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Journal of Research in Biology documents/RA0172.pdf. http://jresearchbiology.com/ WebAddress: 4. 3. 2. 1.+91 PhoneNo: 4. 3. 2. [email protected] Email: Saha GK Correspondingauthor: 700074,West Bengal, India. Apartment,Flat 4.66,Dum Dum Road, Ahana - M 3.Zoological Survey ofIndia, India. Kolkata BallygungeCircular Road, Universityof Calcutta, 35 Departmentof Zoology, BiologyResearchLaboratory, 2.Entomology Wildlifeand India. Kolkata BallygungeCircular Road, Universityof Calcutta, 35 Departmentof Zoology, BiologyResearchLaboratory, 1.Entomology Wildlifeand Institution: SanyalAK. andJK De GK, Saha RP, Das Authors: inBiology Research of Journal Diversity habitatand preferences butterflies of inGorumara National Park, 700053,West Bengal, India. - +91 +91 +91 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Block,New Alipore, Kolkata Journal of Biology Research in Scientific Scientific Research Journal

- - - - 94325 94324 94331 98305 - - 700019,West Bengal, 700019,West Bengal, An InternationalAn

- - - - 99095 99611 82500 17019

- 1C,Kolkata

to theto butterflies. and plants habitat hostof combinationbetter a larvaloffer grasslands and theforests general In plants. tonectar access and availability better to related is butterflies diversityand winter (Decemberto March) period has diversity.least Theabundance of pre during (October peak the reaches count Species generalists. habitat are species 101 whereas butterflies,specific; habitat listed are species the 69 Among (15). Papilionidae and (18) Pieridae (33), Hesperiidae by followedare theyrespectively; 50 and 54 of speciescount maximum with families wererecorded fromdifferent habitats. Nymphalidae and Lycaenidaeare the dominant sub 21 genera, 109 to belongingbutterflies of species 170 amazing diversity, An area. protected on the of richness surveybutterfly the explore systematicto 2011 January to A Bengal. West of2009 Octoberfrom out carried wasbutterflies stateof preferences habitat and abundance the in part northern in ABSTRACT: Das RP, SahaGKDe JK andSanyal AK. ArticleCitation: WestBengal, EasternHimalayas. Keywords: iessb/.) wih ie priso fr netitd s, non use, unrestricted work cited. is properly original the provided allmedium, in reproduction for permission gives which licenses/by/2.0), (http://creativecommons.org/ License Attribution Commons Creative the by governed is article This Journalof ResearchinBiology (2012) West 2(4): 303 Park, National Gorumara in Bengal,India. butterflies of preferences habitat and Diversity Dates: Received:

Gorumara National Park is located towards the foothills of Eastern HimalayastowardsfoothillsEasternNationallocatedtheGorumaraisof Park nin utrle, iest, aia peeec, ouaa ainl Park, National Gorumara preference, habitat diversity, butterflies, Indian - November) and monsoon (June monsoon andNovember)

WestBengal, India

29 Dec2011

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Accepted:

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- oso (April monsoon

- 303 11Jan 2012 September) periods have moderate species moderate have periodsSeptember)

An International Scientific Research Journal Journal Research Scientific An International - 314|JRB |2012 |Vol 2 |No 4 - 314

- a) eid Post period. May) Published: - - families, and five families five and families, commercial, distribution and and distribution commercial,

24May 2012

- monsoon

Das et al., 2012

INTRODUCTION Sal Savannah (Champion & Seth, 2005). 10% of the total West Bengal is the only state in India consisting area is grassland which is mainly confined to the river of high peaks of the Himalayas in the northern extremes, plains. Also, sizeable area is covered with bamboo coastal regions down south, and regions such as plateau brakes. Within the 326 identified plant species, the and Gangetic delta intervening in between. The total commonest tree species are Shorea robusta C.F. Gaertn, recorded forest covered area of the state is 13.38% 1805, Dalbergia sisoo Roxb., Albizia spp., (11,879 sq. km km) which is well below the national Acacia catechu (L.) Willd., Oliv., 1806, Bombax ceiba average of 23%. The state has a chain of five national L., 1753, Terminalia myriocarpa van Heurck & Müll. parks, fifteen wildlife sanctuaries, two tiger reserves, and Arg., Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. etc. The National one biosphere reserve. Adequate rainfall, nutrient rich Park is also a home for 48 mammalian species, 193 soil profile, and rich ecological diversity of the state - species of birds, 29 species of reptiles including seven support and favour a great diversity of flora and fauna. species of turtles, 40 species of fishes and other macro Gorumara National Park is a medium-sized and micro-fauna (Anonymous, 2007). However, there is protected area covering only 79.45 sq. km. This park is a considerable study gap so far as the butterfly fauna is situated in the Jalpaiguri district of northern West Bengal concerned. The main objective of the present study was between 26°47’12.5’’N to 26°43’25.6’’ and 88° to conduct a systematic survey on diversity, abundance 52’4.2’’E to 88°47’7.3’’E. The area comes under the bio and habitat preferences of butterfly communities in -geographic zone of 7B-Lower Gangetic Plains (Rodgers Gorumara National Park. & Panwar, 1988). Three main rivers - Murti, Indong and

