market based and regulatory instruments. The policy supports the investment in RE facilities as they contribute towards ensuring energy security through the diversification of energy supply, reducing GHG emissions and the promotion of RE sources.
3.1.5. National Energy Act (No. 34 of 2008)
The purpose of the National Energy Act (No. 34 of 2008) is to ensure that diverse energy resources are available, in sustainable quantities and at affordable prices, to the South African economy in support of economic growth and poverty alleviation, while taking environmental management requirements into account. In addition, the Act also provides for energy planning, and increased generation and consumption of Renewable Energies (REs).
The objectives of the Act, are to amongst other things, to:
» Ensure uninterrupted supply of energy to the Republic. » Promote diversity of supply of energy and its sources. » Facilitate energy access for improvement of the quality of life of the people of the Republic. » Contribute to the sustainable development of South Africa’s economy.
The National Energy Act therefore recognises the significant role which electricity plays growing the economy while improving citizens’ quality of life. The Act provides the legal framework which supports the development of RE facilities for the greater environmental and social good, and provides the backdrop against which South Africa’s strategic planning regarding future electricity provision and supply takes place. It also provides the legal framework which supports the development of RE facilities for the greater environmental and social good.
3.1.6. Integrated Energy Plan (IEP), 2015
The Integrated Energy Plan (IEP) (which was developed under the National Energy Act (No. 34 of 2008)), recognises that energy is essential to many human activities, and is critical to the social and economic development of a country. The purpose of the IEP is essentially to ensure the availability of energy resources, and access to energy services in an affordable and sustainable manner, while minimising associated adverse environmental impacts. Energy planning therefore needs to balance the need for continued economic growth with social needs, and the need to protect the natural environment.
The IEP is a multi-faceted, long-term energy framework which has multiple aims, some of which include:
» To guide the development of energy policies and, where relevant, set the framework for regulations in the energy sector. » To guide the selection of appropriate technologies to meet energy demand (i.e. the types and sizes of new power plants and refineries to be built and the prices that should be charged for fuels). » To guide investment in and the development of energy infrastructure in South Africa. » To propose alternative energy strategies which are informed by testing the potential impacts of various factors such as proposed policies, introduction of new technologies, and effects of exogenous macro- economic factors.
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The 8 key objectives of the integrated energy planning process, are as follows:
» Objective 1: Ensure security of supply. » Objective 2: Minimise the cost of energy. » Objective 3: Promote the creation of jobs and localisation. » Objective 4: Minimise negative environmental impacts from the energy sector. » Objective 5: Promote the conservation of water. » Objective 6: Diversify supply sources and primary sources of energy. » Objective 7: Promote energy efficiency in the economy. » Objective 8: Increase access to modern energy.
3.1.7. Integrated Resource Plan for Electricity (IRP) 2010-2030 (2011)
The Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) for Electricity 2010 – 2030 is a subset of the IEP and constitutes South Africa’s National electricity plan. The primary objective of the IRP is to determine the long term electricity demand and detail how this demand should be met in terms of generating capacity, type, timing and cost. The IRP also serves as input to other planning functions, including amongst others, economic development and funding, and environmental and social policy formulation.
The current iteration of the IRP, led to the Revised Balanced Scenario (RBS) that was published in October 2010. Following a round of public participation which was conducted in November / December 2010, several changes were made to the IRP model assumptions. The document outlines the proposed generation new-build fleet for South Africa for the period 2010 to 2030. This scenario was derived based on a cost- optimal solution for new-build options (considering the direct costs of new build power plants), which was then “balanced” in accordance with qualitative measures such as local job creation.
The Policy-Adjusted IRP reflected recent developments with respect to prices for renewables. In addition to all existing and committed power plants, the plan includes 9.6GW of nuclear; 6.25GW of coal; 17.8GW of renewables; and approximately 8.9GW of other generation sources such as hydro, and gas.
An IRP 2010 – 2030 Update Report was prepared and released in November 2013, which estimated the energy demand in 2030 to be in the range of 345TWh – 416TWh as opposed to 454TWh as was originally expected in the policy-adjusted IRP. This equates to a reduction from 67 800MW to 61 200MW of reliable generating capacity. This IRP Update report was not adopted by Parliament and was therefore never implemented.
In November 2016 a draft IRP Update – Assumption, Base Case Results and Observations (Revision 1) document was released for comment. The update process estimated that 18GW of PV generation capacity would be required by the end of 2050; in addition to 15GW of coal-fired generation capacity, 37GW of wind, 20GW of nuclear, 34GW of gas, and 2.5GW of import hydro. The 2030 figures in the Base Case excluded the capacity already procured or under procurement (i.e. 6.2GW of renewable energy and 900MW of coal from IPP projects), and therefore differ from those in the IRP 2010 – 2030 (2011).
On 27 August 2018 the Draft IRP 2018 was released for comment. The Draft IRP 2018 is based on least-cost supply and demand balance and takes into account security of supply and the environment (i.e. with regards to minimising negative emissions and water usage). According to the Draft IRP 2018 key input assumptions that changed from the promulgated IRP 2010 – 2030 (2011) include, amongst others,
SIA Report Page 18 Sirius Solar PV Project Four Northern Cape Province March 2019 technology costs, electricity demand projection, fuel costs and Eskom’s existing fleet performance and additional commissioned capacity. For the period ending 2030, the Draft IRP 2018 proposes a number of policy adjustments to ensure a practical plan that will be flexible to accommodate new, innovative technologies that are not currently cost competitive, the minimisation of the impact of decommissioning of coal power plants, and the changing demand profile.
The recommended updated Plan is as depicted in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1: Proposed Updated plan for the Period Ending 2030 (Source: Draft IRP 2018).
Based on the Draft IRP 2018 there is currently 1 474MW of installed PV capacity, while an additional 814MW has been committed between 2020 and 2022, and an additional 5 670MW capacity has been allocated between 2025 and 2030.
3.1.8. National Development Plan 2030 (2012)
The National Development Plan (NDP) 2030 is a plan prepared by the National Planning Commission in consultation with the South African public which is aimed at eliminating poverty and reducing inequality by 2030. The NDP aims to achieve this by drawing on the energies of its people, growing and inclusive economy, building capabilities, enhancing the capacity of the state and promoting leaderships and partnerships throughout society. While the achievement of the objectives of the NDP requires progress on a broad front, three priorities stand out, namely:
» Raising employment through faster economic growth.
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» Improving the quality of education, skills development and innovation. » Building the capability of the state to play a developmental, transformative role.
In terms of the Energy Sectors role in empowering South Africa, the NDP envisages that, by 2030, South Africa will have an energy sector that promotes:
» Economic growth and development through adequate investment in energy infrastructure. The sector should provide reliable and efficient energy service at competitive rates, while supporting economic growth through job creation. » Social equity through expanded access to energy at affordable tariffs and through targeted, sustainable subsidies for needy households. » Environmental sustainability through efforts to reduce pollution and mitigate the effects of climate change.
The NDP aims to provide a supportive environment for growth and development, while promoting a more labour-absorbing economy. The proposed project will assist in reducing carbon emissions targets and creating jobs in the local area as well as assist in creating a competitive infrastructure based on terms of energy contribution to the national grid.
3.1.9. Strategic Infrastructure Projects (SIPs)
The Presidential Infrastructure Coordinating Committee (PICC) are integrating and phasing investment plans across 18 Strategic Infrastructure Projects (SIPs) which have the following 5 core functions:
» To unlock opportunity. » Transform the economic landscape. » Create new jobs. » Strengthen the delivery of basic services. » Support the integration of African economies.
A balanced approach is being fostered through greening of the economy, boosting energy security, promoting integrated municipal infrastructure investment, facilitating integrated urban development, accelerating skills development, investing in rural development and enabling regional integration.
SIP 8 of the energy SIPs supports the development of RE projects as follow:
» SIP 8: Green energy in support of the South African economy:
Support sustainable green energy initiatives on a national scale through a diverse range of clean energy options as envisaged in the Integrated Resource Plan (IRP 2010) and supports bio-fuel production facilities.
The development of the proposed project is therefore also aligned with SIP 8 as it constitutes a green energy initiative which would contribute clean energy in accordance with the IRP 2010 – 2030.
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Provincial Policies
This section provides a brief review of the most relevant provincial policies. Sirius Solar PV Project Four is considered to align with the aims of these policies, even if contributions to achieving the goals therein are only minor.
3.2.1. Northern Cape Provincial Spatial Development Framework (PSDF) 2012
The Northern Cape Provincial Spatial Development Framework (PSDF) 2012 states that the overarching goal for the province is to enable sustainability through sustainable development. The province considers social and economic development as imperative in order to address the most significant challenge facing the Northern Cape, which is poverty.
The PSDF considers the release of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions created by human activity as the key cause of global warming, which in turn could result in major negative effects and disasters in the short- and medium-term. This effect would increasingly undermine human development gains. Innovative strategies would have to be implemented to reduce the impact of global deterioration.
The PSDF identifies key sectoral strategies and plans which are considered to be the key components of the PSDF. Sectoral Strategy 19 refers to a provincial renewable energy strategy. Within the PSDF a policy has been included which states that renewable energy sources (including the utilisation of solar energy) are to comprise 25% of the province’s energy generation capacity by 2020.
The overall energy objective for the province also includes promoting the development of renewable energy supply schemes which are considered to be strategically important for increasing the diversity of domestic energy supply and avoiding energy imports, while also minimising the detrimental environmental impacts. The implementation of sustainable renewable energy is also to be promoted within the province through appropriate financial and fiscal instruments.
Considering the need for the development of renewable energy facilities in order to achieve the objective of sustainability the development of the proposed solar energy facility within the Northern Cape and within the study area is considered to be aligned with the Northern Cape PSDF.
District and Local Municipalities Policies
The strategic policies at district and local level have similar objectives for the respective areas, namely to accelerate economic growth, create jobs, and uplift communities. Sirius Solar PV Project Four is considered to also align with the aims of these policies, even if contributions to achieving the goals therein are only minor.
3.3.1. ZF Mgcawu DM Draft Integrated Development Plan (IDP) 2017 – 2022 (2018 / 2019)
The vision of the ZF Mgcawu DM as contained within its IDP 2017 – 2022 (2018 / 2019) is as follows:
“Quality support to deliver quality services.”
The mission of the ZF Mgcawu DM is:
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“Centre of excellence in providing quality basic services through support to local municipalities.”
The following strategic objectives and development objectives have been identified for the ZF Mgcawu DM:
Dev Objective Strategic Objective Development Objective Linkage codes (i) To monitor and determine the housing backlogs BSD: 1 01. Maintain and report on the housing in the district as well as to eradicate sanitation requirements & infrastructure backlogs BSD: 2 02. Provide project management support to B- Municipalities (ii) To assess and provide targeted support MIT: 1 03. Assess and report on the institutional capacity improving institutional capacity and service of B-municipalities to fulfil their statutory delivery capabilities of category B- mandates municipalities MIT: 2 04. Assess and report on the service delivery capabilities of B-municipalities to fulfil their statutory mandates GGP: 1 05. Provide targeted support to B-municipalities (e.g. including legal support to B-municipalities regarding land use matters) (iii) To promote environmental health and safety of BSD: 3 06. Providing environmental health services to B- communities in the ZF Mgcawu District through municipalities the proactive prevention, mitigation, GGP: 2 07. Implement special programmes (e.g. HIV / identification and management of Aids) environmental health services, fire and disaster risks (iv) To promote safety of communities in the ZF BSD: 4 08. Establish disaster management mechanisms Mgcawu District through the proactive and programmes in the ZF Mgcawu District prevention, mitigation, identification and management of fire and disaster risks (v) To Facilitate the Development of Sustainable LED: 1 09. Establish a vehicle to ensure all businesses are regional land use, economic, spatial and co-operating (i.e. District LED Forum) environmental planning frameworks that will LED: 2 10. Create investment opportunities in sectoral support and guide the development of a development (i.e. investment activities, diversified, resilient and sustainable district Entrepreneurial business support programme) economy LED: 3 11. Enable an environment for business establishment and support initiatives (i.e. Increase the number of businesses, entrepreneurial support) (v) To market, develop and co-ordinate tourism in LED: 4 12. Promote the Green Kalahari tourism brand in the ZF Mgcawu District the ZF Mgcawu district (vi) To assess and monitor the status of infrastructure BSD: 5 13. Establish and provide selected infrastructure needs and requirements of B Municipalities needs to targeted B Municipalities (vii) To ensure efficient business operations and to MFV: 1 14. Enable and improve financial viability and fulfils the assurance statutory requirements of management through well-structured budget the ZF Mgcawu District Municipality processes, financial systems, and MFMA
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Dev Objective Strategic Objective Development Objective Linkage codes compliance (i.e. promote good budget and fiscal management, Unqualified audits) MIT: 3 15. Enable efficient and effective administrative support and Planning processes (i.e. Maintaining sound labour relations, practices and overall administrative support, IDP planning etc.
The implementation of Sirius Solar PV Project Four would contribute positively towards the strategic objective of supporting and guiding the development of a diversified, resilient and sustainable district economy, and the development objectives of creating investment opportunities in sectoral development (i.e. investment activities, Entrepreneurial business support programme), and enabling an environment for business establishment and support initiatives (i.e. Increase the number of businesses, entrepreneurial support) through its local content and local economic development requirements as prescribed under the REIPPP Programme.
3.3.2. Kai !Garib LM Draft IDP 2018 / 2019 (2018)
The vision of the Kai !Garib LM as contained within the Draft IDP 2018 / 2019 (2018) is as follows:
“Creating an economically viable and fully developed municipality, which enhances the standard of living of all the inhabitants / community of Kai !Garib through good governance, excellent service delivery and sustainable development.”
The mission of the Kai !Garib LM is as follows:
“Provision of transparent, accountable and sustainable service delivery.”
