Problems and Prospects of Using Social Networking Sites by the Students of Management Institutes

Dr. Murtaza Mohiuddin Junaid Farooque Lecturer, College of Commerce & Business, Dhofar University, Salalah, Oman and Dr. Manik S. Kadam Professor, Allana Institute of Management Sciences, Pune, India

ISO 9001 : 2008 CERTIFIED ©AUTHORS No part of this publication shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise without the prior written permission of the author and the publisher.

FIRST EDITION : 2018

Published by : Mrs. Meena Pandey for Himalaya Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., “Ramdoot”, Dr. Bhalerao Marg, Girgaon, Mumbai - 400 004. Phone: 022-23860170/23863863, Fax: 022-23877178 E-mail: [email protected]; Website: www.himpub.com Branch Offices : New Delhi : “Pooja Apartments”, 4-B, Murari Lal Street, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi - 110 002. Phones: 011-23270392, 23278631; Fax: 011-23256286 Nagpur : Kundanlal Chandak Industrial Estate, Ghat Road, Nagpur - 440 018. Phones: 0712-2738731, 3296733; Telefax: 0712-2721215 Bengaluru : Plot No. 91-33, 2nd Main Road, Seshadripuram, Behind Nataraja Theatre, Bengaluru - 560020. Phones: 08041138821, 09379847017, 09379847005 Hyderabad : No. 3-4-184, Lingampally, Besides Raghavendra Swamy Matham, Kachiguda, Hyderabad - 500 027. Phones: 040-27560041, 27550139; Mobile: 09390905282 Chennai : New No. 48/2, Old No. 28/2,Ground Floor, Sarangapani Street, T. Nagar, Chennai - 600 012. Mobile: 09380460419 Pune : First Floor, “Laksha” Apartment, No. 527, Mehunpura, Shaniwarpeth, (Near Prabhat Theatre), Pune - 411 030. Phones: 020-24496323/24496333; Mobile: 09370579333 Lucknow : House No. 731, Shekhupura Colony, Near B.D. Convent School, Vikas Nagar, Aliganj, Lucknow - 226 022. Mobile: 09307501549 Ahmedabad : 114, “SHAIL”, 1st Floor, Opp. Madhu Sudan House, C.G. Road, Navrang Pura, Ahmedabad - 380 009. Phone: 079-26560126; Mobile: 09377088847 Ernakulam : 39/176 (New No. 60/251) 1st Floor, Karikkamuri Road, Ernakulam, Kochi - 682011, Kerala. Phones: 0484-2378012, 2378016; Mobile: 09344199799 Bhubaneswar : Plot No. 214/1342/1589, Budheswari Colony, Behind Durga Mandap, Laxmisagar, Bhubaneswar - 751 006. Phone: 0674-2575129; Mobile: 09338746007 Kolkata : 108/4, Beliaghata Main Road, Near ID Hospital, Opp. SBI Bank, Kolkata - 700 010, Phone: 033-32449649, Mobile: 09883055590, 07439040301 DTP by : Sudhakar Shetty Printed at : Geetanjali Press Pvt. Ltd., Nagpur, on behalf of HPH. (ii) Dedication We, the authors, like to dedicate this work to late Mr. Hashim Mohiuddin Farooque, father of Dr. Murtaza Mohiuddin Junaid Farooque.

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PREFACE

Social networking sites have become an important part of everybody’s life, especially the young people and students. The students of management institute need to acquire knowledge, skills and attitude that will not only benefit them but also their future employing organization. The teachers should used modern digital technologies and teaching methods that may be helpful in developing these students.

The present work, “Problem and Prospect of Using Social Networking Sites by Business School Students”, is the Ph.D. research carried out by the first author Dr. Murtaza Mohiuddin Junaid Farooque under the guidance of the second author Dr. Manik Kadam at Pune. The authors have been working in this project since 2011 till 2015. This work was finally accepted by University of Pune.

