Compliance Engineering Journal ISSN NO: 0898-3577

Public Transport Accessibility Index for Bus System in West Zone of City

R. N. Shukla1, Rasikkumar V. Makwana2, P. J. Gundaliya3 1Ph.D Scholar, Civil Engineering, Technological University, Ahmedabad, 2P.G. Student, Dept. of Civil (Transportation) Engineering, L.D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad, India 3Professor, Dept. of Civil (Transportation) Engineering, L.D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad, India [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract: Low level of accessibility is the main reason for the transport related problems. Accessibility to the public transport system is the key to improving the level of service in line with rising demand and it also plays an important role in reducing private vehicle dependence and traffic congestion. Public Transport Accessibility Level (PTAL) method is one of the best method to find the accessibility for any urban area. The objective of the study is to calculate the public transport Accessibility Index (AI) for the selected study area west zone of Ahmedabad, India.

Key Words: Public Transport, Accessibility, Accessibility Index (AI), PTAL.

1. Introduction Transportation Planning affects growth of city, impact current and future infrastructure and environment. Public Transport should be sustainable transport system. More people carried per hour than by any other transportation means. More Private Vehicles results in increasing gas emission, Traffic congestion, effects on environment and human. Shifting of private vehicles into public transportation, improves environment, economics and public health. Efficient public transport in terms of accessibility is the main objectives of policy makers and planners in metropolitan areas. Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service (AMTS) and Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) are two public transport facilities available in Ahmedabad city currently. Metro is under construction. To improve accessibility, it is necessary to measure it as accurately as possible.

1.1. AMTS:

AMTS came into being on 1st April 1947 with a fleet of 112 buses, India's largest Municipal Transport Service for local conveyance. It is managed by Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) under Bombay Provincial Municipal Corporations Act. At present, AMTS has 1227 buses serving the city in which 977 runs under AMTS & 250 under Janmarg. In addition, It is also responsible for 250 BRTS buses with covering 733 km of road network, AMTS covers about 88% of the developed AMC area and carry 0.9 million passengers per day. It caters to roughly 11% of the trips in the city. These buses perform roughly 7954 trips on daily basis (AMTS, 2012). Average bus stop spacing is 410 meters which is convenient for passengers.

It operates on numerous routes traversing through the entire city of Ahmedabad. Specified route numbers assigned with different zones (zone 1 to 16) of the entire city with extra circular and anti-circular routes. Night bus services between 10.30 PM and 1AM is provided from Lal Darwaja and bus terminus to specified areas and in

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the early morning 5.00 AM also the service is provided from certain areas. Minimum fare is Rs.3 for travel up to two km and Max. fare is Rs.25. Service-oriented approach, night and morning service for textile workers, special routes from Government Colonies to secretariat and new civil hospital, special concession rates for children and students, free pass scheme for the blind, and concessional pass for professional and medical post- graduate students are key features of AMTS. In this way AMTS has played an important role in the development of suburbs and nearby villages also.

1.2. BRTS:

It is also known as Janmarg in Ahmedabad, operated by Ahmedabad Janmarg Limited, a subsidiary of AMC and others. Designed by CEPT University and inaugurated in October 2009. The project was sanctioned by the Ministry of Urban Development under JNNURM program in 2005. The network expanded to 89 km by December 2017 with daily ridership of 3,49,000 passengers with air conditioned and non- air-conditioned buses. As of June 2018, currently operational routes are eleven in both directions and two in circular direction with serving 149 BRTS stations and cabins at extended routes. Minimum fare is Rs.4 for travel up to two km and Max. fare is Rs.36. Key features of BRTS are effective speed, reliability, capacity and cost, station design, intelligent transport system (ITS) application and fare collection, environmental friendly, dedicated lanes, platform-level boarding. Frequency of both services AMTS and BRTS are different in each routes according to passenger traffic and operational conditions. ICICI Bank and AMC has introduced Janmitra-smart city card which can be used for AMTS and BRTS and is a first of its kind, prepaid, reloadable card which is designed for convenience and flexibility. The card offers exciting features and a host of benefits for all payment needs within the city of Ahmedabad.