The following Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) have been identified for the Kai !Garib LM as contained within the Draft IDP 2018 / 2019 (2018):
Strengths Weaknesses » Potential for private investment » Lack of formal sector employment opportunities. » Large labour pool available » Lack of public transport in rural areas to access » Municipal and tribal land available economic opportunities » Land use management system for the municipal area » Significant proportion of population does not have » Positive population growth access to portable drinking water » Municipal area forms part of a production hub » Lack of skills and knowledge » Agriculture forms the main economic base » Lack of attractive and vibrant business » Solar » Lack of financial stability » Hydro » Lack of social facilities » Tourism » Lack of sufficient funding for bulk and internal services » High unemployment rate » High number of people living in poverty » Sufficient funding for maintenance of services
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» Lack of proper social integration in housing » Lack of housing support within the rural areas » Lack of a clear policy pertaining to housing delivery and land reform projects » Low disposable household income » Backlog in housing » Lack of proper community centres in neighbourhoods » Acceptable level of expertise » Lack of economic opportunity Opportunities Threats » Potential for expanded small scale and emerging » Continuous lack of financing the IDP is a going farmers’ development concern » Provincial tourism initiatives » Lack of skills and capacitated labour » Housing can empower the disadvantage as a » Environment deterioration collateral to obtain loans from financial opportunities » Deterioration of infrastructure » Access grants from Department of Finance (National » High rate of unemployment Treasury) for neighbourhoods upgrading to improve » Poor sustainability of local business the living standards and create economic » Backlog in housing opportunities » Price escalations (building material) » Social grants / LED support funding on national and » Households in the rural villages already obtained provincial government level government assistance through the land reform » Multi- Purpose Canters as part of community canters process in neighbourhoods » Households in rural villages that was not part of the » Provision of Social Facilities to be aligned with housing original beneficiaries (land owners) projects in order to create sustainable human » Environmental degradation settlements » Water / groundwater pollution » Maintenance and improvement of living » Transport cost environment in farming villages » Lack of disinformation education » Small business development » Formalisation of villages » Structured administration in place » AIDS impact (IDP) » De-industrialisation (IDP) » Sustainable financial benefits (social housing) » Middle income class not scarcely cater for
The implementation of Sirius Solar PV Project Four would capitalise on some of the Kai !Garib LM’s strengths and opportunities, while addressing some of the Kai !Garib LM’s weaknesses and threats as follows:
Strengths: » Realising the potential for private investment » Drawing on the large labour pool available » Contributing towards solar development
Weaknesses: » Provision of employment opportunities within the formal sector. » Skills development and knowledge sharing » Creating an environment which could attract business » Contribution towards financial stability
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» Contribution towards funding for bulk and internal services through revenue generation and taxes » Creation of additional employment opportunities » Increased standards of living as a result of employment opportunities » Contribution towards funding for maintenance of services through revenue generation and taxes » Increased disposable household income as a result of employment opportunities » Increased economic opportunities as a result of the economic multiplier effect.
Threats: » Contribution to skills and capacitated labour though skills development initiatives. » Alleviation of the high rate of unemployment as a result of employment opportunities » Support of local businesses and service providers
In terms of Renewable Energy the Draft IDP 2018 / 2019 (2018) states that there are 6 established IPPs within the Kai !Garib LM (refer to Table 3.1).
Table 3.1: Established IPP projects in the Kai !Garib LM Project Name Technology Status Size Lead Developer Khi Solar One Solar CSP Fully operational 50MW Abengoa Aries Solar Solar PV Fully operational 9.7MW Biotherm Renewable Energy Neusberg Hydro Hydro Fully operational 10MW Hydro-SA & Hydro- Electric Project A Tasmania Dyason’s Klip 1 Solar PV Approvals, planning 75MW Scatec Solar and finance Dyason’s Klip 2 Solar PV Approvals, planning 75MW Scatec Solar and finance Sirius Solar PV Project Solar PV Approvals, planning 75MW Scatec Solar One and finance
The Kai !Garib LM has identified that there is potential for further IPP projects to become operational in the LM, with several in the planning stages. Kai !Garib LM is also a participant in the ZF Mgcawu Development Forum, an initiative coordinated by the Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) which aims to ensure that integrated development planning and implementation of regional projects take place. This includes the renewable energy and mining plants, together with other industry stakeholders such as agricultural, business and civil society stakeholders. Kai !Garib LM recognises the importance of participating in this forum to provide a platform for partnerships for regional socio-economic growth.
The implementation of Sirius Solar PV Project Four would contribute towards addressing the Kai !Garib LM’s key issue regarding high levels of poverty and unemployment, skills shortage, and inequalities, through the creation of employment opportunities, the provision of skills training opportunities, and local economic growth, including growth in personal income levels of those community members who would be employed on the project. In addition, the REIPPP Programme currently requires preferred bidders to make contributions towards local economic development and social upliftment, to be focused on benefitting local communities within the vicinity of the project site. The project is also suitably located within the Kai !Garib LM which is home to several solar energy facilities, and is committed to providing a platform for partnerships for regional socio-economic growth.
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3.3.3. Dawid Kruiper LM IDP 2017 / 2022 (2018 / 2019)
The vision of the Dawid Kruiper LM as contained within the IDP 2017 / 2022 (2018 / 2019) is as follows:
“To provide an affordable quality service to Dawid Kruiper and its visitors and to execute the policies and programmes of the Council.”
The mission of the Dawid Kruiper LM is as follows:
“As an authority that delivers Municipal Services to Dawid Kruiper, we attempt by means of a motivated staff, to develop Dawid Kruiper increasingly as a pleasant, safe and affordable living and workplace for its residents and a hospitable relaxed visiting place for its visitors.”
According to the IDP 2017 / 2022 (2018 / 2019) the focus of the IDP is still on the present (status quo) situation, but with strategic development objectives set the focus is set to shifts to the future. Development objectives were aligned with national imperatives and frameworks, and in line with the powers and functions of the municipality.
Guidelines governing these development objectives and strategies include the national key priority (focal) areas:
» Focal Area 1: Basic Service Delivery » Focal Area 2: To promote Local Economic Development » Focal Area 3: To promote municipal Transformation and Organisational Development » Focal Area 4: Ensure Financial Viability and Management » Focal Area 5: Ensure Good Governance and Public Participation » Focal Area 6: Spatial Development Framework
Six Key Priority Areas (KPAs) with ten Development Priorities were identified based on the challenges faced by the LM, and prioritised by both ward committees and the community during public participation processes. These KPAs were linked to the six National Key Performance Areas and the SDF development objectives of the municipality, and include the following:
Development Priority Spatial Development, Town Planning and Land Use Management Key Priority Area Development Objectives Spatial Development Framework » Develop, manage and maintain essential bulk water infrastructure and facilities to accommodate the aspirations, needs and pressures of present and future industries, businesses and dependent communities. » Develop, manage and maintain necessary infrastructure and facilities required to improve the provision of water services.
Development Priority Sewerage Key Priority Area Development Objectives
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Service Delivery and Infrastructure Development » Develop, manage and maintain essential bulk sewerage infrastructure and facilities to accommodate the aspirations, needs and pressures of present and future industries, businesses and dependent communities. » Develop, manage and maintain necessary infrastructure and facilities required to improve the provision of sewerage services.
Development Priority Human Settlements and Housing Key Priority Area Development Objectives Service Delivery and Infrastructure Development » Eradicate housing backlogs in municipal area. » Provide for sustainable human settlements (housing).
Development Priority Energy and Electricity Key Priority Area Development Objectives Service Delivery and Infrastructure Development » Provide, manage and maintain essential infrastructure required to improve the provision of electrical services
Development Priority Roads, Transport and Stormwater Drainage Key Priority Area Development Objectives Service Delivery and Infrastructure Development » Develop, manage and maintain necessary Road, Transport and Storm Water infrastructure and facilities required to improve transportation in, and Aesthetic qualities of urban areas.
Development Priority Sanitation, Waste Management and Waste Removal Key Priority Area Development Objectives Service Delivery and Infrastructure Development » Regulate and manage waste disposal to prevent pollution of the natural environment and natural resources.
Development Priority Economic Growth and Job Creation Key Priority Area Development Objectives Local Economic Development » Promote the development of tourist infrastructure that will enhance tourism » Create an environment that promotes the development of a diversified and sustainable economy.
Development Priority Community Development and Facilities Key Priority Area Development Objectives Service Delivery and Infrastructure Development » Pro-active prevention, mitigation, identification and management of environmental health, fire and disaster risks. » Provide safety to communities through law enforcement services and through legislative requirements.
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» Provide equal access to sport, park, recreational facilities and other public amenities to all residents.
Development Priority Administrative and Institutional Capacity Key Priority Area Development Objectives Institutional Development and Organisational » Enable and improve financial viability and Transformation management through well-structured budget Good Governance processes, financial systems, and MFMA compliance through legislative requirements » Align institutional arrangements to provide an effective and efficient support service to deliver on organisational objectives » Provide quality basic services to all communities within the municipality (i.e. electricity; water; sanitation; refuse) » Manage and maintain municipal property, plant, equipment and vehicle fleet » Facilitate the establishment of good governance practices » Promote and improve public relations through stakeholder participation and good customer service.
The implementation of Sirius Solar PV Project Four would contribute positively towards several of the development priorities and development objectives identified by the Dawid Kruiper LM, specifically with regards to economic growth and job creation, and could also contribute towards the LM achieving some of the other development priorities and objectives through the provision of increased revenue which would enable municipal spending.
3.3.4. Dawid Kruiper LM SDF (2017)
In addition, the IDP identified the following 8 pillars as being important for development and the Dawid Kruiper Council’s envisagement of a self-sustaining ecology with long-term benefit for all inhabitants of Dawid Kruiper:
1. Agriculture as an optimally efficient and economically viable market-directed sector representing a socio-economic ‘pivot’ of Dawid Kruiper. 2. Manufacturing and industry as a viable sector which builds on the comparative economic advantages of Dawid Kruiper, and operates in accordance with the highest standards for environmental management. 3. Tourism as a sustainable industry, supporting or enhancing marginal industries and contributing significantly to the improvement of the quality of life of all the communities of Dawid Kruiper. 4. Urban development in a safe, healthy and aesthetically pleasing urban environment, with the architectural and spatial character depicting the historic and cultural background of the habitant communities. 5. Rural development in an environmentally sustainable manner with the infrastructure and services that is essential for the development of the rural communities of Dawid Kruiper whilst enhancing its unique rural character.
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6. Social Development establishing an optimally developed and empowered society in harmony with its environment. 7. Conservation of natural habitats worthy to be consolidated into continuous tracts of conservation land, protecting natural biodiversity and providing community-supporting ecosystem services. 8. Natural resources as fundamental requirements for sustainable development in Dawid Kruiper Municipality.
According to the Dawid Kruiper LM SDF the area under investigation is located within the C.a.2 Agriculture (Ward 11) Spatial Planning Category (SPC). The SPC is described in more detail below:
C.a.2 Agriculture: The breeding of animals on natural veld, land and pasture, stock or auction pens, the processing of products produced on the farm, the cultivation of crops and at most one single residential house and other buildings that is reasonably relevant to the main agricultural activity on the farm, including bona-fide staff housing. Decision Making: This SPC covers the largest part of the DKLM area and contributes to the agricultural economy of the municipality. The protection of intensive agricultural areas, as is found on the banks of the Orange River, should enjoy critical protection from the pressures of urban development. Urban development on any area indicated as C.a.2. should immediately prompt the decision-making authority to request the inputs from the following departments or parastatals, namely:
a) Department of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF), except where it may be proven that the involved land unit for development has been excluded from the provisions of Act No. 70 of 1970. b) Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) to indicate if the development triggered a listed activity in accordance with NEMA. c) Department of Roads and Public Works (DRPW) stipulation ‘No-Objection’ regarding the development, access and prescribed building lines, if the property borders or makes use of a road in the jurisdiction of the said department. d) South African National Road Agency Limited (SANRAL) stipulation ‘No-Objection’ regarding the development, access and prescribed building lines, if the property borders or makes use of a road in the jurisdiction of the said parastatal.
Urban development on any non-urban SPC should be excluded where such a development is outside of the urban edge, whereas the following SPCs are seen as complementary to Agriculture and the rezoning to being any of the following, can be considered under specific conditions and approvals:
1) D.f.1, Place of Worship, D.f.2, Place of Instruction and D.f.3 Institution. 2) D.g.1 Government Uses and D.g.2 Municipal Uses. 3) D.h.3 Accommodation Facilities 4) D.h.9 Small Holding 5) D.n.1 Cemeteries 6) D.o.1 Sports fields & Related Infrastructure 7) D.p.1 Airport and Related Infrastructure 8) D.q.1 Resort & Tourism Related Areas 9) E.a.1. Agricultural Industry 10) E.e.1 Extractive industry 11) SPC F. Surface Infrastructure 12) SPC G: Other, including Special Uses not clearly described in the LUMS and Vacant land within Urban Edge.
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C.a.2. May also be transformed to any land use within the A. to C’s, subject to correct land use procedures being followed
The implementation of Sirius Solar PV Project Four is not considered to be in contrast with the Dawid Kruiper LM SDF and the SPC within which the project is located.
The implementation of Sirius Solar PV Project Four would contribute towards addressing the Dawid Kruiper LM’s key issue regarding high levels of poverty and unemployment, skills shortage, and inequalities, through the creation of employment opportunities, the provision of skills training opportunities, and local economic growth, including growth in personal income levels of those community members who would be employed on the project. In addition, the REIPPP Programme requires preferred bidders to make contributions towards local economic development and social upliftment, to be focused on benefitting local communities within the vicinity of the project site.
Conclusion
The review of relevant legislation, policies and documentation pertaining to the energy sector indicate that renewable or green energy (i.e. energy generated by naturally occurring renewable resources), and therefore the establishment of Sirius Solar PV Project Four, is supported at a national, provincial, and local level, and that the proposed project will contribute positively towards a number of targets and policy aims. Specifically those relating to employment creation, social and economic development and upliftment, and an increase in RE and electricity supply which has the potential to further improve individuals’ standard of living.
