68 (1971). A UG. I, 1971 26 J . E:,\ T U~!OL. SUL'. BBIT. CO l. U ~lB1A.

OBSERVATIONS ON OVATA L. (: ) INFESTING RED ALDER IN SOUTHWESTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA 1 J . H . BORDEN AND W. F. DEAN 1 Pestology Centre, Department o f Biolugical Sciences, Simon Fraser Uni versity, Burnaby, British Columbia ABSTRACT bivol­ As in Quebec, L. in British Columbia is E. ovata in tine, parthenogenetic a nd overwinters as a prepupa. Unlike leaf, a nd pass Quebec, t he first instar l arvae emerge on the lower side of t he a racteri stically through 6 or 7 rather than 5 or 6 la rval insta rs. Defoliation ch , small trees leaves only the midrib and main seconda ry veins. In limited areas may be completely defoli a ted.

e surface at an anglf' toward the main leaf The red-backPd . Eriocampa ovala L.. through th aightened its abdomen. inserted ,m egg deep introduced into Canada from Europe at an Wl­ vei n. str o the mid rib. [md withdrew the ovipositor. TIle determined date. is now "idespread on AlnL~s spp. int e process took 150 ± 1.) sec. (mean of 10 throughuut the c owltry !Ross 195 1: Raizenne entir ovipositi olls by 3 females I. It then moved fonmrd 1957; Bouchard 19601. In British Columbia. one rul(l repeated the process. laying the next egg very specimen was taken in Vancouver by Hopping and to or touching til(' preccpding one. Leech on August 26. 1932 (j. W. E. Harris. pers. near Thp oviposition scars are (' xternally evident (Fig. conUTI.I . Although it is of little economic importance II. I ntf'rnally. the egp;s lie in side the win. the 011 either continent. it may severely defoliate young c polf' facinp; ventrall y and towards the leaf ti p trees in eastern Canada 1Bou chard 1960 I. Bouchard Ct' rhali 2 1. Eggs wpre rarely fOlmd in secondary veins. (1960 I described the life history. morpholob'Y and (Fig. the laboratory. a dults o ffered a limited characteris tics of all the life stages of E. ovala on but in es frequently oviposted into secondary Alnl1$ rugosa var. i1l1lerit'ilTW (L.I in ()uebec. nllmber of Ipav sites 011 tht' mid rib were taken. In 50 In 1968. we observed E. oval ll defoliating red veins once olkcted. infested leaves. there was a m ean of alder (A lnlls rllbra Bong. I regeneration on Burnaby field-(' per leaf 1r ange. I to 2.') I and 3.67 per MOlmlain {elev. 12()0 ft.l. and haY<' since noted <.l.02 eggs e. I t o 101 . 'Ille earliest field record of similar defoliation in various locatilities in the lower clutch I rang 12 in both 1969 and 1970. and for mainland of this rrovince. Our objectives wpre to eggs was May 1969. but not lmtil J lUle 10. 1970 note its habits. and its effect onA. rubra. with special larvae. May IS, eriod of IUlseasonall y cool weather. attention to possiblf' differences between thp biolugy {following a p in the laboratory hatched in 10 and I l of E. OVil la in eastern Canada and British Columbia. Two eggs As in Quebec {Bouchard 1960 I. E. oval a appears clays at 24 C. to be bivoltine in B.C. Adults. first observed on May Bouchard ( 1960 I observed that first instar larvae eded from 7 and 6 in 1969 and 1970. r espectively. were con­ 0 11 A. rllgosil var. umericana were imp tinually present until the end of All1,Ttlst. but were leaving the incubation site by sclerotized leaf tissue. through most numerous from mid May to early June. and However. Oil A. ruhru they easily chewed [rom late JWle through July. Moreover. 16 adults ,Uld ingested the lower epidermis of the leaf. and emerged in rearing from Junp :\0 to September 4. No unlik f' 1\. ovala in Quebec 1B0uchard 1960) began ce of males were collected or reared. to fct'd on the lower rather than the upper surfa In the laboratory, 3 a dults displayed a c harac­ the leaf. to that tenstlc ovi posItIOn behaviour similar All larval instars except the last are covered by a r wandering described by Bridgeman (IB7BI . Afte white. woolly. epidemlal secretion (Fig. 31 . Of foll o"ing its over the upper surface of a leaf and fourteen larvae successfully reared individually. <) approached perimeter for some distance. the passcd through 6 larval in stars over an av erage tiole. and felt the central axis of the leaf. facing the pe period of I B.2 days (rrulge. 14 to 22 days ) and 5 had 1 t placed for the mid rib with the tip of its abdompn. -: larval instars over 21.4 davs (range 17 to 2.') days l. rib. cut the ovipositor one to 2 nml from the mid In Quebec E m!illu has .') or 6 larval instars the N

