early depictions of Gen. Zachary Taylor's army americans : Woodblock nearing Monterrey, Mex., 1846. [wikimedia commons] [Britannica]

First English British colonial e rst Naturalization Fugitive Slave Congress Indian U.S. govern- U.S govern- U.S. defeats colony rst law prohibits anti-miscege- Act of 1790 Act, signed by passes Removal Act of ment annexes ment declares Mexico, imports marriage nation law restricts President Civilization 1830 sends all Texas. war on Mexico. purchases over Africans to between enacted in citizenship to George Act of 1819 to tribes east of one-third of work as slaves Whites and colony of free Whites. Washington, assimilate the Mississippi Mexican nation in August slaves, Virginia, guarantees the Native River to lands for $15 1619. enslaving prohibits right of a Americans; west. During million. Treaty White women English or slaveholder to also funds the fall and of Guadalupe who marry other White recover an Protestant winter of 1838 Hidalgo cedes Black men. men or women escaped slave. missionary & 1839, Mexican marrying “with educators Cherokees territory in a negro, active in forcibly Southwest to mulatto, or converting moved, the U.S., Indian man or Native peoples. approximately promises to Timeline of U.S. Race and woman bond 4,000 died on protect the or free.” the forced land, language, march known and culture of as the Trail of Mexicans Tears. living in the ceded territory, and gives Immigration Policies, Mexicans right to become U.S. citizens if they stay. Laws and Key Events 1619 1664 1691 1790 1793 1819 1830 1845 1846 1848 Compiled and developed by

Rev. Dr. Altagracia Perez-Bullard Congress Foreign Miners “Greaser” Act passes: an Supreme Court Fugitive Slave Homestead Act sells 50 million requires Tax, Califor- anti-vagrancy statute, where a rules in Dred Act overturned acres of Native American land to e Black Naturalization & Rev. Canon Stephanie Spellers Mexican nia, targets vagrant is described as “all Scott v. by the Supreme European immigrants and land Codes (state Act of 1870 people to Chinese and persons who are commonly Sanford that Court. speculators and gives another 100 and local level) revises the prove in Latin Ameri- known as ‘Greasers’ or the issue Scott was still million acres to the railroads. deny equal Naturalization English in U.S. can gold of Spanish and Indian blood … a slave Native Americans, Blacks and status to Act of 1790 courts with miners/labor- who go armed and are not although non-European immigrants were formerly and the 14th U.S. lawyers ers. peaceable and quiet persons.” owner and he excluded. enslaved Amendment, Major Sources: that they have were in a free Blacks. limiting legitimate California requires all instruction state. Congress passes Anti-Coolie Act Comprehensive naturalization titles to their to be conducted in English. “to protect free white labor series of laws to white Racialequitytools.org ancestral lands. against competition with Chinese and policies persons and coolie labor, and to discourage erode the gains persons of the immigration of the Chinese.” made through African Alto Arizona’s History of Racist US Laws Note: Coolie referred to the 13th, 14th descent, unskilled Asian workers. Tax and 15th eectively Women of the ELCA’s Timeline of Race Relations applied to people of the Amendments excluding “Mongolian Race” who were and the Civil Chinese and older than 18, with exclusion for Rights Act of other Asian those engaged in production of 1866. immigrants Visuals: sugar, rice, coeeVisuals: or tea. from natural- Historical Photos Photos Historical ization. --Hand Drawn Graphics Graphics Drawn --Hand 1848 1850 1855 1857 1859 1862 1865 1870

Early american society [wikipedia commons] color key:

Aqua and teal blue Burnt Red {important historical points} {Special attention historical points} Gen. Zachary Taylor's army Ruins of a kiva at Aztec Chinese laborers nearing Monterrey, Mex., 1846. Ruins National Monument, N.M working on a trestle

[Britannica] [Britannica] bridge on the western slope

of the Sierra Nevada mountains. [teachingforchange] Congress Indian--Hand DrawnPage Law bars Graphics U.S. Supreme Chinese Supreme Court strikes down Secretary of Dawes (General Allotment) Act

passes Indian Residential entry of Court rules Exclusion Act 1875 Civil Rights Act and Interior calls of 1887 breaks up reservation