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SOCIAL PROFILE
Sirius Solar PV Project Four is proposed on the Remainder of Farm Tungsten Lodge No. 638, approximately 20km south-west of Upington, in the Kai !Garib LM, of the ZF Mgcawu DM, in the Northern Cape Province (refer to Table 4.1). The 132kV power line will affect both the farms Remainder of Farm Tungsten Lodge No. 638 and the Remainder of Farm Olyvenhouts Drift No. 108 and will affect both the Kai !Garib LM and Dawid Kruiper LM.
Table 4.1: Spatial Context of the Proposed Project Site. Province Northern Cape Province District Municipality ZF Mgcawu DM Local Municipality Kai !Garib LM and Dawid Kruiper LM Ward Number(s) Ward 8 – Kai !Garib LM Ward 11 - Dawid Kruiper LM Nearest Town(s) Upington (approximately 20km north-east of the project site) Farm Portion(s), Name(s) and Number(s) Remainder of the Farm Tungsten Lodge No. 638 Remainder of Farm Olyvenhouts Drift No. 108 SG 21 Digit Code (s) C02800000000068300000 C02800130000108000000 Current Zoning Agriculture Current land use Agriculture (i.e. grazing) Site Extent Remainder of the Farm Tungsten Lodge No. 638 - 1 913ha Remainder of Farm Olyvenhouts Drift No. 108 – 8426ha
This Chapter provides an overview of the socio-economic environment of the province, DM, and LMs within which Sirius Solar PV Project Four is proposed for development, and provides the socio-economic basis against which potential issues can be identified.
Northern Cape Province
The Northern Cape Province is located in the north-western extent of South Africa and constitutes South Africa’s largest province, occupying an area 372 889km² in extent, equivalent to nearly a third (30.5%) of the country’s total land mass. It is also South Africa’s most sparsely populated province with a population of 1 145 861, and a population density of 3.1/km². It is bordered by the provinces of the Western Cape, and Eastern Cape to the south, and south-east, the provinces of Free State, and North West to the east, Botswana and Namibia, to the north, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The Northern Cape is South Africa’s only province which borders Namibia, and therefore plays an important role in terms of providing linkages between Namibia and the rest of South Africa. The Orange River is a significant feature within the province, and is also the main source of water, and also constitutes the international border between South Africa and Namibia.
The Northern Cape offers unique tourism opportunities including wildlife conservation destinations, natural features, historic sites, festivals, cultural sites, stars gazing, adventure tourism, agricultural tourism, ecotourism, game farms, and hunting areas, etc. The province is home to the Richtersveld Botanical and Landscape World Heritage Site, which comprises a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) World Heritage Site under the World Heritage Convention. The Northern Cape is also home to 2
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Transfrontier National Parks, namely the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, and the Richtersveld /Ai-Ais Transfrontier Park, as well as 5 national parks, and 6 provincial reserves.
The Northern Cape plays a significant role in South Africa’s science and technology sector, and is home to the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT), and the Karoo Array Telescope (MeerKAT).
The Northern Cape makes the smallest contribution to South Africa’s economy (contributing only 2% to South Africa’s Gross Domestic Product per region (GDP-R) in 2007). The mining sector is the largest contributor to the provincial GDP, contributing 26%. The Northern Cape’s mining industry is of national and international importance, as it produces approximately 37% of South Africa’s diamond output, 44% of its zinc, 70% of its silver, 84% of its iron-ore, 93% of its lead and 99% of its manganese.
In 2007 the agricultural sector contributed 5.8% to the Northern Cape GDP per region which was equivalent to approximately R1.3 billion. The agricultural sector also employs approximately 19.5% of the total formally employed individuals (LED Strategy). The sector is experiencing significant growth in value-added activities, including game-farming, while food production and processing for the local and export market is also growing significantly (PGDS, July 2011). Approximately 96% of the land is used for stock farming, including beef cattle and sheep or goats, as well as game farming, while approximately 2% of the province is used for crop farming, mainly under irrigation in the Orange River Valley and Vaalharts Irrigation Scheme (LED Strategy).
The Northern Cape comprises 5 Districts, namely Frances Baard, Johan Taolo Gaetsewe, Namakwa, Pixley ka Seme, and ZF Mgcawu (refer to Figure 4.1).
ZF Mgcawu DM
The ZF Mgcawu DM (previously known as the Siyanda DM) is situated in the north-central extent of the Northern Cape Province, and is bordered by the Namakwa DM to the south-west and south, the Pixley ka Seme DM to the south and south-east, the Frances Baard and John Taolo Gaetsewe DMs to the east, Botswana to the north, and Namibia to the west. The ZF Mgcawu DM occupies an area of land approximately 102 484km² in extent, which is equivalent to over one quarter (approximately 27%) of the Northern Cape Province. Approximately 65 000km² of the DM’s land mass comprises the Kalahari Desert, Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, and the former Bushman Land.
The ZF Mgcawu DM is home to Upington, which is the capital of the DM, and is also where the DM’s government is located. Other prominent cities and towns located within the DM include Beeshoek, Brandboom, Danielskuil, Eksteenskuil, Groblershoop, Kakamas, Keimoes, Kenhardt, Lime Acres, Mier, Postmasburg, and Rietfontein. The main economic sectors within the DM include agriculture, mining, and tourism.
The ZF Mgcawu DM comprises 5 LMs, namely Kai !Garib, Tsantsabane, Kheis, Kgatelopele and Dawid Kruiper (refer to Figure 4.2).
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Figure 4.1: Map showing the municipalities of the Northern Cape (Source: www.municipalities.co.za).
Figure 4.2: Map showing the municipalities of the ZF Mgcawu DM (Source: www.municipalities.co.za).
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Kai !Garib LM
The Kai !Garib LM is located in the south-western extent of the ZF Mgcawu DM. It is bordered by the Dawid Kruiper LM to the north, and north-east, the !Kheis LM to the east, the Hantam LM and Khai-Ma LM of the Namakwa DM to the south and south-west respectively, and Namibia to the north-west. The Kai !Garib LM is approximately 26 377km² in extent, and is the second-largest LM in the ZF Mgcawu DM, accounting for approximately one quarter (25.7%) of the DM’s geographical area. The Kai !Garib LM is characterised by its unique landscape, which includes the Kalahari Desert on one side, and the Orange River on the other.
The Kai !Garib LM is characterised by three main towns, namely: Kakamas, Keimoes, and Kenhardt. The main economic sectors within the LM include agriculture (51.8%), community and government services (15.9%), wholesale and retail trade (11.3%), finance services (7.6%), and manufacturing (5.1%)
As per the Kai !Garib Draft IDP 2018 – 2019 (2018), the Orange River is the life vain of the area and forms the largest economic base of this area with large tracts of cultivated land occurring on both sides of the river. The Orange River is the biggest driving force behind the area, causing economic activities to have expanded greatly along the river over the last two decades. The main towns of Kakamas and Keimoes are situated in the midst of an intensive irrigation farming community stretching from Groblershoop in the east to Blouputs in the west. Farming includes crops like vineyards, pecan-nut and citrus plantations. Local areas where these types of farming flourish include: Blouputs, Eksteenskuil, Riemvasmaak and Cannon Island, while Kenhardt is known for livestock farming.
Dawid Kruiper LM
The Dawid Kruiper LM was established by the amalgamation of the Mier LM and //Khara Hais LM on 3 August 2016, and is located in the northern extent of the ZF Mgcawu DM. The Dawid Kruiper LM is bordered by the Kai !Garib and !Kheis LMs to the south, the Tsantsabane LM to the south-east, Botswana to the north-east and north, and Namibia to the west. The LM occupies an area of land approximately 44 231km² in extent and is the largest of the five LMs which make up the ZF Mgcawu DM, occupying an area equivalent to approximately 43% of the ZF Mgcawu DM. The Dawid Kruiper LM is also formally the largest LM in South Africa, and makes up approximately 12% of the Northern Cape Province, and approximately 4% of the total South African land mass. The LM is twice the size of Gauteng, one third the size of the Free State- and Limpopo Provinces, and almost half the size of KwaZulu-Natal Province.
The Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park is located in the northern extent of the LM. The LM is also home to the ‡Khomani San community, who are descended from several original San groups, and are indigenous people of Southern Africa.
The Dawid Kruiper LM is the commercial, educational, military, agricultural, medical, transport and tourism centre of the area. Upington comprises the administrative and economic centre of the LM, and is also the largest town within the LM. Other prominent cities and towns located within the LM include Mier and Rietfontein. The main economic sectors within the LM include agriculture, business services, game farming, tourism and hospitality, manufacturing, transport, community services, social and personal services.
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Project Site
Sirius Solar PV Project Four is proposed on the Remainder of the Farm Tungsten Lodge No. 638 and the Remainder of Farm Olyvenhouts Drift No. 108, located approximately 16km south-west of Upington, and 18km north-east of Keimoes. Settlement areas located in the vicinity of the project site include Klippunt located approximately 1.8km south-east, Dyasons Klip Settlement located approximately 2km south, Oranjevallei located approximately 4.2km north-east, Louisvale located approximately 6.5km east-south- east, and Kanoneiland located approximately 7.5km south-south-west of the project site.
The site comprises a single agricultural property, approximately 1 905ha in extent, which is utilised for grazing purposes. The N14 national road, which links the town of Keimoes to the south-west, and Upington to the north-east, traverses the southern boundary of the property. A disused railway line, which stretches between Keimoes and Upington is located north of the N14. The Oasis – Orange Switching Station 1 132kV overhead power line traverses the southern half of the site in a north-east to south-west direction. The Khi Solar One CSP project is located immediately north of the project site on Portion 03 of the Farm McTaggarts Camp No. 453.
An area of land approximately 500ha in extent and located in the northern extent of the project site has been earmarked for the establishment of the Sirius Solar PV project. The Sirius Solar PV Project comprises two commercial PV solar energy facilities with a contracted capacity of 75MW each, and associated infrastructure (i.e. Sirius Solar PV Project One, and Sirius Solar PV Project Two). EAs were obtained for the projects on 09 July 2014. Sirius Solar PV Project One was selected as a Preferred Bidder project in Round 4 of the REIPPP Programme and site establishment for this project is currently underway.
Social features located within the directly adjacent area of the project site which may be affected by the proposed development include warehouse buildings located just to the west of the project site and an unoccupied lodge located in close proximity (i.e. ~290ha) to the facility. The current status of the lodge was confirmed by the landowner. Considering that the lodge is unoccupied and that the other buildings in the area are used as warehousing, these receptors are not considered to be sensitive social receptors.
The Kalksloot Community (also known as the Sesbrue Community) is the closest community located near the project site. The community is located ~3.9km to the north-east of the project site. The area houses the Kalksloot Clinic which provides HIV, AIDS and TB-related treatment. The Kalksloot Intermediate School is also located here and has approximately 665 learners (2016).
Baseline Description of the Social Environment
The following subsections provide an overview of the socio-economic profile of the Kai !Garib LM and the Dawid Kruiper LM within which Sirius Solar PV Project Four is proposed. In order to provide context against which the LM’s socio-economic profile can be compared, the socio-economic profiles of the ZF Mgcawu DM, Northern Cape Province, and South Africa as a whole have also been provided. The data presented in this section have been derived from the 2011 Census, the Local Government Handbook South Africa 2018,
SIA Report Page 35 Sirius Solar PV Project Four Northern Cape Province March 2019 the Northern Cape Provincial Spatial Development Framework (PSDF), and the ZF Mgcawu DM and Kai !Garib LM IDPs.5
4.6.1. Population Size
Understanding the population dynamics of an area is important as it provides an overview of the human capital present within an area. It therefore provides an insight into the potential labour pool, from which workers may be sourced, as well as the local communities which may either be impacted on, or benefit from, a particular project. Population trends within an area also affect economic growth, and the demand for goods and services.
In 2011 the Kai !Garib LM had a population of approximately 65 871, equivalent to approximately 27.8% of the DM population, 5.7% of the provincial population, and only 0.1% of the national population. The Kai !Garib LM has a population density of 2.5/km², which is slightly higher than that of the DM (2.3/km²).
Between 2001 and 2011 the Kai !Garib LM experienced a population growth rate of 1.2%. This is very similar to, although slightly lower than the population growth rates of the DM (1.6%), provincial (1.4%), and national (1.5%) populations respectively.
In 2011 the Dawid Kruiper LM had a population of 100 495, equivalent to almost half (48.7%) of the DM population, 8.8% of the provincial population, and only 0.2% of the national population. The Dawid Kruiper LM also has a population density of 2.3/km², which is equal to that of the DM.
Between 2001 and 2011 the Mier LM and //Khara Hais LM (now known as the Dawid Kruiper LM) experienced population growth rates of -0.3% and 1.8% respectively. Given the difference in population sizes and population growth rates between the two LMs, the population growth rate of the area which now comprises the Dawid Kruiper LM could be averaged to be approximately 1.8% per year. This correlated with the DM, Province, and South Africa as a whole, which all experienced positive population growth rates in the region of 1.4% to 1.7% per year.
Table 4.2: Overview of general statistics of South Africa, Northern Cape Province, ZF Mgcawu DM, Kai !Garib LM and Dawid Kruiper LM (Source: Census 2011). Census 2011 Area (km²) Population Male Female Population Population total density/km² growth rate (2001 – 2011) South Africa 1 220 813 51 770 560 25 188 791 26 581 769 42.4 1.5% Northern Cape 372 889 1 145 861 564 972 580 889 3.1 1.4% ZF Mgcawu DM 102 484 236 790 120 173 116 617 2.3 1.6% Kai !Garib LM 26 358 65 871 34 279 31 592 2.5 1.2% Dawid Kruiper LM 44 248 100 495 49 646 50 849 2.3 1.8%
5 While information was derived from the Local Government Handbook South Africa 2018, Northern Cape PSDF, and ZF Mgcawu DM and Kai !Garib LM and Dawid Kruiper LM IDPs, these sources largely make use of statistical information derived from the Census 2011. The information presented in this Chapter may therefore be somewhat outdated, but is considered sufficient for the purposes of this assessment (i.e. to provide an overview of the socio-economic characteristics against which impacts can be identified and their significance assessed).