1.3. Accessibility:

As a place-specific concept, accessibility relates to the ability to have interactions with other locales. Some definitions according to literature review are:

 Relative ease of reaching a particular location or area.  ‘The potential of opportunities for interaction’. (Hansen,1959)  ‘People’s ability to reach goods, services and activities’. (Litman,2008)  ‘The ease with which any land use activity can be reached from a location using a particular transport system. (Koenig,1980)  Public transport accessibility: ‘The potential for employees to travel to a place of work using public transport’.

2. Scope and Objectives of the Work

The study is based on literature review and to find out the Accessibility Index (AI) for the selected study area of Ahmedabad city and for the AMTS and BRTS bus transit system. The paper addresses the following two objectives: 1. To calculate an Accessibility Index (AI) for AMTS and, 2. To calculate an Accessibility Index (AI) for BRTS of the proposed area.

3. Literature Review Outcomes

There are different methods used for finding the accessibility to a particular facility. The methods are identified from the literature review:

 Transit service indicator

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 The transit level-of-service (TLOS)  The Local Index of Transit Availability (LITA)  The Land Use and Public Transport Accessibility Indexing Model (LUPTAI)  Accessibility index from (database extracted directly from the satellite imagery and the highway network)  Public Transport Accessibility Level (PTAL).

4. Public Transport Accessibility Level (PTAL) Method

 The London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham (LBH&F) developed this method in 1992.  It has been reviewed, tested and agreed by a London Borough-led PTAL development group. PTAL is now widely used by boroughs in London and is used in the London Plan.  Transport for London (TFL) describes PTAL as “A detailed and accurate measure of the accessibility from a point to the public transport network, taking into account walk access time and service availability”.

4.1 STEPS:

1. Define the point of interest (POI). 2. Calculate the walk access times from the POI to the service access points (SAPs). 3. Identify valid routes at each SAP and calculate average waiting time (AWT). 4. For each valid route at the SAPs calculate the minimum total access time (TAT). 5. Convert TAT to the Equivalent Doorstop Frequencies (EDF) - to compare the benefits offered by routes at different distances. 6. Sum all EDFs with a weighting factor in favour of the most dominant route for each mode.

Total Access Time = Walk Time + Average Waiting Time ………(1) EDF = 30/Total Access Time (minutes) …………………………..(2) AI = (1*EDFmax) + (0.5*All other EDFs)..……………………….(3)

5. Study Area

 Ahmedabad is the largest city of Gujarat. 5th largest city with 6.2 million populations and 7th largest metropolitan area of India, fastest growing city in the world. 6 zones (North, South, East, Central, West and New West) and each zone have different numbers of wards. There are total 64 wards. Study area is West zone which have total 9 wards.

 Total area of 9 different wards namely , Vasna, Navrangpura, S.P. Stadium, , , , and are 65.68 km2 and Total population is 7,87,753 as per census 2011.

Table 1. Ward Detail (West Zone) Total Ward Ward No. Area (km2) Total Population House- Holds Paldi 07 5.58 18855 83109 Vasna 08 5.57 27754 123116 Navrangpura 10 11.98 12839 55647

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S.P. Stadium 11 5.24 16979 75051 Naranpura 12 4.91 20829 88032 Nava Vadaj 13 3.17 17237 77814 Sabarmati 15 9.78 14362 68566 Ranip 45 7.55 24960 120152 Chandkheda 57 11.9 20436 96266 (Source: AMC)

Figure 1. Study Area Map using TransCAD Software

6. Data Collection and Analysis 6.1. Preliminary Data:  Map of Ahmedabad city  Ward details of west zone of Ahmedabad city  Some parameters identified from literatures  AMTS and BRTS Stops details, bus routes and time table data  Frequency detail of bus, which is calculated from data given by AMC.

