jll Source and Characteristic of Salinity in the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer. (Khartoum State). Prepared by: Mohammed Ahmed Hassan Hilal Abed Allah. (B.SC. Agricultural Engineering-Zalingei University, 2005). A dissertation Submitted in Accordance with the Requirement for the Degree of M.SC. In Groundwater Technology. Supervisor: Dr. Yasin Abed Salam October 2010 f La ^xSLLIujI j CjL^-tiLuj ^j Jlu\ j j l^uSl \ W i y j j J l i (juiaxfl Attl (Jlua (27ajV 1 sj 3** 1 DEDICATION -TO MY PARENT- FATHER AND MOTHER. -IHOPE ALLAH GIVES WHOM HEALTH. - TO MY ALL BROTHER AND FAMILY THEY ARE HELPING ME. 1! AKNOWLEDGM ENT -MY FIRST THANK TO ALLAH WHO GIVES HEALTH. -MY GRATITUDE AND THANK TO ALL FOR GRANTING ME PATIENCE TO COMPLETE THIS STUDY. -IWOULD LIKE TO EXPRESSES GREAT THANKS AND WISHES TO MY TEACHERS IN SPECILISE Dr.YASIN ABED ELSALAM FOR HIS DEEP KNOWLEDGE AND HIS ASSISTANT A. HASAP ELRASOAL. -THANK ARE ALSO DUE TO ALL MEMBERS OF THE ACADEMY OF SIENCE SPECIALLY Dr.MOHAMMED BABKER THE CORDINATER OF M.SC PROGRAMS. -THANK ALL TO MY COLLEGAE IN BATCH THREE IN GROUND WATER TECHNOLOGY. ABSTRACT -The study area is bounded by latitudes 15.20 N - 15.92N (1680000- 1760000 UTM) and longitudes 32.34 E - 32.72 E (430000-470000 UTM). It occupies an area of 2400 km within the Khartoum state. - Khartoum state represents 1% of the total surface area of the Sudan. The capital of the state is composed of the three towns Khartoum, Omdurman and Bahri. -The geological formations were found to be composed of the Gezira and the Nubian Sandstone. Groundwater occurs in these two formations. - This study investigated the source of salinity and the quality of ground water in the Nubian sandstone aquifer in the Khartoum state. -The principal objective of the study is to detect possible sources of salinity that have affected the ground water in the study area. -Uni variant and multi variant statistical methods together with graphical techniques ’using aquachem and excel soft ware were employed to study the hydrochemistry of the brackish water zone of the Khartoum state. - This study has revealed the fallowing conclusions: - The least total dissolved solids (TDS) occur in the Khartoum area (1024ppm). but the study area of Bahri &'Sharcg clnci 1 has the highest total dissolved solids (2391 ppm). -The Concentration of Calcium (Ca) and the Bicarbonate (HCO 3) is fairly homogeneous in all the stud)' area and there is no much variation. -The content of Magnesium (Mg) is slightly lower than Calcium in the three studied areas. - The mean concentration value of chloride ion, (178ppm) is slightly higher in Bahri than in the other two areas, Omdurman, Khartoum which have values of 144ppm, 150ppm, respectively. - The higher concentration of Nitrate (NO0 in the groundwater of Bahri area indicates that there is a significant source of pollution in this area. - From factor analysis the effective component which contributes 48% of the total variants is composed of (Sodium Na, Magnesium Mg, Chlorite Cl, Sulphate SO4, and Nitrate NO0 which contribute significantly to the mineralization of the groundwater in the study areas. -The water types are affected in composition by the presence of Sodium in the Khartoum and Bahri areas. The main water types are: Sodium - Chloride, Sodium - Sulphate , Sodium - Bicarbonate and Magnesium - Bicarbonate. - In the study area the main chemical process is dominated by dissolution and limited cat ion exchange. This is supported by Scatter Diagrams. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DIDICATION ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii ABSTRACT iv TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF DIAGRAMS vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Viii LIST OF APPENDIXES ix CHAPTER ONE page 1 INTRODUC /HON 1 1-1 LOCATION 1 1-2 TOPOGRAPHY 1 1-3 DRAINAGE 1 1-4 POPULATION 1 1-5 CLIMATE 2 1-6 NATURAL VIGETATION 3 1-7 SOILS 3 CHAPTER TWO 2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM AND 5 METHODOLOGY 2-1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 5 2-2 OBJECTIVESOF THE STUDY 5 2-3 MATERIAL & METHOHSOF THE STUDY 5 2-4 COLLECTION OF DATA 6 2-5 SOFT WARE PROGRAMS 6 V CHAPTER THREE 3 GELOGECAL & HYDROGEOLOGECAL 7 SETTING OF STUDY AREA 3-1 GEOLOGICAL SETTING 7 3-1-1 INTRODUCATION 7 3-1-2 STUDY AREA 7 3-1-3 GEOLOGY 7 3-1-4 LITHOLOGY CHARACTERISTIC 10 3-2 HYDROGELOGY 11 3-2-1 CONDITION OF GRUOND WATER OCCURRENCE 11 3-2-2 GRUONDWATER LEVEL AND FLOW PATTERN 11 3-2-3 RECHARGE 12 3-2-4 DISCHARGE 12 CHAPTER FOUR 4 HYDROCHEMICAL CIIARCATERISTIC OF THE 13 STUDY AREA 4-1 INTRODUCE TION • 13 4-2 PIIYSIOCIIEMICAL PARAMETERS 14 4-2-1 HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION (Ph) 14 4-2-2 ELECTRICAL CODUC UN ITY (EC) 14 4-2-3 HARDNESS 17 4-2-4 TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIn£{lDS) 17 4-3 CONCENTRATION OF IONS AFFECTING 17 THE SALINITY OF WATER 21 4-3-1 MAJOR CATIONS 21 4-3-2 MAJOR DISSOLVED IONS 22 4-4 WATER TYPES 26 4-4-1 OMDURMAN AREA 26 4-4-2 BAHRI AREA 26 4-4-3 KHARTOUM AREA 26 4-5 MAIN CHEMICAL PROCESSES. 28 4-5-1 MIXING 28 4-5-2 DISSOLUTION. 28 4-5-3 ION EXCHANGE 28 CHAPTER FIVE 5- CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS 34 5-1 CONCLUSIONS 34 5-2 RECOMMENDATIONS 36 - REFERENCES 37 -APPENDIXES \ LIST OF TABLES Page TABLE (4-1): PHYSICAL PROPERATIES OF SELECTED 20 BOREHOLES (COCENTRATION IN PPM), (STUDY AREAS) TABLE (4-2): DESCRIPITIVE STATISTICS 20 TABLE (4-3): THE STANDARD DRINKING WATER 23 TABLE (4-4): CHEMICAL ANALYSIS RESULT OF SELECTED 23 BOREHOLES (COCENTRATION IN PPM), ( STUDY AREAS) TABLE (4-5): DESCRIPITIVE STATISTICS 24 TABLE (4-6): CHEMICAL ANALYSIS RESULT OF SELECTED 25 BOREHOLES (COCENTRATION IN EPM), (STUDY AREAS ) TABLE (4-7): THE IONIC RATIOS, (STUDY AREAS) 25 TABLE (4-8): THE CLASSIFICATION OF GRUOND WATER 27 TYPES, (STUDY AREAS) VI LIST OF FIGURES Page FIGURE (1-1): LOCATION MAP OF SELECTED BOREHOLES 4 FIGURE (3-1): GELOGECAL MAP OF THE STUDY AREA 9 FIGURE (4-1): COUNTOR MAP OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF (EC) 16 FIGURE (4-2): COUNTOR MAP OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF (TDS ) 19 LIST OF DIAGRAMS DIAGRAM (4-1): RESULT OF CHEMICAL STATISTICAL ANALYSES 29 (CORRELATION) - (STUDY AREAS) LIST OF ABBREVIATION G.W: GRUOND WATER S.N.S: STANDARD NATIONAL SUDANESE W.H.O: WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION D.W: DRINKING WATER PPM: PART PER MILLION EPM: EQUIVLENT PER MILLION S.NO: SERIAL NUMBER B.H.NO: BOREHOLE NUMBER T.ANION: TOTAL ANIONS T.CATION: TOTAL CATIONS PH: HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION EC: ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY TDS: TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS Na: SODIUM Ca: CALCIUM Mg: MAGNESIUM K: POTASSIUM HC03: BICARBONATE N03: NITRATES CL: CHLORIDE S04: SULPHATE TDI: TOTAL DISSOLVED ION LIST OF APPENDIXES APPENDIXE (A): WELL INVENTORY APPENDIXE (A-l): (OMDURMAN AREA) APPENDIXE (A-2): (BAHRI & SHAREG ELNEAL AREA) APPENDIXE (A-3): (KHARTOUM AREA) APPENDIXE (B): STATISTICAL ANALYSIS RESULT (CORRELATION) APPENDIXE (C): CHEMICAL ANALYSIS RESULT (DIAGRAMS) APPENDIXE (C-l): (OMDURMAN AREA) APPENDIXE (C-2): (BAHRI & SHAREG ELNEAL AREA) APPENDIXE (C-3): (KHARTOUM AREA) APPENDIXE (D) CLUSTER & AND FACTOR ANALYSIS OF (PHSYSICAL PROPER ATI ES) APPENDIXE (E) CLUSTER & ANI) FACTOR ANALYSIS (CHEMICAL ANALYSIS) IX CHAPTER ONE INTRODUC TION 1. Introduction 1.1 Location: The study area is bounded by latitudes 15.20 N - 15.92N (1680000- 1760000 UTM) and longitudes 32.34 E - 32.72 E (430000-470000 UTM). It occupies an area of 2400 km within the Khartoum state, (figl .1). Khartoum state represents 1% of the total surface area of the Sudan. The capital of the state is composed of the three towns Khartoum, Omdurman and Bahri. 