Garati flow through the area and become intermingled MATERIALS AND METHODS before joining River Jaldhaka which forms the park The field surveys were carried out in Gorumara boundary in the eastern side. Also, there are few seasonal National Park from October 2009 to January 2011 streams in the National Park, which remain dry almost in-connection with the assigned project entitled throughout the year except monsoon. The overall climate “Feasibility study regarding re-introduction of Pygmy of the area is humid (maximum relative humidity Hog (Porcula salvania Hodgson, 1847) at Gorumara 75-100%), with maximum recorded temperature of 37°C National Park, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal”. Three camps (in summer) and a minimum of 4°C (in winter). namely Bamni (North Range), Garati and Medla (both in However, a considerable drop of night temperature South Range) were primarily selected as base camps. occurs during winter and sometimes winter nights are These camps are located in the transition zones between severe. South-west Monsoon is the main source of high forests and grasslands. This area falls under tropical rainfall and maximum precipitation occurs between June monsoon climate with four distinct season, summer or to September. Average annual rainfall is about 350 cm. pre-monsoon (April-May), monsoon (June-September), a The terrain of Gorumara National Park is differentiated short autumn or post-monsoon (October-November) and into distinct high plateau and plain area, both runs winter (December-March). A total of six surveys (pre- parallel from north to south. The soil profile of the area monsoon-2, monsoon-1, post-monsoon-2, winter-1) each is of alluvial and bhabar formations. The recorded four having 15 days of duration were conducted. Special major forest types are - Northern Dry Deciduous Seral emphasize were given on pre-monsoon and post- Sal Khair Sisoo Association, Eastern Bhabar and Terai monsoon periods, as because, these are the known Sal, Sub-Himalayan Secondary Wet-mixed forests and seasons when abundance of butterflies remain high 304 Journal of Research in Biology (2012) 2(4): 303-314 Das et al., 2012

(Wynter-Blyth, 1957; Kunte, 1997). The forest trails in The butterflies were identified using standard different representative habitats were used as fixed literatures: Watson (1891); Evans (1932); Talbot (1939 transects and total six such transects, each having 2km of & 1947); Wynter-Blyth (1957); Corbet & Pendlebury length were used for this purpose. The entire survey was (1992); D’Abrera (1982, 1986 & 1998); Haribal (1992); conducted on foot for seven hours per day; consisting of Larsen (2004); Colin Smith (2006) and Kehimkar two sessions’ 0700 h to 1100 h and 1300 h to 1600 h (2008). The classification scheme followed here is based (Borkar & Komarpant, 2004). Butterflies were sampled on Ackery (1984). following Pollard Walk technique (Pollard & Yates, 1993). Identification of butterflies was done in the field. RESULTS & DISCUSSION More emphasize were given on direct sighting and or During the entire survey from October 2009 to photographic evidences. Some rare and small butterflies January 2011, a total of 170 species of butterflies which are difficult to identify were caught and closely belonging to 5 families, 21 sub-families and 109 genera observed after placing them in clear glass bottle. Then were recorded from Gorumara National Park (Table 1). they were released to the same habitat from where they Nymphalidae was the dominant family, with highest were caught. However, enough precautions were taken, species count (54), followed by Lycaenidae (50), so that, by no means the entire procedure can cause any Hesperiidae (33), Pieridae (18) and Papilionidae (15). damage to the target specimens. Photographs of both It is apparent from the analysis of the recorded upper and underside of the respective specimen were data that, the availability of butterflies is distinctly also taken for further references (when possible). No live influenced by the respective seasons (Figure 1). or dead specimens were collected from the field. The Maximum 122 species of butterflies were recorded in pre relative abundance of each species was estimated based -monsoon (April-May), followed by 89 species in post- on sighting records in a single day for the entire period of monsoon (October-November) and 75 species monsoon sampling (Rajasekhar, 1995). Then, butterflies were (June-September). However, a mere 41 species were broadly categorized into four groups: rare (<1%), recorded in winter (December to March). 18 species uncommon (1-5%), common (6-30%) and abundant (Papilionidae - 1, Pieridae - 6, Lycaenidae - 4, and (>30 %) depending on their relative abundance. Nymphalidae - 7) namely, Common Rose - Atrophaneura aristolochiae (Fabricius, 1775), Common

Figure 1: Seasonal variation of butterfly families in Figure 2: Habitat-wise distribution of butterfly Gorumara National Park, West Bengal, India families in Gorumara National Park, West Bengal (October 2009 to January 2011). India (October 2009 to January 2011).