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4.6.2. Population Group
According to Census 2011, 62.2% of the Kai !Garib LM population are Coloured, followed by 28.3% which are Black African, 6.3% which are White, and 0.8% which are Indian / Asian. This population group structure is similar to that of the ZF Mgcawu DM which is also characterised by a majority of 60.4% Coloured, followed by 29.4% Black African, 8.2% White, and 0.7% Indian / Asian. The population group structure of the Kai !Garib LM and ZF Mgcawu DM differ from that of the Northern Cape and South Africa as a whole, which are both characterised as having higher proportions of Black Africans which make up the majority of the population (i.e. 50.4% and 79.2% respectively).
According to Census 2011, 66.9% of the Dawid Kruiper LM population are Coloured, followed secondly by 21.8% which are Black African, 9.5% which are White, and 0.7% which are Indian / Asian. This population structure is similar to that of the ZF Mgcawu DM which is also characterised by a majority of 60.4% comprising Coloured, followed by 29.4% which are Black African, 8.2% which are White, and 0.7% which are Indian / Asian. The population group structure of the Dawid Kruiper LM and ZF Mgcawu DM differ from that of the Northern Cape and South Africa as a whole, which are both characterised as having higher proportions of Black Africans which make up the majority of the population (i.e. 50.4% and 79.2% respectively).
4.6.3. Gender Profile
The gender profile of a population has significance in terms of gender distribution. The Kai !Garib LM is slightly male dominated with males making up 52% of the population, and females the remaining 48%. This correlates with the ZF Mgcawu DM population, which is also slightly male dominated (i.e. 50.8% male and 49.3% female), however the divide between males and females is more pronounced in the Kai !Garib LM population. The Kai !Garib LM and ZF Mgcawu DM both differ from the provincial and national populations, which are both female dominated.
The Dawid Kruiper LM is female dominated with females making up 50.6% of the population, and males the remaining 49.4%. This correlates with the Provincial and National populations, which are all female dominated, but differs from the ZF Mgcawu DM which is male dominated, with males comprising 50.8% of the population.
4.6.4. Age Profile
The age structure of a population is important for planning purposes, as it provides insight into what services may be required, and the level to which such services are required. For example, populations which are youth dominated (between 0 and 14 years of age) indicate a large school going population, and highlight the need for youth care and education (i.e. crèche, primary, secondary, and tertiary) facilities across different levels. Similarly populations which are dominated by an economically active age group (between 15 and 64 years of age) highlight the need to provide suitable employment and business opportunities, while populations with a predominately aged structure (i.e. over 65 years of age) indicate a high proportion of the population which are of retirement age. Such a portion of the population would no longer be economically active, and would indicate a need for services which cater to the elderly members of society, including the provision of adequate health care and nursing facilities.
According to Figure 4. the age structure of the Kai !Garib LM, ZF Mgcawu DM, and South Africa have similar population structures, but to varying extents. The Kai !Garib LM, ZF Mgcawu DM, and South Africa are all
SIA Report Page 37 Sirius Solar PV Project Four Northern Cape Province March 2019 characterised by large proportions of youth specifically between 0 – 4 years, and 15 – 29 years of age (as represented by the convex shape of the graph). This is most significantly pronounced within the Kai !Garib LM population. The Northern Cape provincial population, while also youth dominated, is far more uniform in its distribution with no significant outliers in any one population group. The youth represents the largest proportion of the population, which means that focus needs to be placed on youth development. The bulge in the population age structure between the ages of 15 – 29 years of age could be attributed to a number of individuals moving into the area in search of employment opportunities.
Similarly, the age structure of the Dawid Kruiper LM and Northern Cape Province are somewhat similar to one another, but differ from the age structures of the ZF Mgcawu DM and South African national populations, which are somewhat similar to one another.
Whereas the South African national and ZF Mgcawu DM populations are characterised by large proportions of youth specifically between 0 – 4 years, and 15 – 29 years of age (as represented by the convex shape of the graph), the Northern Cape Provincial and Dawid Kruiper LM populations while also youth dominated are far more uniform in their distribution with no significant outliers in any one population group. The youth represents the largest proportion of the population, which means that focus needs to be placed on youth development.
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Figure 4.3: Age profile within South Africa, Northern Cape Province, ZF Mgcawu DM, Kai !Garib LM and Dawid Kruiper LM (Source: Census 2011).
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4.6.5. Dependency Ratio
An area’s dependency ratio provides an indication of that portion of the population which is dependent on the economically active portion of the population based on functional age groups. The dependent portion of the population typically comprises youth below 15 years of age who are yet to enter the workforce, and individuals 65 years and older. In addition to not contributing towards the economy, such individuals are also likely to have additional needs which need to be catered for, such as access to suitable education facilities for the school going population, and access to health care facilities in the case of the aged population. The dependency ratio is calculated by combining the number of children aged under 15 years, and the number of adults aged 65 years and older, and dividing this by the working age population (i.e. those ages between 15 and 64 years of age).
The Kai !Garib LM has a dependency ratio of 29.5, implying that for every 100 people within the Kai !Garib LM, 29.5 of them are considered dependent. The dependency ratio of the Kai !Garib LM correlates are lower than that of the ZF Mgcawu DM (33.6), Northern Cape (35.8) and South African (34.5) dependency ratios. This could be attributed to the population age structure of the LM and the significantly larger proportion of individuals between the age of 15 – 29 years of age which fall within the working age population.
The Dawid Kruiper LM has a dependency ratio of 35.6, implying that for every 100 people within the Dawid Kruiper LM, 35.6 (i.e. over one third) of them are considered dependent. The dependency ratio of the Dawid Kruiper LM correlates closely with the ZF Mgcawu DM (i.e. 34.4), Northern Cape (35.8) and National (34.5) dependency ratios.
4.6.6. Education Levels
Education plays a pivotal role in community development. The level of education influences growth and economic productivity of a region. Education levels in any given population will influence both economic and human development. While low levels of education typically lead to a low skills base within an area, high levels of education have the opposite effect, resulting in a skilled or highly skilled population. Household and personal income levels are also either positively or adversely affected by education levels.
Approximately 8.9% of the Kai !Garib LM population aged 20 years and older have received no form of schooling. This figure is lower than that of the DM (9.4%), and provincial (11.1%) averages, and only slightly higher than the national (8.4%) average. The majority of 38.7% of the LM population ages 20 years and older have received some secondary (which correlates with the DM (36.3%), provincial (34.2%), and national (33.1%) averages). Approximately only 19.1% of the LM population ages 20 years and older have completed Grade 12 / Matric, with only 1.9% having received some form of higher / tertiary education. This figure is considerably lower than the DM (27.1%), provincial (29.1%), and national (39.2%) averages.
While the majority of 89.7% of the Kai !Garib LM population aged 20 years and older have received some form of schooling, 70.6% of that proportion have not completed Grade 12 / Matric. It can therefore be expected that a significant proportion of the population will either be unskilled or have a low-skill level, and would therefore either require employment in non-skilled or low-skill sectors, or alternatively would require skills development opportunities in order to improve the skills, and income levels of the area.
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Approximately 7.1% of the Dawid Kruiper LM population aged 20 years and older have received no form of schooling. This figure is lower than the DM (9.4%), Provincial (11.1%), and national (8.4%) averages. The majority of 36.6% of the LM population have received some secondary (which correlates with the DM, Provincial, and national averages), followed by 27.3% which have completed Grade 12 / Matric, which correlates with the DM (23.7%), Provincial (25.2%), and national (32.2%) averages where the second highest proportion of each of these populations citizens aged 20 years and older have also completed Grade 12 / Matric. Approximately 4.5% of the LM population aged 20 years and over have received some form of higher / tertiary education.
While the majority of 92.9% of the Dawid Kruiper LM population over 20 years of age have received some form of schooling, 58.3% of the LM population which have received some form of schooling have not completed Grade 12 / Matric. It can therefore be expected that a significant proportion of the population will either be unskilled or have a low-skill level, and would therefore either require employment in non-skilled or low-skill sectors; or alternatively would require skills development opportunities in order to improve the skills, and income levels of the area.
4.6.7. Employment
The employment profile of an area is an important indicator of human development, as poverty and unemployment are closely correlated. The quality of labour is reflected, amongst other things, by the educational profile of the economically active population and the availability of training facilities in the region. The term labour force refers to those people who are available for employment in a certain area. According to Statistics South Africa, the definitions of the following employment indicators are:
» Economically active person: “A person of working age (between 15 and 65 years inclusive) who is available for work, and is either employed, or is unemployed but has taken active steps to find work in the reference period.” » Employed: “Those who performed work for pay, profit or family gain for at least one hour in the seven days prior to the interview or who were absent from work during these seven days, but did have some form of paid work to return to.” » Official and expanded definition of unemployment: “The unemployed are those people within the economically active population who: (a) did not work during the seven days prior to the interview, (b) want to work and are available to start work within two weeks of the interview, and (c) have taken active steps to look for work or start some form of self-employment in the four weeks prior to the interview.” » Labour force: “All employed and unemployed persons of working age”. » Unemployment rate: “The percentage of the economically active population that is unemployed.”
The employment profile of an area is also an important indicator of the level of disposable income and subsequently the expenditure capital of the residing population.
Of the Kai !Garib LM’s labour force (i.e. individuals ages between 15 and 64 years of age) 31.3% are not economically active. This refers to the economically inactive portion of the population who are able and available to work, but who do not work, and who are not looking for work. Such a figure is of significance as it demonstrates a population’s willingness and desire to find employment. The economically inactive
SIA Report Page 41 Sirius Solar PV Project Four Northern Cape Province March 2019 proportion of the Kai !Garib LM’s labour force is considerably lower than that of the DM (38.3%), provincial (41.6%), and national (39.2%) averages.
Approximately 6.7% of the Kai !Garib LM’s labour force is unemployed. This means that 6.7% of the economically active population within the LM are currently unemployed, but are willing and able to work, and are actively seeking employment. The unemployment rate for the LM is again considerably lower than that of the DM (11.3%), provincial (14.5%), and national (16.5%) averages. This implies that irrespective of the size of the Kai !Garib LM’s labour force, a smaller proportion would be available to absorb employment opportunities, and the possibility therefore exists that labour may need to be sourced from elsewhere (i.e. beyond the Kai !Garib LM). This has significance in terms of the human capital available for any kind of work in the Kai !Garib LM, without providing the necessary training and development of young and economically active people in occupations in the relevant fields needed.
In order to fully understand the employment levels within an area it is also important to gain an understanding of the type of employment available. Specifically whether the employed population are employed in the formal or informal sector. The informal sector refers to that portion of the economy that is not taxed or monitored by government. The contribution made by the informal sector also does not contribute towards a country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or Gross National Product (GNP). South Africa’s informal sector provides income for more than 2.5 million workers and business owners, with approximately 1 in every 6 employed South African’s being employed in the informal sector.
Of the employed population of the Kai !Garib LM, approximately 70.6% are employed within the formal sector. This figure correlates closely with and is only fractionally higher than that of the ZF Mgcawu DM (70%), and is also closely correlated with the Northern Cape Province (71.4%) and South Africa as a whole (74%). Approximately 16.8% of the Kai !Garib LM’s employed population are employed in the informal sector, while 10.3% are employed in private households.
Of the Dawid Kruiper LM’s labour force (i.e. individuals ages between 15 and 64 years of age) the majority of 43.3% are not economically active. This refers to the economically inactive portion of the population who are able and available to work, but who do not work, and who are not looking for work. Such a figure is of significance as it demonstrates a population’s willingness and desire to find employment. The economically inactive proportion of the Dawid Kruiper LM’s labour force correlates closely with the DM (38.3%), Provincial (41.6%), and national averages (39.2%).
Approximately 11.9% of the Dawid Kruiper LM’s labour force is unemployed. This means that 11.9% of the economically active population within the LM are currently unemployed, but are willing and able to work, and are actively seeking employment. The unemployment rate for the LM is almost equal to that of the DM (11.3%), and lower than the Provincial (14.5%), and national averages (16.5%). This implies that irrespective of the size of the Dawid Kruiper LM’s labour force, a smaller proportion would be available to absorb employment opportunities; and the possibility therefore exists that labour may need to be sourced from elsewhere (i.e. beyond the Dawid Kruiper LM). This has significance in terms of the human capital available for any kind of work in the Dawid Kruiper LM, without providing the necessary training and development of young and economically active people in occupations in the relevant fields needed.
The creation of employment opportunities within the formal sector as a result of the Sirius Solar PV Project Four could therefore contribute towards growing employment within the formal sector in both the LM and DM, which could lead to greater levels of job security than may typically be associated with employment in
SIA Report Page 42 Sirius Solar PV Project Four Northern Cape Province March 2019 the informal sector. Employment opportunities will be created during both the construction phase and the operation phase. Up to 220 employment opportunities will be created during the construction phase, which will take place over an 18 month period. Of 220 opportunities 42% will be low-skilled, 52% will be semi-skilled and 6% will be skilled. During the operation phase 60 full-time employment opportunities will be available of which 30% will be skilled and semi-skilled and 70% unskilled opportunities.
4.6.8. Annual Household Income levels
In order to determine the population’s standard of living as well as their ability to pay for basic services, the income levels of the employed population are analysed. Household income levels are one avenue for determining poverty levels in a community. Households that have either no income or low income fall within the poverty level (R0 – R38 400 per annum), indicating the difficulty to meet basic need requirements. Middle-income is classified as earning R38 401 – R307 200, and high income is classified as earning R307 201 or more per annum.