1.2 Topography: An observer on the ground is immediately struck by the almost flat nature of the terrain over much of the region. This comparative flatness is confined by limited detailed contour mapping which has been carried out around Khartoum (El Bushra , 1976). Interruption to these flat or gently- sloping ground surfaces are made by the Occasional Jebeles (isolated hill) or series of hills corresponding to resistant rock outcrops. Sand dunes of Qoz Abu Dulu provide gently undulating topography, Wadi floors interrupt the otherwise relatively flat ground, and the river terrace provide slopes flanking the White, Blue and the main Nile. In the places the slopes are subjected to rapid erosion (Abu Sin and Davies, 1991). 1-3 Drainage: The White, Blue and the main Niles are the major natural drainage features in the area under study. Moreover Wadis and khors mainly trend east-west. The Wadis appear to be structurally controlled by east west lineaments. They drain into the Nile with aregional paralled pattern, such as Wadi Soba. Arbash. Khor Shambat and khor Abu Anga. 1.4 Population: According to Abu Sin and Davis, (1991), the Sudan’s Capital region in 1990 had a population of over 3.5 million, which is 18% of the country’s population. In 1904 it was estimated that Khartoum province, somewhat smaller than the capital region of today, had 81000 (4%> a total of 2 million). In 1990 over 8 o%of the region’s population was described as urban, because the capital region includes an overwhelming number of every kind of public services (housing, water, fuel, food, as well as work opportunities) leading to the general decline in the environmental condition for all its inhabitants. By 2010 the population is 6 million in the capital region that is 15% of the total country's population. 1-5 Climate: Sudan’s capital region extend from latitude 15 10 N to 16 30 N placing it in climatic terms on the southern edge of the Sahara climatic zone (Oliver, 1965). According to Abu Sin and Davies, (1991) there arc four seasons in the year. The first is the cooler winter season covering the period mid - November to March. By the end of March daily mean maximum temperature is 40 C and the hot dry season is well in placc. By the quintile (5-day period) beginning 23 may the temperatures peak is 44.1 C and odd days with temperature over 45 C must be expected. In most years the weather stays mainly diy until the end of June, and indeed through out the period March to June relative humidity remains typically below 30%. On relatively infrequent occasions showers occur as early as April or May, but in mainly years it is June before any significant, precipitation is noted. The growing instability can lead to dust storms (haboobs). During this season, producing one of the most striking weather features experienced in the sea. The sun passes overhead at Khartoum on 6 May. By July, therefore, the seasonal temperature rise is checked. This process is further encouraged by increasing cloud, high humidity’s, and occasional rainstorms. The change of rain decreases markedly after mid September. The average rainfall in the capital region range from 1 0 0 mm in the north to 2 0 0 mm in the south. Khartoum is highest annual rainfall was 420 mm in 1988 and the lowest was 4mm in 1984. By mid September the lesser hot season has arrived. Reduced cloudiness and the passage of die sun overhead have lead to a second shorter period of high temperatures. The indicator of the average annual rainfall is slight because it decreases from period to another (the average annual rainfall from 1921- 1950 was 181 51mm, from 1951-1980 was 162mm and from 1971-2009 was 121.3mm). The whole area of Khartoum state falls in the semi-desert ecological zone as depicted by MN Jackson and 1 larison in their vegetation map of the Sudan produced in 1958 three minor subdivision of the semi-desert ecoiogical zone prevail namely ; 1-Acacia tortilis-Maerua crass folia desert scrub; this is occupying more than 90% of state area. 2-Avery small portion that lies in the extreme North West named semi- desert grass land on sand exists. 3-Another very small portion of the stale lying on the South Hast is named semi-desert grassland on clay (part to the Bataan plain). The natural grazing area in the state is estimated as 40% of the total area. The annual grasses about 75% of the natural vegetation. Perennial grasses and shrubs trees cover about 5% and 20% respectively. 1.7 Soils: The soils arc natural resources and constitute one of the fundamental basis of both urban and rural life. The soils in the area have been formed in moisture regime, which may be described as dry (tropic) and a soil temperature regime, which is hot (hypothermic) according to the soils survey (Soil Survey Staff, 1975). The lack of vegetation indicates that little organic matter will be available and in most cases profile development will be limited, although salt accumulation can be troublesome under certain condition. However, in and around the major centre of population in Sudan, the effect of human beings on these soils, and the anthropogenic factor, are strong. The geological substrata for these soils are presented in lig. (1.3) namely: -The Nubian sandstone. - The Gezira clays. -The sand of Qoz Abu Dulu. -The alluvia of the Nile and their terraces. -Small rocky outcrops of the Basement Complex. -Various local alluvial deposits in the wadis. These geological units weather to produce the parent materials for the formation of soils. The strong difference in character between them is reflected in the morphology of the land forms of the area. So these relationships may be used on the analysis of the soil pattern of the capital region. In addition, a significant amount of wind-blown materials is added to the soils during the frequent dust storms or (haboobs). LeRejvA Khtpoly-shp /% / Khtdrn^hp Khrstatwi.dbf A / Khtgrdshp.shp 30 60 Kilo JiSwn Fig (1-1): Location Map of Studied Boreholes. Source: G.W. Directorate/Ministry of Irrigation /Sudan CHAPTER TWO STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM AND METHODOLOGY 2 - Statement of the problem and Methodology 2-1 Statement of the problem: The climatic condition, unplanned expansion and the rapid growth of population in the area under study may cause some problem in groundwater which can be out lined as follows: 1. Several borehole of the investigation area are characterized by high salinity. 