Journal of Research in Biology (2012) 2(4): 303-314 305

Das et al., 2012

Grass Yellow - Eurema hecabe (Linnaeus, 1758), Palmfly - Elymnias hypermnestra (Linnaeus, 1763), Common Emigrant - Catopsilia pomona (Fabricius, Common Bushbrown - Mycalesis perseus (Fabricius, 1775), Mottled Emigrant - Catopsilia pyranthe 1775), Dark-brand Bushbrown - Mycalesis mineus (Linnaeus, 1758), Yellow Orange-tip - Ixias pyrene (Linnaeus, 1758), Common Five-ring - Ypthima baldus (Linnaeus, 1764), Red-spot Jezebel - Delias descombesi (Fabricius, 1775), Common Four -ring - (Boisduval, 1836), Psyche - Leptosia nina (Fabricius, Ypthima huebneri Kirby, 1871, Lemon Pansy - Junonia 1793), Western Centaur Oakblue - Arhopala lemonias (Linnaeus, 1758), Great Eggfly - pseudocentaurus (Doubleday, 1847), Common Tit - Hypolimnas bolina (Linnaeus, 1758), Common Red-eye Hypolycaena erylus (Godart, [1824]), Purple Sapphire - - Matapa aria (Moore, [1866]), and Chestnut Bob - Heliophorus epicles (Godart, [1824]), Common Pierrot - Iambrix salsala (Moore, [1866]) (Table 1). Analysis of Castalius rosimon (Fabricius, 1775), Common Five-ring the data also revealed that altogether forests and - Ypthima baldus (Fabricius, 1775), Common Sergeant - grasslands offer a better combination of habitat to the Athyma perius (Linnaeus, 1758), Common Sailer - butterflies; as many as 88 species are common to these Neptis hylas (Linnaeus, 1758), Plain Sailer - Neptis habitats. This may be due to better availability and cartica Moore, 1872, Chocolate Pansy - Junonia iphita access to the larval host plants and nectar plants in these (Cramer, [1779]), Grey Pansy - Junonia atlites areas. However, both the combination of forest-bamboo (Linnaeus, 1763), and Lemon Pansy - Junonia lemonias and grassland-bamboo habitats possess very poor, almost (Linnaeus, 1758) were recorded in all four seasons nil (2 and 0 respectively) diversity (Figure 2). during which the surveys were conducted (Table 1). Common Lantana - Lantana camara L., 1753, Overall species diversity in-connection with seasonal Common Floss Flower - Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. variation is more pronounced in papilionids and King & H. Rob., 1970, and Climbing Hempweed - nymphalids; they are followed by lycaenids, pierids and Mikania micrantha H.B.K., 1820 although considered as hesperiids (Figure 1). invasive alien plant species, are the major source of Further, the population dynamics of individual nectar for butterflies in both forest and grassland habitats species vary in relation to habitat (Figure 2). More than in the National Park (Kehimkar, 2000). Butterflies were 90% (154 species) are found in forested areas, whereas, also seen nectaring regularly on two native Indian plants, 67% (114 species) and 8% (14 species) of the total Hill Clerodendrum - Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. and butterfly fauna were encountered from grassland and Indian Turnsole - Heliotropium indicum L., 1753. During bamboo habitats respectively (Table 1). Among the listed pre-monsoon season some butterflies (especially butterflies, 69 species are habitat specific and 101 papilionids, sometimes representatives of other families species are habitat generalists. Of the total habitat also) were gathered in large numbers at selected sites like specific butterflies, 53 are forest dwellers, 15 are sandy river-banks, damp soil patches etc. for mud- grassland species and a single species is restricted to puddling. This behaviour mostly performed by the male bamboo patches only. However, 11 species of the habitat butterflies, to get some important nutrients (such as generalists butterflies (Lycaenidae -1, Nymphalidae -8, sodium, calcium, phosphate etc.) which are required for and Hesperiidae -2) are found in all three habitats - spermatophore formation (Krushnamegh, 2002; forest, grassland and bamboo. These are Common Tit - Smetacek, 2002). However, butterflies (nymphalids and Hypolycaena erylus (Godart, [1824]), Common Evening lycaenids) were also found sitting on over-ripe fruits Brown - Melanitis leda (Linnaeus, 1758), Common (rich in alcohol), bird-droppings, fresh elephant dung,

306 Journal of Research in Biology (2012) 2(4): 303-313 Das et al., 2012

dead and decaying animals, faeces of carnivores etc. Society, Kuala Lumpur. 595.