6.2. Secondary Data:

 Walk Time  Waiting Time  Reliability Factor (K).

Secondary data collected using survey at selected SAPs in every wards. Passengers using bus services were interviewed. Average walking time for passengers to arrive at stops from their home, office or any other origin point. Also to get desired bus services how much time spent on waiting were recorded. Reliability Factor (K) has been calculated using the parameters like Total Frequency (f), Average waiting time using frequency and Average waiting time using Survey. For Ahmedabad, parameters values have been modified as per current situation of traffic and public transport system of Ahmedabad in comparison to London values.

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Table 2. Parameters Comparison for Accessibility Index (AI) Calculation

Parameters Units London Values Ahmedabad Values

Peak hour - 08:15–09:15 am 09:30–10:30 am 09:30–10:30 am

Walk speed km/h 4.8 3.6 3.6

Walk speed m/min. 80 60 60

Bus - London Bus AMTS Bus BRTS Bus

Reliability (K) min 2 2.5 1

Max. walk Time min 8 10 10

Max. walk distance m 640 600 600 (Source: TfL Booklet and Literature Review)

Based on operational routes and number of passengers to be handle by bus services at stops, important stops have been identified and selected. Interview survey at every selected stops have been carried out to get necessary data for AI index calculation.

Table 3. Ward-wise Surveyed AMTS Stops and No. of Passengers Interviewed

Sr. Ward Total Stops Surveyed No. of Passengers Ward Name No. No. (SAP) Stops Interviewed 1 Paldi 7 25 12 558 2 Vasna 8 11 7 326 3 Navrangpura 10 19 10 476 4 SP Stadium 11 2 2 96 5 Naranpura 12 8 8 390 6 New Vadaj 13 14 8 364 7 Sabarmati 15 13 8 400 8 Ranip 45 20 11 458 9 Chandkheda 57 19 11 531

Total 131 77 (58.78%) 3599

In Paldi there are 3 BRTS stops and 1 BRTS stop in Vasna. For AI calculation at these stops parameters identified as used in AMTS AI calculation because there are no major changes in parameters like walk time etc. and that’s why No surveys conducted at these stops also because No. of stops are very less in these two wards. Also total 33 stops (89.19% of total stops) has been surveyed which are enough for AI calculation.

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Table 4. Ward-wise Surveyed BRTS Stops and No. of Passengers Interviewed

Sr. Ward Total Stops Surveyed No. of Passengers Ward Name No. No. (SAP) Stops Interviewed 1 Paldi 7 3 0 0 2 Vasna 8 1 0 0 3 Navrangpura 10 12 12 1121 4 SP Stadium 11 2 2 203 5 Naranpura 12 5 5 533 6 New Vadaj 13 2 2 207 7 Sabarmati 15 6 6 394 8 Ranip BRTS facility not Available 9 Chandkheda 57 6 6 404

Total 37 33 (89.19%) 2862

7. Accessibility Index (AI) Calculation and Analysis For each AMTS and BRTS stops in each wards, AI index is calculated using PTAL method. Here, Example of such AI index calculation for AMTS and BRTS stop is given:

Table 5. AMTS Accessibility Index (AI) Calculation at SAP of Ward

Sr. Route Walk SAP Freq. Weight SWT K AWT TAT EDF AI No. No. Time 1 40/3 3 1 4.89 10.00 2.5 12.50 17.39 1.73 1.73 2 44-4 0.38 0.5 4.89 78.95 2.5 81.45 86.34 0.35 0.17 Nehrunagar 3 49/2 2.4 0.5 4.89 12.50 2.5 15.00 19.89 1.51 0.75 Char Rasta 4 151/4 2.4 0.5 4.89 12.50 2.5 15.00 19.89 1.51 0.75 (AMTS) 5 160 2.5 0.5 4.89 12.00 2.5 14.50 19.39 1.55 0.77 6 200 2 0.5 4.89 15.00 2.5 17.50 22.39 1.34 0.67 Total 4.85