2. High cost of purification of groundwater to decrease the salinity. 3. Several salinity borehole of the study area can used for drinking water. 4. There is no deeper drilling in some placcs of the study area. *. 2-2 ObjectiveSof the study: The continuous increase of population and urbanization has led to the increased needs of pure groundwater demand. These may be affecting the quality of groundwater in the area under study. The objectives of the study are: 1. To study the hydrophemistry of groundwater and delineate high salinity region and to take in to account the future development in order to protect groundwater from causes of high salinity. 2. To know causes of the high salinity in the groundwater. 3. To know use of saline water in human activities. 2-3 Material and methodSof the study: The study is an integrated research for master degree of science to in investigate the salinity of the Khartoum state. The material and method which arc used in this study arc described as follows: 1. Evaluation of well data which are collected in the Khartoum slate. 2. Study of topographic, hydrology and geological sketch- map of Sudan including the study area. 3. Lecture, textbook and informal information. 4. Preview of previous work (maps, figure, tables...etc) and hydrogeological inventories. 2-4 Collection of data: The hydrological, hydrochemical and lilhology data were obtained from many boreholes Archive of national water corporation, directorate of groundwater and wadis and textbook. The selection of borehole is based on their depth, SWL - DWL, elevation, latitude and longitude and percentage of chemical dada. The chemical diagram (piper, scatter, histogram and stiff). Were used for the interpretation of major ion chemistry, different type of water and chemical processes operating within the lithology frame work. The results were tabulated in different maps diagram so as to facilitate the interpretation of the chemical characteristic and classification groundwater type. 2-5 Soft ware programs: The soft were programs used for analysis, discussion and classification of data are: Aquachem, surfer, Arc view and excel. A.aquachem Aquachem is an integrated computer program designed hydro chemical data analysis in the area under study. It has friendly, interactive environment, and can easily be used for water analysis Aquachem performs wide range of hydrochemical data (functions of Aquechem used for the interpretation of hydrochemical facile water type). B. Surfer and Arc view Surfer and Arc view are used to construct contour map to show the distribution of major ion chemistry and water level in the study area so as to facilitate the classification of groundwater types, hydro chemical process and to recognize the direction of ground water flow. C. Microsoft excel Microsoft excel is used to transfer the chemical and hydrochemical data in to schedules, the data also can be displayed in graphical form by using Microsoft excel program. D. Spss Spss can provide powerful statistical analysis and data management system to describe the variability of chemical components in the study area. Also Spss is providing the specialized planning tools and statues. CHAPTER THREE GELOGICAL AND HYDROGEOLOGICAL SETTING OF THE STUDY AREA 3- Geological and Hydrogeological Setting of the Study Area 3.1 Geological Setting 3.1.1. Introduction: In the arid region of Central Sudan and has be intensively inhabited during the last decenniums, Leading to expansion of the residential areas from the surface watercourses Suitable quantity and quality of Groundwater becomes amore crucial alternative resource to meet the drastic increase in social, Agricultural, and industrial development and to avoid the expected deterioration of groundwater Quality due to heavy abstraction for miscellaneous uses. Hence, hydro chemical investigations are the main objectives for the groundwater system in Khartoum state? In the, results of Preliminary investigation are conducted in form of table, hydro chemical maps and graphs to Evaluate the vertical and horizontal variation in the groundwater chemistry, which was more related to salinity hazards. 3.1.2 Study area: The study is situated sited between latitudes 15° 00-16° 00’ N and longitudes 32° 15-33° 30'E. It covers an area of 7200 Km2. It is semi-arid area characterized by hot dry summer (April-June) and cold dry winter (November- February). The annual rainfall is 157mm, mainly during July to September. Most of the area is flat plain, where the surface elevation ranges Between 380 to 400 m e.g. Elevated ridges and isolated hills are encountered in the Northeast, northwest and southwest of the area. The main watercourses are, Blue Nile, White Nile, River Nile and seasonal streams. 3.1.3 Geology: The geologic setting is composed of Basement Complex, Omdurman formation, and the Gezira Formation. The basement complex consists of acid grey gneisses and granite. Omdurman Formation is composed of a sequence of sandstone, conglomerate and mudstone, of more than 400 m thick, which rests uncomfortably on the Basement complex. Gezira formation covers the Area between the Blue and White Nile, and small strip east of the Blue Nile. It consists of a sequence of unconsolidated interceded clay, silt, sand and gravel layers. Calcarete and Salt rocks are Characteristic features of the upper part of Gezira and Omdurman formation. The Thickness of Gezira formation ranges from few meters to more than 80 m. Omdurman and Gezira formations encompass the minor aquifer systems. -8- Khrt g~1 shp 40 40 80 Kilometers Active Dunes Aellian dunes Basalt Ferruginous S.stone Folliated Gabbroic rocks Gezeiraa formation G neisis & M igm atites Granites (Jurssic / Devonian) Lacustrine Silt & Mudstone Nubian formation Older Alluvium Recent deposits Ring complex Sand dunes/gravels Syntectonic granits & Migmatites Fig (3-1): Geological Map of the Study Area. Source: G.W. Directorate/Ministry of Irrigation /Sudan 3.1.4 Litho logical characteristic: Although the Upper Gezira Formation is dominated by sands, which represent 57 percent (Farah 1997). Calcrete is characteristic for this formation, It spreads all over the formation in considerable amount of nodules, matrix and beds, the distribution of the calcareous layers, include amount of calcrete as matrix or nodules, and increase towards the center of the area .It reaches the maximum of 60 percent of the whole thickness of the formation at the heart of the area. The general trend of the zone with high percentage of mudstone and calcrete, which is in good agreement with that of the Khartoum sub basin, according to( Salama 1997). The wide spread of calcrete and other carbonate deposits, over and in most of the Tertiary deposits of central Sudan, showed that conditions were favorable for the deposition of carbonates. They were products of successive processes of evaporation and leaching by floods. -10- 3-2 Hydro geological 3-2-1 Condition of groundwater occurrence: Groundwater occurs mainly in the Nubian sandstone formation (Omdurman formation).The groundwater in the aquifer (the sandstone strata) occupies the pores, fissure and cracks. The Nubian formation is made of multi colored sandstone, sandy mudstone and mudstones (Whiteman, 1971). The distribution of the water bearing horizon is mainly effected by the presence or absence of the confining impermeable mudstone or ferruginous sandstone layer in some localities. Over much of the study area groundwater occurs in the Nubian sandstone formation mainly under semi confine to confined condition especially in Khartoum and the southern part of Omdurman area. It also occurs in the Gezira formation under semi confined condition in the Sothcrn part of Khartoum. 