D’Abrera B. 1982. Butterflies of the Oriental Region, CONCLUSION Part I: Papilionidae, Pieridae & Danaidae. Hill House, Gorumara National Park is not a big area, but, its Victoria, Australia. 288.

geographic position, good floral diversity, different habitats, adequate source of water and unique climate D’Abrera B. 1985. Butterflies of the Oriental Region, boast a rich diversity of butterfly communities. The Part II: Nymphalidae, Satyridae & Amathusiidae. Hill present study will be helpful for further long-term House, Victoria, Australia. 296. monitoring of the butterfly fauna and for planning D’Abrera B. 1986. Butterflies of the Oriental Region, conservation initiatives in Gorumara National Park. Part III: Lycaenidae & Riodinidae. Hill House, Victoria,

Australia. 153.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Authors are thankful to Forest Directorate Evans WH. 1932. The Identification of Indian (Wildlife Wing), Govt. of West Bengal and Director, Butterflies, 2nd Edn. Bombay Natural History Society, Zoological Survey of India. Thanks are also due to the Mumbai. 454. D.F.O. (WL-II) and other local forest officials for their Haribal M. 1992. The Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya help during the entire course of study. and Their Natural History. Sikkim Nature Conservation

Foundation, Gangtok and Natraj Publishers, Dehra Dun. REFERENCES 217.

Ackery PR. 1984. Systematic and Faunistic Studies on Butterflies. In: Vane Wright, R. I. and P. R. Ackery Kehimkar I. 2000. Common Indian Wild Flowers. (eds.), The Biology of Butterflies. Symposium of the Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai. 141. Royal Entomological Society of London, No. 11. Kehimkar I. 2008. The Book of Indian Butterflies. Academic Press. 9-21.

Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai. 497. Anonymous. 2007. Management Plan: Gorumara Kunte K. 2000. India - A Lifescape: Butterflies of National Park (2007-08 to 2017-18). Divisional Forest Peninsular India. Universities Press, Hyderabad and Officer, Wildlife Division II, Jalpaiguri, Wildlife Circle Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore. 254.

(North), Government of West Bengal. 281. Kunte KJ. 1997. Seasonal patterns in butterfly Borkar MR and Komarpant N. 2004. Diversity, abundance and species diversity in four tropical habitats abundance and habitat associations of butterfly species in in northern Western Ghats. Journal of Bioscience 22 Bondla Wildlife Sanctuary of Goa, India. Zoos’ Print (5):593-603.

Journal. 19(10):1648-1653. Larsen TB. 2004. Butterflies of Bangladesh – an Champion HG and Seth SK. 2005. A Revised Survey annotated checklist. IUCN, Bangladesh. 158.

of the Forest Types of India. Natraj Publishers, Dehra Dun. 404. Pollard E and Yates TJ. 1993. Monitoring Butterflies for Ecology and Conservation: The British Butterfly Corbet AS and Pendlebury HM. 1992. The Butterflies Monitoring Scheme. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology and of the Malay Peninsula, 4th Edn. Malaysian Nature

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Das et al., 2012

Joint Nature Conservation Committee. Chapman & Hall, UK. 274.

Rajasekhar B. 1995. A study on butterfly population at Guindy National Park, Madras. Journal of the Bombay Natural history Society. 92:275-278.

Rodgers WA and Panwar HS. 1988. Planning a Wildlife Protected Area Network in India - The Report. Volumes 1and 2, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun.

Smetacek P. 2002. The Study of Butterflies: 5 - Congregations, Courtship and Migration. Resonance 7:6- 14.

Smith C. 2006. Illustrated Checklist of Nepal’s Butterflies. Walden Book House, Kathmandu, Nepal. 129.

Talbot G. 1939. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma: Butterflies, Vol. I. Taylor and Francis, London. 600.

Talbot G. 1947. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma: Butterflies, Vol. II. Taylor and Francis, London. 506.

Watson EY. 1891. Hesperiidae Indicae: being a reprint of Descriptions of the Hesperiidae of India, Burma and Ceylon. Vest and Company, Mount Road. Madras. 161.

Wynter-Blyth MA. 1957. Butterflies of the Indian Region. Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai. 523.