Approximately 84% of households within the Kai !Garib LM fall within the low income (poverty level) bracket. This figure is considerably higher than the ZF Mgcawu DM (65%), provincial (59%) and national (53%) averages (65%). Approximately only 13% of households within the Kai !Garib LM fall within the medium income bracket, while the remaining 3% fall within the high income bracket.
Over half (54%) of households within the Dawid Kruiper LM fall within the low income (poverty level) bracket. This figure is lower than the DM average (65%), but similar to that of the Northern Cape (59%) and national averages (56%). Approximately 38% of households within the LM fall within the medium income bracket, while the remaining 8% fall within the high income bracket. The high poverty level prevalent within the LM can be attributed with social consequences such as an inability to pay for basic needs and services, which in turn has influence on an individuals’ standard of living.
The high poverty levels prevalent within the DM are significant when considered against the employment rate within the LMs. While the level of employment within the Kai !Garib LM seems considerable, the high poverty levels provide insight into the quality of employment available, indicating that the majority of the LM’s employed population are employed in low paying, and presumably low-skilled positions. High poverty levels within an area are also significant in that they can be attributed with social consequences such as an inability to pay for basic needs and services, which in turn has influence on an individuals’ standard of living, whereby higher income levels are associated with a higher standard of living and vice versa.
4.6.9. Economic Activities
According to the economic analysis contained within the Kai !Garib LM Draft IDP 2018 / 2019 (2018), the Orange River played an enormous role in the formation of the municipal area and most of the towns and settlements are to be found within close proximity to or adjacent to the Orange River. As a result, the economy is heavily depended on the Agricultural Sector, both intensively and extensively. The N14, R27 and R359 major roads have also assisted in the growth of the municipal area. In addition, since the need to facilitate the generation of sustainable energy was introduced by Eskom and the South African government new opportunities have opened up for the Kai !Garib LM. According to Kai !Garib LM SDF (2012), the LM immediately became a hotspot for Solar Energy developments and numerous developments are currently in process and the resulting economic spin-offs are eagerly anticipated. Although the Solar Corridor, as
SIA Report Page 43 Sirius Solar PV Project Four Northern Cape Province March 2019 identified by the PGDS and NCPSDF, does not include the N14 between Upington and Kakamas, current developments indicate that this area will form the centre of solar development.
Agriculture is the biggest contributor to formal sectoral employment, contributing almost half (49%) towards employment in the Kai !Garib LM. It is followed by government as an employer of about 17%, private households at 14%, the finance sector at 8% with the trading sector at 7%. Construction contributes 4%, with transport, manufacturing and mining all at 2% and 0% for the electricity sector.
According to the Dawid Kruiper LM IDP 2017 / 2022 (2018 / 2019) the LM’s economy is centred due to its strong tourism and agricultural sectors on the trade and retail sectors, leaving the local economy fairly vulnerable to any significant changes in this industry. The IDP identified the importance for the LM to further diversify its economy into other sectors to counter this vulnerability. The manufacturing sector was identified as one of the lowest performing sectors of the local economy. The provision of land for the development of the manufacturing sector (i.e. the provision of areas for industrial development and precinct industrial areas) is included in the SDF to allow this sector to grow and diversify the economy to its full extent.
Due to the unique spatial manifestation of the LM, both the first and second economy are mostly located around the CBDs of the towns, and also various farms (intensive and extensive agricultural farming units). Upington has a well-defined business centre with numerous residential areas, with a mixture of densifications already present. Secondary activities in the LM are mainly light industrial, warehousing, processing facilities and light engineering works.
The Agricultural sector is very important to the local economy and therefore represents an emerging strength for the LM, which creates further opportunities for expansion, as well as the development of linkages with other sectors of the economy, creating further opportunities for job creation.
4.6.10. Health
South Africa’s health sector is most concerned with communicable, non-communicable, pre-natal and maternal, and injury-related conditions. According to the Kai !Garib LM Draft IDP 2018 / 2019 (2018) the following medical facilities are available:
Table 4.3: Medical Facilities available within the Kai !Garib LM. Ward Medical Facility Ward 1 Augrabies Satellite Clinic Alheit Satellite Clinic Ward 2 Cillie Mobile (BBY 020) Cillie Satellite Clinic Marchand Mobile (BBY 0) Marchand Satellite Clinic Ward 3 and 4 Kakamas Clinic Kakamas Hospital Ward 5 Lennertsville Satellite Keimoes Mobile Clinic Ward 6 Keimoes Clinic Keimoes Community Health Centre Ward 7 Lutzburg Satellite Clinic Eenduin / Warmsand / Friersdale
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Ward Medical Facility Ward 8 Kanoneiland Mobile (BB) Kanoneiland Satellite Keimoes Eilande Mobile Ward 9 Kenhardt CHC Kenhardt Clinic Kenhardt Mobile (BBY 0) Ward 10 Riemvasmaak Vredesvallei Mobile / Satellite
The following health challenges have been identified:
» Increase in HIV / AIDS and TB. » High rate of teenage pregnancies. » Lack of sufficient and qualified staff – limited skills amongst current nurses and nursing sisters to make correct diagnosis and prescribe correct medicine accordingly. » Lack of sufficient facilities to render a proper health service to all communities in Kai !Garib. » Irregular and insufficient service rendered by mobile clinics. » Lack of necessary health equipment and medication at clinics.
According to the Dawid Kruiper LM IDP 2017 / 2022 (2018 / 2019) the LM currently has 2 hospitals (one public and one private hospital), 2 Community Healthcare Centres (CHC) and 6 Fixed Primary Healthcare Clinics (CHC), operating 5 days per week, and 5 Satellite Healthcare Clinics, operating less than 5 days per week.
The need for healthcare services has been identified as an ever-growing demand. The ideal is to have fixed health care facility structures in all communities. The following challenges have been identified:
» Attraction and retention of highly qualified professionals becomes difficult due to the rural nature of the area, and the fact that rural allowance has not been approved for Upington, the absence of English medium schools, and limited Professional Development opportunities. As a consequence, staff shortages are experienced, including support staff (mainly due to limited funding). » Although the interventions of Ideal Clinic is having a positive impact, most PHC facilities have reached occupancy capacity, leading to undesirable consequences to patients, including, limited seating, long waiting times, exposure to the element, etc. » Although the long-term ideal is to limit the utilisation of mobile vehicles to render services, the reality is that most of the current vehicles employed to visiting points are not suitable for this purpose. Elements of human dignity, privacy and quality healthcare are compromised under these circumstances. » A dire shortage of ambulances is experienced. This situation is compounded by the huge distances between, especially the Mier area and Upington, but also the referral of emergency cases to Kimberley Hospital.
4.6.11. Households
As of 2011 there were a total of 22 260 households within the Kai !Garib LM. This is equivalent to 32.9% of the total number of households within the ZF Mgcawu DM (67 468), 7.1% of the total number of households within Northern Cape Province (313 402), and 0.1% of the total number of households within South Africa (15 054 254). Of the total number of households within the Kai !Garib LM the majority of 56.3% comprise houses (i.e. house or brick / concrete block structure on a separate stand or yard or on a farm).
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Approximately 1.7% of households within the Kai !Garib LM comprise traditional dwellings, while 4.3% comprise informal dwellings not in a backyard, and 0.4% comprise informal dwellings in a back yard.
As of 2011 there were a total of 25 029 households within the Dawid Kruiper LM. This is equivalent to 37.9% of the total number of households within the ZF Mgcawu DM (67 468), 8.2% of the total number of households within Northern Cape Province (313 402), and 0.2% of the total number of households within South Africa (15 054 254). Of the total number of households within the Dawid Kruiper LM the majority of 69% comprise houses (i.e. house or brick / concrete block structure on a separate stand or yard or on a farm), followed by almost a fifth (18.3%) which comprise informal dwellings (i.e. shack not in a backyard). Less than 1% (0.8%) of households within the Dawid Kruiper LM comprise traditional dwellings.
The housing profile of the Dawid Kruiper LM is similar to that of the ZF Mgcawu DM which is also characterised by a majority of 64.8% of households comprising house or brick structures, followed by 14% comprising informal dwellings / shacks not in a backyard. The proportion of informal dwellings / shacks not in a backyard is higher in the Dawid Kruiper LM and ZF Mgcawu DM than in the Northern Cape Province and South Africa as a while, however the proportion of traditional dwellings is lower in the Dawid Kruiper LM and ZF Mgcawu DM than in the Northern Cape Province and South Africa as a whole.
4.6.12. Access to Basic Services
Basic services such as electricity, water and sanitation, and refuse and waste removal are considered critical for the improvement of people’s quality of life, and adequate supplies of basic services are also necessary to ensure life, well-being, and human dignity (Stats SA, 2017). Individuals’ rights to basic services is largely enshrined in Section 24 of the Constitution which states that everyone has the right to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being. The accessibility of basic services is closely related to social inclusion and social capital, and the failure of municipalities to deliver services can have a detrimental impact on social and economic development (IDASA, 2010 in Stats SA, 2017). In terms of Section 73 of the Local Government Municipal Systems Act (No. 32 of 2000), municipalities have a general duty to give effect to the provisions of the Constitution and give priority to the basic needs of the local community, promote the development of the local community, and ensure that all members of the local community have access to at least the minimum level of basic municipal services. In addition, municipal services must be equitable and accessible, be provided in a manner that is conducive to the prudent, economic, efficient and effective use of available resources, and the improvement of standards of quality over time, be financially sustainable, be environmentally sustainable, and be regularly reviewed with a view to upgrading, extension and improvement. Table 4.4 provides the classification of infrastructure quality and different levels of service provision developed by Statistics South Africa following World Bank studies (Stats SA, 2017).
Table 4.4: Classification of infrastructure quality (Stats SA, 2017). Service Level Water Sanitation Solid Waste Electricity None No access to piped No sanitation. No facilities / dump No access to water. anywhere electricity Minimal Communal Bucket toilets. Communal / own Generator / solar standpipe > 200m. refuse dump Basic Communal Pit toilet without Communal Access to electricity standpipe < 200m ventilation pipe. container / don’t pay for collection point
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Intermediate Piped water in the Ventilated Improved Removed less than Connected to yard. Pit (VIP), Chemical, or once per week source and paid for ecological toilets. Full Piped water in Conventional Removed once per In-house pre- and dwelling waterborne week post-paid meters.
Access to basic services is assessed at a household level. An overview of households within the Kai !Garib LM, Dawid Kruiper LM, ZF Mgcawu DM, Northern Cape Province and South Africa’s access to basic services is described in the following sub-sections.
4.6.12.1. Access to Water
The majority of households within the Kai !Garib LM (59.1%) and wihtin the Dawid Kruiper LM (90.6%) receive their water from a regional / local water scheme (operated by the municipality or other water services provider), which is considered to be above basic level service provision. While this profile correlates with that of the ZF Mgcawu DM (78.9%), Northern Cape Province (85.4%) and South Africa (76.9%) as a whole which all reflect high levels of access to water above the minimum service level, the proportion of households who receive their water from a regional / local water scheme is considerably lower than the DM, provincial and national averages. The fact that approximately 13.8% of households within the Kai !Garib LM obtain their water from a river / stream is also of significance.
4.6.12.2. Access to Sanitation
The majority of approximately 60.4% of households within the Kai !Garib LM have access to a flush toilet connected to a sewerage system, while an additional 15.4% have access to a flush toilet connected to a septic tank, which is equivalent to full service level provision. Approximately 0.4% of households make use of bucket latrines (equivalent to minimal service level provision), 4.8% of households have access to a pit latrine with ventilation (intermediate service level provision), and 7.1% of households have access to a pit latrine without ventilation (basic service level provision). Of significance however, is the fact that approximately 10.2% of households within the Kai !Garib LM indicated that they do not have access to sanitation services.
The profile of the Kai !Garib LM correlates fairly closely with that of the ZF Mgcawu DM which is characterised by the majority of households (63.6%) which have access to a flush toilet connected to a sewerage system, however the proportion of household which utilise bucket latrines in the DM (5%) is much greater than that in the LM (0.4%). Approximately 9.9% of households within the DM indicated that they do not have access to sanitation services.
Almost two thirds (65.8%) of households within the Dawid Kruiper LM have access to a flush toilet connected to a sewerage system while 6.6% have access to a flush toilet connected to a septic tank, which is equivalent to full service level provision. Approximately 10.2% of households make use of bucket latrines (equivalent to minimal service level provision), 5.6% of households have access to a pit latrine with ventilation (intermediate service level provision), and 5.1% of households have access to a pit latrine without ventilation (basic service level provision).
The profile of the Dawid Kruiper LM correlates fairly closely with that of the ZF Mgcawu DM which is characterised by the majority of 63.6% of households which have access to a flush toilet connected to a
SIA Report Page 47 Sirius Solar PV Project Four Northern Cape Province March 2019 sewerage system, however the proportion of household which utilise bucket latrines in the DM (5%) is half of that in the LM (10.2%), while the proportion of households without access to sanitation services in the DM (9.9%) is almost double that in the LM (5.6%).
4.6.12.3. Access to Electricity
Energy is required for cooking, heating, and lighting purposes. Individuals’ access to different energy sources for cooking, heating, and lighting purposes is significant, as the burning of fuel sources such as wood, coal, and / or animal dung over extensive periods of time could result in negative health impacts for household members. Health impacts would be most significantly experienced by those vulnerable members of society, such as young children, pregnant women, and the elderly.
The majority of households within the Kai !Garib LM have access to electricity for lighting, heating, and cooking purposes respectively. The level of service provision within the Kai !Garib is considered to be fairly poor, with households in the LM reflecting lower levels of service provision of electricity for lighting, heating, and cooking purposes than the ZF Mgcawu DM, Northern Cape Province and South Africa as a whole.