Table 6. BRTS Accessibility Index (AI) Calculation at SAP of Ward Sr. Route Walk SAP Freq. Weight SWT K AWT TAT EDF AI No. No. Time 1 1 8 0.5 4.08 3.75 1 4.75 8.83 3.40 1.70 Nehrunagar 2 3 8 0.5 4.08 3.75 1 4.75 8.83 3.40 1.70 (BRTS) 3 4 8 0.5 4.08 3.75 1 4.75 8.83 3.40 1.70

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4 8 17 1 4.08 1.76 1 2.76 6.84 4.38 4.38 5 9 5 0.5 4.08 6.00 1 7.00 11.08 2.71 1.35 6 10 5 0.5 4.08 6.00 1 7.00 11.08 2.71 1.35 7 12 6 0.5 4.08 5.00 1 6.00 10.08 2.98 1.49 Total 13.67

Similarly, for all other AMTS and BRTS stops in each wards AI has been calculated. After calculation, summary tables with all parameters have been prepared.

8. Summary Tables Table 7. AMTS Summary Table

Ward Total Total Unique Average Ward Name AI (K=2.5) No. SAPs Routes Routes Walk Time 7 Paldi 25 221 46 5.81 132.15 8 Vasna 11 89 26 6.25 48.64 10 Navrangpura 19 161 36 4.85 94.55 11 SP Stadium 2 15 9 5.01 12.14 12 Naranpura 8 61 25 4.99 32.06 13 New Vadaj 14 57 19 5.20 41.79 15 Sabarmati 13 59 8 4.94 49.10 45 Ranip 20 82 11 4.89 67.27 57 Chandkheda 19 72 11 6.42 51.45

Table 8. BRTS Summary Table

Ward Total Total Unique Reliability Ward Name AI (K=1) No. SAPs Routes Routes (K) 7 Paldi 3 17 6 1 29.90 8 Vasna 1 1 1 1 2.51 10 Navrangpura 12 54 7 1 108.35 11 SP Stadium 2 10 5 1 21.37 12 Naranpura 5 25 6 1 52.13 13 New Vadaj 2 10 5 1 22.10 15 Sabarmati 6 12 2 1 27.08 45 Ranip BRTS Bus Facility Not Available in Ranip Ward 57 Chandkheda 6 12 2 1 27.34

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Table 9. Total Combined (AMTS + BRTS) Summary Table

Total Total “K” “K” Ward AI AI Total AI Ward Name AMTS BRTS for for No. (AMTS) (BRTS) (AMTS + BRTS) SAPs SAPs AMTS BRTS

7 Paldi 25 3 2.5 1 132.15 29.90 162.05 8 Vasna 11 1 2.5 1 48.64 2.51 51.15

10 Navrangpura 19 12 2.5 1 94.55 108.35 202.90

11 SP Stadium 2 2 2.5 1 12.14 21.37 33.51

12 Naranpura 8 5 2.5 1 32.06 52.13 84.19

13 New Vadaj 14 2 2.5 1 41.79 22.10 63.89

15 Sabarmati 13 6 2.5 1 49.10 27.08 76.18

45 Ranip 20 None 2.5 None 67.27 None 67.27

57 Chandkheda 19 6 2.5 1 51.45 27.34 78.79

9. PTAL Mapping

As per Maximum and Minimum value of Accessibility Index (AI) obtained, Intervals have been created and AI ranges identified according to that and PTAL created as mentioned in table below. The main purpose to identify the range here is to create some relative comparisons of AI values obtained among all wards and using this range according to max. and min. AI value, uniform distribution of all AI values can be made such that this suitable interval which is in the form of AI range can create best suitable comparisons among all wards. Intervals of 15 (0-15) units selected here using the logic as explained above to give the best comparison analysis in the selected study area.

