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Soils of Galiano, Valdes, Thetis, Kuper, and Lesser Islands

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Soils of Galiano, Valdes, Thetis, Kuper, and Lesser Islands Soils of the Gulf Islands of British Columbia Volume 3 Soils of Galiano, Valdes, Thetis, Kuper, and lesser islands Report No. 43 British Columbia Soi1 Survey A.J. Green, L.J.P. van Vliet, and E.A. Kenney B.C. Soi1 Survey Unit Land Resource Research Centre Vancouver, B.C. Land Resource Research Centre Contribution No. 86-37 (Acompanying map sheets from Soils of the Gulf Islands of British Columbia series: * Galiano and lesser islands * Valdes and lesser islands . Thetis, Kuper, and lesser islands) Research Branch Agriculture Canada 1989 Copies of this publication are available from Uaps B.C. Ministry of Environment Pariiament Buildings Victoria, B.C. V8V 1X5 OhIinister of Supply and Services Canada 1989 Cat. No. A57-42613E ISBN 0-662-16762-7 Cover photo: Galiano Island looking northwest over Montague Harbour and Trincomali Channel. Courtesy: A.J. Green Staff editor: Jane T. Buckley iii CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. vi PREFACE. vii PART 1. INTRODUCTION................................................ 1 PART 2. GENERALDESCRIPTION OF THE AREA............................. 3 Location and extent ............................................... 3 History and development ........................................... 3 Wildlife .......................................................... 7 Marine life and bird life ......................................... Land use .......................................................... i Transportation and energy ......................................... 9 Climate .......................................................... 10 Natural vegetation ................................................ 16 Geology ........................................................... 18 Physiography ...................................................... 19 Drainage .......................................................... 20 Water resources ................................................... 20 Soi1 parent materials ............................................. 21 PART 3. SURVEYAND MAPPING PROCEDURES............................... 25 How the soils were mapped......................................... 25 Reliability of mapping ............................................ 26 Soi1 series ....................................................... 26 Map units ......................................................... 2.7 PART 4. DESCRIPTION OF SOILS AND MAP UNITS .......................... 33 Description of soi& ................................................. 33 Description of map units ............................................. 33 Baynes soils and map units ........................................... 34 Beddis soils and map units ........................................... 36 Bellhouse soils and map units ........................................ 37 Brigantine soils and map units ....................................... 39 Cowichan soils and map units ......................................... 42 Fairbridge soils and map units ....................................... 44 Galiano soils and map units .......................................... 46 Haslam soi1 complex and map units .................................... 49 Metchosin soils and map units ........................................ 51 Mexicana soils and map units ......................................... 53 Neptune soils and map units .......................................... 55 Parksville soils and map units ....................................... 56 Qualicum soils and map units ......................................... 59 iv Page Rock as nonsoil and map units ........................................ 61 Salalakim soils and map units ........................................ 63 Saturna soils and map units .......................................... 65 St. Mary soils and map units ......................................... 68 Suffolk soils and map units .......................................... 70 Tolmie soils and map units ........................................... 72 Trincomali soils and map units ....................................... 75 Summary of areal extent of map units ................................. 77 PART 5. LAND USE INTERPRETATIONS .................................... 79 Land constraints for septic tank effluent absorption ................. Land capability for agriculture ...................................... 8’5 PART 6. DERIVED AND INTERPRETIVE MAPS ............................... 95 REFERENCES ........................................................... 96 APPENDIXES Appendix 1. Names of common plants . 101 Appendix 2. Profile descriptions and analytical data of the soils... 103 Appendix 3. Soi1 moisture data for the soi1 profiles................ 