3-2-2 Groundwater level and flow pattern: The water level measurements were obtained for selected boreholes. The reference point of the S.W.L measurement is the land surface while the piezometric surface is the sea level. Generally water table mounds indicate groundwater recharge areas. While concave contours are associated with groundwater discharge areas (Todd, 1980). Moreover, the convergence of the flow lines depicts the area of recharge (Fetter, 1980). Furthermore, the close spacing of the contour lines indicates either high amount of recharge or low permeability. The piezometric surface in Omdurman area is deeper than Khartoum and Bari areas because Omdurman is situated on rocky outcrops with no alluvial deposits. This surface ranges from 23m to 72m while in Bari and Khartoum areas it varies from 15m to27m. The static water level measurements show that the source of recharge to the lower aquifer appears to be the Blue Nile. The White Nile and some times the main Nile do not contribute a significant role in the recharge of the lower aquifer because of the presence of thick mudstone separating layers. -11- The high groundwater level indicates that the lower aquifer is receiving a significant recharge from the Blue Nile (the recharge of the lower Nubian is not from the present drainage of the Nile). The hydraulic gradient of the lower aquifer is 1.4m/km but, the hydraulic gradient near Napata, Annaba and ummbada Areas are 1.67m/km. 3-2-3 Recharge: According to GRMD and BGR (1979), the groundwater flow under steady state condition is as follows? Q=K*D*G*F Where: Q = Groundwater flow K = Permeability D = Aquifer thickness G = Hydraulic gradient F = Feeding front The aquifer thickness is known from the evaluation of drilling logs and the results of the geoelectrical soundings. The hydraulic gradient and the corresponding feeding front are the result of hydrological inventory. Q = 12.53ni/day, k = 110m, D = 1.4m/km, G = 40km and F = 21872452m3/year (28.2 million cubic meters per year). 3-2-4 Discharge: The total groundwater annual consumption in the lower aquifer zone is calculated using the following relationship: *The average discharge value of a borehole * Number of production wells * Number of working hours per day 365 day. *The average discharge of a borehole = 362m3/hour. * Number of production = 20 *Number of working hours/day =12hours The result indicates that the total amount of the annual consumption is equal to 3171 1200m3 (31.7million cubic meters). CHAPTER FOUR HYDROCHEMICAL CHARACATERISTIC OF THE STUDY AREA 4- Hydro chemical Characteristic of the Study Area 4-1 Introduction: The study of the hydrochemistry of the ground water system has become more meaningful and an integral, part of assessment but also proved essential in under standing the flow mechanism and the distribution of groundwater. This study emphasizes on the hydrochemistry of G.W because water is a finite and vulnerable resources essential to sustain life, development and environment. It is necessary to maintain it and protect it form high pumping lift, pollutant or any degradation. There fore it means that care must be taken to distinguish what is the natural back ground in relation to change in water quality, which have taken place in response to intensive exploitation, agricultural development and industrial pollution. In study area an attempt will be made to stress the basic techniques necessary' for meaningful chemical interpretation of G.W and the main factor that control water quality, these factors can be described as follows: -Relation to the aquifer framework (litho logy). -Length of time contact between water and the 1 itho logy. -Geographical constrain (climate, drainage, rainfall...etc). - The pumping regime. The chemical data was collected from the National Water Corporation, archive and from the text books. The results of the chemical data were tabulated and they were presented in different maps and diagrams in order to facilitate the interpretation of the chemical characteristic and classification of G.W. The general properties of the water which are especially useful in revealing the character of water are Ph, TDS, IZC, hardness and the total alkalinity. About 67chemical analysis are available but only 20% of this data has an imbalance ratio between anion and action less than 1 0 % is used in the classification of G/W types. -13- 4-2 Physiocheniical parameters: 4-2-1 Hydrogen ion concentration (Hi): The hydrogen ion concentration is essential for any study of metal mobility in natural environment. The Ph can be defined as the negative logarithmic scales of the hydrogen concentration; smaller values of Ph represent larger concentration of hydrogen. Many metals dissolve in water when the Ph value is small, and increase Ph causes metal to precipitate from solution. Omdurman study area: The minimum, maximum and the mean values of Ph are (7.01), (8 .6 ), (7.62) respectively, table (4- 2). The standard deviation is 0.68; this means that the water type is alkaline according to the table which is shown below. The main chemical reaction is the dissolution of calcium and magnesium carbonates associated with the aquifer sediments and mudstone. Bahri & shareg elneal study area: The minimum, maximum and the mean value of Ph is (7.20), (7.80), (7.50), (table 4-2), and the standard deviation is 0.42. This means that water is alkaline according the table below. Khartoum study area: The minimum, maximum and the mean values of Ph is (7.10), (7.50), (7.36), (table 4- 2), and the standard deviation is (0.23). In general there arc no much different values of Ph between the different parts of the studied areas. Ph = 7 Neutral Ph < 7 Acid Ph >7 Alkaline 4-2-2 Electrical conductively (EC): The EC is the ability of water to transmit an electrical current. There is a relation ship between I DS and EC, if the amount of TDS increases the EC will also increase (table 4-1). The relation ship can also be observed from statistician analysis and can be defined by the following formula: TDS (ppm) (o .6 - o.7) of EQ (micromohos). -14- Omdurman study area: The minimum value of EC is 1590.00 Ms/cm and the maximum value is 3560.00 Ms/cm and the mean is 2665, and the standard deviation is 828, (table 4-2). The distribution of EC increases in the same direction of the salinity increase and also in the direction of the G/W flow fig (4-1). Bahri & shareg elneal study area: The minimum value of EC is 550.00 Ms/cm and the maximum is 1462.00 Ms/cm and the mean is 1006, and