Appropriations Schools Chinese, Chinese people bans immigra- reinforces claim that the federal for elimination land held in common by the

Act, dissolving (GovernmentHistorical Japanese, Photos and are ineligible tion of Chinese government cannot regulate of “heathen” tribe, forming small allotments

the status of Boarding “Mongolian” for naturalized laborers to the private individuals in matters of practices in for individuals. Results in Indian tribes Schools)Visuals: prostitutes, citizenship. U.S. and race relations. 1883 and in abolition of tribal governments as nations. introduced to felons, and prohibits 1884 “pagan” and decimation of traditional extinguish contract Chinese from Convict Leasing System ceremonies lands and ways of food Native laborers. becoming introduced to deal with were outlawed. production. American naturalized increased Black prison (1870-1934 cultures. citizens. population (due to vagrancy, called the Dark Supreme Court decides in favor loitering, disturbing the peace, Ages for of Maxwell Co., a division of Jim/Jane Crow Laws laws aimed American Santa Fe Ring, allocating at free Blacks in the south). Indian millions of acres of Mexican and States lease prisoners to private religions, Indian land in New Mexico to railroad, mining, farming, and suppression of the corporation. logging companies for unpaid spiritual labor during the day and return practices them to their cells at night. reaches peak. Abolished in 1910.

1871 1875 1876+ 1878 1882 1883 1884 1887

Bennett Law Compulsory States use rough Plessy Supreme Court Federal court narrowly upholds Congress Doctrine of incorporation of declares Attendance literacy tests to v. Ferguson, rules in Dred the right of Mexicans to be passes the territories forms regarding education only Law enables limit Black U.S. Supreme Scott v. naturalized under the Treaty of Foraker Act, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, conducted in U.S. govern- vote. Court Sanford that Guadalupe Hidalgo, by declaring ocially Hawaii and other island English, which ment to institutionaliz- Scott was still Mexican to be White for purpose dismantling possessions. Supreme Court impacts forcibly take es Jim Crow a slave of naturalization. Puerto Rico’s de nes the place of overseas German (some Native laws by although democratically territories in the American Norwegian) American approving owner and he U.S. forces invade Puerto Rico, a elected constitutional system, arguing populations. children from separate but were in a free Spanish territory with a sugar government that “Puerto Rico and other Repealed in their homes equal state. market. and establish- territories ceded by the Spanish 1891. and communi- treatment of ing colonial were full of ‘alien races’ who ties. Blacks and governor and couldn’t understand ‘Anglo-Sax- executive on principles.’” Whites under council the law. Laws appointed by now spread U.S. Rule in into Northern place until states. 1952, when Puerto Rico becomes autonomous Visuals: U.S. common- Historical Photos wealth. --Hand Drawn Graphics 1890 1891 1890+ 1896 1896 1898 1900 1901

Joseph Foraker of Ohio, chairman of the Senate Dred Scott Committee on Pacific Islands and Puerto Rico. ca., 1857 [Library of congress] [Wikimedia commons] Presitdent coolige &

Takao Ozawa members of the osage tribe

1922 [Wikimedia Commons] 1924 [Wikimedia Commons]

Chinese e Gentle- Immigration Act of 1917 (aka, Cable--Hand Act DrawnTakao Ozawa GraphicsTakao Ozawa petitions the Indian Citizenship Act extends

immigration men’s Asian Barred Zone) restricts retroactively petitions the Supreme Court for naturaliza- citizenship to Indigenous people

made Agreement immigration from southern and stripsHistorical Supreme Photos tion, arguing his skin is white. previously excluded by the