Table Continued 308 Journal of Research in Biology (2012) 2(4): 303-313

Das et al., 2012

C C C C C C C C C C R R C R C C C C C

A A U U A U A A A

abundant, abundant,

Relative Relative Abundance

wise)

011) [A [A 011)

y 2 y

winter]

Distribution (season Distribution PoM M, PrM, M, PrM, M, PrM, M, PrM, M, PrM, PoM M, PrM, PoM PrM, M, PrM, M, PrM, M, PrM, PoM PrM, PrM, W PrM,M,PoM,W M M PoM M, PrM, PrM,M,PoM,W PrM PrM,M,PoM,W PrM,M,PoM,W PrM,M,PoM,W PrM W PoM, PrM, PoM M, PrM, PoM PrM, W PoM, PrM,

uncommon, W uncommon,

------

Bamboo

rare, U rare,

------+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Grassland

monsoon, R monsoon,

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Habitat Forest

pre

tip

monsoon, PrM PrM monsoon,

spot Grass Yellow Grass spot

bar Swordtail

spot Grass Yellow Grass spot

post

Common Name Common Bluebottle Common Jay Common Jay Tailed Five Mime Common Mormon Common Helen Red Helen Yellow Mormon Great Spangle Butterfly Lime Paris Peacock Batwing Common Rose Common Birdwing Common One Three Yellow Grass Common Grass Yellow Spotless Yellow Tree Emigrant Common Emigrant Mottled Orange Yellow Orange Great Albatross Striped Albatross Chocolate White Cabbage Indian Gull Common

monsoon, PoM PoM monsoon,

(Fabricius, (Fabricius,

(Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus,

(White, 1842) (White,

(Cramer, [1775]) (Cramer,

1758) (Linnaeus,

(Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus,

common, M M common,

(Fabricius, 1775) (Fabricius,

(Moore, 1886) (Moore,

Linnaeus, 1758 Linnaeus,

(C. & R. Felder, 1864) Felder, R. & (C. [1836] Boisduval,

Cramer, [1775] Cramer,

Linnaeus, 1758 Linnaeus, [1829]) (Horsfield,

Linnaeus, 1758 Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, 1775) (Fabricius,

(Boisduval, 1836) (Boisduval,

C C

(Fabricius, 1775) (Fabricius,

Linnaeus, 1758 Linnaeus,

(Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, [1777]) (Cramer,

(Sparrman, 1768) (Sparrman,

Linnaeus, 1758 Linnaeus, [1836]) (Boisduval,

Linnaeus, 1758 Linnaeus,

(Linnaeus, 1764) (Linnaeus,

APILIONOIDEA

OLIADINAE

IERINAE

APILIONINAE

P C

IERIDAE

APILIONIDAE

family: family:

Graphium sarpedon sarpedon Graphium doson Graphium agamemnon Graphium antiphates Graphium clytia Papilio polytes Papilio helenus Papilio nephelus Papilio memnon Papilio protenor Papilio demoleus Papilio paris Papilio varuna Atrophaneura Atrophaneura 1775) aristolochiae helena Triodes andersoni Eurema blanda Eurema hecabe Eurema laeta Eurema harina Gandaca pomona Catopsilia pyranthe Catopsilia pyrene Ixias glaucippe Hebomoia libythea Appias lyncida Appias canidia Pieris nerissa Cepora

family: family:

family: family: family:

- -

Table 1: Systematic list of butterflies recorded from Gorumara National Park, West Bengal, India (from October 2009 to Januar 2009 to October (from India Bengal, West Park, National Gorumara from recorded butterflies of list Systematic 1: Table

Species A. Super I. Family: a. Sub 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 II. Family: a. Sub 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 b. Sub 23 24 25 26 27 28

Journal of Research in Biology (2012) 2(4) : 303-314 309

Das et al., 2012

C C C C C R R C C C R

U U U U U U U U U U U A U U U U U A

PoM W PoM, PrM,M,PoM,W PrM PrM,M,PoM,W W PrM PoM M, PrM, PrM,M,PoM,W PrM W PrM M, PoM PrM PoM M PoM PrM,M,PoM,W M PrM, PoM PrM, PrM W PoM, W PoM, W PrM, PoM W PoM PrM, PoM PrM,M,PoM,W

------+ +

------

+ + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

base Jezebel base

spot spot Jezebel

- -

Lesser Gull Lesser Red Red Jezebel Painted Psyche Gem Common Apefly Sunbeam Angled Western Centaur Oak- blue Large Oakblue Oakblue Indian Oakblue Spotless Blue Acacia Common Yamfly Imperial Common Royal Chocolate Onyx Common Tit Common Tit Fluffy Tit Orchid Spark Narrow Flash Red Indian Flash Copper Slate Flash Flash Indigo Flash Common Tinsel Common Silverline Common Sapphire Purple

(Doubleday, (Doubleday,

(Moore, [1858]) (Moore,

Druce, 1873 Druce,

(Godart, [1824]) (Godart,

(Fabricius, 1775) (Fabricius,

(Boisduval, 1836) (Boisduval,

(Hewitson, 1862) (Hewitson,

[1829]) (Horsfield,

(Hewitson)