The majority of 89.9%, 69.9%, and 85.5% of households within the Dawid Kruiper LM have access to electricity for lighting, heating, and cooking purposes respectively. The level of service provision within the Dawid Kruiper is considered to be good, with households in the LM reflecting slightly higher levels of service provision of electricity for lighting, heating, and cooking purposes than the ZF Mgcawu, Northern Cape Province and South Africa as a whole.
4.6.12.4. Access to Refuse Removal
The majority of households (57.7%) within the Kai !Garib LM have their refuse removed by the local authority at least once a week which is considered full service level provision. This figure is lower than the profiles for the ZF Mgcawu DM (74.1%), Northern Cape Province (67.3%), and South Africa (58%). Of significance is the fact that over one quarter (27.6%)of households dispose of their refuse making use of their own refuse dump, which is considered to be equivalent to the minimal level of service provision, while 6.1% have no access to refuse removal, which is considered to be equivalent to no service provision.
The majority of 86.6% of households within the Dawid Kruiper LM have their refuse removed by the local authority at least once a week which is considered full service level provision. This figure is significantly higher than the profiles for the ZF Mgcawu DM (74.1%), Northern Cape Province (67.3%), and South Africa (58%).
4.6.13. Baseline summary
In summary, the area was found to have the following socio-economic characteristics:
» The project is proposed within the Northern Cape Province, which is South Africa’s largest, but least populated Province. » The project is proposed within the Kai !Garib LM and the Dawid Kruiper LM of the ZF Mgcawu DM. » The Dawid Kruiper LM was established by the amalgamation of the Mier LM and //Khara Hais LM on 3 August 2016, and covers an area of land 44 231km² in extent, formally making it the largest LM in South Africa.
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» The Kai !Garib LM is approximately 26 358km² in extent, equivalent to approximately one quarter (25.7%) of the ZF Mgcawu DM. » Between 2001 and 2011 the Kai !Garib LM experienced a population growth rate of 1.2% per year. » Between 2001 and 2011 the Dawid Kruiper LM experienced a population growth rate of -1.8% per year. » The Kai !Garib LM is male dominated, with males comprising approximately 52.0% of the LM population. The ZF Mgcawu DM is also male dominated, with males comprising approximately 50.8% of the DM population. » The Dawid Kruiper LM is female dominated, with females comprising approximately 50.6% of the LM population, while the ZF Mgcawu DM is male dominated, with males comprising approximately 50.8% of the DM population. » Coloureds comprise the predominant population group within the Kai !Garib LM, Dawid Kruiper LM and ZF Mgcawu DM. » The Kai !Garib LM, Dawid Kruiper LM, ZF Mgcawu DM, and Northern Cape provincial, and South African national population age structures are all youth dominated. A considerable proportion of the respective populations therefore comprise individuals within the economically active population between the ages of 15 and 64 years of age. » The Kai !Garib LM has a dependency ratio of 29.5, which is lower than the ZF Mgcawu DM (33.6), Northern Cape Province (35.8), and South Africa (34.5). » The Dawid Kruiper LM has a dependency ratio of 35.6, which correlates closely with the ZF Mgcawu DM (34.4), Northern Cape Province (35.8), and South Africa (34.5). » Education levels within the Kai !Garib LM are low with approximately 70.6% of the population aged 20 years and older who have received some form of schooling not having completed Grade 12 / Matric. This implies that the majority of the population can be expected to have a relatively low-skill level and would either require employment in low-skill sectors, or skills development opportunities in order to improve the skills level of the area. » Education levels within the Dawid Kruiper LM are low with approximately 58.3% of the population over 20 years of age not having completed Grade 12 / Matric. This means that the majority of the population can be expected to have a relatively low-skill level and would either require employment in low-skill sectors, or skills development opportunities in order to improve the skills level of the area. » The unemployment rate of the Kai !Garib LM (6.7%) is lower than that of the ZF Mgcawu DM (11.3%), and the percentage of economically inactive individuals within the Kai !Garib LM (31.3%) is also lower than that of the ZF Mgcawu DM (38.3%). » The unemployment rate of the Dawid Kruiper LM is only fractionally lower than that of the ZF Mgcawu DM (i.e. 11.9% for the LM and 11.3% for the DM), and the percentage of economically inactive individuals within the Dawid Kruiper LM is higher than in the ZF Mgcawu DM (i.e. 43.3% in the LM and 38.3% in the DM). This could have a negative impact in terms of the local human capital available for employment. » Household income levels within the Kai !Garib LM are very low, with approximately 84% falling within the poverty level (i.e. R0 – R38 400 per annum). The area can therefore be expected to have a high poverty level with associated social consequences such as not being able to pay for basic needs and services and poor living conditions. » Household income levels of the Dawid Kruiper LM are low within the area, with over half (54%) of falling within the poverty level (i.e. R0 – R38 400 per annum). The area can therefore be expected to have a high poverty level with associated social consequences such as not being able to pay for basic needs and services and poor living conditions. » The main economic sectors within the Kai !Garib LM include agriculture (51.8%), community and government services (15.9%), wholesale and retail trade (11.3%), finance services (7.6%), and manufacturing (5.1%).
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» The primary economic activities within the Dawid Kruiper LM comprise trade and retail as a result of the strong tourism and agricultural sectors. » The Kai !Garib LM is poorly serviced in terms of public sector health facilities with 1 hospital located in Kakamas, and a number of clinics, satellite clinics, mobile facilities and community health centres throughout the LM. » The Dawid Kruiper LM is poorly serviced in terms of public sector health facilities with 2 hospitals (one public and one private hospital), 2 Community Healthcare Centres (CHC) and 6 Fixed Primary Healthcare Clinics (CHC), and 5 Satellite Healthcare Clinics. » The majority of households within the Kai !Garib LM are adequately serviced with regards to water, sanitation, electricity, and refuse removal, however there is significant room for improvement in terms of service deliver within the LM, with the LM often exhibiting lower levels of service provision than that of the ZF Mgcawu DM, Northern Cape Province, and South Africa as a whole. » The majority of households within the Dawid Kruiper LM are well serviced with regards to water, sanitation, electricity, and refuse removal, with the LM often exhibiting higher levels of service provision that the ZF Mgcawu, Northern Cape Province, and South Africa. » As of 2011 there were a total of 22 260 households within the Kai !Garib LM. This is equivalent to 32.9% of the total number of households within the ZF Mgcawu DM (67 468), and 7.1% of the total number of households within Northern Cape Province (313 402). » The majority of households (56.3%) within the Kai !Garib LM comprise formal brick dwellings, while 1.7% comprise traditional dwellings, 4.3% comprise informal dwellings not in a backyard, and 0.4% comprise informal dwellings in a back yard. » The majority of households within the Dawid Kruiper LM comprise formal brick dwellings, with only a very small proportion (0.8%) comprising traditional dwellings.
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KEY CONSIDERATIONS FOR SOLAR PV POWER PLANTS
While no industry sector Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines have been developed for PV Solar Power, the International Finance Corporation (IFC) has published a Project Developer’s Guide to Utility-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Power Plants (IFC, 2015). Section 8 of the Project Developer’s Guide pertains to Permits, Licensing and Environmental Considerations, and states that in order to deliver a project which will be acceptable to international lending institutions, environmental and social assessments should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the key international standards and principles, namely the Equator Principles and IFC’s Performance Standards (IFC PS).
Some of the key environmental considerations for solar PV power plants contained within the Project Developer’s Guide are provided below:
Construction Phase Impacts
Construction activities lead to temporary air emissions (dust and vehicle emissions), noise related to excavation, construction and vehicle transit, solid waste generation and wastewater generation from temporary building sites and worker accommodation. In addition, Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) is an issue that needs to be properly managed during construction in order to minimise the risk of preventable accidents leading to injuries and / or fatalities. Proper OHS risk identification and management measures should be incorporated in every project’s management plan and standard Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) contractual clauses.
Water Usage
Although water use requirements are typically low for solar PV plants, clusters of PV plants may have a high cumulative water use requirement in arid areas where local communities rely upon scarce groundwater resources. In such scenarios, water consumption should be estimated and compared to local water abstraction by communities (if any), to ensure no adverse impacts on local people. Operation and Maintenance (O&M) methods in relation to water availability and use should be carefully reviewed where risks of adverse impacts to community usage are identified.
Land Matters
As solar power is one of the most land-intensive power generation technologies, land acquisition procedures and in particular the avoidance or proper mitigation of involuntary land acquisition / resettlement are critical to the success of the project. This includes land acquired either temporarily or permanently for the project site itself and any associated infrastructure – i.e. access roads, powerlines, construction camps (if any) and switchyards. If involuntary land acquisition is unavoidable, a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) (dealing with physical displacement and any associated economic displacement) or Livelihood Restoration Plan (LRP) (dealing with economic displacement only) will be required. This is often a crucial issue with respect to local social license to operate, and needs to be handled with due care and attention by suitably qualified persons.
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Landscape and Visual Impacts
Key impacts can include the visibility of the solar panels within the wider landscape and associated impacts on landscape designations, character types and surrounding communities. Common mitigation measures to reduce impacts can include consideration of layout, size and scale during the design process and landscaping / planting in order to screen the modules from surrounding receptors. Note that it is important that the impact of shading on energy yield is considered for any new planting requirements. Solar panels are designed to absorb, not reflect, irradiation. However, glint and glare should be a consideration in the environmental assessment process to account for potential impacts on landscape / visual and aviation aspects.
Ecology and Natural Resources
Potential impacts on ecology can include habitat loss / fragmentation, impacts on designated areas and disturbance or displacement of protected or vulnerable species. Receptors of key consideration are likely to include nationally and internationally important sites for wildlife and protected species such as bats, breeding birds and reptiles. Ecological baseline surveys should be carried out where potentially sensitive habitat, including undisturbed natural habitat, is to be impacted, to determine key receptors of relevance to each site. Mitigation measures can include careful site layout and design to avoid areas of high ecological value or translocation of valued ecological receptors. Habitat enhancement measures could be considered where appropriate to offset adverse impacts on sensitive habitat at a site, though avoidance of such habitats is a far more preferable option.
Cultural Heritage
Potential impacts on cultural heritage can include impacts on the setting of designated sites or direct impacts on below-ground archaeological deposits as a result of ground disturbance during construction. Where indicated as a potential issue by the initial environmental review / scoping study, field surveys should be carried out prior to construction to determine key heritage and archaeological features at, or in proximity to, the site. Mitigation measures can include careful site layout and design to avoid areas of cultural heritage or archaeological value and implementation of a ‘chance find’ procedure that addresses and protects cultural heritage finds made during a project’s construction and/or operation phases.
Transport and Access
The impacts of transportation of materials and personnel should be assessed in order to identify the most appropriate transport route to the site while minimising the impacts on project-affected communities. The requirement for any oversized vehicles / abnormal loads should be considered to ensure access is appropriate. Onsite access tracks should be permeable and developed to minimise disturbance to agricultural land. Where project construction traffic has to traverse local communities, traffic management plans should be incorporated into the environmental and social management plan and EPC requirements for the project.
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Drainage / Flooding
A review of flood risk should be undertaken to determine if there are any areas of high flood risk associated with the site. Existing and new drainage should also be considered to ensure run-off is controlled to minimise erosion.
Consultation and Disclosure
It is recommended that early stage consultation is sought with key authorities, statutory bodies, affected communities and other relevant stakeholders. This is valuable in the assessment of project viability, and may guide and increase the efficiency of the development process. Early consultation can also inform the design process to minimise potential environmental impacts and maintain overall sustainability of the project. The authorities, statutory bodies and stakeholders that should be consulted vary from country to country but usually include the following organisation types:
» Local and / or regional consenting authority. » Government energy department / ministry. » Environmental agencies / departments. » Archaeological agencies / departments. » Civil aviation authorities / Ministry of Defence (if located near an airport). » Roads authority. » Health and safety agencies / departments. » Electricity utilities. » Military authorities.
Community engagement is an important part of project development and should be an on-going process involving the disclosure of information to project-affected communities. The purpose of community engagement is to build and maintain over time a constructive relationship with communities located in close proximity to the project and to identify and mitigate the key impacts on project-affected communities. The nature and frequency of community engagement should reflect the project’s risks to, and adverse impacts on, the affected communities.
Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)
Whether or not an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) or equivalent has been completed for the site, an ESMP should be compiled to ensure that mitigation measures for relevant impacts of the type identified above (and any others) are identified and incorporated into project construction procedures and contracts. Mitigation measures may include, for example, dust suppression during construction, safety induction, training and monitoring programs for workers, traffic management measures where routes traverse local communities, implementation of proper waste management procedures, introduction of periodic community engagement activities, implementation of chance find procedures for cultural heritage, erosion control measures, fencing off of any vulnerable or threatened flora species, and so forth. The ESMP should indicate which party will be responsible for (a) funding, and (b) implementing each action, and how this will be monitored and reported on at the project level. The plan should be commensurate to the nature and type of impacts identified.
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SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
This Chapter provides a detailed description and assessment of the potential social impacts which have been identified for the detailed design and construction, operation, and decommissioning phases, of Sirius Solar PV Project Four.
A facility layout of the facility has been provided by the applicant for consideration as part of the Basic Assessment process and is considered within the SIA. The layout provides an indication of the facility infrastructure proposed within the project site (Figure 6.1). It must be noted that the facility has been divided into two areas. PV Area 1 is located in the western section of the project site and PV Area 2 is located in the eastern section of the project site, with the Helbrandkloofspruit watercourse dividing the two areas.