standard deviation is 644 (table 4-2). Khartoum study area: The minimum value of EC is 442.00 Ms/cm and the maximum value is 1430.00 Ms/cm and the mean is 1099, and standard deviation is 569 (table 4- 2). In general the EC in the study area of the Bahri is more than the Omdurman and the Khartoum, so that the Bahri represents the highest salinity in the studied areas. -15- Fig (4-1): Contour Map of the Distribution of (EC) Source: G.W. Directorate/Ministry of Irrigation /Sudan 4-2-3 Hardness: Is the ability of water to produce foam, the hardness of water is derived from the solution of carbon dioxide, released by bacteria action in the soil, from percolating water. Low PIT condition converts insoluble carbonate in soil and limestone to soluble bicarbonate (Todd 1980). Impurities in limestone e.g. So4, Cl are also exposed to the solvent action of water as the carbonate are dissolved thus hard water are formed (Todd 1980). The degree of hardness in water is commonly based on the classification listed in the table below. Classification of Water on Total hardness (after sawyer and Me catry 1967). Hardness as Ca Co3 (ppm) Water 1 0 is * Soli 75-150 Moderate hard 150-300 • Hard > 300 Vary hard 4-2-4 Total dissolved solids [TDSJ: All GAV contain salts in solution, and the type and concentration of salt depend on the environment, movement and source of G.W. Soluble salts in G.W originate from solution of rock materials. Although salinity increases with depth (Todd 1980), however in the study area the salinity is high near the G/W surface. This can be explained as fallows: - Due to arid climate where leaching by rainwater is not effective in diluting salt solution and the evapotrans piration is large. - Presence of mudstone lenses and clay layers. -The Chemical reaction and/or solubility of sedimentary rock (Nubian sandstone) are high which can add some anions and cat ions to the G.W for example calcium, sodium, bicarbonate. -17- Omdurman study area: The minimum, maximum values of I DS is 1113 ppm, 2492 ppm respectively, and the mean is 1865 ppm, the standard deviation is 579 (table 4-2). Bahri & shareg elneal study area: The minimum, maximum value is 1183 ppm, 3600 ppm respectively, and the mean is 2391 ppm, and the standard deviation is 1709 (table 4-2). Khartoum study area: The minimum, maximum values are 1001 ppm, 1068 ppm respectively. The mean is 1024 ppm, and the standard deviation is 37ppm (table 4-2). In general the TDS in the study area (Bahri and shareg elneal) is very high (table 4-2). This means that the water type is brackish, according to the table below, and in the other study area the classification of water is also brackish. Classification of G.W (after, Garroll) Type of water TDS mg/1 Fresh water 0 - 1 0 0 0 Brackish water 1 0 0 0 - 1 0 .0 0 0 Saline water 1 0 .0 0 0 - 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 Brine water 1 0 0 .0 0 0 -18- Fig (4-2): Contour Map of the Distribution of (TDS) Source: G.W. Directorate/Ministry of Irrigation /Sudan Table (4-1): Physical Properties of Selected Boreholes (Study areas) Source: Awad M.Sc. S.N B.H.No pH EC TDS 12 - 7.50 3560 2492 13 - 8.60 2960 2072 14 - 7.40 2550 1785 15 - 7.01 1590 1113 16 14 7.8 550 3600 29 617 7.2 1462 1183 38 289 7.1 442 1005 65 382 7.5 1430 1001 67 - 7.5 1426 1068 Table (4-2) Descriptive Statistics: N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Ph 7.01 8.60 7.6275 .68193 EC(Omdurmra 1590.00 3560.00 2665.0000 828.02979 n) TDS 4 1113.00 2492.00 1865.5000 579.62085 Valid (lis twise) 4 Ph 2 7.20 7.80 7.5000 .42426 EC (Bahri) 2 550.00 1462.00 1006.0000 644.88138 TDS 2 1183.00 3600.00 2391.5000 1709.07709 ValidN (listwise) 2 Ph 3 7.10 7.50 7.3667 .23094 EC (Khartoum) 3 442.00 1430.00 1099.3333 569.27088 TDS 3 1001.00 1068.00 1024.6667 37.58102 Valid N (listwise) 3 4-3 Concentration of ions that affect The Salinity of Water 4-3-1 Major cations constituents: 1- Sodium (Na): The high concentration of Na has bad effects on the structure of soils because the soil becomes plastic. Na is also harmful for those who suffer from cardiac diseases and high blood pressure. The concentration of Na depends up on the hydrological condition, season of year and the industrial activities in the area. The mean value of sodium concentration in the Bahri is higher than in the Omdurman and the Khartum areas. The maximum value occurs in the Bahri area. The mean values of Na concentration arc similar in Omdurman and Khartoum areas. In the study area Na is derived from dissolution of soil salt and the mean concentration of it is highest in the Bahri area (table 4-5). 2- Calcium (Ca): In the study area calcium is derived from the dissolution of limestone and dolomite. The high concentration of Ca occurs near the rivers , and decreases away from it. This is because recharge is principally derived from the rivers the concentration range of Ca is higher than K in all three areas under study (table 4-5). The main concentration value is fairly homogeneous and there is no much variation in the content of calcium in the three areas. Although Ca is an essential element for the growth of human body, an excess of it in drinking water causes complication,(Mazin M.Sc thesis 2010). 3-Magnesium (Mg): Ions that contribute to the water hardness arc magnesium sulphate. It is harmful to the health of the human being. The content of magnesium is slightly lower than calcium in the three studied areas. 4- Potassium (K): The concentration of potassium content is very low (tabic 4-5) because potassium is strongly adsorbed by the clay mineral and it is not harmful to the health of the human being. -21- 4-3-2 Major Dissolved Anions*. 1- Bicarbonate (Hco3): According to (Todd 1980), the common geochemical Sequences in G/W include bicarbonate \vater near ground surface varying to chloride water in the deepest portion of the formation. The major natural sources of it are dolomite and limestone. The bicarbonate content is fairly high in the groundwater of the three studied areas; the mean values are 252, 305 and 309ppm, in the Omdurman, Bahri and the Khartoum (table 4-5). 2- Nitrates (No3): Nitrates is an important natural pollutant, high concentration indicates source of past or present pollutant. Major natural source are atmosphere, plant debris and animal excrement, (Mazin M.Sc thesis 2010). The high concentration of Nitrate in the ground, water of the Bahri area is 27ppm, indicated that there is a significant source of pollution in this study area, (table 4-5). 3- Chloride (Cl): Chloride occurs under normal condition, important source are sewage, seawater, connate water and evaporates. Major source arc igneous rock. In the geochemical sequence chloride water occurs in the deepest portion of formation., (Mazin M.Sc thesis 2010). The Cl is conservative, when it enters the G/W and no process can remove it. Therefore chloride can be used as a check for the hydraulic connection between aquifers. The mean concentration value of chloride 178ppm is slightly higher in the Bahri than in the two other areas Omdurman 144ppm and the Khartoum 150ppm, (table 4-5). 