Table 10. Conversion of Accessibility Index (AI) to PTAL

PTAL Range of AI Map Colour Description

1a (Low) 0-15 Very Poor

1b 16-30 Very Poor

2 31-45 Poor

3 46-60 Moderate

4 61-75 Good

5 76-90 Very Good

6a 91-105 Excellent

6b (High) >105 Excellent

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Table 11. Ward-wise PTAL Result (For Combined AI Value)

Ward Total AI Ward Name PTAL Map Colour Description No. (AMTS+BRTS) 7 Paldi 162.05 6b (High) Excellent 8 Vasna 51.15 3 Moderate 10 Navrangpura 202.90 6b (High) Excellent 11 SP Stadium 33.51 2 Poor 12 Naranpura 84.19 5 Very Good 13 New Vadaj 63.89 4 Good 15 Sabarmati 76.18 5 Very Good 45 Ranip 67.27 4 Good 57 Chandkheda 78.79 5 Very Good

Figure 2. PTAL Map of West Zone of Ahmedabad City

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10. Graph

11. Results and Conclusions From AI value of AMTS of all wards, it was found that the Accessibility Index (AI) for Paldi is 132.15, which is the highest AI value among all wards. Whereas AI value for SP Stadium is 12.14, which is lowest among all wards. For BRTS, AI value is high in Navrangpura that is 108.35 and low in SP Stadium which is 21.37. However, the BRTS system, has improved the connectivity to these areas which has improved the accessibility level in such areas. Therefore, combination of both bus services provide better Accessibility in the urban area. So highest Combined Accessibility Index (AI) value is 202.90 which has been found in Navrangpura and low is 33.51 that is in SP Stadium.

According to London PTAL method, Combine Accessibility to public transport service (AMTS and BRTS) is ‘Excellent’ (with highest AI value) in Navrangpura and also ‘Excellent’ in Paldi ward and ‘Poor’ (with lowest AI value) in SP Stadium. Whereas, Naranpura, Sabarmati and Chandkheda has ‘Very Good’ type accessibility level. New Vadaj and Ranip has ‘Good’ type accessibility level while Vasna has ‘Moderate’ level of accessibility. Moreover, the completion of Metro rail routes (MEGA) also will improve the Accessibility Index of these areas once the trains become operational.

References

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[5] K.L.A.V. Harnadh, & K.S.B. Prasad (2014), “Study and analysis of public and private transport accessibility”, International Journal of Engineering Research & technology (IJERT), ISSN: 2278-0181, Vol. 3. [6] Parvathy Rajendran, Bindhu B K, & V S Sanjay Kumar (2013), “Public Transport Accessibility Index for Thiruvananthapuram Urban Area”, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE), e-ISSN: 2278-1684, p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 7, Issue 4 (Jul. - Aug. 2013), PP 61-66. [7] Su Pe Thu and Kay ThweTun, Urban public transport accessibility for markets and wards: the case study of Mandalay City, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 7, Issue 8, August 2017 551 ISSN 2250- 3153. [8] Simon Cooper, Peter Wright and Rhodri Ball, Transport for London, Measuring the accessibility of opportunities and services in dense urban environments: Experiences from London, Association for European Transport and contributors 2009. [9] Tayebeh Saghapour, Sara Moridpour, Russell G. Thompson, Public Transport Accessibility in Metropolitan Areas: A New Approach Incorporating Population Density, Article in Journal of Transport Geography, June 2016. [10] Alan T. Murray, Rex Davis, Robert J. Stimson and Luis Ferreira (1998), Public Transportation Access, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 3(5), September 1998, Pages 319-328. [11] A M Sha and E. L Nicholas (2011), “Aggregated Public Transit Accessibility Measure”, Journal of transportation research board, volume 2217. [12] J. G. Koenig, Indicators of urban accessibility: Theory and Application, Transportation 9 (1980), 145-172, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam - Printed in The Netherlands. [13] M. Q. Dalvi and K. M. Martin, the measurement of accessibility: some preliminary results, Transportation 5 (1976), 17-42, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam - Printed in the Netherlands. [14] Walter G. Hansen (1959): How Accessibility Shapes Land Use, Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 25:2, 73-76.

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