As part of the assessment of the project, alternatives within the facility layout have been proposed for the project. These alternatives have been considered as part of the SIA and a comparative assessment has been undertaken in order to provide an indication of which alternatives are considered to be preferred from a social perspective. The alternative proposed within the facility layout includes (Figure 6.1):
» On-site Substation location alternatives and the associated power lines – two substation location alternatives, including the associated power lines, have been proposed for each of the PV Areas. PV Area 1 includes on-site substation alternatives 1 and 4 and PV Area 2 includes on-site substation alternatives 2 and 3. Detailed Design and Construction Phase
The detailed design and construction phase is expected to take approximately 18 months to complete. It is anticipated that the following activities would be included and would form part of the detailed design and construction phase:
» Pre-planning: Several post-authorisation factors are expected to influence the final design of the facility and could result in small-scale modifications of the PV array or associated infrastructure. The construction process is dynamic and unforeseen changes to the project specifications may occur. The final facility design is required to be approved by DEA prior to any construction activities commencing on-site. Should any substantive changes or deviations from the original scope or layout of the project reflected in the BA process have occurred, DEA would need to be notified thereof, and where applicable additional approval may need to be obtained. » Conduct surveys: Prior to initiating construction, a number of surveys will be required. These include, but are not limited to confirmation of the micro-siting footprint (i.e. confirming the precise location of the PV panels, substation, and the plant’s associated infrastructure), and a geotechnical survey, as well as any other surveys that may be required. » Procurement and employment: It is estimated that up to 220 employment opportunities will be available during the construction phase. These employment opportunities will be temporary in nature, and will last for a period of up to 18 months (i.e. the length of construction). Employment opportunities generated during the construction phase will include low-skilled (42%), semi-skilled (52%), and skilled (6%) opportunities. It is understood that the majority of the labour force is expected to be sourced from the local area, and that no labour will be accommodated on-site during the construction period.
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Figure 6.1: Facility layout of the Sirius Solar PV Project Four illustrating all infrastructure and alternatives associated with the project
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» Establishment of an access road to the site: The site can be accessed via an existing gravel farm access road which can be accessed from the N14 national road. Within the facility development footprint itself, access will be required from new / existing roads for construction purposes (and limited access for maintenance during operation). The final access road layout will be determined following the identification of site related sensitivities. » Undertake site preparation: Site preparation activities will include clearance of vegetation. These activities will require the stripping of topsoil which will need to be stockpiled, backfilled and / or spread on site. » Transport of components and equipment to site: The national, regional, secondary and proposed internal access roads will be used to transport all components and equipment required during the construction phase of the solar facility. Some of the components (i.e. substation transformer) may be defined as abnormal loads in terms of the National Road Traffic Act (No. 93 of 1996) (NRTO) by virtue of the dimensional limitations. Typical civil engineering construction equipment will need to be brought to the site (e.g. excavators, trucks, graders, compaction equipment, cement trucks, etc.) as well as components required for the mounting of the PV support structures, construction of the substation and site preparation. » Establishment of laydown areas on site: Laydown and storage areas will be required for typical construction equipment. Once the required equipment has been transported to site, a dedicated equipment construction camp and laydown area will need to be established adjacent to the workshop area. The equipment construction camp serves to confine activities and storage of equipment to one designated area to limit the potential ecological impacts associated with this phase of the development. The laydown area will be used for the assembly of the PV panels and the general placement / storage of construction equipment. » Erect PV arrays and construct substation and invertors: The construction phase involves installation of the solar PV panels and structural and electrical infrastructure required for the operation of the facility. In addition, preparation of the soil and improvement of the access roads is likely to continue for most of the construction phase. The construction of the on-site substation will require a survey of the site, site clearing and levelling and construction of access road(s) (where applicable), construction of a level terrace and foundations, assembly, erection, installation and connection of equipment, and rehabilitation of any disturbed areas, and protection of erosion sensitive areas. » Establishment of ancillary infrastructure: Ancillary infrastructure will include workshop, storage and laydown areas, gatehouse and security complex, as well as a temporary contractor’s equipment camp. The establishment of the ancillary infrastructure and support buildings will require the clearing of vegetation and levelling of the development site, and the excavation of foundations prior to construction. Laydown areas for building materials and equipment associated with these buildings will also be required. » Undertake site rehabilitation: Once construction is completed and all construction equipment has been removed, the site will be rehabilitated where practical and reasonable. In addition, on full commissioning of the solar facility, any access points which are not required during operation must be closed and rehabilitated accordingly.
The majority of social impacts associated with the project are anticipated to occur during the construction phase of development, and are typical of the type of social impacts generally associated with construction activities. Impacts associated with the detailed design and construction phase of a project are usually of a short duration and temporary in nature, but could have long-term effects on the surrounding social environment if not planned or managed appropriately. It is therefore necessary that the detailed design
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6.1.1. Construction Phase Impacts Associated with Sirius Solar PV Project Four
6.1.1.1. Direct and Indirect employment opportunities
Information derived from the Social Impact Assessment for Phase One and Two of the Sirius Solar Energy Facility, Northern Cape Province (Tony Barbour, November 2013) which formed part of the Final Environmental Impact Report for the Proposed Sirius Solar PV Project near Upington, Northern Cape Province (Project One - DEA Reference No.: 14/12/16/3/3/2/469, Project Two - DEA Reference No.: 14/12/16/3/3/2/481) (Savannah Environmental, February 2014) indicated that based on information from other solar energy facility projects the construction phase for a 75MW solar energy facility is expected to extend over a period of 18 to 24 months and create approximately 291 employment opportunities, depending on the final design. Of this total approximately 60% (175) will be available to low-skilled workers (i.e. construction labourers, security staff etc.), 15% (43) to semi-skilled workers (i.e. drivers, equipment operators etc.) and 25% (73) to skilled personnel (i.e. engineers, land surveyors, project managers etc.). Based on the assumption that the average monthly salary for low skilled, semi-skilled and skilled workers would be in the region of R5 000, R8 000 and R25 000 respectively for a period of 20 months the total wage bill for the construction phase was estimated to be in the region of R60 million. The injection of income into the area in the form of wages will represent a significant opportunity for the local economy and businesses in the Upington and Keimoes area (Barbour, 2013).
It is anticipated that the proposed project will result in the creation of approximately 220 employment opportunities at the peak of construction, comprising a mixture of skilled, semi-skilled, and low-skilled opportunities. Employment opportunities generated as a result of the project will be temporary in nature, and will last for the duration of the construction period (i.e. approximately 18 months). The project proponent anticipates that the majority of the general labour force will as far as possible be sourced from the local labour pool. Where relevant skills are unavailable from the local labour pool, these would need to be sought elsewhere. Solar PV projects make use of high levels of unskilled and semi-skilled labour so there will be good opportunity to use local labour. The injection of income into the area in the form of wages will represent an opportunity for the local economy and businesses in the area.
In addition to direct employment opportunities associated with the construction of the project a number of indirect employment opportunities will also be created. Indirect employment opportunities will predominantly be created in the service industry, through the opportunity for the provision of secondary services to the construction team. Services may include for example accommodation, catering, and laundry services. Indirect employment opportunities created as a result of the construction of the project would also be temporary in nature and would last for the duration of the construction period (i.e. approximately 18 months). The creation of employment opportunities is considered to be of moderate magnitude given the levels of unemployment within the area, the low average income, and the fact that the majority of employment within the surrounding area is of a seasonal nature as it is associated with the agricultural sector.
While difficult to quantify, indirect employment opportunities are significant in that they provide greater opportunity for women to be included and benefitted, albeit it indirectly. Other indirect employment
SIA Report Page 57 Sirius Solar PV Project Four Northern Cape Province March 2019 opportunities that will be created during construction relate to increased demand for transportation, equipment rental, sanitation and waste removal etc. which may benefit local service providers.
Where feasible local suppliers and contractors should be used as far as possible to ensure that the benefits resulting from the project accrue as far as possible to the local communities which are also likely to be most significantly impacted / affected by the project.
Table 6.1: Impact assessment on direct and indirect employment opportunities Nature: The creation of direct and indirect employment opportunities during the construction phase of the project.
Without enhancement With enhancement Extent Local- Regional (3) Local- Regional (3) Duration Short term (2) Short term (2) Magnitude Minor (2) Moderate (6) Probability Highly probable(4) Definite (5) Significance Low (28) Medium (55) Status (positive or negative) Positive Positive Reversibility N/A N/A Irreplaceable loss of resources? No Can impacts be mitigated? Yes (enhance) Mitigation/Enhancement: » A local employment policy should be adopted to maximise opportunities made available to the local labour force. » Labour should be sourced from the local labour pool, and only if the necessary skills are unavailable, should labour be sourced from (in order of preference) the greater Kai !Garib LM, Dawied Kruiper LM, ZF Mgcawu DM, Northern Cape Province, South Africa, or elsewhere. » Where feasible, training and skills development programmes should be initiated prior to the commencement of the construction phase. » As with the labour force suppliers should also as far as possible be sourced locally. » As far as possible local contractors that are compliant with Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE) criteria, should be used. » The recruitment selection process should seek to promote gender equality and the employment of women wherever possible. Cumulative impacts: » Opportunity to decrease the local unemployment levels and increase the levels of income and spending power within the region. » Opportunity to upgrade and improve skill levels in the area. » Opportunity for local entrepreneurs to develop their businesses (which could result in the creation of additional employment opportunities, levels of income and spending power through sustainable growth). Residual impacts: » Improved pool of skills and experience in the local area. » Economic growth for small-scale entrepreneurs. » Temporary employment during construction phase will result in job losses and struggles for construction workers to find new employment opportunities.
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6.1.1.2. Economic multiplier effects
There are likely to be opportunities for local businesses and service providers to provide services and materials for, and in doing so benefit from, the construction phase of the proposed project. Off-site accommodation in the nearest towns (Keimoes or Upington) may be required for contract workers and certain employees. The economic multiplier effects from the use of local goods and services will include, but is not limited to, construction materials and equipment, and workforce essentials such as catering, trade clothing, safety equipment, accommodation, transportation and other goods.
In terms of business opportunities for local companies, expenditure during the construction phase will create business opportunities for the regional and local economy. The increase in demand for new materials and services in the nearby area may stimulate local business and local economic development. There is likely to be a direct increase in industry and indirect increase in secondary businesses.
The project proponent should source services needed from the local area as much as possible. These necessities should be sourced from nearby towns and local service providers. Potential opportunities for local economies, a decrease in current level of unemployment, and an increase in incomes will in turn stimulate further expenditure and sales within the local economies.
The injection of income into the area in the form of wages will represent an opportunity for the local economy and businesses in the area. Through the stimulation of employment and income new demand may be created within local and regional economies. With increased income comes additional income for expenditure on goods and services supplied. Indirect impacts would occur as a result of the new economic development, and would include new jobs at businesses that may support the construction workforce or provide project materials, and associated income. The intention should therefore be to maximise local labour employment opportunities, which is likely to have a positive impact on local communities and downstream benefits with regards to household income, education and other social aspects. Such benefits may however be limited given the very short construction period (i.e. approximately 18 months).
Table 6.2: Economic multiplier effects impact assessment Nature: Significance of the impact from the economic multiplier effects from the use of local goods and services.
Without enhancement With enhancement Extent Local- Regional (3) Local- Regional (3) Duration Short term (2) Short term (2) Magnitude Low (4) Moderate (6) Probability Highly probable (4) Definite (5) Significance Medium (36) Medium (55) Status (positive or negative) Positive Positive Reversibility N/A N/A Irreplaceable loss of resources? No Can impacts be mitigated? Yes (enhance) Mitigation/Enhancement: » A local procurement policy should be adopted to maximise the benefit to the local economy.
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» A database of local companies, specifically Historically Disadvantaged Individuals (HDIs) which qualify as potential service providers (e.g. construction companies, security companies, catering companies, waste collection companies, transportation companies etc.) should be created and companies listed thereon should be invited to bid for project-related work where applicable. » Local procurement is encouraged along with engagement with local authorities and business organisations to investigate the possibility of procurement of construction materials, goods and products from local suppliers where feasible. Cumulative impacts: » Opportunity for local capital expenditure, potential for the local service sector. Residual impacts: » Improved local service sector, growth in local business.
6.1.1.3. Influx of jobseekers and change in population
Construction projects have the potential to attract jobseekers which may move into an area in search of employment opportunities. An influx of people looking for employment or other economic opportunities could result in increased pressure being placed on economic and social infrastructure, and a change in the local population. Population change refers to the size, structure, density as well as demographic profile of the local community.
An influx of jobseekers into an area, could lead to a temporary increase in the level of crime, cause social disruption and put pressure on basic services. This includes municipal services such as sanitation, electricity, water, waste management, health facilities, transportation and the availability of housing. It could also potentially create conflict between locals and outsiders due to potential differences in racial, cultural and ethnic composition. A further negative impact that could result due to an influx of jobseekers into an area is an increase in unemployment levels due to an oversupply of available workforce, particularly with respect to semi and unskilled workers.
Given the relatively small labour force required for the project (i.e. approximately 220 opportunities at the peak of construction comprising skilled, semi-skilled, and low-skilled), the short duration of the construction period (i.e. approximately 18 months), and the close proximity of the site to the towns of Keimoes and Upington (from which the majority of labour is likely to be sourced), the construction of the project is not anticipated to result in changes to the population within the site or its surrounds. In addition, due to the fact that no man camps will be established on site, the potential for an influx of people into the area or change in population demographics is anticipated to be minimal. The labour force is therefore also not anticipated to place significant pressure on local resources and social networks, or existing services and infrastructure, as they would already be accessing services at their places of residence.
Table 6.3: Assessment of impacts from an influx of jobseekers and change in population in the study area Nature: In-migration of labourers in search of employment opportunities, and a resultant change in population, and increase in pressure on local resources and social networks, or existing services and infrastructure.