Moore, [1866] Moore,

(Horsfield, 1829) (Horsfield,

(Stoll, [1780]) (Stoll,

(Hewitson, 1865) (Hewitson,

(Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus,

(Linnaeus, 1767) (Linnaeus,

(Hewitson, 1862) (Hewitson,

(Lucas, 1852) (Lucas,

(Horsfield, [1829]) (Horsfield,

(Hewitson, 1862) (Hewitson,

(Hewitson, [1863]) (Hewitson,

(Fabricius, 1787) (Fabricius,

(Fabricius, 1793) (Fabricius,

Moore, 1877 Moore,

(Westwood, [1851]) (Westwood, [1865]) (Hewitson,

(Moore, [1858]) (Moore,

(Kollar, [1844]) (Kollar,

ILETINAE

HECLINAE

URETINAE

ORITIINAE YCAENINAE

C L

YCAENIDAE

Cepora nadina nadina Cepora pasithoe Delias descombesi Delias hyparete Delias nina Leptosia hewitsoni Poritia epius Spalgis acuta Curetis Arhopala pseudocentaurus 1847) amantes Arhopala atrax Arhopala fulla Arhopala quercetorum Surendra atymnus Loxura freja Cheritra jangala Remelana onyx Horaga erylus Hypolycaena amasa Zeltus othona Chliaria nasaka Sinthusa iarbus Rapala pheretima Rapala manea Rapala varuna Rapala nissa Rapala elegans Catapaecilma vulcanus Spindasis epicles Heliophorus

family: family: family:

family: family:

family: family: family:

- -

29 30 31 32 33 Family: III. a. Sub 34 b. Sub 35 c. Sub 36 d. Sub 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 e. Sub 57

310 Journal of Research in Biology (2012) 2(4): 303-314

Das et al., 2012

C C C C C C C R C C R C C C C C R C C C C C C R

A U U U U U U U A U U

PrM, M, PoM M, PrM, M, PoM M PrM, PrM,M,PoM,W PoM M PrM, M M PrM, M PrM, M PrM, PoM PrM, PoM PoM PrM, PoM PrM, PrM PoM PoM PrM, M, PrM, PoM PrM, PoM, PoM PrM, PrM, PoM PrM, W PoM W M, PrM, PoM PrM, M, PoM PoM PrM, M PrM, PoM M, PrM, PoM PrM, M, PrM, PoM M, PrM, M

------

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

not

Lineblue

not

Common Ciliate Blue Ciliate Common Blue Ciliate Pointed Pierrot Elbowed Pierrot Common Pierrot Rounded Lineblue Dingy 6 Transparent Lineblue Banded Lineblue Common Lineblue Tailless Cerulean Dark Cerulean Common Cerulean Metallic Forget Forget Silver Zebra Blue Blue Pea Blue Dark Grass Blue Grass Pale Blue Grass Tiny Blue Grass Lesser Malayan Blue Hedge Common Blue Lime Judy Plum Punchinello Tiger Blue Tiger Dark Blue Tiger Striped Tiger Plain Tiger Glassy Tiger Chestnut Crow Magpie Crow Blue Striped Crow King Brown

Mason Mason & de

(C. Felder, 1860) Felder, (C.

(Wood [1925]) (Evans,

(Butler, 1874) (Butler,

(Fabricius, 1793) (Fabricius,

(Kollar, [1844]) (Kollar,

(Fabricius, 1793) (Fabricius,

(Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus,

(Moore, 1865) (Moore,

(Linnaeus, 1767) (Linnaeus,

(R. Felder, 1868) Felder, (R. [1775]) (Cramer,

(Fabricius, 1775) (Fabricius,

(Moore, [1858]) (Moore, [1777]) (Cramer,

(Horsfield, [1828]) (Horsfield, [1790]) (Stoll,

(Horsfield, [1828]) (Horsfield,

(Cramer, [1780]) (Cramer,

(Stoll, [1782]) (Stoll,

(Godart, [1824]) (Godart, [1782]) (Stoll, 1793) (Fabricius, [1779]) (Cramer,

(C. Felder, 1860) Felder, (C.