The research thesis was converted into book version, and with few modifications, it was published by Himalaya Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. By using different approaches like review of literature, experiments, formal theories, surveys, etc., the authors has proposed models to maximize the prospects of and minimizing the problems of these sites. The administrative heads, academicians, researchers and consultants can take benefits from this book. AUTHORS

(v) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

All praise be to Allah the lord of universe, peace and blessing of Allah (SWT) be upon his last and final messenger Muhammad (SAW). We would like to thank Allah for giving us strength and guidance to carry out this task. We would also like to thank Dr. R. Ganesan, Director Allana Institute of Management Sciences (AIMS), who has provided a environment conducive to research and was source of inspiration for all staff members, Research Guides and Ph.D. scholars at AIMS. We express our sincere thanks to Dr. A.B. Rao, Head of Research Centre, AIMS and Dr. Roshan Kazi, Professor and Head of MBA Dept., AIMS for their valuable suggestions, whenever we approached them for the help. A very special thanks to Dr. H.S. Acharya Professor, MCA Dept., AIMS for his suggestion, help and words of motivation which helped us to reach this level. We would also like to thank Prof. Jawed Khan, Head, MCA Dept., AIMS for his encouragement and support during this journey.

We express our sincere thanks and gratitude to Dr. Syed Ahsan Jameel Dean, College of Commerce and Business Administration (CCBA), Dhofar University, Oman who had always been a motivating to carry out this task. A special thanks to Dr. Tareq Al Houary, Dean, Admission and Registration, Dhofar University. We would also like to thank Dr. Mawih Al Ani, Assistant Dean, CCBA for his support and encouragement. We would like to express a sincere gratitude to Dr. Mohammed Aref, Head, MIS Dept., CCBA, who has helped in all possible ways to complete this task. We would like to express our sincere thanks to all our colleagues at AIMS and at CCBA who were always been supportive in this endeavour. We would like to our parents and our grandparents who nurtured us with such love and care, because of which we had been able to complete this task. We would also like to thank our brothers and sister for their word of encouragement which gave us the strength to carry out this task. We would like to express our thanks to families for their patience, sacrifices and support when we were busy in this work. We would also like to thank all our relatives and friends who had provided us all kinds of support and who remembered us in their prayers. Last but not the least, we would also like to express our sincere thanks to all those who have directly or indirectly helped us in this work. AUTHORS

(vi) CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1-22 1.1 An Overview 1 1.2 Human Development and Knowledge 1 1.3 Technological Development 2 1.4 Terminologies and Concepts 4 1.4.1 4 1.4.2 Social Web 5 1.4.3 5 1.4.4 Social Networking Site (SNS) 5 1.4.5 Friend 5 1.5 Evolution of Social Networking Sites 6 1.5.1 Growth of Social Networkinig Site 9 1.6 Capabilities and Features of Social Networking Sites 9 1.7 Types of Social Networking Sites 10 1.7.1 Profile-based Social Networks 11 1.7.2 Content-based Social Networks 11 1.7.3 White-label Social Networks 11 1.7.4 Multi-user Virtual Environments 11 1.7.5 Mobile Social Networks 11 1.7.6 Micro-blogging/Presence Updates 11 1.7.7 Social Search 12 1.7.8 Local Forum 12 1.7.9 Thematic Website 12 1.8 Justification of the Selection of the Topic 12 1.8.1 Significance of the Study 12 1.8.2 Social Networking Sites in News 14 1.8.3 Rationale 17 1.9 Students of Management Institutes 18 1.9.1 Modern Students Digital Natives 18 1.10 Need for More Research 19 1.11 Objectives of the Study 20 1.12 Organization of the Present Study 20 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 23-33 2.1 Use of Social Networking Websites by Students 23 2.2 Experimentations by Social Network in Education 24 2.3 Use of Social Networking/Social Media in Attracting Admission 25 2.4 Use of Social Networking/Media in Employee Screening 25 2.5 Use of Social Networking Sites during Working Hours 26 2.6 Social Media Usage Policies Adapted by the Institutes/Universities 26 2.7 Research Gaps 30 2.8 Need for Research 30 CHAPTER THREE: FORMAL THEORY OF SOCIAL NETWORKING 34-52 3.1 Formal Theory 34 3.1.1 Importance of Formal Theory 34