Without mitigation With mitigation Extent Local (1) Local (1) Duration Short-term (2) Short-term (2) Magnitude Small (0) Small (0) Probability Probable (3) Very Improbable (1) Significance Low (9) Low (3) Status (positive or negative) Negative Negative
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Reversibility Yes Irreplaceable loss of resources? No Can impacts be mitigated? Yes Mitigation: » Develop and implement a local procurement policy which prioritizes “locals first” to prevent the movement of people into the area in search of work. » Engage with local community representatives prior to construction to facilitate the adoption of the local’s first procurement policy. » Provide transportation for workers (from towns such as Keimoes and Upington) to ensure workers can easily access their place of employment and do not need to move closer to the project site. » Working hours should be kept within daylight hours during the construction phase. » Compile and implement a grievance mechanism. » Appoint a Community Liaison Officer (CLO) to assist with the procurement of local labour. » Prevent the recruitment of workers at the project site. » Implement a method of communication whereby procedures to lodge complaints are set out in order for the local community to express any complaints or grievances with the construction process. » Establish clear rules and regulations for access to the proposed site. » Appoint a security company and implement appropriate security procedures to ensure that workers to not remain onsite after working hours. » Inform local community organisations and policing forums of construction times and the duration of the construction phase. » Establish procedures for the control and removal of loiters from the construction site. Cumulative impacts: » Additional pressure on natural resources, services, infrastructure and social dynamics in the area due to an increased in people and change in population. » Possible increase in criminal activities and economic losses in area for property owners. Residual impacts: » Possibility of outside workers remaining in the area after construction is completed and subsequent pressures on local infrastructure, resources and services.
6.1.1.4. Safety and security impacts
The commencement of construction activities can be associated with an increase in crime within an area. The perceived loss of security during the construction phase of a project due to an influx of workers and / or outsiders to the area (as in-migration of newcomers, construction workers or jobseekers are usually associated with an increase in crime), may have indirect effects such as increased safety and security concerns for neighbouring properties, damage to property, increased risk of veld fire, stock theft, poaching, crime and so forth.
Given the fact that a man camp will not be established onsite, and the labour force will therefore not permanently reside within the area, or have any reason to be onsite after hours, it is anticipated that the probability and significance of such safety and security impacts occurring will be reduced.
The project proponent should strive to develop and maintain good relationships and ongoing and open communication with neighbouring land owners. Suitable grievance control mechanisms must be developed and implemented, and the local community informed of the grievance mechanism to be followed. In addition, a security company must be appointed and appropriate security measures implemented prior to the commencement of construction activities onsite.
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Table 6.4: Assessment of safety and security impacts Nature: Temporary increase in safety and security concerns associated with the influx of people during the construction phase.
Without mitigation With mitigation Extent Local (2) Local (2) Duration Short term (2) Short term (2) Magnitude High Intensity (8) Moderate (6) Probability Probable (3) Improbable (2) Significance Medium (36) Low (20) Status (positive or negative) Negative Negative Reversibility Yes Irreplaceable loss of resources? No Can impacts be mitigated? Yes Mitigation: » Working hours should be kept within daylight hours during the construction phase. » Employees should be easily identifiable and must adhere to the security rules of the project site. » Provide transportation for workers (from towns such as Keimoes and Upington) to ensure workers do not need to move closer to the project site. » The perimeter of the construction site should be appropriately secured to prevent any unauthorised access to the site, the fencing of the site should be maintained throughout the construction period. » The appointed EPC contractor must appoint a security company and appropriate security procedures and measures are implemented. » Access in and out of the construction camp should be strictly controlled by a security company appointed to the project. » A CLO should be appointed as a grievance mechanism. A method of communication should be implemented whereby procedures to lodge complaints are set out in order for the local community to express any complaints or grievances with the construction process. » The implementation of a stakeholder management plan by the EPC contractor to address neighbouring farmer concerns regarding safety and security. Cumulative impacts: » Possible increase in crime levels (with influx of people) with subsequent possible economic losses. Residual impacts: » None anticipated.
6.1.1.5. Impacts on daily living and movement patterns
Project components and equipment will be transported to site using road transport. The N14 national road which links the town of Keimoes to the south-west and Upington to the north-east provides the primary access to the area, while the site itself can be accessed via gravel farm access roads from the N14. Local farmers utilise the gravel access roads to access their farms.
Increased traffic due to construction vehicles could cause disruptions to the local community and increase safety hazards. The use of local roads and transport systems may cause road deterioration and congestion. This impact will be magnified since farm roads are not designed to carry heavy traffic and are prone to erosion. Noise, vibrations, dust and visual pollution from heavy vehicle traffic during the construction phase could also negatively impact local residents and road users.
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The upgrading of access roads may damage the fences along the access road. Infrastructure such as roads and fencing should be maintained in the present condition and repaired immediately, if damaged as a result of construction activities. The contractor should be responsible for managing this impact on private property.
Table 6.5: Assessment of impacts on daily living and movement patterns. Nature: Temporary increase in traffic disruptions and movement patterns during the construction phase.
Without mitigation With mitigation Extent Local-Regional (3) Local-Regional (3) Duration Short term (2) Short term (2) Magnitude High (8) Moderate (6) Probability Probable (3) Probable (2) Significance Medium (39) Low (22) Status (positive or negative) Negative Negative Reversibility Yes Irreplaceable loss of resources? No Can impacts be mitigated? Yes Mitigation: » Working hours must preferably be undertaken within daylight hours during the construction phase, and where deviation of the working hours is required it must be approved by the relevant authorities. » All vehicles must be road worthy and drivers must be qualified, obey traffic rules, follow speed limits and made aware of the potential road safety issues. » Construction vehicles should be inspected regularly to ensure their road safety worthiness. » Provision of adequate and strategically placed traffic warning signs and control measures along the N14 and gravel farm access roads to warn road users of the construction activities taking place for the duration of the construction phase. Warning signs must be visible at all times, and especially at night. » Implement penalties for reckless driving as a way to enforce compliance to traffic rules. » Avoid heavy vehicle activity during “peak” hours (when children are taken to school, people driving to work). » The developer and EPC contractor must ensure that all fencing along access roads is maintained in the present condition or repaired if disturbed due to construction activities. » The developer and EPC Contractor must ensure that the roads utilised for construction activities are either maintained in the present condition or upgraded if disturbed due to construction activities. » The developer and EPC Contractor must ensure that any damage / wear and tear to the roads caused by construction related traffic / project activities is repaired. » A method of communication must be implemented whereby procedures to lodge complaints are set out in order for the local community to express any complaints or grievances with the construction process. Cumulative impacts: » Possible increased traffic and traffic disruptions impacting local communities. Residual impacts: » None anticipated.
6.1.1.6. Nuisance Impacts (noise & dust)
Impacts associated with construction related activities include noise, dust, and possible disruption to adjacent properties. Site clearing activities increase the risk of dust and noise being generated, which can in turn negatively impact on adjacent properties. The movement of heavy construction vehicles and construction activities and equipment also have the potential to create noise at the project site, as well as along the N14 national road, and other local access roads. The primary sources of noise during construction would be from construction equipment, vehicle / truck traffic, and ground vibration. Noise levels can be
SIA Report Page 63 Sirius Solar PV Project Four Northern Cape Province March 2019 audible over a large distance however are generally short in duration. Dust would be generated from construction activities as well as trucks / vehicles driving on gravel access roads. This impact will negatively impact sensitive receptors. The impact of noise and dust on farmsteads can be reduced through the application of appropriate mitigation measures.
Table 6.6: Assessment of nuisance impacts (noise and dust) Nature: Nuisance impacts in terms of temporary increase in noise and dust, and wear and tear on access roads to the site.
Without mitigation With mitigation Extent Local (1) Local (1) Duration Short-term (2) Short-term (2) Magnitude High (8) Moderate (6) Probability Highly probable (4) Probable (3) Significance Medium (44) Low (27) Status (positive or negative) Negative Negative Reversibility Yes Irreplaceable loss of resources? No Can impacts be mitigated? Yes Mitigation: » The movement of heavy vehicles associated with the construction phase should be timed to avoid weekends, public holidays and holiday periods where feasible. » The contractor must ensure that damage / wear and tear caused by construction related traffic to the access roads is repaired before the completion of the construction phase. » Dust suppression measures must be implemented for heavy vehicles such as wetting of gravel roads on a regular basis and ensuring that vehicles used to transport sand and building materials are fitted with tarpaulins or covers. » Ensure all vehicles are road worthy, drivers are qualified and are made aware of the potential noise and dust issues. » A CLO should be appointed. A method of communication should be implemented whereby procedures to lodge complaints are set out in order for the local community to express any complaints or grievances with the construction process. Cumulative impacts: » If damage to roads is not repaired then this will affect other road users and result in higher maintenance costs for vehicles of road users. » Other construction activities in area will heighten the nuisance impacts, such as noise, dust and wear and tear on roads. Residual impacts: » Only damage to roads that are not fixed could affect road users.
6.1.1.7. Visual Impacts and Sense of Place Impacts
Intrusion impacts such as aesthetic pollution (i.e. building materials, construction vehicles, etc.), noise and light pollution, and impacts on the rural nature of the site will impact the “sense of place” for the local community. Construction related activities have the potential to negatively impact a local areas “sense of place”. Such an impact is likely to be more prevalent during the construction phase, but will also persist to a lesser extent during the operation of the project.
Given the location of Sirius Solar PV Project Four on a private property, within an area characterised as having a low population density, and given the project’s location within close proximity to the operational
SIA Report Page 64 Sirius Solar PV Project Four Northern Cape Province March 2019 and highly visible Khi Solar One CSP project, as well as to the Sirius Solar one PV facility and Dyason’s Klip 1 and 2 PV projects (2 x 75MW) all currently under construction, the visual impact and impact on the areas sense of place associated with the construction of the proposed project is anticipated to be of limited significance.
The identification of the significance of the impact on sense of place for the construction phase was undertaken through the consideration of the Visual Impact Assessment (Environmental Planning and Design, 2019) undertaken for the project.
Table 6.7: Assessment of impacts on the sense of place Nature: Intrusion impacts from construction activities will have an impact on the areas “sense of place”.
Without mitigation With mitigation Extent Local (1) Local (1) Duration Short-term (2) Short-term (2) Magnitude Minor (2) Small (0) Probability Probable (3) Improbable (2) Significance Low (15) Low (6) Status (positive or negative) Negative Negative Reversibility Yes Yes Irreplaceable loss of resources? No Can impacts be mitigated? Yes Mitigation: » Limit noise generating activities to normal daylight working hours and avoid weekends and public holidays. » The movement of heavy vehicles associated with the construction phase should be timed to avoid weekends, public holidays and holiday periods where feasible. » Dust suppression measures must be implemented for heavy vehicles such as wetting of gravel roads on a regular basis and ensuring that vehicles used to transport sand and building materials are fitted with tarpaulins or covers. » All vehicles must be road-worthy and drivers must be qualified and made aware of the potential road safety issues and need for strict speed limits. » Communication, complaints and grievance channels must be implemented and contact details of the CLO must be provided to the local community in the study area. » Implement the relevant mitigation measures as recommended in the Visual Impact Assessment. Cumulative impacts: » Other construction activities in area will heighten the intrusion impacts, such as noise, dust and aesthetic pollution and further negatively impact the areas ‘sense of place’. Residual impacts: » None anticipated.
Operation Phase
Sirius Solar PV Project Four is anticipated to operate for a minimum of 20 years. The facility will operate continuously, 7 days a week. While the solar facility will be largely self-sufficient, monitoring and periodic maintenance activities will be required. Key elements of the Operation and Maintenance (O&M) plan include monitoring and reporting the performance of the solar facility, conducting preventative and corrective maintenance, receiving visitors, and maintaining security.
The potential positive and negative social impacts which could arise as a result of the operation of the proposed project include the following:
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6.2.1. Operation Phase Impacts Associated with Sirius Solar PV Project Four
6.2.1.1. Direct and Indirect employment opportunities
During the operation phase, up to 60 full-time employment opportunities will be available. These employment opportunities will include skilled and semi-skilled (30%) and unskilled (70%) opportunities. The employment opportunities generated as a result of the project will be long term and will last for the duration of operation (i.e. approximately 20 years). None of the employment opportunities will be permanently stationed onsite. In addition to the direct employment opportunities it is anticipated that additional indirect employment opportunities will be generated during the operation of the project.
Table 6.8: Employment opportunities and skills development Nature: The creation of employment opportunities and skills development opportunities during the operation phase for the country and local economy.
Without enhancement With enhancement Extent Local- Regional (3) Local- Regional (3) Duration Short term (2) Short term (2) Magnitude Small (0) Small (0) Probability Highly probable(4) Definite (5) Significance Low (20) Low (25) Status (positive or negative) Positive Positive Reversibility N/A Irreplaceable loss of resources? No Can impacts be mitigated? Yes (enhance) Mitigation/Enhancement: » A local employment policy should be adopted to maximise the opportunities made available to the local community. » The recruitment selection process should seek to promote gender equality and the employment of women wherever possible. » Vocational training programs should be established to promote the development of skills. Cumulative impacts: » Opportunity to reduce unemployment rates. Residual impacts: » Improved pool of skills and experience in the local area.
6.2.1.2. Development of non-polluting, renewable energy infrastructure
South Africa currently relies predominantly on coal-generated electricity to meet its energy needs. As a result, the country’s carbon emissions are considerably higher than those of most developed countries partly because of the energy-intensive sectors which rely heavily on low quality coal, which is the main contributor to GHG emissions. The use of solar technology for power generation is considered a non-consumptive use of a natural resource which produces zero GHG emissions during its operation. The generation of RE utilising solar power will contribute positively to South Africa’s electricity market. Given South Africa’s reliance on Eskom as a power utility, the benefits associated with a REIPPP are regarded as an important contribution, and the advancement of RE has been identified as a priority for South Africa.
SIA Report Page 66 Sirius Solar PV Project Four Northern Cape Province March 2019
Increasing the contribution of the RE sector to the local economy would contribute to the diversification of the local economy and provide greater economic stability. The growth in the RE sector as a whole could introduce new skills and development into the area. This is especially true with regards to solar power specifically considering the number of other solar power projects proposed and operational within the broader area.
The development of RE projects have the potential to contribute to the stability of the economy, and could contribute to the local economy through employment generation (direct, indirect