4- Sulphate (So4): The major natural sources are gypsum anhydrite, oxidation of Sulphate ore, decaying of organic matter and the weathering of some Magmatic rock (Todd 1980), the concentration of Sulphate in natural water source is commonly less than 300 mg/1, the average concentration value is low in the groundwater is of the Khartoum area (89ppm). However the mean concentration value is higher in the groundwater of the Omdurman area than the Bahri (table 4-5). -22- In the study area the source of (So4) is dissolution of gypsum and oxidation of pyrite minerals. Table (4-3): The Standard Drinking Wafer Constituent \VllO(l W ) S.N.S.for IXW Na 2 0 0 2 0 0 F 1.5 1.5-10 No3-N02 10 45-200 So4 250 250 T.hard.co3 400-500 400-500 TDS 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Table (4-4) - Chemical Analysis Result of Selected Bore holes (Study areas, concentration in ppm). Source: Awad. M.SC. Nada (2001). S.NO B.H.NO Na K Mg Ca \c\ So4 No3 Hco3 12 - 33 - 38.40 18.29 63.90 30 - 183 13 - 401 - 53.40 31.20 106 700 - ■ 353 14 - 246.1 - 41.30 132 74.60 700 - 289 15 - 134 - 92.00 29.80 333.10 127.50 - 183 16 14 300 5 25 50 200 450 50 220 29 617 205 21 16.2 44 157.6 110 5.7 390 38 239 45 11 12.63 34 26.3 28 5.72 183 65 382 235 3 20 41.6 326.6 100 4.84 170.8 67 - 249 5 27.9 30.4 99.3 140 3.5 573.4 Table (4-5): Descriptive Statistics: N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Na 4 33.00 401.00 203.5250 157.82005 K Omdurman 0 Ca 4 38.40 92.00 56.2750 24.68675 Mg 4 18.29 132.00 52.8225 53.10097 Cl 4 63.90 333.10 144.4000 127.06237 S04 4 38.00 700.00 391.3750 358.23767 N03 0 HC03 4 183.00 353.00 252.0000 83.84907 Valid N (listwise) 0 Na 2 205.00 300.00 252.5000 67.17514 K Bahri 2 5.00 21.00 13.0000 11.31371 Mg 2 16.20 25.00 20.6000 6.22254 Ca 2 44.00 50.00 47.0000 4.24264 Cl 2 157.60 200.00 178.8000 29.98133 S04 2 110.00 450.00 280.0000 240.41631 N03 2 5.70 50.00 27.8500 31.32483 HC03 2 220.00 390.00 305.0000 120.20815 Na 3 45.00 249.00 176.3333 113.95321 K Khartoum 3 3.00 11.00 6.3333 4.16333 Mg 3 12.63 27.90 20.1767 7.63653 Ca 3 30.40 41.60 35.3333 5.71781 Cl 3 26.30 326.60 150.7333 156.61757 S04 3 28.00 140.00 89.3333 56.75679 N03 3 3.50 5.72 4.6867 1.11791 HC03 3 170.80 573.40 309.0667 229.00064 Valid N (list wise) 3 Table (4-6) - Chemical Analysis Result of Selected Bore holes (Study areas concentration in epm). SOURCE: Khalid (2003), Nada (2001), Seaf cldien (2003). S.No B.H.No Na K Mg Ca Cl So4 No3 Hco3 TDI 12 - 33 - 38.40 18.29 63.90 38 - 183 374 13 - 401 - 53.40 31.20 106 700 - 353 1644 14 - 246.1 - 41.30 132 74.60 700 - 289 15 - 134 - 92.00 29.80 333.10 127.50 - 183 89 16 14 13.5 0.13 2.06 2.5 5.6 9.37 0.81 3.61 37 29 617 8.92 0.54 1.33 2.2 4.44 2.29 0.09 6.39 26 38 239 1.96 0.28 1.04 1.7 0.74 0.58 0.09 2.1 8 65 382 10.22 0.08 1.65 2.08 9.21 2.08 0.08 2.8 28 67 - 249 5 27.9 30.4 • 99.3 140 3.5 573.4 630$ Table (4-7): The Ionic Ratio (Study areas) 10 B.NO Mg/Ca Ca+Mg/Na+k S04/CI HC03/CL Cl- Cl- Na+K/CI Na+K/S04+N03+W Cq - 2.09 1.72 0.59 2.86 0.48 -0.14 - 1.71 -0.21 6.60 3.33 -2.78 -0.94 - 0.32 -0.70 9.38 3.87 -2.30 -0.17 - 3.09* -0.91 0.38 0.55 0.60 -0.64 14 0.82 -0.33 1.67 0.64 -1.43 -0.58 617 0.83 -0.37 0.52 1.44 -1.14 -0.57 239 0.61 1.22 0.78 2.84 -2.03 -0.33 382 0.79 -036 0.23 0.30 -0.12 -0.22 - 0.92 -0.23 1.42 5.77 -1.56 -0.22 4-4-Water Types: The chemical analysis anti the result obtained from them show that there are several water types which can be distinguished in the study area as follows: 4-4-1- Omdurman area: In this area the types of water are: -Sodium - Sulphate (Na-So4), Magnesium - Bicarbonate (Mg-Hco3) and Magnesium - Chloride (Mg- Cl) water types: This type of water is result of high concentration of Na, So4 and Cl, which means that the source of salinity is from these ions, (table 4-8), appendixes(C-l), (Omdurman area). 4-4-2- Bahri and shareg elneal area: In this area there are many deferent types of water such as: - Sodium - Sulphate (Na- So4) and Sodium - Bicarbonate (Na - IIco3) water types: In this area the salinity is affected by the prscncc of clays and mudstone. 4-4-3- Khartoum area: In this area the types of water are: - Sodium - Chloride (Na - Cl) and Sodium - Bicarbonate (Na - JIco3) Water ty pes: These types of water are affected and modified by the Gezira Formation. -26- Table (4-8): The Classification of Water TypcjC (Study areas) S.No B.H.No T. anion T.catin Imbalance Ratio Water Type 12 - 15.6505 13.5456 -7.21 Na-IIco-So4-CI 13 - 5.5932 5.5048 -0.80 Mg-Na-Hc3-CI 14 - 23.3508 23.3926 0.09 Na-So4-Hco3 15 - 21.4161 20.6893 -1.73 Na-Ca-So4-Hco3 16 14 19.4232 17.7288 -4.56 Na-So4-Cl 29 617 11.0402 12.9824 8.08 Na-Heo3-CI 38 239 45 4.9744 5.94 Na-Ca-Mg-Heo3 65 382 14.01607 14.0198 -0.50 Na-Cl 67 - 15.1711 14.7710 1.34 Na-Heo3 -27- 4-5-ChemicaI processes in the Study Area: Hydraulic inter connection can not be only determined from pumping test and trace element alone. The geological, hydrological factors' should always check against the hydrochemical bccausc of the scare and fragmental nature of the data in the area under study,"The type of chemical processes is determined by using correlation from statistical analysis which results in identifying the following processes. 4-5-1- Mixing of ground water: Mixing of fresh water by saline water it give new type of water. 4-5-2- Dissolution Precipitation Reaction: This type of chemical reaction is found in most parts of the study area of Khartoum, but is concentrated adjacent to the Nile (due to the effect of recharge).Scatter diagrams (4-1, 4-2 and 4-3) suggest that dissolution process is active .There is strong positive correlation between calcium, magnesium and bicarbonates. 4-5-3- cat ion exchange: The negative cat ion exchange ratio (Cl - Na +K / S04 + ITC03 + N03) indicates that Sodium and Potassium have replaced Calcium and Magnesium in most part of the study areas except in two boreholes in Omdurman (number 12 and 15) where the positive cat ion exchange ratio (Cl - Na +K / Cl) shows that Calcium and Magnesium have replaced Sodium arid Potassium .It appears that the process of cat ion exchange was active in the brackish groundwater of the Khartoum stats. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Na Diagrams (4-1): the Result of Chemical Statistic Analysis (correlation). (Study areas) -29- -3 0 - -31- 32- -3 3 - CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMEN DATIONS 5 -Conclusions & Recommendations 5-1 Conclusions'': Using uni variant and multi variant statistical methods together with graphical techniques to analyse and assess the hydrochemistry of the brackish groundwater zone of the Khartoum state and using a limited number of water samples has led to following conclusions: -The total dissolved solids (TDS), in the study area Bahri & shareg elneil is relatively higher (2391 ppm), than the Khartoum and the Omdurman areas which have total dissolved solids of 1024, 1865ppm respectively. -The maximum value of sodium (Na) occurs in the Bahri area, but the minimum value is equal in the Omdurman and the Khartoum areas. - Concentration of calcium (Ca) in all the study area is fairly homogeneous and there is no distinct variation. -The content of magnesium (Mg) is slightly lower than Calcium in the three studied areas. -The bicarbonate (HCO?), average content is fairly high in the groundwater of the three studied areas, Omdurman (252ppm) Bahri, (305ppm) Khartoum (309ppm). -The higher concentration of Nitrate (NOj) in the groundwater of the Bahri area indicates that there is a significant source of pollution. - The mean concentration value of Sulphate (SO,|), (309ppm) is slightly higher in Omdurman than the other two areas. I Iowcver the average concentration value is low in the groundwater of the Khartoum area (89ppm) - The mean concentration value of the chloride ion (178ppm) is slightly higher in the Bahri site than in the other areas - Omdurman- Khartoum , which have successfully, 144ppm- 150ppm. - From factor analysis the effective component which contributes 48% of the total variants is composed of (Sodium Na, Magnesium Mg, Chlorite Cl, Sulphate SO4 , and Nitrate NO?) which contribute significantly to the mineralization of the groundwater in the study areas. -The water types of the Omdurman area arc: - Sodium - Sulphate (Na-So4), Magnesium - Bicarbonate (Mg-IIco3) and Magnesium - Chloride (Mg- Cl) water types. -34- - The Bahri and shareg elneal area is characterized by the following water types: - Sodium - Sulphate (Na- So4) and Sodium - Bicarbonate (Na - 1 lco3) water types. -The Khartoum area has the following water types: - Sodium - Chloride (Na - Cl) and Sodium - Bicarbonate (Na - I lco3) Water types. - In the study area the main chemical process is dominated by dissolution of minerals and limited cat ion exchange. This is supported by Scatter Diagrams. - There are no evaporation effects in the groundwater of the study area. - From Ionic ratios there is a strong positive relation between ( Mg , Na) and So4 ions This shows significant dissolution in the groundwater. There is all© ^strong positive correlation between TDI and Na, NO3, HCO3, which indicates that these ions have contributed to the mineralization of the groundwater. 5-2 Recommendations - It is recommended to drill deeper to avoid the source of the above lying saline zones. - More investigation of the chemical analysis is needed especially in the saline zones and also to use geophysical logging techniques to identify and locate the saline zones. - Before starting drilling it's needed to have a complete knowledge and data of the study areas. - Search of good drilling sites in the field using vertical electrical resistivity method is required. REFERENCES -Abu sun and Davies (1991), The future of Sudan capital region: Study in development and change, Khartoum University Press. - Elbushra, E.S. (1976), An atlas of Khartoum conurbation, Khartoum university press. -Eltahir, M. Seif Eldian,( 2003), Groundwater as a source of water supply in Eastern Khartoum State- Geological control and quality constraints. M.sc, thesis institute of environmental studies (I.E.S), University of Khartoum. - Farah, E, A., Barazi, N. Abdallatif, O.M. and kheir, O.M. (1997), Groundwater resource in a semi arid area: a case study from central Sudan. Journal of Africa Earth Science, vol.25, NO.3, PP. 453-466. -Awad H,S. (2002), Hydrochemistry of groundwater in Khartoum state central Sudan, Msc thesis(Unpublished) El Neelain University. - Jorgensen G.J. and Bosworth, W. (1987), Gravity Modeling in the central African Rift systemHYR, Sudan: Rift Geometries and tectonic significance, J. of Afr. Earth Sciences, vol.8 (2/3/4), P.283-306. - Khalid Noor Eldaeenj,(2000), Hydrogeological and hydrochemical studies in Omdurman area. Final year B.Sc. Honour Student Report. - Krampe et-al, (1979), Sundance German Exploration project, technical report part 11 vol. A-C Groundwater resources in Khartoum province, unpublished report, Hanover, GMRD. -Mazin (2010), Hydrogeological and hydrochemical characteristics ofthc Nubian sundstone aguifer in Khartoum state, Sudan M.SC Thesis University of Khartoum. -Nada Ahmed Osman, (2001), Hydrogelogecal studies of Omdurman. Final year B.Sc honuor report. - Oliver, J. (1965). The climate of Khartoum province, Guide to the natural history of Khartoum province, part 2, Sudan Notes and Records. -37- -Salama, R.B. (1997), the rift basins of the Sudan, in scllcy, R.C. I Isu, K.J. (Eds). African basins of the world vol. 3, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, PP 99-143. - Soil Survey Staff (1975), Soil taxonomy: a basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys, I Iandbook 436, U.S.D.A., and Washington. -Todd, D.K.. (1980). Groundwater hydrogeology, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York. - White man, A.J. (1971), The geology of the Sudan Republic, Calcrndon Press. Oxford APPENDIXES APPENDIXES (A): Well Inventory APPENDIXES (A-l): (Onidurmaii arca)- Source: A>vad, M.SC, Khalid (2000), Nada (2001) B. Well Name H. Yield No Lat( UTM) Long (UTM) Elevation Depth SWL DWL M/h 7 Wadi saydna 1748715.74 448239.99 382 88 23 33.7 5600 28 West Omdur 1730306.81 437479.83 395 123.4 59.7 83.5 50 20 UmbddaBI 7 5 1722897.48 458912.34 395 137.2 49.3 52.6 12.45 38 4 Elshigla 1728414.07 451754.86 385 144.8 31.1 33.1 40 42 4 Elthora H10 5707375.81 469353.96 . 388 92.9 26.2 29.8 32.72 57 9 Umudda 6135694.07 470420.98 392 210.9 70.1 72.5 80 27 Dar 1 elsaB19 1719210.72 451747.09 397 172.3 66 72.1 19 40 4 Elthora H59 1717371.88 449955.88 392 157 36.1 41.6 29.22 24 5 Elthora H56 1717371.88 485701.81 393 140.2 35.9 36.5 16.36 22 1 Elsamar 1739489.00 451790.03 397 69.2 25.7 29.5 35 - Elbank Elag 2723374.74 1146532.23 ----- - F.S (52) 3736019.14 1149162.31 --- -- - Fashoda 3722097.25 1155811.96 --- -- - Aloshra 3727786.50 1149922.88 ---- - - Ummbada 3720201.45 1144737.9 ----- APPENDIXES (A-2): (Bahri & Sharcg clncal arca)- Source: Awad, M.SC, Khalid (2000), Nada (2001) B.H Well Name Long( Dept DW Yield .No Lat(UTM) UTM) Elevation h SWL L M/ h 14 Elhlfia 1735802.72 451782.2 381 76 18.1 40 4500 22 Elssamra 1695274.22 439173.6 394 135.7 31.7 34.1 2500 38 Shambat 1732119.47 453519.3 379 92.9 16.7 38.1 4000 214 22.7 Elhaj y B 6 1711832.87 464248.6 385 106.7 25.9 26.9 2 266 Egerif Shareg 1713657.23 489274.6 385 91.4 12 22 110 277 Elnimab 1713631.94 462503.5 405 109.6 31.6 77 6.36 362 Elkbashi 1739469.61 449972 385 64 13.9 44.6 55 367 Elkdro 1724745.21 453560.5 380 96 21 88.4 60 377 Matery 27.2 halfia 173211.89 449888.4 381 73.2 24.4 45.7 7 437 Elzakib 1676813.62 455314.3 383 73.1 16.1 31 40 513 Elhaj yosifB24 1715516.39 458912.3 382 123.4 23 28.8 46.7 383 Elshabia 1728414.48 449988.2 378 85.4 10.1 32.4 15.9 565 Eldroshab • 32.7 south 1 1726586.83 458912.3 382 160 23.8 27.5 2 617 Goz wad eltahir 1724735.68 454438.9 395 111.3 51.6 56.5 17.2 640 Elshikh elamin 1693419.43 443641.8 400 228.7 52.3 57 31.8 288 Elezergab 1689687.79 466895.8 380 82 20 32 60 Sheikh ela main bulla 15 30 32 35 APPENDIXES (A-3): (Khartoum area) - Source: Awad, M.SC, Khalid (2000), Nada (2001) B. Well p H. Name LON Elev Dept SW Yield NO LAT (UTM) (UTM) ation h L DWL M/h 33 1 214. Soba 1713660 462461 382 9 22.8 59.4 60 34 70 ELmusadi 106. a 1692433 485684.4 388 7 19.8 37.4 49.09 35 21 141. 