121 V LIST OF TABLES AND ILLUSTRATIONS TABLES Page 1. Size of the surveyed islands by map sheet..................... 5 2. Average number of days per month having precipitation......... 15 3. Dates for last spring and first fa11 frost, the average frost-free period, and annual degree days at selected stations within and surrounding the survey area.............-. 17 4. Number of delineations and areal extent of each map unit and land type for the Galiano Island map sheet........... 29 5. Number of delineations and areal extent of each map unit and land type for the Valdes Island map sheet............ 30 6. Nutnber of delineations and areal extent of each map unit and land type for the Thetis, Kuper, and lesser islands map sheet . 31 7. Total number of delineations and areal extent of each map unit and land type for the survey area.................... 32 8. Distribution of map units in survey area by parent materials . 78 9. Constraint classes and soi.1 and landscape limitations for septic tank effluent absorption . ..*............. 81 10. Land capability ratings for agriculture....................... 88 FIGURES 1. Location of Galiano, Valdes, Thetis, Kuper, and lesser islands in relation to the Gulf Islands and the Province of British Columbia . 4 2. Extreme maximum and minimum temperatures and average temperatures for Saltspring Island (Vesuvius), which is in the proximity of the survey area......................... 13 3. Average monthly precipitation for locations in the proximity of the survey area . 14 4. Representative cross sections of Galiano, Valdes, Thetis, and Kuper islands illustrating the relationship of the physiography to geologic materials and soils............ 24 PLATES 1 (a) Saturna landscape, (b) landscape of Cowichan, Tolmie, and Fairbridge soi1 series, (c) Suffolk soi1 series, (d) Cowichan soi1 series, (e) Metchosin landscape, (f) Metchosin soi1 series . 11 II (a) Bellhouse soi1 series, (b) Bellhouse landscape, (c) Galiano soi1 series, (d) Galiano landscape, (e) Trincomali soi1 series, (f) Trincomali landscape . 12 vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Assistance and support were provided by the following agencies and individuals: T.M. Lord, Head, Pedology Unit, Agriculture Canada, Vancouver, B.C., who directed the soi1 survey; J.A. Brierley, R. Austin, G. Clark, K. Murphy, and M. Spence, who assisted in the field mapping; L. Chan, who conducted the laboratory analyses; J. Melzer, who typed the manuscript; staff of the Cartography Section, Land Resource Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ont., who provided base maps, drafted the figures, and prepared the final soi1 maps; and G. Enguist and M. Botting, Cartographie Services Unit, SUrVeyS and Resource Mapping Branch, Ministry of Environment, Victoria, B.C., who drafted and prepared interim soi1 maps and legends. Pedologist J. Jungen, Surveys and Resource Mapping Branch, Ministry of Environment, Victoria, B.C., provided much help with soi1 correlation and agriculture capability ratings; C. Tarnocai, Land Resource Research Centre, Ottawa, Ont., reviewed the manuscript and the map legends. vii PREFACE Galiano, Valdes, Thetis, Kuper, and lesser islands caver a total area of 11 468 ha in the Gulf Islands of British Columbia shown on map sheets 92B/13 and 14 and 92 G/4 in the National Topographie Series. The aim of this report is to provide detailed soils information at a scale of 1:20 000 for local planning purposes, and to emphasize the soi1 limitations that are important to residential development and agriculture. The three accompanying soi1 maps show the distribution and extent of the soi1 map units. The map legends identify each map unit by color and symbol. Each gives the proportion of dominant, subdominant, or minor soi1 components, the origin and texture of the parent materials, the soi1 depth, soi1 drainage, and the landscape characteristics for each map unit. The report and maps are complementary; therefore, it is necessary to use both to fully understand the soils. The soi1 maps with extended legends have also been produced on a 1:20 000 orthophoto base and may be viewed at the Map Library, Maps B.C., Ministry of Environment, Victoria, B.C. Note: This publication is the third in a series of five volumes on Soils Of the Gulf Islands of British Columbia, Report No. 43 of the British Columbia Soi1 Survey. The other publications are entitled: Volume 1 Soils of Saltspring Island; Volume 2 Soils of North Pender, South Pender, Prevost, Mayne, Saturna, and lesser islands; Volume 4 Soils of Gabriola Island and lesser islands; and Volume 5 Soils of Sidney, James, Moresby, Portland, and lesser islands. The correct citation for this report is as follows: Green, A.J; van Vliet, L.J.P.; Kenney, E.A. 1989 l Soils of the Gulf Islands of British Columbia: Volume 3 Soils of Galiano, Valdes, Thetis, Kuper, and lesser islands. Report No. 43, British Columbia Soi1 Survey.
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