Fig. !. E. ovata oviposition scars on upper surface of red alder leaf. One scar designated by a rrow. Fig. 2 E. ovata eggs inside mid rib of red a lder leaf as viewed from above. Fig. :3 Feeding E. ovata la rva skeletoni zing leaf in characteristic manner. Fig. 4 Alder sapling defoli a ted by E. ovata except for current yea r's apical growth. Fig. 5 Leaves from defoli a ted red a lder skeletoni zed by E. ovata. IlIA , 68 (1971), A CG. 1, 1971 28 J . E"TO'IOr.. Soc. BlnT. C01. UM

. The last instar drops However. the carrent year's apical /,'rm,1h was late as October I fl. 1969 e tree on the sam(' day as the usually untouched (Fig. 4 1. Even after larvae have \\;thout feeding from th the soil wher!' it fomls left the tree. the white exuviae on the branchps final moult. ,md burrows into e surface. Dissection of implicate E. "VElla as the principal df· foliator. 'The a CO('(' 111 \\i thin ;) cm from th er disclosed onl y alder sawfly. Hemichroa croce3 I F011rc. 1 vms not :1O coeoons throughout the wint May when further available for comparison. but defoliation by F.. OI'

Re fe rences ovata (L) (Hymenoptera: Boucha rd, P. 1960. La tenthrede a thorax rouge de I' aulne, Eriocampa Tenthredinidael . Ann. Soc. En\. Que. 6:69.80. e. T he E n\. 11 : 191-192. Bridgeman, J. B. 1878. On part henogenesis in the Tent hredinida nd their parasites. Can. Dept. Agric. Raizenne, H. 1957 . Forest of southern Ontari o a Publ. No. 1009. Krombein , H ymenoptera of Ameri ca Ross, H . H . 195 1. p. 61. In: C. F. W . Musebeck and K. V. north of Mexico, U.S. Dept. Agric. , Agri c. Mon. No.2.

cation and entering the RESPJRATJON AND ORCULA TJON prf'violl' \\'f.rk. avoiding dupli d literature. To judge by Compiled and ('dited by "'Iltt' mporary and pstablishe ges ther(' must be close to P. L. ALTMAN a nd f) . S. DITI'MER a ' lImple !>'Imt on 400 pa 19,] ( .• tlOO ,,·fer(,I1(' ('s. some of them enormous. Federation of Amer. Soc. for There are :2 :12 tables. of f,'To wth r Cb,'1. u a tors Exptl. Bioi .. Bethesda. Mel. e. g- . 'fable 229. ' rr a n ~ l() cat i() 11 lli ar plwlts ; this is 49 pp. long Pp. xxv and '):m li .5. s:~ o.oo [mel herbiddes in vase ,Ulel incl udes ~6l) references for 582 items. Some rest t o e ntomologists 'The fifth in a series prepared for speeialists. this other tabl!'s of dircct inte , consumption : comparative large. h eavy book i s a stupendous work of concern : inhibition of 0 systems ; e lectrical and organization and system. indexing and filing. a lmatomy of circulatory ardiac muscle : heart llandbuch in the German tradition. of Teutonic mechanieal properties of c les : hemocytes; and car­ thoroughness. Of the 3 1S contributors and rcvi('w('rs, rates : hemolymph vohm names of the c on­ 7fl are from the U.S.A .. () from the u.K .. 4 bohydrat('s in hemolymph. 'nle the tables. are well from C311ada. and the rest from I <) other countries. tributors ar(' shown with ation i s easily accessible 111e arrangenwnt is in II sections. In order. these rf'prpsellted and th(' inform in large tables, by using are : general principi I's : basic physical 311d chemi eal even where it is embedded and tm. mirror-image appendixes data: thorax and ventilation: ail'\\'ays and gas the II:I-pagl' inci ('x h. \\ith matching common and movement : blood gases : heart and pumping action: of ~II paw's ('ac s. I t is a plpasllIe to draw attention to vascular system and bkKKl distribution: capillaries scientific name of orgwlized wld accessible and the exchang(, system : invertehratl' respiration: thi s vas t a('('umulation and veracity of which is attested by invertebratp circulation: plant respiration and fluid elata. the' valur of the distinl,'llished w mpilers. con­ moven1f'nt. Althoug-h the pmphasis is thus on man tl)(' names and authors. and other vertl'brates. til(' b, x.k will be important to trihutors ("py is avai lablp in the society's library. by IDlyone in acti ve f('search Oil in ve rt ('bra t ('~ and even A IItesy of the Feciprat ion of Ameri e,m Societies for plants. in thl' appropriate disciplillPs. It offers c01 l3iolOl,ry . to whom we are grateful. perhaps til!' swiftes t and most effortl ess meW1 S of Experimental H. R. iV1a cCilrlhy acquiring backg-round. comparing fresh with