(de Nicéville, [1884]) Nicéville, (de (Cramer)

[1858] Moore,

(Stoll, [1780]) (Stoll,

(C. Felder, 1860) Felder, (C. [1844]) (Kollar,

(Kollar, 1844) (Kollar,

(Fabricius, 1775) (Fabricius,

(Hewitson, [1876]) (Hewitson,

(Fabricius, 1787) (Fabricius,

IODININAE ANAINAE

OLYOMMATINAE

R D

YMPHALIDAE

Anthene emolus emolus Anthene lycaenina Anthene elna Caleta rosimon Castalius nara Tarucus dana Petrelaea kurava Nacaduba Prosotas aluta coelestis [1887]) Nicéville, nora Prosotas indica dubiosa Prosotas bochus Jamides celeno Jamides alecto Jamides strabo Catochrysops panormus Catochrysops plinius Leptotes boeticus Lampides karsandra Zizeeria maha Pseudozizeeria hylax Zizula otis Zizinia Malaya Megisba puspa Acytolepis lajus Chilades echerius Abisara flegyas Zemeros limniace Tirumala septentrionis Tirumala genutia Danaus chrysippus Danaus aglea Parantica sita Parantica radamanthus Euploea mulciber Euploea klugii Euploea

family: family: family:

family: family:

- -

f. Sub 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 g. Sub 82 83 IV. Family: a. Sub 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92

Journal of Research in Biology (2012) 2(4) : 303-011 311

Das et al., 2012

R C C R C

U U U R C C C C C C C C C C C R

U A U U U U U U U U

PoM W M, PrM, M, PrM, PrM PrM,M,PoM,W PoM M, PrM, PrM PrM, PoM PrM, W PoM, PrM, PoM PrM,M,PoM,W PoM PoM PrM, M PrM, PoM PrM, PrM,M,PoM,W PrM PrM,M,PoM,W PrM M PrM, M PrM, PrM

PrM M PrM, M, PoM PrM W PoM, PrM, PoM PoM PrM, PrM

------

- - - - - + + + + + + +

------

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

- - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + +

ring

bar Bushbrown bar

branded branded Blue -

brand Bushbrown brand

Long Crow Crow Common Rajah Tawny Rajah Yellow Common Brown Treebrown Bamboo Evening Palmfly Common White

Long Bushbrown Common Dark Nigger Five Common Four Common Three Common Lacewing Leopard Large Yeoman Leopard Common Commander Sergeant Common Sergeant Staff Orange Sergeant Blackvein Sergeant Colour Lascar Common Sailer Common Sailer Yellow Sailer Plain Sailer Sullied Count Grey Earl Common Constable

(Doyère, [1840]) (Doyère,

(Linnaeus, 1763) (Linnaeus,

(Stoll, [1790]) (Stoll,

(Fabricius, 1793) (Fabricius,

(Drury, [1773]) (Drury,

(Fabricius, 1775) (Fabricius,

Westwood, [1847] Westwood, [1862] Hewitson,

(Fabricius, 1775) (Fabricius,

Kirby, 1871 Kirby,

1758) (Linnaeus,

(Klug, 1832) (Klug,

(Butler, 1868) (Butler,

Doubleday, [1847] Doubleday,

Moore, [1858] Moore,

(Cramer, [1777]) (Cramer,

(Fabricius, 1775) (Fabricius,

(Drury, 1773) (Drury,

(Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus,

(Godart, 1819) (Godart,

(Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus,

Moore, 1857 Moore,

Moore, 1872 Moore,

Moore, 1858 Moore, 1837) (Lesson,

Moore, 1858 Moore,

(Cramer, [1780]) (Cramer,

(Fabricius, 1775) (Fabricius,

(Cramer, [1780]) (Cramer,

(Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, 1858 Moore,

HARAXINAE

ELICONIINAE

IMENITINAE

ATYRINAE

YRESTINAE

S H

Mycalesis visala visala Mycalesis perseus Mycalesis mineus Mycalesis medus Orsotrioena baldus Ypthima huebneri Ypthima asterope Ypthima cyane Cethosia aoris Cirrochroa phalantha Phalanta procris Moduza perius Athyma cama Athyma ranga Athyma nefte Athyma hordonia Pantoporia hylas Neptis ananta Neptis cartica Neptis soma Neptis lepidea Tanaecia julii Tanaecia nesimachus Dichorrhagia

Euploea algea algea Euploea core Euploea bernardus Charaxes marmax Charaxes leda Melanitis europa Lethe hypermnestra Elymnias anaxias Mycalesis

family: family:

93 94 b. Sub 95 96 c. Sub 97 98 99 100

101 102 103 104 105 106 107 d. Sub 108 109 110 e. Sub 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 f. Sub 123

312 Journal of Research in Biology (2012) 2(4) : 303-314 Das et al., 2012

C C C C C C C R C R C R R C

U U U U U A A U U U U U U U U U U

PoM PrM PoM PrM, W W PoM PrM, PoM PrM, PrM,M,PoM,W PrM,M,PoM,W W PoM, PrM, PrM,M,PoM,W M PrM, PoM PrM, M W M, PrM, PoM M, PrM, PoM M M PoM PrM, PrM W M PoM PrM, M PoM M, PoM PrM W PrM PoM M, PrM,