(vii) 3.2 Fundamental Concepts 35 3.2.1 Assumptions 35 3.2.2 Measurable Attributes of a Social Network 36 3.2.3 Mathematical Properties 40 3.3 Application in Employment 43 3.4 Online Social Networks 44 3.5 Social Networking Site 46 3.6 Proposed Formal/Mathematical Model 47 3.7 Teaching and Learning using Social Networking Sites 49 3.8 Cost Benefit Analysis of Adopting SNS in Education 50 CHAPTER FOUR: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 53-57 4.1 Research Methodology 53 4.2 Hypothesis 53 4.3 Experiment 54 4.3.1 Objective 54 4.3.2 Background 54 4.3.3 Methodology 54 4.4 Survey Method 55 4.4.1 Questionnnaire 55 4.4.2 Sample Size 55 4.4.3 Data Collectiion 56 4.4.4 Reliability of the Instrument 56 4.4.5 Analysis of Data 56 4.5 Semantic Analysis 56 4.5.1 Method 57 CHAPTER FIVE: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS 58-200 5.1 Finding of the Experiment 58 5.2 Conclusion of Post Experiment Interview 62 5.3 Finding of the Survey 63 5.3.1 Gender-wise Distribution of the Respondents 63 5.3.2 Age-wise (in Years) Distribution of the Respondents 63 5.3.3 Course-wise Distribution of the Respondents 64 5.4 Frequency Table of SNS Usage Reasons 69 CHAPTER SIX: FINDINGS AND INTERPRETATIONS 201-204 CHAPTER SEVEN: SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 205-216 7.1 Problems of SNS and Means of Prevention 205 7.2 Prospect of SNS and Means to Explore 207 7.3 Conclusion 208 7.3.1 SNS Problem Elimination Minimization (SPEM) Model 209 7.3.2 SNS Opportunity Exploration Model 210 7.3.2.1 Including SNS in Mainstream Education 210 7.3.2.2 Using SNS in Formal Communication 211 7.3.2.3 Connecting Professionally 213 7.3.2.4 Development of SNS Usage Policy 213

(viii) CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 AN OVERVIEW Human is a social being and is compelled to live in society. Human being are not only social by nature, they are also social by necessity. Most of human basic needs like food, shelter, adornment, health, education, recreation, procreation etc. are fulfilled by the society. There are several living creatures, which are also social but humans are different. What differentiates human from others is ‘development’. Human society is improving and is becoming better day by day. The millions of years have passed the animal society is same while human society has changed tremendously, hence the development is still going. The great writer Ibne Khuldum writes “man’s ability to think, which distinguishes human beings from animals and which enables them to obtain their livelihood, to co-operate to this end with their fellow men, and to study the master whom they worship, and the revelations that the messengers transmitted from him. Thus, God caused all animals to obey man and to be in the grasp of his power through his ability to think, God gave man superiority over many of his creatures”.

1.2 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND KNOWLEDGE Human acquires knowledge and get education from society. Hence, society is needed for his own personal development. The knowledge can be used for development of society. The knowledge is not only gathered and improved but also it is shared and transferred from generation to another. Amongst several developments in the human society, of great importance is the human communication

Introduction 1 system. Although other creatures like animals also have ability to communicate, however humans are different. Human have developed communication system which have grant them ability to communication beyond time and space. Human communication system has overcome the barriers of time as well the space. Human are able to preserve their knowledge and communication with various methods such as oral tradition, folk tales, folk songs, cave paintings, stone tablets, development of books and printing industry, , modern storage device. Human developed symbols, alphabet leading to the development of the skills of reading and writing, development of languages, creation of literature, and books. For publication of books and newspapers printing press has been developed. Later the storage devices came into exi