2 Elslma 1713660 462461 385 8 22.7 27.5 36.36 16 23 Mayo H 176. 3 14 1713770 419557 383 8 22.6 29.3 28.5 37 23 Soba 9 garb 1698935 449915.9 384 54.8 16.8 41.1 24.09 8 37 Elmanshi 116. 2 a 1735802 451782.2 379 1 9 37 Alua 3 sands progam 1721047 455325 382 94.5 18.5 27.7 60 40 37 9 Elsahfa 1741319 458935.7 381 91.5 41 41 • 3 Elazhri B 1758516 464319.3 382 50.3 14.8 16.3 26.1 42 42 8 Elandols 1726624 435683.1 382 53.3 13.5 18.2 45.4 43 19 3 Enya 1703079 451713.3 378 70.7 15.9 18.5 204.5 44 17 Ehaj yosif 6 B24 1693409 448114.8 381 62.5 16.1 17.5 45 19 4 Shafa 1767140 453632.8 382 79.3 15.5 17.3 14.09 46 49 126. 0 Elferdos 1733984 441062.1 383 5 26.7 61.1 34.09 7 59 201. 1 Elklakla G 1733945 458922.3 378 5 13.1 25.4 38.2 48 61 170. 3 Elklakla T 1711852 444580.6 378 7 31.9 45.7 35 49 61 Arkweet 152. 4 B 56 1720128 453536.1 381 4 22.9 40.5 8.18 50 59 Elgerif 1720128 453536.1 383 109. 13.5 32.7 25.68 \ 6 west 8 51 3 Elsheihk M elfadni 1715483 477657.3 395 86.3 37 60 52 20 Soba 9 west 1722099 459812.1 382 88.4 13.8 22.4 40.9 53 26 Gizera 7 milk 126. Compony 1726569 459802.3 395 5 19.8 27.7 3.63 54 28 Taiba 5 elhasnab 1756076 454501.9 380 64 13.9 44.6 55 55 31 117. 0 ------1714578 464250.1 381 57.1 14.6 1 60 56 62 Taiba 6 elhassna b 1698935 449915.9 381 60.9 15.8 25.1 57 61 5 Um osher 1711852 444580.6 381 62.5 11.7 13.2 43.6 58 62 ELhafeer 0 village 1702632 445452.7 421 125 15.9 17.3 41 59 62 Wad 158. 8 elamin 1712707 499106.9 398 5 62.3 62.9 10 60 63 . 100. 1 Abodroos 1691617 428427.9 382 6 6.5 9.4 40 61 63 ELSalma 181. 2 nia West 1727546 435685.7 385 4 16.9 60 62 36 2 Alkdrab 1714552 491062.6 383 58.2 27.4 27.7 30 63 26 Soba 4 eltismin 1704462 451716.2 382 45.7 16.4 33.8 25 64 38 Arak 155. 2 elkatib 1722897 451754.9 385 5 22.4 51.7 4.5 65 - ALazhri 1754187.1 496431.2 B15 6 6 ----- 67 - Add 1746814.4 491055.2 Hessian 6 2 - - - -- Al'I'ENDIXES (It): STATIST'1CAL ANALYSIS RESULT (COUUELATIONOE THE STUDY AREAS) Correlations M 1 ------TDI 1 Na K Mi| C a C l S 0 4 N 0 3 I H C 0 3 99ft(“ ,8 70 (“ 9 8 2 (" I ll;j [■'oar son | ftOO .558 390 8 2 2 (“ ) e Correlation ) ) ) 0 Ciig (2-tailed) .000 1 12 11 9 299 002 003 006 II 9 5 9 9 9 9 5 9 r Pearson .994 ( " 990( 99 1 ( .9 9 3(“ .967 ("“ 996( 9 9 5(“ ) 1 .997(**) Correlation ) **) “) ) ) 'jig. (2 tailed) .000 .001 000 001 .001 007 .000 0 II 5 5 ft ft 5 5 5 5 Pearson 9 9 4 (“ .93 7( 9 8 2 (‘ * Uj 5(>G 1 409 462 493 2 Correlation ) “) ) 'Jig (2 -tailed) 1 1 2 0 0 1 .274 000 .2 1 1 003 .1 7 7 5 IJ 9 ft u 9 9 9 ft a (;i Pearson ,990 (“ 9 8 U “ .558 409 1 230 • 7 7 7 0 .470 2 Correlation ) ) Oig (2 tailed) .1 19 0 0 0 .2 /4 5 52 0 14 003 20 2 .a II 9 5 9 9 9 9 5 9 Cl Pearson .991 (** 9 3 7 ( " .976(** .390 .230 1 2 1 2 .38 7 .2: Correlation ) ) ) Sig (2-tailed) .299 .001 .000 .552 584 004 .30 3 .5* II 9 5 9 9 9 0 5 9 SW Pearson 9 9 3 (" 777( 9 8 7 (“ 070(**) 402 .2 1 2 1 542 .2- Correlation ) *) ) Sig. (2 tailed) 0 0 2 00 1 .2 1 1 0 14 584 002 .1 3 1 K II 9 ft U 9 9 9 5 9 1 nfi'i Pearson 9 G /( “ ,9 8 2(“ .9 8 1( 976( ,937("‘ 9f)2(“ ) 1 9 7 7 (“ ) 978(* Correlation ) ) “) ”) ) !>j (2 tailed) oo:i 0 0 / 003 0 0 3 .004 .002 004 00 II 5 ft !i ft ft ft ft 5 1 1V) Pearson 9 9 /( “ 9 7 7 (“ H 2 2 (“ ) 493 .470 .387 .542 1 ,9 0 9 r Correlation ) ) Sig (2 tailed) .000 .000 .177 .202 .303 .131 .004 00 II 9 5 9 9 9 9 5 9 i IDI Pearson .99(>('* 978(** .001 22 0 ,2ft8 .23 5 .240 .909(“ ) Correlation ) ) f;ig. (2-lailed) .087 .000 .570 .502 .542 .535 .004 .001 IJ 9 5 9 9 9 9 5 9 1 “ Correlation is significant at Hie 0 01 level (2 tailed). ‘ Correlation is significant at the 0 0!i level (2-tailed) THIS SCANNED IERSIONIS RECEI\ ED AS INCOMPLETE APPENDIXES(C): CHEMICAL ANALYSIS DIAGRAKMS APPENDIXES(C-l): (Omdurman area)- Ca Na HC03 Cl Piper Diagram Cl (mg/l) Na (mg/l) Scatter Diagram Frequency (counts) 6.C -i------r------r— 0 20 40 60 80 100 Ca (mg/l) Histogram Diagram FASHODA OMDURMAN 10 UMBUDA OMDURMAN 12 Stiff diagrams: F.S (52) OMDURMAN 9 AL OSHARA OMDURMAN 11 APPENDIXES (C-2) - (Bahri & shareg elneal area): Ca Na HC03 Cl Piper Diagram Scatter Diagram Frequency (counts) 6.0 4.8 3.6 2.4 1.2 0 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 Ca (mg/l) Histogram Diagram ELHALFIA BAHRI AND SHAREAG ELNEAL 1 Li HC03 S04 GOZ WAD ELTAHIR BAHRI AND SHAREIG ELNIEL 19 Cl HC03 S04 APPENDIXES (C-3) - (Khartoum area): Cl (mg/l) > o • <> o ______0*0 0*0 o Scatter Diagram Ca Na HC03 Cl Piper Diagram Frequency (counts) 6.0 4.8 3.6 2.4 1.2 0.0 0 20 40 60 80 10C Histogram Diagram ARACK ELKATIB KHARTOUM 4 lid Cl HCG3 Mg S04 SOBA GAREAB KHARTOUM 16 Stiff Diagrams: IDD HUSIEN KHARTOUM 5 A p p e n d ix e s (D): RESULT OF CLUSTER & FACTOR ANLYS1S, (PHYCICAL RESULT) CLUSTER:- Cases Valid Missing Total Perce n Percen Percen N t N | t N | t 9 100.0 0 .0 9 100.0 a Squared Euclidean Distance usea b Average Linkage (Between Groups) Average Linkage (Between Groups) Agglomeration Schedule Sta • Stage Cluster First Cluster Combined Coefficients Appears Next Stage ge I Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 1 Cluster 2 1 8 9 4505.000 0 0 2 4 6 21284.036 0 0 3 4 8 28933.665 2 1 ; CDWU i 4 2 3 250470.440 0 0 IO 5 1 2 1028175.110 0 4 ; n I 6 4 7 1087509.335 3 0 n 7 1 4 4596612.730 5 6 8 1 5 7639820.943 7 0 ! OOO Vertical Icicle Number of Case clusters 5 7 9 8 6 4 3 | 2 ! I 1 1 XX XX XX X XX XXX X X X I X j X 2 X X XX XX X X X X X X X X IX IX 3 XX X XX XX XX X X X X IX jX 4 X X XXX X XXX X X XXX 5 X X XX XXX XX X X X I X 6 X X X XX XX XX X X ! X 7 X X X XX X XX X x ; ! x 8 X | X XXX X XX X X Appendixes (E): RESULT OF CLUSTER & FACTOR AN LYSIS, (CHEMICAL RESULT)- Cluster Case Processing Summary(a,b) Cases Valid Missing Total Perce n Perce n Percen N t N t N t 5 55.6 4 44.4 9 100.0 a Squared Euclidean Distance used b Average Linkage (Between Groups) Average Linkage (Between Groups) Agglomeration Schedule Cluster Stage Cluster Combined First A spears Sta Cluster Cluster Coeffici Cluster Cluster Next ge 1 2 ents 1 2 Stage 1 40453.1 6 9 0 0 3 40 2 131789. 7 8 0 0 OQ 781 3 7 149627. 9 A o£ / 1 483 4 204577. Dc Da 0 o 0 543 Vertical Icicle Number of Case clusters 8 7 9 6 5 1 X X X X XXXXX 2 X X X X XXXX 3 XXX XX XX 4 XXX X X X FACTER ANALYSIS Communalities Extract Initial ion Na 1.000 .885 K 1.000 .765 Mg 1.000 .997 Ca 1.000 .926 Cl 1.000 .743 S04 1.000 .957 N03 1.000 .874 HC 1.000 .924 03 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Total Variance Explained Extraction Sums of Squared Initial Eigenvalues Loadings Compon % of Cumulati % of i Cumulati ent Total Variance ve % Total Variance ve % 1 3.901 48.767 48.767 3.901 48.767 i 48.767 2 2.008 25.105 73.872 2.008 25.105 73.872 3 1.163 14.534 88.407 1.163 14.534 88.407 4 .927 11.593 100.000 ... . 5 2.53E- 3.17E- 100.000 016 015 6 9.28E- 1.16E- 100.000 017 015 7 -2.67E- 2.14E- 100.000 016 017 8 -2.63E- 2.10E- 100.000 015 ...... 016 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis Component Matrix(a) Component 1 2 3 Na .878 .338 .012 K -.497 -.316 .647 Mg .687 .724 -.020 Ca .707 -.621 .203 Cl .608 -.203 -.577 S04 .920 -.056 .327 N03 .825 -.281 .337 HC -.119 .872 .386 0 3 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis, a 3 components extracted.
Khartoum State