permanently with Empire of eastern Asia and the Paci c citizenship of Court for Court rules Ozawa is not White “subject to the jurisdiction illegal. Japan stops Islands, excluding Japan and anyVisuals: U.S. naturaliza- but “Mongolian.” thereof” clause of the 14th further American territories of Guam citizen who tion, arguing Amendment. Act not retroactive emigration to and the Philippines. married “an his skin is In case of U.S. v. Bhagat Singh to those born before the law’s U.S. without alien ineligible white. Court ind, Supreme Court enactment. Full rights, including ocial Jones Act extends citizenship to for citizen- rules Ozawa is recognizes that people from voting rights, not fully accorded restriction on Puerto Rico, making them ship,” meaning not White but India are “scienti cally” until 1948 under state and local Japanese eligible to serve in the military primarily “Mongolian.” classi ed Caucasian but laws. Arizona and New Mexico immigration or but not to vote in national Asian concludes they are not White in are last to withdraw prohibitions. students. elections. Americans. the popular understanding. Follows the Lawyers for U.S. attacked establishment ind’s “meltability” and of the Japanese declared Hinduism an alien and and Korean barbaric system not t for Exclusion membership in the “civilization League in of white men.” 1905.

1902 1907 1917 1922 1922 1923 1924

e Merriam Mexican In Alvarez v. Wheeler Howard (Indian California law declares Fair Employ- Japanese Congress lis Report on “e Repatriation Lemon Grove, Reorganization) Act restores over Mexican-Americans are ment Practices American ban on Problem of forces or Mexican two million acres of land to foreign-born Indians. Committee Internment Chinese Indian pressures as parents in tribal ownership, and restores prohibits Executive immigration, Administra- many as two California win Indian management of their Filipino Repatriation Act allows discrimination Order forces and allows tion” discour- million people rst successful assets. Followed in 1954 by free transport to return home in war relocation and naturalized ages many of Mexican desegregation termination and relocation and restricts future immigration industries and internment of citizenship. Indian descent to case in the U.S. phases of the Act, which leads to to the U.S. government. about 110,000 Residential leave the U.S. Court declares termination of 61 tribal nations Japanese School Approximately separate and loss of 1.3 million acres of Wagner Act excludes farm Americans practices. 60 percent of facilities for protected land. 13,263 Native workers and domestic workers and Japanese Assimilationist the exiled are Mexican Americans lose tribal aliation; (primarily Chicano/a, Asian, and residing along schools U.S. citizens. American thousands forced to urban areas. African-American) from Paci c coast continue to students not National Labor Relations Act to “War operate and conducive to legalizing right to organize and Relocation reach peak their “Ameri- create unions. Camps.” enrollment of canization.” 60,000 in the Visuals:1970s. Historical Photos --Hand Drawn Graphics 1928 1929+ 1931 1934 1935 1941 1942 1943

John Collier conceived the Indian Reorganization act. [Britannica] The Signing of the civil PUERTO RICAN & USA FLAG

rights act [WIKImEDIA COMMONS ]

1964 [Georgetown University]

--Hand Drawn Graphics Drawn --Hand

--Hand DrawnG.I. Bill GraphicsMendez v. Spanish is Puerto Rico becomes a Refugee Relief In Brown v. Board of Educa- In McLaughlin v. Florida, U.S.

establishes Westminster restored as commonwealth of the United Act admits tion, Supreme Court Supreme Court unanimously

Historical Photos Historical Historicalhospitals, Photos Court ends de language of States. 2,000 unanimously agrees that rules that laws banning

oers jure segrega- instruction in Palestinian segregation in education is interracial sex violate the 14th

low-interest tion in Puerto Rico. refugees to inherently unequal. Amendment. Visuals: Visuals: mortgages, and California, Jones Act Immigration and Nationality U.S. Muslim funds college nding extends Act/McCarran-Walter Act Arabs begin Operation “Wetback” charges Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlaws or trade school Mexi- citizenship to relaxes some immigration arriving in U.S. Immigration and Natural- discrimination in employment tuition and can-American Puerto Rico, restrictions, abolishing the larger ization Service to remove one and public accommodations fees for children were making them Asiatic Barred Zone and numbers than million undocumented based on race, color, religion, or veterans. segregated eligible to imposing minimum quota for Arab immigrants from the southwest- national origin. People of color based on their serve in the each nation of 100 per year. Christians. ern U.S. Eort pro les are excluded “Latinized” military but “Mexican-looking” people and from most appearance and not to vote in targets many Native Americans, provisions. district national native Latinos, citizens, legal boundaries elections. residents, and people who manipulated to legally entered to work. maintain segregation.