------

+ + +

------

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

- - - - -

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

tail Awl tail

Angled Castor Angled Castor Common Jester Common Admiral Red Indian Lady Painted Pansy Blue Pansy Yellow Pansy Chocolate Pansy Grey Pansy Peacock Pansy Lemon Eggfly Great Oakleaf Orange Leaf Autumn Awl Common Awl Brown Awlking Indian Orange Awl Banded Common Flat Spotted Common Skipper Indian Flat Small Common Flat Pied Brown Flat Pied Fulvous Common Flat breasted Flat Snow Suffused Yellow Flat Snow Common Dartlet Common Dart Palm Pale Dart Dark Palm Dart Palm Plain

Méneville, Méneville,

(Kollar, [1844]) (Kollar,

(Guérin

Schäffer, 1869) Schäffer,

(Fabricius, 1775) (Fabricius,

(Cramer, [1779]) (Cramer,

(Plötz, 1883) (Plötz,

[1777]) (Cramer,

(Fabricius, 1787) (Fabricius,

Moore, [1866] Moore,

(Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus,

(Moore, [1866]) (Moore, [1781]) (Stoll,

(Cramer, [1777]) (Cramer,

(Cramer, [1780]) (Cramer,

(Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus,

(Linnaeus, 1763) (Linnaeus, 1864) (Boisduval,

(Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus,

(Moore, 1881) (Moore,

(Herrich

(Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, [1884]) Nicéville, (de

(Herbst, 1794) (Herbst,

(Linnaeus, 1763) (Linnaeus, [1866]) (Moore,

(Fabricius, 1798) (Fabricius,

(Cramer, [1779]) (Cramer,

(Fabricius, 1775) (Fabricius,

(Moore, [1858]) (Moore,

(Fabricius, 1793) (Fabricius,

(Moore, [1866]) (Moore,

ESPERIOIDEA

YMPHALINAE

OELIADINAE ESPERIINAE

IBLIDINAE YRGINAE

N P

ESPERIIDAE

family: family:

Ariadne ariadne ariadne Ariadne merione Ariadne hippoclus Symbrenthia indica Vanessa cardui Vanessa orithiya Junonia hierta Junonia iphita Junonia atlites Junonia almana Junonia lemonias Junonia bolina Hypolimnas inachus Kallima bisaltide Doleschallia badra Hasora exclamationis Badamia Choaspes benjaminii 1843) sena Bibasis chromus Hasora leucocera Celaenorrhinus galba Spialia dasahara Sarangesa agni Coladenia dan Pseudocoladenia bhagava Gerosis gana Tagiades japetus Tagiades goloides Oriens colon Telicota ancilla Telicota chrysozona Cephrenes

family: family: family:

family: family:

- -

g. Sub 124 125 h. Sub 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 B. Super V. Family: a. Sub 138 139 140 141 142 b. Sub 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 c. Sub 151 152 153 154

Journal of Research in Biology (2012) 2(4) : 303-314 313 Das et al., 2012

R C R R C C R

U U U U U U U U U

PrM, PoM PrM, PrM M PrM, PrM M W PoM, PrM, PrM PoM M, PrM, PrM W PrM, PrM M M, PoM M PrM, PoM PrM, PrM

------

+ +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

------

+ + + + + + + +

eye

Paintbrush Swift Paintbrush Swift Straight Swift Rice Swift Conjoined Bob Atkinson’s Red Common Hopper Hedge Bob Chestnut Coon Demon Chocolate Demon Restricted Demon Grass Hopper Bush Hopper Forest Hopper Scrub Pygmy Ace Moore’s

Schäffer, Schäffer,

C. & R. Felder,

(Herrich Submit your articles online at jresearchbiology.com (C. (C. & R. Felder,

(Fabricius) Advantages (Fabricius, 1793) (Fabricius,

(Latreille, [1824]) (Latreille, Easy online submission

(Moore, 1878) (Moore,

(Bremer & Grey, [1852]) Grey, & (Bremer (C. Felder, 1862) Felder, (C.

(Moore, [1866]) (Moore, Complete Peer review

(Wallace, 1866) (Wallace,

(Cramer, [1775]) (Cramer,

(Mabille, 1876) (Mabille, (Moore, [1866]) (Moore,

(Mabille, [1877]) (Mabille, Affordable Charges (Moore, 1878) (Moore, Quick processing

Extensive indexing

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Parnara guttatus guttatus Parnara cinnara Borbo Pelopidas conjuncta 1869) atkinsoni Arnetta aria Matapa vittatus Baracus salsala Iambrix fuligo Sancus nigrita Ancistroides Notocrypta curvifascia 1862) folus Udaspes dioscorides Ampittia Astictopterus jama jama 1860 pygmaeus Aeromachus porus Halpe Baoris farri farri Baoris [email protected]

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155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170

314 Journal of Research in Biology (2012) 2(4) : 303-314