1944 1946 1951 1952 1953 1954 1964

Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlaws Loving v. Civil Rights In Lau v. Nichols, Supreme Court Indian Self-Determination and American Indian Religious discrimination in employment Virginia Act outlaws rules exclusive English school Education Resistance Act of Freedom Act (AIRFA) passed. and public accommodations overturns Pace discrimination programs deny equal access, 1975. based on race, color, religion, v. Alabama in nancing, makes districts responsible to or national origin. (1883) ruling sale, and help students overcome language Indochina Migration and Indian Child Welfare Act that state bans rental of disadvantage. Refugee Act allows special guarantees Native American Immigration and Nationality on interracial housing. entry of Vietnamese, parents the legal right to deny Act removes traces of marriage Cambodians, Hmong, and their child’s placement in Indian anti-Asian immigration laws. violate the 14th Laotians. Residential Schools. Amendment. Immigration and Naturalization Bakke v. University of California Act repeals national origins Supreme Court outlaws quotas quotas, impacting peoples of but upholds armative action in Asia, Latin America, and university admissions. Africa. Congress passes the Voting Rights Act, outlawing poll taxes, literacy tests, and other Visuals: measures used to prevent black Visuals: Historical Photospeople from voting. Historical Photos --Hand Drawn Graphics --Hand Drawn Graphics 1965 1967+1968 1972 1975 1978

Vietnamese Refugees MILDRED JETER & RICHARD 1975 LOVING [Immigrationhistory] LOVING V. VIRGINIA [BRITANNICA] President reagan 1987 [abhmuseum]

Refugee Act of President e Immigra- With Civil Congress Civil Rights President Illegal Immigration Reform and Alabama is 1980, President Reagan tion Reform Rights passes Act of 1991 Bill Clinton Immigrant Responsibility Act the last state Carter, creates launches War and Control Restoration comprehen- strengthens elevates increases provisions for law to ocially Federal on Drugs. Act criminal- Act, sive new civil rights Oce of enforcement, places restrictions legalize Refugee izes the Congress immigration laws and National on federal aid to illegal interracial Settlement employment overrides law provides Drug immigrants, increased penalties marriage, Program. of undocu- President sanctioning damages in Control for violations. when a state mented Reagan’s veto employers cases of Policy, referendum workers, and expands for intentional broadens Personal Responsibility and passes with provides one anti-discrim- knowingly employment enforcement Work Opportunity Reconcilia- 58% support year of ination laws hiring discrimina- tactics like tion Act, a cornerstone of the (41% vote amnesty for to private workers tion. seizure of Republican Contract with against undocument- institutions without property and America, is passed. President interracial ed workers that receive “papers,” use of Clinton signs it into law, marriage). living in the federal thus surplus ful lling a campaign promise to U.S. since funds. discouraging military “end welfare as we have come to 1982; hire of equipment know it.” mandates Latino and by municipal intensi cation Asian-Amer- and state of the Border ican police Patrol. workers. department SWAT units. 1980 1982 1986 19881990 1991 1993 1996 2000

e U.S.A. Supreme Development, U.S. Supreme PATRIOT Act Court upholds Relief, and Court limits the allows race as one of Education for Voting Rights detention of many factors Alien Minors, Act, ending the suspected considered for or DREAM Act, requirement “terrorists” for college and which would that states with unlimited time university provide a path a history of without access admission. to citizenship voter discrimi- to legal for young nation receive representa- undocumented federal tion, resulting Americans, pre-clearance of in detention passes the voting law of approxi- House of changes. mately 1,000 Representatives Arab, Muslim, but dies in and South Senate. Asian men in secret locations.

2001 2002 2012 2013

Dreamers 2012 [Newyork times]